Separate opinion of Judge Sebutinde

Document Number
144-20120720-JUD-01-08-EN
Parent Document Number
144-20120720-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

591

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE SEBUTINDE

Two bases of jurisdiction invoked by Belgium — Cumulative preconditions for

the Court’s jurisdiction based on Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention — The
existence of a dispute concerning the interpretation or application of t▯he
Convention — The precondition that the dispute “cannot be settled through
negotiation” has not been met — The preconditions of prior request for arbitration
and failure to agree on the organization of such arbitration within six ▯months from
the date of the arbitration request have not been met — The Court cannot exercise
jurisdiction over the dispute on the basis of Article 30, paragraph 1, of the
Convention against Torture — Jurisdiction pursuant to the Parties’ declarations

under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court — The dispute
concerning Senegal’s obligations under the Convention against Torture falls within
the scope of Court’s jurisdiction on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute — Court’s jurisdiction is not precluded by virtue of the Parties’▯ reservations
to their declarations pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute — Court’s
jurisdiction pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute does not extend to
the alleged violations by Senegal of its obligations other than those ar▯ising under
the Convention against Torture.

1. I have voted in favour of the operative part of the Judgment includ -
ing point (1) where the Court

“Finds that it has jurisdiction to entertain the dispute between the
Parties concerning the interpretation and application of Article 6,

paragraph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, of the United Nations Con-
vention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment of 10 December 1984, which the Kingdom
of Belgium submitted to the Court in its Application filed in the

Registry on 19 February 2009.”
2. That finding is premised upon the reasoning and conclusions of the

Court found in Part II of the Judgment, in particular that

“Given that the conditions set out in Article 30, paragraph 1, of
the Convention against Torture have been met, the Court concludes
that it has jurisdiction to entertain the dispute between the Parties

concerning the interpretation and application of Article 6, para -
graph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Convention.
Having reached this conclusion, the Court does not find it necessary
to consider whether its jurisdiction also exists with regard to the samev

dispute on the basis of the declarations made by the Parties under
Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute.” (Judgment, para. 63.)

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3. Whilst I agree that the Court does have jurisdiction to entertain Bel-
gium’s Application to the extent indicated in the Judgment, I am respvect-

fully of the view that such jurisdiction can only derive from the Partievs’
declarations pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court, and not from the provisions of Article 30, paragraph 1, of the
Convention against Torture (hereinafter referred to as “the Conventivon”).
In this regard, past jurisprudence of the Court shows that in interpretivng

and applying treaty provisions similar to those of Article 30, paragraph 1,
of the Convention, the Court has set a standard of compliance. It is my
considered opinion that in the present case the preconditions of negotiav -
tions and arbitration have not been fulfilled and that consequently that
standard has not been met. What follows is my analysis of the facts and v

the Parties’ submissions upon which I base my opinion and conclusionsv
in that regard.

I. Jurisdiction Based on Arvticle30, Paragraph 1,
of the Convention agaivnst Torture

4. To establish the jurisdiction of the Court, Belgium relies, firstly, ovn
the compromissory clause contained in Article 30, paragraph 1, of the
Convention and, secondly, on the declarations made by the Parties under
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court (Memorial of Bel -
gium, Ann. A.2).

5. Senegal challenges the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 30, para -
graph 1, of the Convention, as well as the admissibility of Belgium’s claimvs.
First, it argues that there is no “dispute” between the Parties inv respect of
which the Court could exercise jurisdiction. Secondly, it maintains that Bel -
gium’s Application must be declared inadmissible because Belgium has vnot

exhausted the avenues of “negotiation” and “arbitration” befvore referring
the matter to the Court (Counter-Memorial of Senegal, para. 121).
6. It should be noted that although Senegal refers to Belgium’s alleged
non-fulfilment of the procedural requirements laid down in Article 30, para -
graph 1, of the Convention as rendering Belgium’s claim “inadmissible”v,

this objection clearly pertains to jurisdiction and must thus be examinevd in
that context (see Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Appli -
cation: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction
and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006,pp. 39-40, para. 88).
7. In its Order of 28 May 2009, the Court held that it had prima facie

jurisdiction under Article 30 of the Convention (Questions relating to the
Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional
Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 151, para. 53). It
also concluded that there is consequently “no need to ascertain, at tvhis
stage of the proceedings, whether the declarations made by the Parties

pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute might also, prima
facie, afford a basis on which the Court’s jurisdiction could be fovunded”

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(I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 151, para. 54). However, in the Order, the Court
also indicated that this provisional conclusion is without prejudice to the

Court’s final decision on the question of whether it has jurisdiction to
deal with the merits of the case (ibid., p. 155, para. 74).
8. Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention provides as follows :

“Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the
interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot be
settled through negotiation shall, at the request of one of them, be
submitted to arbitration. If within six months from the date of the

request for arbitration the Parties are unable to agree on the organi -
zation of the arbitration, any one of those Parties may refer the dis -
pute to the International Court of Justice by request in conformity
with the Statute of the Court.”

Both Senegal and Belgium are parties to the Convention which is binding v
upon them as from 26 August 1987 and 25 July 1999, respectively.Neither
Party entered any reservation or made any relevant declaration in

relation to jurisdiction of the Court under Article 30 thereof.
9. It is apparent from the language of Article 30, paragraph 1, that
in order for the Court to have jurisdiction on this basis, the following fovur
conditions must be fulfilled. Firstly, a dispute must have existed betvween
the Parties concerning the interpretation or application of the Conventivon

(see also Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite
(Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009,
I.C.J. Reports 2009, pp. 148-149, para. 46). Secondly, the Parties must
have failed to settle the dispute through negotiations (see also ibid.,
pp. 149-150, para. 49). Thirdly, failing settlement through negotiation,

either Party must have requested that the dispute be submitted to arbitrva -
tion. Lastly, the Parties must have failed to agree on the organization vof
the arbitration within six months from the date when such arbitration wavs
requested (see also ibid., p. 150, para. 51). As the Court has confirmed in
respect of a compromissory clause of a similar type, these conditions arve

cumulative (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Applica -
tion: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction
and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, pp. 38-39, para. 87). An
examination of the facts in this case clearly shows that not all the abovve
conditions were fulfilled at the time of the filing of the Applicativon as
required by Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention.

A. Was There a Dispute between the Parties concerning the Interpretation▯
or Application of the Convention at the Time Belgium’s Application
Was Filed on 19 February 2009?

