Declaration by Judge Jiménez de Aréchaga (as appended immediately after the order)

Document Number
058-19730622-ORD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
058-19730622-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

Accordingly,
THECOURT

Indicates, by 8 votes to 6, pending its final decision in the proceedings
instituted on 9 May 1973 by Australia against France, the following
provisional measures :

The Governments of Australia and France should each of them
ensure that no action of any kind is taken which might aggravate or
extendthedispute submitted to the Court or prejudice the rights of the
other Party in respect of the carrying out of whatever decision the
Court may render in the case; and, in particular, the French Govern-
ment should avoid nuclear tests causing the deposit of radio-active
fall-out on Australian territor;

Decides that the written proceedings shall first be addressed to the
questions of thejurisdiction of the Court to entertain the dispute, and of
the admissibility ofthe Application;

Fixesas foliowsthe time-limitsfor the written proceedings:

21 September 1973for the Memorial of the Government of Australia;

21 December 1973for the Counter-Memorial of the French Govern-
ment ;

And reserves the subsequent procedure for further decision.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-second day of June one
thousand nine hundred and seventy-three, in four copies, one of which
will be placed in the archives of the Court, and the others transmitted

respectively to the French Government, to the Government of Australia,
and to the Secretary-General of the United Nations for transmission to
the Security Council.
(Signed) F. AMMOUN,

Vice-President.

(Signed) S. AQUARONE,
Registrar.

Judge JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGm Aakes the following declaration :
1have voted in favour of the Order for the reasons stated therein, but
wish to add some brief comments on the relationship between the ques-
tion of the Court's jurisdiction and the indication of interim measures.

II 107 NUCLEAR TESTS (DECL. JIMÉNEZDE ARÉCHAGA)

1 do not believe the Court should indicate interim measures without
paying due regard to the basic question of itsjurisdiction to entertain the
merits of the Application. A request should not be granted if it is clear,
even on a prima facie appreciation, that there is no possible basis on
which the Court could be competent as to the merits. The question of

jurisdiction is therefore one, and perhaps the most important, among al1
relevant circumstances to be taken intoaccount by a Member of the Court
when voting in favour of or against a request for interim measures.

On the other hand, in view of the urgent character of the decision on
provisional measures, it is obvious that the Court cannot make itsanswer
dependent on a previous collective determination by means of ajudgment
of the question of its jurisdiction on the merits.
Thissituation places upon each Member of the Court the duty to make,
at this stage, an appreciation of whether-in the light of the grounds
invoked and of the other materials before him-the Court will possess
jurisdiction to entertain the merits of the dispute. From a subjective point
of view, such an appreciation or estimation cannot be fairly described as
a mere preliminary or even cursory examination of thejurisdictional issue:
on the contrary, one must be satisfied that this basic question of the
Court's jurisdiction has received the fullest possible attention which one
is able to give to it within the limits of time and of materials available for

the purpose.
When, as in this case, the Court decides in favour of interim measures,
and does not, as requested by the French Government, remove the case
fromthe list, the parties willhave the opportunity at a later stage to plead
more fully on the jurisdictional question. It follows that that question
cannot be prejudged now; it is not possible to exclude a priori, that the
further pleadings and other relevant information may change views or
convictions presently held.

The question described in the Order as that of the existence of "a legal
interest in respect of these claims entitling the Court to admit the Appli-
cation" (para. 23) is characterized in the operative part as one relating to
the admissibility of the Application. The issue has been raised of whether
Australia has a right of its own-as distinct from a general community
interest-or has suffered, or is threatened by, real damage. As far as the
power of the Court to adjudicate on the merits is concerned, the issue is
whether the dispute before the Court is one "with regard to which the
parties are in codict as to their respective rights" as required by the
jurisdictional clause invoked by Australia. The question thus appears to

be a limited one linked to jurisdiction rather than to admissibility. The
distinction between those two categories of questions is indicated by SirGerald Fitzmaurice in I.C.J. Reports 1963, pages 102-103,as follows:

"...the real distinction and test would seem to be whether or not the
objection is based on, or arises from, the jurisdictional clause or
clauses under which the jurisdiction of the tribunal is said to exist.
If so, the objectionis basically one ofjurisdiction."

