Declaration of Vice-President Sepúlveda-Amor

Document Number
137-20140127-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
137-20140127-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

82

DECLARATION
OF VICE-PRESIDENT SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR

By itself, the 1954 Special Maritime Frontier Zone Agreement does not su▯pport
the existence of a tacit agreement on maritime delimitation between Peru and
Chile — Evidence of the establishment of a permanent maritime boundary on

the basis of tacit agreement must be compelling — The Court’s findings would
rest on stronger grounds if they had been based on a thorough analysis of Sta▯te
practice.

1. Although I have voted with the majority in respect of all the opera -
tive clauses of the Judgment, I have serious reservations with regard toé
the approach adopted by the Court in relation to the initial segment of é

the maritime boundary. My misgivings concern, in particular, the Court’s
reasoning in support of the existence of a tacit agreement on delimitatiéon.
2. In my view, the record does not support the conclusion that, by the
time the 1954 Special Maritime Frontier Zone Agreement (henceforth,
the 1954 Agreement) was adopted, a maritime boundary was already in

existence along a parallel of latitude between Peru and Chile.
3. As a matter of principle, I do not take issue with the proposition
that, in appropriate circumstances, a maritime boundary may be grounded
upon tacit agreement. Likewise, I acknowledge that the fact that Chile

deliberately and expressly refrained from invoking tacit agreement as a é
basis for its claims is no bar to the Court founding its decision on sucéh
legal grounds, for, in reaching its conclusions, the Court is not bound éby
the legal arguments advanced by either Party.

4. The fact remains, however, that the establishment of a permanent
maritime boundary on the basis of tacit agreement is subject to a strin -
gent standard of proof. As the Court stated in Nicaragua v. Honduras :

“Evidence of a tacit legal agreement must be compelling. The estab -
lishment of a permanent maritime boundary is a matter of grave
importance and agreement is not easily to be presumed. A de facto

line might in certain circumstances correspond to the existence of an
agreed legal boundary or might be more in the nature of a provisional
line or of a line for a specific, limited purpose, such as sharing a sécarce
resource. Even if there had been a provisional line found convenient

for a period of time, this is to be distinguished from an international
boundary.” (Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and
Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 735, para. 253.)

83

5 CIJ1057.indb 162 1/12/14 08:59 83 maritime dispute (decél. sepúlveda-amor)

5. In view of the above, I cannot subscribe to the conclusion that the
1954 Agreement alone “cements the tacit agreement” or that it otheérwise

decisively establishes its existence (Judgment, para. 91).

6. In assessing the scope and significance of the 1954 Agreement, one
should keep in mind the narrow and specific purpose for which it was
adopted, namely to establish a zone of tolerance for fishing activity éoper -

ated by small vessels, not to confirm the existence of a maritime bounédary
or to effect a maritime delimitation between the contracting parties.

7. Admittedly, the wording of Articles 1 to 3 suggests the acknow-
ledgement of a maritime boundary of some sort along an undetermined
parallel running beyond a distance of 12 nautical miles from the coast. At

the same time, however, the 1954 Agreement — which was not ratified by
Chile until the year 1967 — contains no indication whatsoever of the
extent and nature of the alleged maritime boundary, or when and by what é
means it came into existence.
8. In this regard, I find the Court’s inability to trace the origin of the

Parties’ delimitation agreement particularly telling. By the Court’s own
admission, the main official instruments dealing with maritime issues that
preceded the 1954 Agreement, namely the 1947 Proclamations and the
1952 Santiago Declaration, did not effect a maritime delimitation between
Peru and Chile (ibid., paras. 43 and 62). However, the Court finds that a

tacit agreement was in existence by the time that the 1954 Agreement was
adopted. What specifically happened then, between 1952 and 1954, to
warrant such a conclusion ?
9. In connection with the circumstances surrounding the Santiago
Declaration, the Court surmises that “there might have been some sorté of
shared understanding among the States parties of a more general nature

concerning their maritime boundary” (ibid., para. 69). And yet, nothing
about the Parties’ conduct or practice in the relevant period indicatées that
they reached a common understanding on the limits of their respective
maritime spaces. No such suggestion emerges from the meeting of
the Permanent Commission of the Conference on the Exploitation and

Conservation of the Marine Resources of the South Pacific, held in
October 1954, or from the Second Conference on the Exploitation and
Conservation of the Marine Resources of the South Pacific, held in
December 1954. Nor does the domestic legislation of the Parties provide
such evidence, be it prior or subsequent to the 1954 Agreement.