10. Regarding the first condition, I am in complete agreement with the

Court’s analysis of the facts, as well as its findings and conclusivon that
“any dispute that may have existed between the Parties with regard to the

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interpretation or application of Article 5, paragraph 2, of the Convention
had ended by the time the Application was filed” and that the Courtv

therefore “lacks jurisdiction to decide on Belgium’s claim relatinvg to the
obligation under Article 5, paragraph 2” (Judgment, para. 48). Further -
more, I am in agreement with the Court’s analysis of the facts, finvdings
and conclusion with regard to Belgium’s claim under Article 6, para -
graph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, that

“Given that Belgium’s claims based on the interpretation and appl-iv

cation of Articles 6, paragraph 2, and 7, paragraph 1, of the Conven-
tion were positively opposed by Senegal, the Court considers that a
dispute in this regard existed by the time of the filing of the Applicva-
tion. The Court notes that this dispute still exists.” (Ibid., para. 52.)

B. Was the Dispute between Belgium and Senegal One that Could Not
Be Settled through Negotiations ?

11. Regarding the second condition, Belgium contends that notwith -

standing several diplomatic exchanges with Senegal requesting the latterv
to prosecute Mr. Habré for alleged acts of torture, or alternatively to
extradite him to Belgium, Senegal has not “initiated or sought to provlong
the negotiations” rendering the dispute “not capable of being settvled
through negotiation” (Memorial of Belgium, para. 3.22). In Belgium’s

view, the negotiations which started in November 2005, had proven futile
by June 2006 (ibid., paras. 3.18-3.21), a fact expressly communicated to
Senegal in Belgium’s Note Verbale of 20 June 2006 (ibid., Ann. B.11).

12. Senegal argues that no negotiations within the meaning of

Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention have ever taken place between
the Parties as there “[h]as never been any offer [by Belgium], to negotiate ;
never any of the exchanges characteristic of diplomatic negotiations”v
(Counter-Memorial of Senegal, paras. 121 and 190). Senegal contends
that Belgium failed in its duty to negotiate in as far as its diplomaticv

exchanges consisted of general questions aimed at eliciting factual infovr-
mation concerning the status of the proceedings or about the Senegalese
Government’s plans in respect of the Habré case, to which questions
Senegal had always provided answers (ibid., paras. 190, 195, 200 and
204).

13. In line with the well-established jurisprudence of this Court and its
predecessor, the requirement that “a dispute cannot be settled througvh
negotiation”, is met only where genuine attempts at negotiations, aimved
at resolving the dispute, have actually taken place between the parties vand
have failed or become futile or deadlocked (see Application of the Interna -

tional Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discriminati▯on
(Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.

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Reports 2011 (I), p. 133, para. 159, citing earlier cases). The Court
explained that negotiation differs from “mere protests or disputativons”

and “requires — at the very least — a genuine attempt by one of the dis -
puting parties to engage in discussions with the other disputing party, v
with a view to resolving the dispute” (ibid., p. 132, para. 157).
14. Concerning the substance of negotiations envisaged under this con-

dition, the Court has stated that whilst “the absence of an express rvefer -
ence to the treaty in question does not bar the invocation of the
compromissory clause to establish jurisdiction” (ibid., p. 133, para. 161),
these negotiations must, at the very least, “relate to the subject-mavtter of

the treaty containing the compromissory clause” (ibid.).
15. Finally, the obligation to negotiate entails not only an obligation
to enter into negotiations, “but also to pursue them as far as possible,
with a view to concluding agreements [even if] an obligation to negotiate
does not imply an obligation to reach agreement” (ibid., pp. 132-133,

para. 158, citing earlier cases).
16. In light of the above standard, it is necessary to examine whether
the facts before the Court demonstrate : (a) that Belgium made genuine
attempts to enter into negotiations with Senegal and, if so, whether thev

former pursued those negotiations as far as possible with a view to resovlv -
ing the dispute between the Parties ; and (b) that these negotiations had
proven unsuccessful before Belgium submitted its Application to the
Court on 19 February 2009 (see also ibid., p. 134, para. 162). The diplo -
matic exchanges on record show that the dispute between the Parties

arose at the earliest in late 2005 when Belgium submitted to Senegal itsv
first extradition request in respect of Mr. Habré.
17. In the Note Verbale of 11 January 2006 (Memorial of Belgium,
Ann. B.7), Belgium stated that it is providing clarifications to Senegal cvon -

cerning its extradition request of 22 September 2005, “in the framework of
the negotiation procedure covered by Article 30 of the [Convention]”. In
its Note Verbale of 9 March 2006 (ibid., Ann. B.8), Belgium stated :

“As the procedure for negotiation with regard to the extradition
application in the case of Mr. Hissène Habré, in application of
Article 30 of the [Convention] is under way, Belgium wishes to point

out that it interprets the provisions of Articles 4, 5.1c, 5.2, 7.1, 8.1,
8.2, 8.4 and 9.1 of the [Convention] as requiring the State on whose
territory the alleged author of an offence under Article 4 of the
[Convention] is located to extradite this offender, unless it has
judged him on the basis of the charges covered by said article.

Belgium would therefore be grateful if the Government of Senegal
would be so kind as to inform it as to whether its decision to transfer v
the Hissène Habré case to the African Union is to be interpreted as
meaning that the Senegalese authorities no longer intend to extradite

him to Belgium or to have him judged by their own Courts.”

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18. Two months later, in its Note Verbale of 4 May 2006 (Memorial of
Belgium, Ann. B.9), Belgium expressed concerns about the absence of an

official reaction by Senegal to its previous diplomatic Notes. It reitevrated
its interpretation of Article 7 of the Convention as “requiring the State on
whose territory the alleged offender is located to extradite him unlesvs it has
judged him” and emphasized that “[a]n unresolved dispute regardingv this
interpretation would lead to recourse to the arbitration procedure pro -

vided for in Article 30 of the [Convention]”. In a Note Verbale of
9 May 2006 (ibid., Ann. B.10), Senegal considered that it had provided its
response to Belgium in respect of the extradition request in its earlierv
Notes, and stated that by referring the Habré case to the African Union it
was “acting in accordance with the spirit of the principle ‘aut dedere aut
punire’”. Senegal also “[took] note of the possibility of Belgium having

recourse to the arbitration procedure provided for in Article 30 of the
Convention”. In its response in a Note Verbale of 20 June 2006 (ibid.,
Ann. B.11), Belgium, considering that Senegal had acknowledged that
these diplomatic exchanges were taking place within the framework of
negotiation under Article 30 of the Convention and recalling that Belgium

had wished to open negotiation with Senegal in respect of its interpretav -
tion of the Convention, pointed out that “the attempted negotiation with
Senegal . . . ha[d] not succeeded”.
19. In my view, these diplomatic exchanges demonstrate a genuine
attempt by Belgium at negotiating with Senegal the issue of Senegal’sv com -

pliance with its substantive obligations under the Convention. It is, how -
ever, doubtful whether by June 2006 Belgium had in fact pursued these
negotiations as far as possible with a view to settling the dispute. Thivs ques
tion is especially justified in light of the short period of time thatv had lapsed
by that point since Belgium’s first reference to negotiations in Javnuary 2006,
and given that only a few Notes had been exchanged between the Parties

during this period. In this regard, it is recalled that the short periodv of time
in which the diplomatic exchanges were made between the Parties in the
framework of negotiations does not per se preclude the failure or a dead -
lock of negotiation as the Permanent Court of International Justice notevd
in the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions case, where it stated:

“Negotiations do not of necessity always presuppose a more or less
lengthy series of notes and despatches; it may suffice that a discussion

should have been commenced, and this discussion may have been very
short; this will be the case if a dead lock is reached, or if finally a
point is reached at which one of the Parties definitely declares himsevlf
unable, or refuses, to give way, and there can therefore be no doubt
that the dispute cannot be settled by diplomatic negotiation.” (Mavrom -

matis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 2, p. 13 ; emphasis in the original.)
20. Such was the situation in the case concerning United States Diplo -

matic and Consular Staff in Tehran, where the attempts by the United
States to negotiate with Iran were met with complete refusal of the

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Iranian Government to enter into any discussion of the matter or to havev
contact with representatives of the United States, leading the Court to v

conclude, despite the very short period of time between the occurrence
of the dispute and the date of the application to the Court, that this dis -
pute was one “not satisfactorily adjusted by diplomacy” within thev mean -
ing of the relevant jurisdictional clause (United States Diplomatic and
Consular Staff in Tehran (United States of America v. Iran), Judgment,

I.C.J. Reports 1980, p. 15, para. 26, and p. 27, para. 51).
21. However, the situation in the present case is not comparable to
that cited above. Senegal’s reply, albeit not immediate, to Belgium’vs
Notes of 11 June, 9 March and 4 May 2006, can hardly be seen as express -
ing a refusal to discuss the issue of its compliance with the Conventionv or
as adopting any such position in this regard which could be viewed as

irreconcilable with Belgium’s claims. To the contrary, in the Note Vevrbale
of 9 June 2006, Senegal merely clarified, in reply to Belgium’s inquiry,
that its courts have declined to rule on Belgium’s extradition requesvt due
to lack of jurisdiction, and that it considers itself as already “actving in
accordance with the spirit of the principle ‘aut dedere aut judicare’ ” by

having referred the Habré case to the African Union for recommendation
as to the further course of action in this regard. Whilst this statementv
attests to the existence of a dispute between the Parties as to Senegal’s
compliance with its obligations under the Convention, it does not in my v
view, demonstrate a failure or collapse of negotiation on the matter.

22. Furthermore, after Belgium’s Note Verbale of 20 June 2006
whereby Belgium declared negotiation as “unsuccessful”, there were
further diplomatic exchanges between the Parties indicating that Belgium
nonetheless continued de facto to negotiate with Senegal with a view to

resolving the dispute, including expressing its willingness to support Sen -
egal’s efforts to prosecute Mr. Habré by its own Court as long as that is
done within a reasonable period (Belgium’s Note Verbale of 8 May 2007
(Memorial of Belgium, Ann. B.14) and 2 December 2008 (ibid.,
Ann. B.16)). Notably, in its last Note Verbale before its Application to

the Court, dated 2 December 2008 (ibid., Ann. B.16), Belgium merely
noted the legislative changes by Senegal enabling the prosecution of
Mr. Habré in Senegal, and reiterated its offer of judicial co-operationv on
the matter.

23. In my view, the diplomatic exchanges between the Parties indicate
that negotiations on the matters in dispute between the Parties continuevd
right up to December 2008 and cannot be considered to have failed by
June 2006, nor, for that matter, at any other time prior to the date of
Belgium’s Application on 19 February 2009. In this regard, I respectfully
disagree with the findings and conclusions of the Court to the effecvt that

“the condition set forth in Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention that
the dispute cannot be settled by negotiation has been met” (Judgment,

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para. 59). This brings me to the third requirement, namely, whether either
of the Parties requested for arbitration as a means of settling the dispvute.

C. Did Belgium Request that the Dispute Be Submitted

to Arbitration ?

24. Belgium submits that it announced the possibility of having
recourse to arbitration in its Note Verbale of 4 May 2006 and that Sen-
egal took note of this possibility in the latter’s Note Verbaleof 9 May 2006
(Memorial of Belgium, para. 3.23 ; CR 2012/2, p. 27, para. 34, and p. 61,

para. 49). Belgium further argues that it formally requested recourse to
arbitration under mutually agreed conditions in its Note Verbale of
20 June 2006, and that it repeated the request in its Note Verbale of
8 May 2007, but that its request had “met with no answer” from Senegal, v
either in the ensuing six months or thereafter (Memorial of Belgium,

paras. 3.23-3.28). In response to a question by a Member of the Court
concerning the interpretation of the arbitration requirement in Article 30,
paragraph 1, of the Convention, Belgium opined that the condition that
the Parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration
within six months from the arbitration request “is met if, for any reason,

the period expires without agreement on the arbitration” (CR 2012/6,
p. 39, para. 11). In Belgium’s view, Article 30, paragraph 1, does not
require that a State requesting to submit the dispute to arbitration musvt
also propose any aspect of the organization or the time-frame of the arbi -
tration (ibid., p. 40, para. 14).

25. In response, Senegal argues that the criteria requiring the request
by one of the Parties for arbitration, as well as the lapse of a six-monvth
period without the Parties being able to agree on the organization of thve
arbitration, have not been met (Counter-Memorial of Senegal, paras. 121

and 214). It maintains that Belgium made only one “evasive” referencev
to arbitration in its Note Verbale of 20 June 2006, which cannot be
considered as constituting a clear and formal proposal for arbitration
to which Senegal could possibly have replied in order to fulfil the
requirement under Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention (ibid.,

paras. 207-210).
26. In the case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the
Congo (New Application : 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v.
Rwanda), the Court, in interpreting a similar compromissory clause con -
tained in Article 29 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination against Women, held that
“[T]he lack of agreement between the parties as to the organization

of an arbitration cannot be presumed. The existence of such disagree-
ment can follow only from a proposal for arbitration by the applicant,

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to which the respondent has made no answer or which it has expressed
its intention not to accept.” (Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,

I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 41, para. 92.)
27. In the present case, Belgium first mentions the prospect of arbitra -

tion in its Note Verbale of 4 May 2006 in the following terms :
“As indicated in its last approach of 10 March 2006, Belgium inter-

prets Article 7 of the Convention against Torture as requiring the
State on whose territory the alleged offender is located to extradite v
him unless it has judged him.
An unresolved dispute regarding this interpretation would lead to
recourse to the arbitration procedure provided for in Article 30 of the

[Convention].
In view of the willingness already expressed by Senegal to combat
impunity for the most serious crimes such as those of which
Mr. Hissène Habré is accused, Belgium once more insists on Senegal
respecting the obligations arising from the [Convention] and respond -

ing to the request by the Belgian authorities accordingly.” (Emphasis
added.)