Article 17of the General Act provides that the disputes therein referred
to shall include in particularthose menti~ned in Article 36 of the Statute
of the Permanent Court of International Justice. Among the classes of
legal disputes there enumerated is that concerning "the existence of any
fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international
obligation" (emphasis added). At the preliminary stage it would seem
therefore sufficient to determine whether the parties are in conflict as to
their respective rights. It would not appear necessary to enter at that stage
into questions which really pertain to the merits and constitute th: heart
of the eventual substantive decision such asfor instance the establishment
of the rights of the parties or the extent of the damage resulting from
radio-active fall-out.

Judge Sir Humphrey WALDOCK makes the following declaration:
1concur in the Order. 1wish only to add that, in myview,the principles
set out in Article 67, paragraph 7, of the Rules of Court should guide the

Court in giving itsdecision on the next phase of the proceedings which is
provided for by the present Order.

Judge NAGENDRS INGH makes the following declaration:

While fully supporting the reasoning leading to the verdict of the
Court, and therefore voting with the majority for the grant of interim
measures of protection in this case, 1wish to lend emphasis, by this
declaration, to the requirement that theCourt must be satisfiedofits own
competence, even though prima facie, before taking action under Article
41 of the Statute and Rule 61 (New Rule 66) of the Rules of Court.
It is true that neither of the aforesaid provisions spell out the test of
competence of the Court or of the admissibility of the Application and the
request, which nevertheless have to be gone into by each Member of the
Court in order to seethat apossible valid base for the Court's competence
exists and that the Application is, prima facie, entertainable.am, there-
fore, in entire agreement with the Court in laying down a positive test
regarding its own competence, prima facie established, which was enun-
ciated in the FisheriesJurisdictionl case and having been reiterated in this

1 Fisheries Jurisdiction (United Kingdomv. Zeeland),I.C.J. Reports 1972,Order of
17 August 1972, paras. 15 to 17, pp. 15 to 16.case may Se said to lay down not only the latest but also the settled juris-
prudence of the Court on the subject.
It is indeed a sine qua non of the exercise of judicial function that a

court can be moved only if it has competence. If therefore in the exercise
of its inherent powers (as enshrined in Art. 41 of its Statute) the Court
grants interim relief, its solejustitication to do so is that if it did not, the
rights of the parties would get so prejudiced that the judgment of the
Court when it came could be rendered meaningless. Thus the possibility
of the Court being ultimately able to give a judgment on merits should
always be present when interim measures are contemplated. If, however,
the Court were to shed its legal base of competence when acting under
Article 41 of its Statute, it would immediately expose itself to the danger
of being accused of discouraging governments from:

". .undertaking, or continuing to undertake, the obligations of
judicial settlement as the result of any justifiable apprehension that
by accepting them they may become exposed to the embarrassment,
vexation and loss, possibly following upon interim measures, in
cases in which there is no reasonable possibility, prima facie ascer-
tained by the Court, of jurisdiction on the merits. Accordingly, the
Court cannot, in relation to a request for indication of interim
measures, disregard altogetherthe question of its competence on the

merits. The correct principle which emerges from these apparently
conflicting considerations and which has been uniformly adopted in
international arbitral and judicial practice is as follows: The Court
may properly act under the terms of Article 41 provided that there is
in existence an instrument such asa Declaration of Acceptance of the
Optional Clause, emanating from the Parties to the dispute, which
prima facie confers jurisdiction upon the Court and which incor-
porates no reservations obviously excluding its jurisdiction."
(Separate opinion of Sir Hersch Lauterpacht in Interhandel case,
I.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 118.)

It needs to be mentioned, therefore, that even at this preliminary stage
of prima facie testing the Court has to examine the reservations and decla-
rations made to the treaty which is cited by a party to furnish the base for
the jurisdiction of the Court and to consider also the validity of the
treaty if the same is challenged in relation to the parties to the dispute.
As a result of this prima facie examination the Court could either find:

(a) that there is no possible base for the Court's jurisdiction in which
event no matter what emphasis is placed on Article 41 of its Statute,
the Court cannot proceed to grant interim relief; or
(b) that a possible base exists, but needs further investigation to corne
to any definite conclusion in which event the Court is inevitably left
no option but to proceed to the substance of the jurisdiction of the
case to complete its process of adjudication which, in turn, is time consuming and therefore comes into conflictwith the urgency of the
matter coupled with the prospect of irreparable damage to the
rights of the parties. It is this situation which furnishes the "raison

d'être"of interim relief.
If, therefore, the Court, in this case, has granted interim measures of
protection itis without prejudice to the substance whether jurisdictional
or othenvise which cannot be prejudged at this stage and will have to be
gone into further in the next phase.

Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWICK makes the following declaration:

1have voted for the indication ofinterim measures and the Order of the
Court as to the further procedure in the case because the very thorough
discussions in whichthe Court has engaged over the past weeks and my
own researches have convincedme that the General Act of 1928and the
French Government's declaration to the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court with reservations each provide, prima facie, a basis on which the
Court might have jurisdiction to entertain and decide the claims made
by Australia in its Application of 9 May 1973.Further, the exchange of
diplomatic notes between the Governments of Australia and France in
1973afford, in my opinion, at least prima facie evidenceof the existence
of a dispute between those Governments as to matters of international
law affectingtheir respective rights.

Lastly, theaterial before the Court, particularly that appearing in the
UNSCEAR reports provides reasonable grounds for concluding that
further deposit in the Australian territorial environment of radio-active

particles ofmatter is likely to do harm for which no adequate comnen-
satory measures could be provided.

These conclusions are sufficient to warrant the indication of interim
measures.
1 agree with the form of the provisional measures indicated, under-
standing that the action prescribed is action on the part of governments
and that the measures are indicated in respect only of the Australian
Government's claimto the inviolability of its territory.

Judges FORSTER G,ROS, PETRÉN and IGNACIO-PINT append dissenting
opinions to the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) F.A.

(Initialled) S.A.

Bilingual Content

Accordingly,
THECOURT

Indicates, by 8 votes to 6, pending its final decision in the proceedings
instituted on 9 May 1973 by Australia against France, the following
provisional measures :

The Governments of Australia and France should each of them
ensure that no action of any kind is taken which might aggravate or
extendthedispute submitted to the Court or prejudice the rights of the
other Party in respect of the carrying out of whatever decision the
Court may render in the case; and, in particular, the French Govern-
ment should avoid nuclear tests causing the deposit of radio-active
fall-out on Australian territor;

Decides that the written proceedings shall first be addressed to the
questions of thejurisdiction of the Court to entertain the dispute, and of
the admissibility ofthe Application;

Fixesas foliowsthe time-limitsfor the written proceedings:

21 September 1973for the Memorial of the Government of Australia;

21 December 1973for the Counter-Memorial of the French Govern-
ment ;

And reserves the subsequent procedure for further decision.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-second day of June one
thousand nine hundred and seventy-three, in four copies, one of which
will be placed in the archives of the Court, and the others transmitted

respectively to the French Government, to the Government of Australia,
and to the Secretary-General of the United Nations for transmission to
the Security Council.
(Signed) F. AMMOUN,

Vice-President.

(Signed) S. AQUARONE,
Registrar.

Judge JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGm Aakes the following declaration :
1have voted in favour of the Order for the reasons stated therein, but
wish to add some brief comments on the relationship between the ques-
tion of the Court's jurisdiction and the indication of interim measures.

II En conséquence,

LACOUR

Indique àtitre provisoire, par huit voix contre six, en attendant son
arrêtdéfinitifdans l'instance introduite le 9 mai 1973 par l'Australie
contre la France, les mesures conservatoires suivantes tendantce que:

Le Gouvernement australien et le Gouvernement français veillent
l'un et l'autrà évitertout acte qui risquerait d'aggraver ou d'étendre
le différenddont la Cour est saisie ou de porter atteinte au droit de
l'autre Partieàobtenir l'exécutionde tout arrêtque la Cour pourrait
rendre en l'affaire; et en particulier le Gouvernement français s'ab-
stienne de procéder à des essais nucléairesprovoquant le dépôt de
retombées radioactives sur le territoire australien;

Décideque les pii!cesécritesporteront d'abord sur la question de la
compétencede laCour pour connaître du différendet sur cellede la rece-
vabilitéde la requête;

Fixe comme suit la date d'expiration des délaispour la procédure
écrite:

Pour le dépôt dumémoiredu Gouvernement australien, le 21 septem-
bre 1973,
Pour le dépôt du contre-mémoiredu Gouvernement français, le 21
décembre1973 ;
Réservela suite de:la procédure.