10. Although international law does not impose any particular form
on the means and ways by which States may express their agreement on
maritime delimitation, on such important a matter as the establishment of
a maritime boundary one would expect to find additional evidence as toé
the Parties’ intentions outside of the isolated and limited referenceé con -
tained in the 1954 Agreement, particularly at a time when Peru and Chile

were so actively engaged with maritime matters at the international leveél.

84

5 CIJ1057.indb 164 1/12/14 08:59 84 maritime dispute (decél. sepúlveda-amor)

11. In short, whilst the importance of the 1954 Agreement should not
be denied or diminished, neither should its relevance as evidence of a téacit

agreement be overstated. In my opinion, there are strong reasons to inteér -
pret its provisions with caution and circumspection so as to avoid unwaré-
ranted legal inferences.
12. Paramount amongst those reasons is the historical context in which
the 1954 Agreement was adopted, namely at a time when the concept of

a 12-nautical-mile territorial sea entitlement had not attained general rec -
ognition and the very notion of an exclusive economic zone as later
defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
was foreign to international law. As noted by the Court in paragraph 116
of the Judgment, in the context of the 1958 Conference on the Law of the
Sea, the proposal that came nearest to general international acceptance

was “for a 6-nautical-mile territorial sea with a further fishing zone of
6 nautical miles and some reservation of established fishing rights”.é

13. This means that, in so far as it was supposed to extend beyond a

distance of 12 nautical miles from the coast, the “maritime boundary”
referred to in Article 1 of the 1954 Agreement largely concerned what at
the time were considered the high seas, and thus not maritime zones overé
which the Parties had exclusive sovereign rights under international law
or over which they could claim overlapping maritime entitlements. This

circumstance alone casts a shadow of doubt on the true scope and sig -
nificance of the “maritime boundary” acknowledged by the 1954 Agree -
ment and limits the presumptions that can be reasonably drawn from that é
reference.
14. The inquiry into the possible existence of a tacit agreement on
maritime delimitation should have led the Court to undertake a system -

atic and rigorous analysis of the Parties’ conduct well beyond the teérms of
the 1954 Agreement.
15. This instrument merely suggests a possible agreement between the
Parties, but falls short of proving its existence in compelling terms. Oén its
own, it cannot ground a finding of tacit agreement on maritime delimitéa -

tion between Peru and Chile.
16. Tacit agreement did not manifest itself overnight in the year 1954,
as the Judgment seems to imply. Given the evidence before the Court in
this case, it is only through the scrutiny of years of relevant State préactice
that it is possible to discern the existence of an agreed maritime boundéary

of a specific nature and extent between the Parties. The Court approacéhes
these legal inquiries as separate when, in fact, they are inextricably léinked
in law and in fact. Unfortunately, the analysis of State conduct remainsé
underdeveloped and peripheral to the Court’s arguments when it shouldé
be at the centre of its reasoning.

17. The legal bar for establishing a permanent maritime boundary on
the basis of tacit agreement has been set very high by the Court, and

85

5 CIJ1057.indb 166 1/12/14 08:59 85 maritime dispute (decél. sepúlveda-amor)

rightly so. I fear the approach adopted by the Court in the present case
may be interpreted as a retreat from the stringent standard of proof foré -
mulated in Nicaragua v. Honduras. This is not, however, how the present
Judgment is to be read, as it is not predicated upon a departure from thée
Court’s previous jurisprudence.

18. Maritime disputes count, without doubt, amongst the most sensi -
tive issues submitted by States to international adjudication. I hope thée
present Judgment will contribute to the maintenance of peaceful and
friendly relations between Peru and Chile and, thereby, strengthen the
public order of the oceans in Latin America.

(Signed) Bernardo Sepúlveda-Amor.

86

5 CIJ1057.indb 168 1/12/14 08:59

Bilingual Content

82

DECLARATION
OF VICE-PRESIDENT SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR

By itself, the 1954 Special Maritime Frontier Zone Agreement does not su▯pport
the existence of a tacit agreement on maritime delimitation between Peru and
Chile — Evidence of the establishment of a permanent maritime boundary on

the basis of tacit agreement must be compelling — The Court’s findings would
rest on stronger grounds if they had been based on a thorough analysis of Sta▯te
practice.