Five days later, Senegal in its Note Verbale of 9 May 2006 responded,
inter alia, as follows :

“(2) With regard to the interpretation of Article 7 of the [Convention],
the Embassy considers that by transferring the Hissène Habré case
to the African Union, Senegal, in order not to create a legal
impasse, is acting in accordance with the spirit of the principle
‘aut dedere aut punire’ the essential aim of which is to ensure that

no torturer can escape from justice by going to another country.

(3) By taking this case to the highest level on the continent, Senegal,
while respecting the separation of powers and the independence
of its judicial authorities, has thus opened up, throughout Africa,

new prospects for upholding human rights and combating impu -
nity.
(4) As to the possibility of Belgium having recourse to the arbitration
procedure provided for in Article 30 of the [Convention], the
Embassy can only take note of this, restating the commitment of

Senegal to the excellent relationship between the two countries in
terms of co-operation and the combating of impunity.” (Empha -
sis added.)

28. Taken at face value, Belgium’s Note Verbale of 4 May 2006 cannot
be regarded as “a request to submit the dispute to arbitration” within the
meaning of Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention. In my opinion,
what the diplomatic exchange did was to alert Senegal to the prospect

that Belgium reserved its right, at some future date, to refer the dispuvte,
if unresolved, to arbitration within the framework of Article 30, para -

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graph 1, of the Convention. Indeed, Senegal appears to have interpreted
that Note Verbale in this way, merely noting that prospect. Senegal’sv

response in this regard cannot be described as “non-responsive” orv “a
rejection of an arbitration request” within the meaning of established case
law.
29. In my view, the closest that Belgium came to putting a direct
request for arbitration to Senegal was in its Note Verbale of 20 June 2006,

wherein it stated, inter alia :
“While confirming to Senegal its attachment to the excellent rela -

tionship between the two countries, and while following with interest
the action carried out by the African Union in the context of com -
bating impunity, Belgium cannot fail to point out that the attempted
negotiation with Senegal, which started in November 2005, has not
succeeded and, in accordance with Article 30.1 of the Torture Con -
vention consequently asks Senegal to submit the dispute to arbitra -

tion under conditions to be agreed mutually.”

The above statement raises questions as to whether under Article 30,
paragraph 1, of the Convention, Belgium, by shifting the burden to Sen -
egal to submit the dispute to arbitration, rather than Belgium itself tavking
that initiative, the latter can be said to have “requested for arbitrvation”. I
doubt that that is the case. Nonetheless, Senegal did not respond to Bel -

gium’s request within six months or at all and perhaps the Court is jvusti-
fied in interpreting Senegal’s silence as “the absence of any response on
the part of the State to which the request for arbitration was addressed”
(Judgment, para. 61).
30. Be that as it may, I am of the considered opinion that, in light of
my earlier conclusion that neither Belgium nor Senegal had pursued

negotiations regarding the dispute as far as they possibly could before v
concluding that they had failed, and given that the procedural require -
ments of negotiation and arbitration under Article 30, paragraph 1, of the
Convention, are cumulative, I am not convinced that the preconditions
for the Court’s jurisdiction under that provision have fully been metv.

31. Accordingly, I am of the view that given that the procedural requir- e
ments laid down in Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention against
Torture had not been met at the date of the Application on 19 Feb-
ruary 2009, the Court cannot exercise jurisdiction over the dispute between

the Parties concerning the interpretation and application of Article 6,
paragraph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the basis
of Article 30, paragraph 1, thereof. This brings me to the issue of whether
in the absence of jurisdiction pursuant to Article 30, paragraph 1, of the
Convention, the Court can exercise jurisdiction based on the Parties’v
declarations pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court’s Statute.

This is an issue the Court did not address, having concluded in light ofv its
findings that it was not necessary to do so (ibid., para. 63).

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II. Jurisdiction Based on tvhe Parties’ Declarativons of Acceptance
of Compulsory Jurisdicvtion of the Court underv Articl3 e6,

Paragraph 2, of the Statute
of the Court

32. Belgium sought to found the jurisdiction of the Court on the dec -
larations of acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction of the Court made by v

the Parties under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, the
text of which is reproduced in the Judgment (para. 42).
33. Belgium’s declaration, in effect since 17 June 1958, applies to “legal
disputes arising after 13 July 1948 concerning situations or facts subse -
quent to that date, except those in regard to which the parties have agreed
or may agree to have recourse to another method of pacific settlement”v

(Judgment, para. 42). Senegal’s declaration, in effect since 2 Decem -
ber 1985, extends to “all legal disputes arising after the present declarva -
tion”, save for: (a) disputes in regard to which the parties have agreed to
have recourse to some other method of settlement ; and (b) disputes with
regard to questions which, under international law, fall exclusively witvhin

the jurisdiction of Senegal (ibid.). Thus, by virtue of reciprocity applied
to the two declarations of acceptance, the competence of the Court
extends to all legal disputes arising between the Parties after 2 Decem -
ber 1985 with the exception of disputes in regard to which the Parties
have agreed to have recourse to some other method of settlement and

disputes concerning questions which fall exclusively within the domesticv
jurisdiction of one of the Parties.
34. Only Belgium submitted arguments on this issue, maintaining that
the Court has jurisdiction under Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute,
over the entire dispute between the Parties, both with regard to the Con -
vention and with regard to other rules of conventional and customary

international law (Memorial of Belgium, para. 3.44; CR 2012/2, p. 65,
para. 5). First, as regards the existence of a dispute, Belgium argues that
the Parties disagree as to the application and interpretation of conven -
tional and customary international obligations regarding the punishment v
of torture, crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide (Memorial v

of Belgium, para. 3.34). In Belgium’s view Senegal had not only failed to
prosecute or extradite Mr. Habré for the international crimes alleged
against him, but had also shown, “through its actions and inaction”v, that
“it did not interpret conventional and customary rules in the same wavy as
Belgium” (ibid., para. 3.35). Secondly, in respect of the temporal limits of

the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 36 declarations, Belgium contends
that the dispute between the Parties crystallized when it became apparent
that Senegal would neither extradite Mr. Habré to Belgium nor prosecute
him, and thus relates to the facts occurring entirely after the two datevs of
application of the Parties’ respective declarations of acceptance, favlling
clearly within the temporal scope of the Court’s jurisdiction (ibid.,

paras. 3.37-3.40 ; CR 2012/2, p. 68, para. 14). Finally, Belgium contends
that the Court’s jurisdiction under the Article 36, paragraph 2, declara -