Fait en en anglais et en français, le texte anglaisfaisant foi, au palais de
la Paix,à La Haye, le vingt-deux juin mil neuf cent soixante-treize, en
quatre exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposé aux archives dela Cour et
dont les autres seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement fran-

çais, au Gouvernement australien et au Secrétairegénéral del7Organisa-
tion des Nations Uriiespour transmission au Conseil de sécurité.

Le Vice-Président,

(Signé)F. AMMOUN.

Le Greffier,
(Signé)S. AQUARONE.

M. JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA ju,ge, fait la déclaration suivante:
J'ai voté enfaveur de l'ordonnance et des motifs qui y figurent, maisje
voudrais ajouter quelques brévesobservations au sujet du rapport entre
la compétencedela Cour et l'indication de mesures conservatoires.

11 107 NUCLEAR TESTS (DECL. JIMÉNEZDE ARÉCHAGA)

1 do not believe the Court should indicate interim measures without
paying due regard to the basic question of itsjurisdiction to entertain the
merits of the Application. A request should not be granted if it is clear,
even on a prima facie appreciation, that there is no possible basis on
which the Court could be competent as to the merits. The question of

jurisdiction is therefore one, and perhaps the most important, among al1
relevant circumstances to be taken intoaccount by a Member of the Court
when voting in favour of or against a request for interim measures.

On the other hand, in view of the urgent character of the decision on
provisional measures, it is obvious that the Court cannot make itsanswer
dependent on a previous collective determination by means of ajudgment
of the question of its jurisdiction on the merits.
Thissituation places upon each Member of the Court the duty to make,
at this stage, an appreciation of whether-in the light of the grounds
invoked and of the other materials before him-the Court will possess
jurisdiction to entertain the merits of the dispute. From a subjective point
of view, such an appreciation or estimation cannot be fairly described as
a mere preliminary or even cursory examination of thejurisdictional issue:
on the contrary, one must be satisfied that this basic question of the
Court's jurisdiction has received the fullest possible attention which one
is able to give to it within the limits of time and of materials available for

the purpose.
When, as in this case, the Court decides in favour of interim measures,
and does not, as requested by the French Government, remove the case
fromthe list, the parties willhave the opportunity at a later stage to plead
more fully on the jurisdictional question. It follows that that question
cannot be prejudged now; it is not possible to exclude a priori, that the
further pleadings and other relevant information may change views or
convictions presently held.

The question described in the Order as that of the existence of "a legal
interest in respect of these claims entitling the Court to admit the Appli-
cation" (para. 23) is characterized in the operative part as one relating to
the admissibility of the Application. The issue has been raised of whether
Australia has a right of its own-as distinct from a general community
interest-or has suffered, or is threatened by, real damage. As far as the
power of the Court to adjudicate on the merits is concerned, the issue is
whether the dispute before the Court is one "with regard to which the
parties are in codict as to their respective rights" as required by the
jurisdictional clause invoked by Australia. The question thus appears to

be a limited one linked to jurisdiction rather than to admissibility. The
distinction between those two categories of questions is indicated by Sir Je ne pense pas que la Cour doive indiquer des mesures conservatoires
sans accorder toute l'attention voulue à la question fondamentale de sa
compétencepour connaître au fond de la requêtedont elle est saisie. II
ne faut pas indiquer de mesures conservatoires s'il apparaît nettement,
et cela mêmede prime abord, qu'il n'existeaucune base sur laquelle la
Cour puisse éventuellementfonder sa compétenceau fond. La question
juridictionnelle est donc l'une des circonstances - et peut-êtrela plus
importante - qu'un membre de la Cour doit prendre en considération
lorsqu'il se prononce pour ou contre l'indication de mesures conserva-