1. Although I have voted with the majority in respect of all the opera -
tive clauses of the Judgment, I have serious reservations with regard toé
the approach adopted by the Court in relation to the initial segment of é

the maritime boundary. My misgivings concern, in particular, the Court’s
reasoning in support of the existence of a tacit agreement on delimitatiéon.
2. In my view, the record does not support the conclusion that, by the
time the 1954 Special Maritime Frontier Zone Agreement (henceforth,
the 1954 Agreement) was adopted, a maritime boundary was already in

existence along a parallel of latitude between Peru and Chile.
3. As a matter of principle, I do not take issue with the proposition
that, in appropriate circumstances, a maritime boundary may be grounded
upon tacit agreement. Likewise, I acknowledge that the fact that Chile

deliberately and expressly refrained from invoking tacit agreement as a é
basis for its claims is no bar to the Court founding its decision on sucéh
legal grounds, for, in reaching its conclusions, the Court is not bound éby
the legal arguments advanced by either Party.

4. The fact remains, however, that the establishment of a permanent
maritime boundary on the basis of tacit agreement is subject to a strin -
gent standard of proof. As the Court stated in Nicaragua v. Honduras :

“Evidence of a tacit legal agreement must be compelling. The estab -
lishment of a permanent maritime boundary is a matter of grave
importance and agreement is not easily to be presumed. A de facto

line might in certain circumstances correspond to the existence of an
agreed legal boundary or might be more in the nature of a provisional
line or of a line for a specific, limited purpose, such as sharing a sécarce
resource. Even if there had been a provisional line found convenient

for a period of time, this is to be distinguished from an international
boundary.” (Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and
Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 735, para. 253.)

83

5 CIJ1057.indb 162 1/12/14 08:59 82

DÉCLARATION
DE M. LE JUGE SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR, VICE-PRÉSIDENT

[Traduction]

Accord de 1954 relatif à une zone frontière maritime spéciale n▯’étayant pas, en
lui­même, l’existence d’un accord tacite sur la délimitation maritime entre le Pérou
et le Chili — Eléments montrant l’établissement d’une frontière mariti▯me

permanente sur la base d’un accord tacite devant être convaincants▯ — Conclusions
de la Cour étant fragilisées par l’absence d’analyse approfo▯ndie de la pratique
des Etats.

1. Même si je souscris à tous les points du dispositif de l’arrêét, j’ai de
sérieuses réserves en ce qui concerne la position retenue par la Céour à
l’égard du segment initial de la frontière maritime. Mes doutes portent

plus précisément sur le raisonnement qu’elle a suivi pour concléure à l’exis -
tence d’un accord tacite sur la délimitation.
2. Selon moi, le dossier ne permet pas d’affirmer que, lors de l’adoéption
de l’accord de 1954 relatif à une zone frontière maritime spéciale
(dénommé ci-après l’« accord de 1954 »), il existait déjà entre le Pérou et

le Chili une frontière maritime longeant un parallèle de latitude.é
3. Je ne conteste pas que, en principe, une frontière maritime puisse,
dans certaines circonstances, avoir sa source dans un accord tacite. Je é
reconnais également que la Cour, n’étant pas liée dans ses céonclusions par

les moyens de droit avancés par l’une ou l’autre des Parties, aé toute lati -
tude pour fonder sa décision sur l’existence d’un accord taciteé, bien que le
Chili ait délibérément et expressément renoncé à invoqéuer ce moyen à
l’appui de ses prétentions.

4. Il n’en reste pas moins que l’établissement d’une frontièére maritime
permanente sur la base d’un accord tacite est soumis à un critèére rigou -
reux. C’est ce qu’a dit la Cour dans l’affaire Nicaragua c. Honduras :

«Les éléments de preuve attestant l’existence d’un accord tacéite
doivent être convaincants. L’établissement d’une frontièrée maritime
permanente est une question de grande importance, et un accord ne

doit pas être présumé facilement. Une ligne de facto pourrait dans
certaines circonstances correspondre à l’existence d’une frontiéère
convenue en droit ou revêtir davantage le caractère d’une ligneé pro -
visoire ou d’une ligne à vocation spécifique, limitée, teléle que le par -

tage d’une ressource rare. Même s’il y avait eu une ligne proviésoire
jugée utile pour un certain temps, cela n’en ferait pas une frontière
internationale. » (Différend territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua
et le Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Honduras),

arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II), p. 735, par. 253.)

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5. In view of the above, I cannot subscribe to the conclusion that the
1954 Agreement alone “cements the tacit agreement” or that it otheérwise

decisively establishes its existence (Judgment, para. 91).