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tions is not excluded by virtue of the exceptions contained therein, sinvce
the Parties have neither agreed on another method of settling this dispuvte

nor does the dispute, relating to violations of conventional or customarvy
rules of international law, fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of either
Party (Memorial of Belgium, paras. 3.41-3.43 ; see also CR 2012/2,
pp. 68-69, paras. 15-16).

35. In response to a question by a Member of the Court concerning the
relationship between the exceptions contained in Belgium’s and Senegavl’s
respective declarations of acceptance in respect of other modes of dispute
settlement, Belgium maintains that these exceptions do not affect the v

Court’s jurisdiction on the basis of Article 30 of the Convention, since
that provision refers to negotiations and arbitration as procedural pre -
conditions to be fulfilled prior to the seisin of the Court, rather thvan as
“alternative” modes of dispute settlement. Furthermore, in Belgium’s view,
the Court’s jurisprudence confirms that different sources of the vCourt’s
jurisprudence, in the present case the declarations under Article 36,

paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court and Article 30 of the Conven -
tion, are independent from each other and are not mutually exclusive
(CR 2012/6, pp. 29-32, paras. 10-17). Belgium emphasizes that the Court’s
jurisdiction pursuant to Article 30 of the Convention in respect of the
dispute under the Convention is additional to the Court’s jurisdictiovn

under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court’s Statute, which also applies
to that dispute as well as to the other issues in dispute between Belgiuvm
and Senegal in the present proceedings (CR 2012/6, p. 36, para. 3).

A. Article 36 Declarations as the Basis for Jurisdiction
of the Court in Respect of the Alleged Violations
of the Convention

36. The Court has previously dealt with the question of multiple bases
of jurisdiction. In the Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria case, the
Permanent Court of International Justice held that multiple bases of

jurisdiction were not mutually exclusive : a treaty recognizing the jurisdic-
tion of the Court did not prevent declarations of acceptance of the Courvt’s
jurisdiction having the same effect (Electricity Company of Sofia and Bul -
garia, Judgment, 1939, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 77, p. 76). Similarly, in
the case concerning Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and

Nigeria, the Court found that when seised on the basis of Article 36,
paragraph 2, which did not contain a precondition of negotiations, it did
not matter that the basis of jurisdiction under the United Nations Con -
vention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter “UNCLOS”) was more revstri-c
tive (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
(Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports

1998, p. 322, para. 109).

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37. This was affirmed in principle in the case concerning Territorial and
Maritime Dispute, where the Court held that the “provisions of the Pact

of Bogotá and the declarations made under the optional clause represent
two distinct bases of the Court’s jurisdiction which are not mutually
exclusive” and noted that “the scope of its jurisdiction could be vwider
under the optional clause than under the Pact” (Territorial and Maritime
Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,

I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 873, paras. 136-137). Importantly, however,
Article 36 declarations in that case were not subject to the reservation
excluding disputes “in regard to which the parties have agreed . . . to have
recourse to another method of pacific settlement”.

38. Belgium also relies on the case concerning Border and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras) (Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 85, para. 36) in support of its proposi -
tion that titles of jurisdiction are separate and independent. Accordingv to
Belgium,

“the declaration of acceptance of Honduras contained a reservation
equivalent to those in question in the present case. Despite the exist -

ence of that reservation, the Court confirmed that the two titles of
jurisdiction were independent, rejecting the Honduran argument to
the contrary.” (CR 2012/6, pp. 30-31, para. 13.)

Specifically, in the Border and Transborder Armed Actions case, the Court
held that the compromissory clause in the Pact of Bogotá, providing fvor
the Court’s jurisdiction, could be limited only by reservations made undevr
the Pact, and not by incorporating reservations made by a State party in
its declaration under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court

(Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Juris -
diction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 88, para. 41).

39. Further, while Belgium is correct in suggesting that Article 30
should be interpreted as establishing preconditions for the seisin of the

Court rather than as an “agreement” of the Parties to settle theirv Conven -
tion-related disputes through negotiation or arbitration rather than by v
recourse to the Court, this still leaves open the question of whether the
Court may entertain a Convention-related dispute on the basis of the
Article 36 declarations where these preconditions have not been met. On

this point, Belgium’s argument that there is no presumption of primacvy of
a restrictive rule over an extensive rule, on the basis that the Court hvad
implied this in the Cameroon v. Nigeria case in 1998, is not without merit
and must be considered carefully.

40. Indeed in the Cameroon v. Nigeria case, the Court noted that both

States had referred to the UNCLOS, which provided for settlement of
disputes, inter alia, by contentious proceedings before the Court, if no

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agreement could be reached within a reasonable period of time. The
UNCLOS was one of the treaties which governed the dispute between the

Parties, and which the Court had to interpret, in that case. However, thve
Court held that as it had been seised under Article 36, paragraph 2, of
its Statute, which did not provide for any precondition of negotiation, it
did not matter whether negotiations had taken place prior to the submis -
sion of the dispute (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and

Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1998, pp. 321-322, para. 109). In the present case, Belgium
is invoking both Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention andArticle 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, as additional but independent
bases for the Court’s jurisdiction. Given that the Parties have accepvted
the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute, and

that Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention does not fall within the
scope of their reservation excluding other agreements for the pacific
settlement of disputes, I am of the tentative view that the failure to fvulfil
the conditions required under Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention
has no bearing on the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 36, paragraph 2,

of the Statute of the Court, even in relation to a dispute concerning Sevn -
egal’s obligations under the Convention.