toires.
D'un autre côté,étant donnél'urgence de la décisionsur les mesures
conservatoire$, il est évidentque la Cour ne peut pas subordonner sa
réponse à une détermination collective préalable, par voie d'arrêt,de sa
compétenceau fond.
Dans ces condition!$,il incombe à chaque membre de la Cour d'appré-
cier au stade actuel si, vu les motifs invoquéset les autres élémentsdont
il dispose, la Cour possède la compétence nécessaire pour connaître
du fond du différend. D'unpoint de vue subjectif, cette appréciation ou
estimation ne peut être considérée à proprement parler comme un simple
examen préliminaire (sumêmesommaire de la question juridictionnelle:
au contraire, il faut êtreparvenu à la conviction que cette question fon-

damentale de la compétencede la Cour a reçu toute l'attention qu'il est
possible de lui accorder dans les limites de temps et avec les moyens d'in-
formation disponibles.
Lorsque, comme c'est le cas en l'espèce,la Cour décided'indiquer des
mesures conservatoires et ne raye pas l'affairedu rôle, ainsi que le deman-
dait leGoubernemenit français, les parties auront plus tard l'occasion de
débattreplus a fond la questionjuridictionnelle. Ils'ensuitqu'on nesaurait
la préjuger maintenarit: iln'est pas impossible,à priori, que les écritures
qui seront présentéeset les autres élémentsd'appréciation modifient les
opinions ou convictions actuelles.

La question que l'ordonnance présente comme celle de l'existence, à
l'égardde ces demandes, d'un ((intérêjturidique autorisant la Cour à
accueillir la requête))(paragraphe 23) est caractérisée,dans le dispositif,
comme ayant trait à la recevabilitéde la requête.On s'est demandé si
l'Australie peut se prévaloir d'un droit propre - distinct d'un intérêt
collectif ou général-- ou si elle a étéou pourrait êtrevictime d'un préju-
dice réel.Pour ce qui est du pouvoir de la Cour de statuer au fond, le
problème consiste à dléterminersi lelitige soumisà la Cour est un ((diffé-
rend au sujet duquel les parties se contesteraient réciproquement un

droit)), comme l'exigela clause juridictionnelle invoquée par l'Australie.
Il semble donc qu'il s'agisselà d'une question de portée limitéeconcer-
nant la juridiction plutôt que la recevabilité.Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice aGerald Fitzmaurice in I.C.J. Reports 1963, pages 102-103,as follows:

"...the real distinction and test would seem to be whether or not the
objection is based on, or arises from, the jurisdictional clause or
clauses under which the jurisdiction of the tribunal is said to exist.
If so, the objectionis basically one ofjurisdiction."

Article 17of the General Act provides that the disputes therein referred
to shall include in particularthose menti~ned in Article 36 of the Statute
of the Permanent Court of International Justice. Among the classes of
legal disputes there enumerated is that concerning "the existence of any
fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international
obligation" (emphasis added). At the preliminary stage it would seem
therefore sufficient to determine whether the parties are in conflict as to
their respective rights. It would not appear necessary to enter at that stage
into questions which really pertain to the merits and constitute th: heart
of the eventual substantive decision such asfor instance the establishment
of the rights of the parties or the extent of the damage resulting from
radio-active fall-out.

Judge Sir Humphrey WALDOCK makes the following declaration:
1concur in the Order. 1wish only to add that, in myview,the principles
set out in Article 67, paragraph 7, of the Rules of Court should guide the

Court in giving itsdecision on the next phase of the proceedings which is
provided for by the present Order.

Judge NAGENDRS INGH makes the following declaration:

While fully supporting the reasoning leading to the verdict of the
Court, and therefore voting with the majority for the grant of interim
measures of protection in this case, 1wish to lend emphasis, by this
declaration, to the requirement that theCourt must be satisfiedofits own
competence, even though prima facie, before taking action under Article
41 of the Statute and Rule 61 (New Rule 66) of the Rules of Court.
It is true that neither of the aforesaid provisions spell out the test of
competence of the Court or of the admissibility of the Application and the
request, which nevertheless have to be gone into by each Member of the
Court in order to seethat apossible valid base for the Court's competence
exists and that the Application is, prima facie, entertainable.am, there-
fore, in entire agreement with the Court in laying down a positive test
regarding its own competence, prima facie established, which was enun-
ciated in the FisheriesJurisdictionl case and having been reiterated in this