6. In assessing the scope and significance of the 1954 Agreement, one
should keep in mind the narrow and specific purpose for which it was
adopted, namely to establish a zone of tolerance for fishing activity éoper -

ated by small vessels, not to confirm the existence of a maritime bounédary
or to effect a maritime delimitation between the contracting parties.

7. Admittedly, the wording of Articles 1 to 3 suggests the acknow-
ledgement of a maritime boundary of some sort along an undetermined
parallel running beyond a distance of 12 nautical miles from the coast. At

the same time, however, the 1954 Agreement — which was not ratified by
Chile until the year 1967 — contains no indication whatsoever of the
extent and nature of the alleged maritime boundary, or when and by what é
means it came into existence.
8. In this regard, I find the Court’s inability to trace the origin of the

Parties’ delimitation agreement particularly telling. By the Court’s own
admission, the main official instruments dealing with maritime issues that
preceded the 1954 Agreement, namely the 1947 Proclamations and the
1952 Santiago Declaration, did not effect a maritime delimitation between
Peru and Chile (ibid., paras. 43 and 62). However, the Court finds that a

tacit agreement was in existence by the time that the 1954 Agreement was
adopted. What specifically happened then, between 1952 and 1954, to
warrant such a conclusion ?
9. In connection with the circumstances surrounding the Santiago
Declaration, the Court surmises that “there might have been some sorté of
shared understanding among the States parties of a more general nature

concerning their maritime boundary” (ibid., para. 69). And yet, nothing
about the Parties’ conduct or practice in the relevant period indicatées that
they reached a common understanding on the limits of their respective
maritime spaces. No such suggestion emerges from the meeting of
the Permanent Commission of the Conference on the Exploitation and

Conservation of the Marine Resources of the South Pacific, held in
October 1954, or from the Second Conference on the Exploitation and
Conservation of the Marine Resources of the South Pacific, held in
December 1954. Nor does the domestic legislation of the Parties provide
such evidence, be it prior or subsequent to the 1954 Agreement.

10. Although international law does not impose any particular form
on the means and ways by which States may express their agreement on
maritime delimitation, on such important a matter as the establishment of
a maritime boundary one would expect to find additional evidence as toé
the Parties’ intentions outside of the isolated and limited referenceé con -
tained in the 1954 Agreement, particularly at a time when Peru and Chile

were so actively engaged with maritime matters at the international leveél.

84

5 CIJ1057.indb 164 1/12/14 08:59 différend maritime (déécl. sepúlveda-amor) 83

5. Au vu de ce qui précède, je ne saurais souscrire à la conclusioén selon
laquelle, à lui seul, l’accord de 1954 « a pour effet de consacrer l’accord

tacite en question» ou en établit autrement l’existence de manière décisiveé
(arrêt, par. 91).
6. Pour apprécier la portée et l’importance de l’accord de 1954, il
convient de garder à l’esprit l’objectif étroit et spécifiéque qui a présidé à
son adoption, soit celui d’établir une zone de tolérance pour lées activités

halieutiques pratiquées au moyen de navires de petite taille, et non écelui
de confirmer l’existence d’une frontière maritime ou de procéder à une
délimitation maritime entre les parties contractantes.
7. Il est vrai que le libellé des articles 1 à 3 semble indiquer la recon -
naissance d’une sorte de frontière maritime suivant un parallèlée indéter -
miné au-delà de 12 milles marins depuis la côte. Toutefois, l’accord

de 1954, qui n’a été ratifié par le Chili qu’en 1967, ne contient par ailleurs
absolument aucune indication sur l’étendue et la nature de la fronétière
maritime supposée, ni sur les modalités — de temps et autres — de son
établissement.
8. A cet égard, je considère l’incapacité de la Cour à étéablir l’origine de

l’accord de délimitation conclu par les Parties comme particulièérement
révélatrice. Ainsi, la Cour elle-même reconnaît que les principaux textes
officiels traitant de questions maritimes qui ont précédé l’éaccord de 1954,
à savoir les proclamations de 1947 et la déclaration de Santiago dée 1952,
n’ont opéré aucune délimitation maritime entre le Pérou eét le Chili (ibid.,

par. 43 et 62). Elle conclut néanmoins qu’il existait un accord tacite à é
l’époque de l’adoption de l’accord de 1954. Que s’est-il donc passé au
juste entre 1952 et 1954 pour justifier une telle conclusion ?
9. En ce qui concerne les circonstances entourant l’adoption de la décla -
ration de Santiago, la Cour présume que «les Etats parties ont pu, dans une
certaine mesure, partager une manière commune et plus générale éd’envisa -