B. Article 36 Declarations as the Basis for Jurisdiction
of the Court in Respect of the Claims relating to International Crimes

Other than Those Subject to the Convention

41. With regard to the question of whether the Court has jurisdiction
in respect of the alleged breaches by Senegal of its obligations other tvhan
those arising under the Convention, there is no evidence before the Courvt
that there was, as Belgium claims, a dispute between the Parties as to tvhe

application and interpretation of conventional and customary interna -
tional obligations regarding the punishment of torture, crimes against
humanity, war crimes and genocide at the date of Belgium’s Applicatiovn
on 19 February 2009. The record before the Court shows that in the dip -
lomatic exchanges between the Parties in the period prior to 19 Febru -
ary 2009, no claim was ever made by Belgium relating to Senegal’s breach v

of any international obligations other than those under the Convention.

42. Accordingly, I am of the view that the Court does not have juris -
diction to examine Belgium’s claims concerning the alleged violation by
Senegal of its obligation aut dedere aut judicare on the basis of rules of

international law other than the Convention.

(Signed) Julia Sebutinde.

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6 CIJ1033.indb 368 28/11/13 12:50

Bilingual Content

591

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE SEBUTINDE

Two bases of jurisdiction invoked by Belgium — Cumulative preconditions for

the Court’s jurisdiction based on Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention — The
existence of a dispute concerning the interpretation or application of t▯he
Convention — The precondition that the dispute “cannot be settled through
negotiation” has not been met — The preconditions of prior request for arbitration
and failure to agree on the organization of such arbitration within six ▯months from
the date of the arbitration request have not been met — The Court cannot exercise
jurisdiction over the dispute on the basis of Article 30, paragraph 1, of the
Convention against Torture — Jurisdiction pursuant to the Parties’ declarations

under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court — The dispute
concerning Senegal’s obligations under the Convention against Torture falls within
the scope of Court’s jurisdiction on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute — Court’s jurisdiction is not precluded by virtue of the Parties’▯ reservations
to their declarations pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute — Court’s
jurisdiction pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute does not extend to
the alleged violations by Senegal of its obligations other than those ar▯ising under
the Convention against Torture.

1. I have voted in favour of the operative part of the Judgment includ -
ing point (1) where the Court

“Finds that it has jurisdiction to entertain the dispute between the
Parties concerning the interpretation and application of Article 6,

paragraph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, of the United Nations Con-
vention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment of 10 December 1984, which the Kingdom
of Belgium submitted to the Court in its Application filed in the

Registry on 19 February 2009.”
2. That finding is premised upon the reasoning and conclusions of the

Court found in Part II of the Judgment, in particular that

“Given that the conditions set out in Article 30, paragraph 1, of
the Convention against Torture have been met, the Court concludes
that it has jurisdiction to entertain the dispute between the Parties

concerning the interpretation and application of Article 6, para -
graph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Convention.
Having reached this conclusion, the Court does not find it necessary
to consider whether its jurisdiction also exists with regard to the samev

dispute on the basis of the declarations made by the Parties under
Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute.” (Judgment, para. 63.)

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me
OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M LA JUGE SEBUTINDE

[Traduction]

Deux bases de compétence invoquées par la Belgique — Conditions préalables

cumulatives à la compétence de la Cour fondées sur l’article▯ 30, paragraphe 1, de
la convention contre la torture — Existence d’un différend concernant
l’interprétation ou l’application de la convention — Condition préalable suivant
laquelle le différend « ne peut pas être réglé par voie de négociation » n’ayant pas
été satisfaite — Conditions préalables de la demande d’arbitrage et de l’absenc▯e
d’accord des Parties sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage dans les▯ six mois suivant la
date de cette demande n’ayant pas été satisfaites — La Cour ne pouvant connaître
du différend sur la base de l’article 30, paragraphe 1, de la convention

— Compétence découlant des déclarations des Parties faites au tit▯re de l’article 36,
paragraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour — Différend relatif aux obligations du Sénégal
au titre de la convention relevant de la compétence de la Cour sur la▯ base de
l’article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut — Réserves des Parties à leurs déclarations
au titre de l’article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut ne faisant pas obstacle à la
compétence de la Cour — Compétence de la Cour en vertu de l’article 36,
paragraphe 2, du Statut ne s’étendant pas aux allégations de manquement du
Sénégal à ses obligations autres que celles découlant de la ▯convention.

1. J’ai voté en faveur du dispositif de l’arrêt, y compris du pvoint 1, où
la Cour

«Dit qu’elle a compétence pour connaître du différend entre levs
Parties concernant l’interprétation et l’application de l’arvticle 6,

paragraphe 2, et de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, de la convention des
Nations Unies contre la torture et autres peines ou traitements cruels,
inhumains ou dégradants du 10 décembre 1984, dont le Royaume de
Belgique a saisi la Cour par requête déposée au Greffe le

19 février 2009. »
2. Cette décision repose sur le raisonnement et les conclusions de la

Cour qui sont énoncées dans la partie II de l’arrêt, en particulier les sui -
vantes :

«Etant donné qu’il a été satisfait aux conditions énoncéves au para -
graphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention contre la torture, la Cour
conclut qu’elle a compétence pour connaître du différend evntre les

Parties concernant l’interprétation et l’application du paragravphe 2
de l’article 6 et du paragraphe 1 de l’article 7 de cet instrument.
Etant parvenue à cette conclusion, la Cour n’estime pas nécessavire
de rechercher si elle est également compétente pour connaître dve ce

même différend sur le fondement des déclarations faites par lves Par -
ties en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 de son Statut. » (Arrêt,
par. 63.)

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3. Whilst I agree that the Court does have jurisdiction to entertain Bel-
gium’s Application to the extent indicated in the Judgment, I am respvect-

fully of the view that such jurisdiction can only derive from the Partievs’
declarations pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court, and not from the provisions of Article 30, paragraph 1, of the
Convention against Torture (hereinafter referred to as “the Conventivon”).
In this regard, past jurisprudence of the Court shows that in interpretivng

and applying treaty provisions similar to those of Article 30, paragraph 1,
of the Convention, the Court has set a standard of compliance. It is my
considered opinion that in the present case the preconditions of negotiav -
tions and arbitration have not been fulfilled and that consequently that
standard has not been met. What follows is my analysis of the facts and v

the Parties’ submissions upon which I base my opinion and conclusionsv
in that regard.

I. Jurisdiction Based on Arvticle30, Paragraph 1,
of the Convention agaivnst Torture

4. To establish the jurisdiction of the Court, Belgium relies, firstly, ovn
the compromissory clause contained in Article 30, paragraph 1, of the
Convention and, secondly, on the declarations made by the Parties under
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court (Memorial of Bel -
gium, Ann. A.2).