1 Fisheries Jurisdiction (United Kingdomv. Zeeland),I.C.J. Reports 1972,Order of
17 August 1972, paras. 15 to 17, pp. 15 to 16.indiqué comme suit comment il différenciaitces deux catégoriesdeques-
tions (C.I.J. Recueil 1963,p. 102-103) :
«la distinction, l'etexte réel,dépendsemble-t-il du point de savoir si
l'exception rep0r;e.o~est fondée surla clause ou les clauses juridic-

tionnelles en vertu desquelles on prétend établirla compétence. Si
tel est le cas, l'exception porte essentiellement sur la compétence.»
L'article 17 de l'Acte généralstipule que les différendsvisésdans cet
acte comprennent notamment ceux que mentionne l'article 36 du Statut
de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale. Au nombre des catégo-
ries de différendsjuri~d.iquénuméréd sans cet article figure «la réalitéde

tout fait qui, s'il était établi,constituerait la violation d'un engagement
international)) (lesta.liquessontde nous).
Au stade préliminaire,il semblerait donc suffisant de déterminersi les
parties secontestent réciproquement un droit. Il n'apparaît pas nécessaire
à ce stade d'aborder des questions qui relèventen réalitédu fond et qui
constituent le point essentiel de la décisionqui interviendra par la suite
sur le fond, comme celle de l'établissement desdroits des parties ou de
l'étenduedu préjudicerésultant desretombées radioactives.

Sir Humphrey WALDOCK ju,ge, fait la déclaration suivante:
Je souscrisà l'ordonnance. Je voudrais seulement ajouter que, selon
moi, les principes énoncés à l'article 67, paragraphe 7, du Règlement,
devraient guider la Cour lorsqu'elle rendra sa décisionen la phase sui-
vante de la procédure, que prévoitla présenteordonnance.

M. NAGENDR SAINGH,juge, fait la déclaration suivante:
Tout en souscrivarit pleinement aux motifs de la décisionrendue par la
Cour et en votant donc avecla majoritépour l'indication de mesures con-

servatoires en l'espèce,je voudrais bien faire ressortir, dans cette déclara-
tion, l'obligation faiteà la Cour de s'assurer de sa compétence, même
primafacie, avant de statuer en vertu de l'article 41 du Statut et de l'ar-
ticle 66 du Règlement.
Certes aucune de ces dispositions ne précise lecritèrede la compétence
de la Cour ou de la recevabilitéde la requêteet de la demande, critère
que tout membre de la Cour n'en doit pas moins examiner pour s'assurer
qu'il existeun fondement valable possible à la compétencede la Cour et
que la requêteest de prime abord recevable. J'approuve donc tout à fait
la Cour quand elleénonceun critèrepositif quant à sa compétenceprima
facie,critère qui a étéénoncédans l'affaire de la Compétenceen matière
de pêcheries*et qui., étant réaffirmédans la présente espèce,peut être

1 Compétenceen matitiredepêcheries(Royaume-Unic. Islande), C.I.J. Recueil 1972,
ordonnance du 17 août 1972, par. 1517,p.15-16.case may Se said to lay down not only the latest but also the settled juris-
prudence of the Court on the subject.
It is indeed a sine qua non of the exercise of judicial function that a

court can be moved only if it has competence. If therefore in the exercise
of its inherent powers (as enshrined in Art. 41 of its Statute) the Court
grants interim relief, its solejustitication to do so is that if it did not, the
rights of the parties would get so prejudiced that the judgment of the
Court when it came could be rendered meaningless. Thus the possibility
of the Court being ultimately able to give a judgment on merits should
always be present when interim measures are contemplated. If, however,
the Court were to shed its legal base of competence when acting under
Article 41 of its Statute, it would immediately expose itself to the danger
of being accused of discouraging governments from:

". .undertaking, or continuing to undertake, the obligations of
judicial settlement as the result of any justifiable apprehension that
by accepting them they may become exposed to the embarrassment,
vexation and loss, possibly following upon interim measures, in
cases in which there is no reasonable possibility, prima facie ascer-
tained by the Court, of jurisdiction on the merits. Accordingly, the
Court cannot, in relation to a request for indication of interim
measures, disregard altogetherthe question of its competence on the

merits. The correct principle which emerges from these apparently
conflicting considerations and which has been uniformly adopted in
international arbitral and judicial practice is as follows: The Court
may properly act under the terms of Article 41 provided that there is
in existence an instrument such asa Declaration of Acceptance of the
Optional Clause, emanating from the Parties to the dispute, which
prima facie confers jurisdiction upon the Court and which incor-
porates no reservations obviously excluding its jurisdiction."
(Separate opinion of Sir Hersch Lauterpacht in Interhandel case,
I.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 118.)

