Declaration of Judge Donoghue

Document Number
137-20140127-JUD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
137-20140127-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

110

DECLARATION OF JUDGE DONOGHUE

This is a case in which neither Party’s pleaded case convinced the Coéurt.
The Judgment concludes that the 1952 Santiago Declaration on the Mari-
time Zone did not establish a maritime boundary. However, the 1954
Agreement relating to a Special Maritime Frontier Zone, when considered
together with the 1968-1969 lighthouse arrangements, provides “compel -
ling evidence” of the existence of a maritime boundary running along éthe

parallel that crosses Boundary Marker No. 1, meeting the standard that
the Court has previously articulated (Territorial and Maritime Dispute
between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Hon ­
duras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 735, para. 253).

What, then, is the extent of this tacitly-agreed maritime boundary ? To
answer this question, the Court, in effect, reaches conclusions about the
substance of an informal and unwritten agreement. However, because the
Parties did not address the existence or terms of such an agreement, theéy
did not present evidence focused specifically on the extent of a tacitély-

agreed maritime boundary.
In addition, neither Party put forward the possibility that the initial
segment of the maritime boundary had been settled by agreement of the
Parties, but that delimitation seaward of that segment would proceed in é
accordance with customary international law. Other maritime boundary
cases have involved such scenarios (see, e.g., case concerning the Land

and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v.
Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002,
pp. 431-432, paras. 268-269 and pp. 456-457, para. 325 (points IV (B) and
(C)). As the Court notes, however, in the present case, the agreed maéri -
time boundary extends for a significant distance (80 nautical miles). This

raises novel questions about how to assess proportionality in respect ofé
the area delimited on the basis of equidistance. As with the extent of téhe
agreed maritime boundary, the Court did not have the benefit of the Paér -
ties’ views on this issue.

I voted in favour of this Judgment in all respects, because I believe it
reflects a sound outcome in light of the applicable law and the evidenéce
before the Court. I submit this declaration because the circumstances ofé
this case serve as a reminder of procedural approaches that may offer é
advantages when issues that are important to the Court’s conclusions é
have not been squarely addressed by the parties. For example, a court oré

tribunal has the option of asking the parties for additional legal briefiéng
or evidence. Alternatively, by rendering an interim or partial decision,é a

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court or tribunal can decide part of a case while seeking more focused
input from the parties on remaining issues.

In recent judgments, the Court has shown increased openness to draw -
ing on insights from other international courts and tribunals. By makingé
use of procedural approaches such as those noted here, the Court could
further enrich its practice and jurisprudence.

(Signed) Joan E. Donoghue.

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5 CIJ1057.indb 220 1/12/14 08:59

Bilingual Content

110

DECLARATION OF JUDGE DONOGHUE

This is a case in which neither Party’s pleaded case convinced the Coéurt.
The Judgment concludes that the 1952 Santiago Declaration on the Mari-
time Zone did not establish a maritime boundary. However, the 1954
Agreement relating to a Special Maritime Frontier Zone, when considered
together with the 1968-1969 lighthouse arrangements, provides “compel -
ling evidence” of the existence of a maritime boundary running along éthe

parallel that crosses Boundary Marker No. 1, meeting the standard that
the Court has previously articulated (Territorial and Maritime Dispute
between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Hon ­
duras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 735, para. 253).

What, then, is the extent of this tacitly-agreed maritime boundary ? To
answer this question, the Court, in effect, reaches conclusions about the
substance of an informal and unwritten agreement. However, because the
Parties did not address the existence or terms of such an agreement, theéy
did not present evidence focused specifically on the extent of a tacitély-

agreed maritime boundary.
In addition, neither Party put forward the possibility that the initial
segment of the maritime boundary had been settled by agreement of the
Parties, but that delimitation seaward of that segment would proceed in é
accordance with customary international law. Other maritime boundary
cases have involved such scenarios (see, e.g., case concerning the Land

and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v.
Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002,
pp. 431-432, paras. 268-269 and pp. 456-457, para. 325 (points IV (B) and
(C)). As the Court notes, however, in the present case, the agreed maéri -
time boundary extends for a significant distance (80 nautical miles). This

raises novel questions about how to assess proportionality in respect ofé
the area delimited on the basis of equidistance. As with the extent of téhe
agreed maritime boundary, the Court did not have the benefit of the Paér -
ties’ views on this issue.