ger la question de leurs frontières maritimes» (ibid., par. 69). Et pourtant,
rien dans le comportement des Parties ou la pratique qu’elles ont suiévie au
cours de la période en question n’indique qu’elles sont parvenuées à une
position commune sur les limites de leurs espaces maritimes respectifs. éEn
effet, ni la réunion de la commission permanente de la conférence sur l’ex -

ploitation et la conservation des ressources maritimes du Pacifique Sud, qui
s’est tenue en octobre 1954, ni la seconde conférence sur l’exploitation et la
conservation des ressources maritimes du Pacifique Sud de décembre 1954
ne suggèrent quoi que ce soit de tel. Il en va de même de la léégislation
interne des Parties, qu’elle soit antérieure ou postérieure àé l’accord de 1954.

10. Même si le droit international n’impose aux Etats aucune forme
particulière s’agissant des voies et moyens qu’ils pourraient eémprunter
pour exprimer leur accord en matière de délimitation maritime, la éques -
tion de l’établissement d’une frontière maritime est d’unée importance telle
qu’on pourrait s’attendre à trouver d’autres preuves de l’éintention des
Parties que la référence isolée et limitée que contient l’accord de 1954, en

particulier à une époque où le Pérou et le Chili étaient très actifs sur le
plan international en ce qui concerne les questions maritimes.

84

5 CIJ1057.indb 165 1/12/14 08:59 84 maritime dispute (decél. sepúlveda-amor)

11. In short, whilst the importance of the 1954 Agreement should not
be denied or diminished, neither should its relevance as evidence of a téacit

agreement be overstated. In my opinion, there are strong reasons to inteér -
pret its provisions with caution and circumspection so as to avoid unwaré-
ranted legal inferences.
12. Paramount amongst those reasons is the historical context in which
the 1954 Agreement was adopted, namely at a time when the concept of

a 12-nautical-mile territorial sea entitlement had not attained general rec -
ognition and the very notion of an exclusive economic zone as later
defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
was foreign to international law. As noted by the Court in paragraph 116
of the Judgment, in the context of the 1958 Conference on the Law of the
Sea, the proposal that came nearest to general international acceptance

was “for a 6-nautical-mile territorial sea with a further fishing zone of
6 nautical miles and some reservation of established fishing rights”.é

13. This means that, in so far as it was supposed to extend beyond a

distance of 12 nautical miles from the coast, the “maritime boundary”
referred to in Article 1 of the 1954 Agreement largely concerned what at
the time were considered the high seas, and thus not maritime zones overé
which the Parties had exclusive sovereign rights under international law
or over which they could claim overlapping maritime entitlements. This

circumstance alone casts a shadow of doubt on the true scope and sig -
nificance of the “maritime boundary” acknowledged by the 1954 Agree -
ment and limits the presumptions that can be reasonably drawn from that é
reference.
14. The inquiry into the possible existence of a tacit agreement on
maritime delimitation should have led the Court to undertake a system -

atic and rigorous analysis of the Parties’ conduct well beyond the teérms of
the 1954 Agreement.
15. This instrument merely suggests a possible agreement between the
Parties, but falls short of proving its existence in compelling terms. Oén its
own, it cannot ground a finding of tacit agreement on maritime delimitéa -

tion between Peru and Chile.
16. Tacit agreement did not manifest itself overnight in the year 1954,
as the Judgment seems to imply. Given the evidence before the Court in
this case, it is only through the scrutiny of years of relevant State préactice
that it is possible to discern the existence of an agreed maritime boundéary

of a specific nature and extent between the Parties. The Court approacéhes
these legal inquiries as separate when, in fact, they are inextricably léinked
in law and in fact. Unfortunately, the analysis of State conduct remainsé
underdeveloped and peripheral to the Court’s arguments when it shouldé
be at the centre of its reasoning.

17. The legal bar for establishing a permanent maritime boundary on
the basis of tacit agreement has been set very high by the Court, and