It needs to be mentioned, therefore, that even at this preliminary stage
of prima facie testing the Court has to examine the reservations and decla-
rations made to the treaty which is cited by a party to furnish the base for
the jurisdiction of the Court and to consider also the validity of the
treaty if the same is challenged in relation to the parties to the dispute.
As a result of this prima facie examination the Court could either find:

(a) that there is no possible base for the Court's jurisdiction in which
event no matter what emphasis is placed on Article 41 of its Statute,
the Court cannot proceed to grant interim relief; or
(b) that a possible base exists, but needs further investigation to corne
to any definite conclusion in which event the Court is inevitably left
no option but to proceed to the substance of the jurisdiction of the
case to complete its process of adjudication which, in turn, is timeconsidérécomme expriimant, en la matière, non seulement la jurispru-
dence la plus récentede la Cour mais aussi sa jurisprudence bien établie.
L'exercice de la fonction judiciaire ne peut se concevoir que si le
tribunal saisi aompét'ence.Si par conséquentla Cour indique des mesu-
res conservatoires dans l'exercice de ses pouvoirs inhérents (tels que
l'article 41 de sonStatiut les consacre), sa seulejustification est que, sans
ces mesures, les droits des parties seraient si compromis que l'arrêtde la
Cour, au moment où i:lserait rendu, serait dépourvu de sens. On ne doit
donc jamais oublier, quand on envisage des mesures conservatoires, que
la Cour aura peut-être,en fin de compte, à statuer au fond. Si la Cour
devait écarter le fondernentjuridique de sa compétencequand elle se pro-
nonce sur la base de l'article de son Statut, elle s'exposerait immédiate-
ment au reproche de découragerlesgouvernements

((d'accepter ou de continuer d'accepter les obligations du règlement

judiciaire, en raison de la crainte justifiée qu'en les acceptant ils
risqueraient de s'exposerà la gêne,aux vexations et aux pertes pou-
vant résulter de mesures conservatoires dans le cas où il n'existe
aucune possibilitéraisonnable de compétenceau fond vérifiée par la
Cour primafacie. Par conséquent, la Cour ne peut, à propos d'une
demande en indication de inesures conservatoires, négligercomplète-
ment la question de sa compétence au fond. Le principe exact qui
sedégagede cesconsidérationsapparemment contradictoires et qui a
étéadopté uniformémentpar la pratique arbitrale et judiciaire inter-
nationale est le suivant: La Cour peut légitimementagir en applica-
tion de l'article 41, pourvu qu'il existeun instrument, tel qu'une dé-
claration d'acceptation de la disposition facultative, émanant des
Parties au différend,conférantà la Cour compétenceprimafacie et ne
contenant aucune réserve excluant manifestement cette compéten-

ce.» (Opinion individuelle de sir Hersch Lauterpacht dans l'affaire
de I'lnterhandel,C.1.J.Recueil 1957, p. 118-119.)

II convient par suite:de préciserque même à ce stade préliminaire ou
elle vérifiesa compétence primafacie, la Cour doit examiner les réserves
et déclarations affectant le traité qu'une partie invoque comme fonde-
ment de la juridiction de la Cour, ainsi que la validitéde ce traitési elle
est contestéeen ce qui concerne les parties au différend.A l'issue de cet
examen primafacie, la Cour peut conclure:

a) soit qu'il n'existe ;aucune base possible de compétence de la Cour,
auquel cas, quel que soit le rôle attribuéà l'article 41 du Statut, la
Cour ne peut accorder de mesures conservatoires;
b) soit qu'il existeune base possible, mais qu'un examen plus approfondi
s'imposeavant de parvenir àune conclusion ferme, auquel cas la Cour
se doit d'examiner à fond sa compétencepour s'acquitter complète-
ment de sa missionjudiciaire, ce qui prend du temps, nuit à l'urgence consuming and therefore comes into conflictwith the urgency of the
matter coupled with the prospect of irreparable damage to the
rights of the parties. It is this situation which furnishes the "raison

d'être"of interim relief.
If, therefore, the Court, in this case, has granted interim measures of
protection itis without prejudice to the substance whether jurisdictional
or othenvise which cannot be prejudged at this stage and will have to be
gone into further in the next phase.