I voted in favour of this Judgment in all respects, because I believe it
reflects a sound outcome in light of the applicable law and the evidenéce
before the Court. I submit this declaration because the circumstances ofé
this case serve as a reminder of procedural approaches that may offer é
advantages when issues that are important to the Court’s conclusions é
have not been squarely addressed by the parties. For example, a court oré

tribunal has the option of asking the parties for additional legal briefiéng
or evidence. Alternatively, by rendering an interim or partial decision,é a

111

5 CIJ1057.indb 218 1/12/14 08:59 110

DÉCLARATION DE M me LA JUGE DONOGHUE

[Traduction]

En l’espèce, ni l’une ni l’autre des Parties n’a su convaéincre la Cour.
Celle-ci conclut, dans son arrêt, que la déclaration sur la zone maritimée
signée à Santiago en 1952 n’a pas établi de frontière maritime.
En revanche, examiné à la lumière des arrangements relatifs aux phares

de 1968-1969, l’accord de 1954 relatif à une zone frontière maritime
spéciale atteste « de manière convaincante » l’existence d’une frontière
maritime qui suit le parallèle passant par la borne frontière n o1 et
répond ainsi au critère que la Cour a énoncé antérieurement (Différend
territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua et le Honduras dans la mer de▯s

Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Honduras), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II), p. 735,
par. 253).
Quelle est donc, alors, l’étendue de cette frontière maritime céonvenue
tacitement? Pour répondre à cette question, la Cour a, en fait, tiré des é
conclusions à propos de la substance d’un accord informel et non éécrit.

Or, les Parties n’ayant abordé ni l’existence ni le contenu d’éun tel accord,
elles n’ont donc présenté aucun élément de preuve concernéant spécifique -
ment l’étendue qu’aurait eue la frontière maritime convenue étacitement.
En outre, ni l’une ni l’autre des Parties n’a évoqué la péossibilité que le
segment initial de la frontière maritime ait pu être délimitéé par voie d’ac -

cord entre elles, le prolongement de ce segment vers le large restant àé
déterminer conformément au droit international coutumier. Ce n’éest d’ail -
leurs pas la seule affaire de délimitation maritime mettant en jeu éune telle
situation (voir, par exemple, l’affaire de la Frontière terrestre et maritime
entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria ; Guinée équatoriale

(intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2002, p. 431-432, par. 268-269, et
p. 456-457, par. 325 (points IV B) et C)). En l’espèce, cependant, comme la
Cour le relève, la frontière maritime convenue s’étend sur uéne distance
importante (80 milles marins), ce qui soulève des questions inédites concer -
nant la manière d’évaluer la proportionnalité s’agissant éde la zone délimi-

tée sur la base de l’équidistance. Or, comme en ce qui concerne l’étendue
de la frontière maritime convenue, la Cour a statué sans connaîétre les vues
des Parties.
J’ai voté en faveur de tous les points du dispositif du présenté arrêt, car
celui-ci me semble donner lieu à un résultat satisfaisant compte tenu dué

droit applicable et des éléments de preuve soumis à la Cour. Sié je joins la
présente déclaration à l’arrêt, c’est que les circonstéances de l’espèce per -
mettent de rappeler les mesures d’instruction qui peuvent se révéler avan -
tageuses lorsque des questions importantes pour les conclusions de la
Cour n’ont pas été pleinement abordées par les plaideurs. Par exemple,

ces derniers auraient pu être invités à présenter des moyensé de droit ou de

111

5 CIJ1057.indb 219 1/12/14 08:59 111 maritime dispute (decél. donoghue)

court or tribunal can decide part of a case while seeking more focused
input from the parties on remaining issues.

In recent judgments, the Court has shown increased openness to draw -
ing on insights from other international courts and tribunals. By makingé
use of procedural approaches such as those noted here, the Court could
further enrich its practice and jurisprudence.

(Signed) Joan E. Donoghue.

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5 CIJ1057.indb 220 1/12/14 08:59 différend maritime (déécl. donoghue) 111

preuve supplémentaires. Il est en outre loisible à la juridiction ésaisie de
prononcer une décision interlocutoire ou partielle, à charge pour éles par -
ties de préciser leur position sur les questions restant pendantes.
Dans de récents arrêts, la Cour s’est montrée de plus en plus disposée à

s’inspirer des méthodes d’autres juridictions internationales. éEn recourant
à des mesures d’instruction telles que celles que je viens de mentéionner,
elle pourrait continuer d’enrichir sa pratique et sa jurisprudence.

(Signé) Joan E. Donoghue.

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Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Donoghue

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