85

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11. En bref, même s’il convient de ne pas nier ni amoindrir la valeur éde
l’accord de 1954, sa pertinence en tant qu’élément démontrant l’existéence

d’un accord tacite ne doit pas être exagérée. Je considèrée qu’il existe d’im-
portantes raisons pour interpréter les dispositions de cet accord aveéc pru-
dence et réserve, de manière à éviter les conclusions hâtéives.
12. La première de ces raisons tient au contexte historique dans lequel
l’accord de 1954 a été adopté, à savoir celui d’une époque où méême le

droit à une mer territoriale de 12 milles marins ne faisait pas l’unanimité
et la notion même de zone économique exclusive, telle qu’elle a été définéie
ultérieurement par la convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la
mer de 1982, était inconnue du droit international. Comme la Cour l’a
relevé au paragraphe 116 de l’arrêt, dans le contexte de la conférence sur
le droit de la mer de 1958, la proposition qui a été le plus près d’être géné -

ralement acceptée sur le plan international était « celle qui prévoyait une
mer territoriale de six milles marins, à laquelle s’ajoutait une zone
de pêche de six milles marins et certaines réserves concernant les droits
de pêche établis ».
13. Cela signifie que, dans la mesure où elle était censée s’éétendre

au-delà de 12 milles marins depuis la côte, la « frontière maritime » men -
tionnée à l’article premier de l’accord de 1954 visait principalement à
départager ce qui, à l’époque, était considéré commée la haute mer et non
comme un espace maritime sur lequel les Parties pourraient faire valoir é
des droits souverains en vertu du droit international ou des prétentiéons

concurrentes en cas de chevauchement. A lui seul, cet état de choses éjette
le doute sur la valeur et la portée véritables de la « frontière maritime »
reconnue par l’accord de 1954, et limite les présomptions que l’on peut
raisonnablement tirer de cette référence.
14. La recherche de l’existence éventuelle d’un accord tacite sur la déli -
mitation maritime aurait dû conduire la Cour à entreprendre une anéalyse

systématique et rigoureuse du comportement des Parties, bien au-delà du
seul libellé de l’accord de 1954.
15. Ce texte ne fait qu’évoquer la possibilité d’un accord interévenu
entre les Parties, mais ne suffit pas à en prouver l’existence deé manière
convaincante. En soi, il ne saurait permettre de conclure à l’exisétence d’un

accord tacite sur la délimitation maritime entre le Pérou et le Chéili.
16. L’accord tacite supposé n’est pas apparu du jour au lendemain
en 1954, comme le laisse entendre l’arrêt. Compte tenu des éléments de
preuve soumis à la Cour en l’espèce, seul un examen minutieux dée la pra -
tique des Parties sur de longues années pourrait permettre de discernéer

l’existence, entre elles, d’une frontière maritime convenue d’éune nature et
d’une étendue spécifiques. La Cour aborde ces points de droité de manière
distincte alors que, en réalité, ils sont inextricablement liésé en droit et en
fait. Malheureusement, l’analyse du comportement des Etats demeure
insuffisamment développée et marginale par rapport au raisonnemenét de
la Cour, alors qu’elle devrait être au cœur même de celui-ci.

17. C’est à bon droit que la Cour a élaboré un critère trèés strict pour
ce qui est d’établir une frontière maritime permanente sur la baseé d’un

85

5 CIJ1057.indb 167 1/12/14 08:59 85 maritime dispute (decél. sepúlveda-amor)

rightly so. I fear the approach adopted by the Court in the present case
may be interpreted as a retreat from the stringent standard of proof foré -
mulated in Nicaragua v. Honduras. This is not, however, how the present
Judgment is to be read, as it is not predicated upon a departure from thée
Court’s previous jurisprudence.

18. Maritime disputes count, without doubt, amongst the most sensi -
tive issues submitted by States to international adjudication. I hope thée
present Judgment will contribute to the maintenance of peaceful and
friendly relations between Peru and Chile and, thereby, strengthen the
public order of the oceans in Latin America.

(Signed) Bernardo Sepúlveda-Amor.

86

5 CIJ1057.indb 168 1/12/14 08:59 différend maritime (déécl. sepúlveda-amor) 85

accord tacite. Je crains que la voie suivie par la Cour en l’espècée puisse
être interprétée comme un recul par rapport au critère rigouéreux qu’elle a
formulé dans l’affaire Nicaragua c. Honduras. Ce n’est pourtant pas ainsi
qu’il convient de lire le présent arrêt, qui ne suppose aucune érupture par
rapport à la jurisprudence antérieure de la Cour.

18. Les différends maritimes comptent sans aucun doute parmi les
questions les plus sensibles que les Etats soumettent à la justice inéterna -
tionale. J’espère que le présent arrêt contribuera au maintiéen de relations
pacifiques et amicales entre le Pérou et le Chili et, par là, au renforcement
de l’ordre public dans les océans d’Amérique latine.

(Signé) Bernardo Sepúlveda-Amor.

86

5 CIJ1057.indb 169 1/12/14 08:59

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Vice-President Sepúlveda-Amor

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