Judge ad hoc Sir Garfield BARWICK makes the following declaration:

1have voted for the indication ofinterim measures and the Order of the
Court as to the further procedure in the case because the very thorough
discussions in whichthe Court has engaged over the past weeks and my
own researches have convincedme that the General Act of 1928and the
French Government's declaration to the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court with reservations each provide, prima facie, a basis on which the
Court might have jurisdiction to entertain and decide the claims made
by Australia in its Application of 9 May 1973.Further, the exchange of
diplomatic notes between the Governments of Australia and France in
1973afford, in my opinion, at least prima facie evidenceof the existence
of a dispute between those Governments as to matters of international
law affectingtheir respective rights.

Lastly, theaterial before the Court, particularly that appearing in the
UNSCEAR reports provides reasonable grounds for concluding that
further deposit in the Australian territorial environment of radio-active

particles ofmatter is likely to do harm for which no adequate comnen-
satory measures could be provided.

These conclusions are sufficient to warrant the indication of interim
measures.
1 agree with the form of the provisional measures indicated, under-
standing that the action prescribed is action on the part of governments
and that the measures are indicated in respect only of the Australian
Government's claimto the inviolability of its territory.

Judges FORSTER G,ROS, PETRÉN and IGNACIO-PINT append dissenting
opinions to the Order of the Court.

(Initialled) F.A.

(Initialled) S.A. existant en la matièreet risque deporter un tort irréparable auxdroits
des parties. C'est une tellesituation quijustifie l'indication de mesures
conservatoires.

Ainsi, si la Cour a :indiquédes mesures conservatoiresen l'espèce,elle

l'a fait sans préjudice des problèmes de substance, juridictionnels ou
autres, qui ne peuvent êtreactuellement préjugéset devront être appro-
fondis au cours de la phase suivante.

Sir Garfield BARWICK j,ge ad hoc, fait la déclaration suivante:
J'ai voté enfaveur de l'indication de mesures conservatoires et de I'or-
donnance de la Cour sur la suite de la procédure, convaincu par les dis-
cussions très approfc~ndiesauxquelles la Cour a procédéces dernières
semaines et par mes propres recherches que l'Acte généralde 1928et la
déclarationdu Gouvernement français acceptant, avec réserve,lajuridic-
tion obligatoire de la Cour constituent l'un et l'autre, primafacie, une

base possible de com.pétencede la Cour pour connaître des demandes
form~~léepsar l'Australie dans sa requêtedu 9 mai 1973et seprononcer à
leur sujet. En outre, slrlonmoi, l'échangede notes diplomatiques de 1973
entre le Gouvernemerit australien et le Gouvernement français démontre,
au moins de prime abord, qu'il existe un différendentre ces gouverne-
ments sur des questions de droit international affectant leurs droits
respectifs.
Enfin, sur la base di:la documentation soumise à la Cour, et en particu-
lier des rapports du Comitéscientifique des Nations Unies pour l'étude
des effets des rayonnements ionisants, il est raisonnable de conclure
que de nouveaux dépôtsde particules radioactives dans l'environnement
territorial de l'Australie causeraient probablement des dommages pour
lesquels il ne saurait/avoir de réparation adéquate.
Ces conclusions suffisent à justifier l'indication de mesures conserva-

toires.
J'approuve la formedonnéeaux mesures conservatoires, étant entendu
selon moi que les actes prohibés sont ceux des gouvernements et que les
mesures sont indiquées uniquement en relation avec la demande austra-
lienne concernant l'inviolabilitéde son territoire.

MM. FORSTERG , IROSP, ETRÉNet IGNACIO-PINTO ju,ges, joignent à
l'ordonnance les exposésde leur opinion dissidente.

(Paraphé)F.A.

(Paraphé)S.A.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration by Judge Jiménez de Aréchaga (as appended immediately after the order)

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