5. Senegal challenges the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 30, para -
graph 1, of the Convention, as well as the admissibility of Belgium’s claimvs.
First, it argues that there is no “dispute” between the Parties inv respect of
which the Court could exercise jurisdiction. Secondly, it maintains that Bel -
gium’s Application must be declared inadmissible because Belgium has vnot

exhausted the avenues of “negotiation” and “arbitration” befvore referring
the matter to the Court (Counter-Memorial of Senegal, para. 121).
6. It should be noted that although Senegal refers to Belgium’s alleged
non-fulfilment of the procedural requirements laid down in Article 30, para -
graph 1, of the Convention as rendering Belgium’s claim “inadmissible”v,

this objection clearly pertains to jurisdiction and must thus be examinevd in
that context (see Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Appli -
cation: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction
and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006,pp. 39-40, para. 88).
7. In its Order of 28 May 2009, the Court held that it had prima facie

jurisdiction under Article 30 of the Convention (Questions relating to the
Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional
Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 151, para. 53). It
also concluded that there is consequently “no need to ascertain, at tvhis
stage of the proceedings, whether the declarations made by the Parties

pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute might also, prima
facie, afford a basis on which the Court’s jurisdiction could be fovunded”

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3. Si je pense que la Cour a bien compétence pour connaître de la
requête de la Belgique dans la mesure indiquée dans l’arrêt,v je me permets

d’observer que cette compétence ne peut découler que des décvlarations
des Parties en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour,
et non des dispositions du paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention
contre la torture (ci-après dénommée la « convention»). A cet égard, la
jurisprudence de la Cour montre que, en interprétant et en appliquant des

dispositions conventionnelles analogues à celles du paragraphe 1 de l’ar -
ticle 30 de la convention, la Cour a établi une norme de conformité. Aprvès
mûre réflexion, je suis d’avis que, dans la présente affvaire, les conditions
préalables de la négociation et de l’arbitrage n’ont pas évté satisfaites et
que, partant, cette norme n’a pas été respectée. Voici mon analyse des

faits et de l’argumentation des Parties sur lesquelles je fonde la prvésente
opinion et mes conclusions à cet égard.

I. Compétence fondée sur vle paragraphe1 de l’article 30
de la convention contrve la torture

4. Pour établir la compétence de la Cour, la Belgique invoque, premièv -
rement, la clause compromissoire contenue au paragraphe 1 de l’article 30
de la convention et, deuxièmement, les déclarations faites par lesv Parties
en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour (mémoire de
la Belgique, annexe A.2).

5. Le Sénégal conteste la compétence de la Cour en vertu du paragrvaphe 1
de l’article 30 de la convention, ainsi que la recevabilité des demandes de la
Belgique. Il fait valoir, premièrement, qu’il n’existe pas de «différend» entre
les Parties au sujet duquel la Cour pourrait exercer sa compétence. Ivl affirme,
deuxièmement, que la requête de la Belgique doit être déclarée irrecevable

car celle-ci n’a pas utilisé les voies de la « négociation» et de l’« arbitrage»
avant de saisir la Cour (contre-mémoire du Sénégal, par. 121).
6. Il y a lieu de relever que, si le Sénégal considère que les demvandes de la
Belgique sont « irrecevables» parce que celle-ci n’aurait pas satisfait aux
conditions procédurales posées par le paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la

convention, cette objection est clairement liée à la compétencev et doit donc
être examinée dans ce contexte (voir Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo
(nouvelle requête: 2002) (République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda),
compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 39-40, par. 88).
7. Dans son ordonnance du 28 mai 2009, la Cour a considéré qu’elle

avait compétence prima facie en vertu de l’article 30 de la convention
(Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Be▯lgique
c. Sénégal), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 28 mai 2009,
C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 151, par. 53). Elle a également conclu qu’il n’y
avait dès lors « pas lieu de rechercher, à ce stade de la procédure, si les

déclarations faites par les Parties en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36
du Statut pourraient également fonder, prima facie, la compétence de la

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(I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 151, para. 54). However, in the Order, the Court
also indicated that this provisional conclusion is without prejudice to the

Court’s final decision on the question of whether it has jurisdiction to
deal with the merits of the case (ibid., p. 155, para. 74).
8. Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention provides as follows :

“Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the
interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot be
settled through negotiation shall, at the request of one of them, be
submitted to arbitration. If within six months from the date of the

request for arbitration the Parties are unable to agree on the organi -
zation of the arbitration, any one of those Parties may refer the dis -
pute to the International Court of Justice by request in conformity
with the Statute of the Court.”

Both Senegal and Belgium are parties to the Convention which is binding v
upon them as from 26 August 1987 and 25 July 1999, respectively.Neither
Party entered any reservation or made any relevant declaration in

relation to jurisdiction of the Court under Article 30 thereof.
9. It is apparent from the language of Article 30, paragraph 1, that
in order for the Court to have jurisdiction on this basis, the following fovur
conditions must be fulfilled. Firstly, a dispute must have existed betvween
the Parties concerning the interpretation or application of the Conventivon

(see also Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite
(Belgium v. Senegal), Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009,
I.C.J. Reports 2009, pp. 148-149, para. 46). Secondly, the Parties must
have failed to settle the dispute through negotiations (see also ibid.,
pp. 149-150, para. 49). Thirdly, failing settlement through negotiation,

either Party must have requested that the dispute be submitted to arbitrva -
tion. Lastly, the Parties must have failed to agree on the organization vof
the arbitration within six months from the date when such arbitration wavs
requested (see also ibid., p. 150, para. 51). As the Court has confirmed in
respect of a compromissory clause of a similar type, these conditions arve

cumulative (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Applica -
tion: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction
and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, pp. 38-39, para. 87). An
examination of the facts in this case clearly shows that not all the abovve
conditions were fulfilled at the time of the filing of the Applicativon as
required by Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention.

A. Was There a Dispute between the Parties concerning the Interpretation▯
or Application of the Convention at the Time Belgium’s Application
Was Filed on 19 February 2009?

10. Regarding the first condition, I am in complete agreement with the

Court’s analysis of the facts, as well as its findings and conclusivon that
“any dispute that may have existed between the Parties with regard to the

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Cour pour connaître de l’affaire » (C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 151, par. 54).
Elle a cependant considéré que cette conclusion provisoire ne prévjugeait

en rien de sa décision finale sur le point de savoir si elle avait vcompétence
pour connaître du fond de l’affaire (ibid., p. 155, par. 74).
8. Aux termes du paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention :

«Tout différend entre deux ou plus des Etats parties concernant
l’interprétation ou l’application de la présente convention vqui ne
peut pas être réglé par voie de négociation est soumis à vl’arbitrage à
la demande de l’un d’entre eux. Si, dans les six mois qui suivent la

date de la demande d’arbitrage, les parties ne parviennent pas à sve
mettre d’accord sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage, l’une quevlconque
d’entre elles peut soumettre le différend à la Cour internativonale de
Justice en déposant une requête conformément au Statut de la
Cour. »

Tant le Sénégal que la Belgique sont parties à la convention, qvui les lie
depuis le 26 août 1987 et le 25 juillet 1999, respectivement. Aucune des
Parties n’a formulé de réserve ou de déclaration ayant traitv à la compé -

tence de la Cour en vertu de l’article 30.
9. Le libellé du paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 fait clairement apparaître
que la compétence de la Cour sur cette base est subordonnée à qvuatre
conditions. Premièrement, un différend doit avoir existé entrve les Parties
concernant l’interprétation ou l’application de la convention (vvoir aussi

Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique
c. Sénégal), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 28 mai 2009,
C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 148-149, par. 46). Deuxièmement, les Parties ne sont
pas parvenues à régler le différend par voie de négociation (voir aussi ibid.,
p. 149-150, par. 49). Troisièmement, en l’absence de règlement par voie de

négociation, l’une des Parties doit avoir demandé que le diffvérend soit sou -
mis à l’arbitrage. Enfin, il faut que les Parties ne soient pas vparvenues à se
mettre d’accord sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage dans les six mois qui
suivent la date de cette demande (voir aussi ibid., p. 150, par. 51). Comme
la Cour l’a confirmé à propos d’une clause compromissoire vanalogue, ces

conditions sont cumulatives (Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo
(nouvelle requête: 2002) (République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda),
compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 38-39, par. 87). Un
examen des faits en l’espèce montre clairement que les conditions vsusmen -
tionnées n’étaient pas toutes satisfaites au moment du dépôvt de la requête,
comme l’exige le paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention.

A. Existait-il un différend entre les Parties concernant
l’interprétation ou l’application de la convention au moment où▯ la Belgique
a déposé sa requête le 19 février 2009 ?

10. Pour ce qui est de la première condition, je souscris entièrement và

l’analyse des faits à laquelle la Cour a procédé, ainsi qu’vaux constatations
et conclusions de cette dernière selon lesquelles, « au moment du dépôt de

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interpretation or application of Article 5, paragraph 2, of the Convention
had ended by the time the Application was filed” and that the Courtv

therefore “lacks jurisdiction to decide on Belgium’s claim relatinvg to the
obligation under Article 5, paragraph 2” (Judgment, para. 48). Further -
more, I am in agreement with the Court’s analysis of the facts, finvdings
and conclusion with regard to Belgium’s claim under Article 6, para -
graph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, that

“Given that Belgium’s claims based on the interpretation and appl-iv

cation of Articles 6, paragraph 2, and 7, paragraph 1, of the Conven-
tion were positively opposed by Senegal, the Court considers that a
dispute in this regard existed by the time of the filing of the Applicva-
tion. The Court notes that this dispute still exists.” (Ibid., para. 52.)

B. Was the Dispute between Belgium and Senegal One that Could Not
Be Settled through Negotiations ?

11. Regarding the second condition, Belgium contends that notwith -

standing several diplomatic exchanges with Senegal requesting the latterv
to prosecute Mr. Habré for alleged acts of torture, or alternatively to
extradite him to Belgium, Senegal has not “initiated or sought to provlong
the negotiations” rendering the dispute “not capable of being settvled
through negotiation” (Memorial of Belgium, para. 3.22). In Belgium’s

view, the negotiations which started in November 2005, had proven futile
by June 2006 (ibid., paras. 3.18-3.21), a fact expressly communicated to
Senegal in Belgium’s Note Verbale of 20 June 2006 (ibid., Ann. B.11).

12. Senegal argues that no negotiations within the meaning of

Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention have ever taken place between
the Parties as there “[h]as never been any offer [by Belgium], to negotiate ;
never any of the exchanges characteristic of diplomatic negotiations”v
(Counter-Memorial of Senegal, paras. 121 and 190). Senegal contends
that Belgium failed in its duty to negotiate in as far as its diplomaticv

exchanges consisted of general questions aimed at eliciting factual infovr-
mation concerning the status of the proceedings or about the Senegalese
Government’s plans in respect of the Habré case, to which questions
Senegal had always provided answers (ibid., paras. 190, 195, 200 and
204).

13. In line with the well-established jurisprudence of this Court and its
predecessor, the requirement that “a dispute cannot be settled througvh
negotiation”, is met only where genuine attempts at negotiations, aimved
at resolving the dispute, have actually taken place between the parties vand
have failed or become futile or deadlocked (see Application of the Interna -

tional Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discriminati▯on
(Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.

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la requête, il avait été mis fin à tout différend ayavnt pu exister entre les
Parties au sujet de l’interprétation ou de l’application du paragraphe 2 de

l’article 5 de la convention », et, dès lors, la Cour « n’a pas compétence
pour statuer sur la demande de la Belgique relative à l’obligationv décou -
lant du paragraphe 2 de l’article 5 » (arrêt, par. 48). Je suis également
d’accord avec l’analyse des faits à laquelle la Cour a procévdé et avec ses
conclusions concernant la demande de la Belgique en vertu du para -

graphe 2 de l’article 6 et du paragraphe 1 de l’article 7 :
«Etant donné que les demandes de la Belgique fondées sur l’interv-

prétation et l’application de l’article 6, paragraphe 2, et de l’article 7,
paragraphe 1, de la convention se sont heurtées à l’opposition mani -
feste du Sénégal, la Cour considère qu’un différend exivstait au
moment du dépôt de la requête. La Cour constate que ce différend
existe toujours.» (Ibid., par. 52.)

B. Le différend entre la Belgique et le Sénégal n’était-i▯l pas susceptible
de règlement par voie de négociation ?

11. Pour ce qui est de la deuxième condition, la Belgique soutient que,

en dépit de plusieurs échanges diplomatiques avec le Sénégalv visant à
demander à ce dernier de poursuivre M. Habré pour des actes de torture
allégués ou, à défaut, de l’extrader vers son territoire,v le Sénégal n’a pas
«initié ou cherché à prolonger les négociations », si bien que le différend
«ne pouvait pas être réglé par la négociation » (mémoire de la Belgique,

par. 3.22). De l’avis de la Belgique, les négociations qui ont débuvté en
novembre 2005 s’étaient avérées vaines en juin 2006 (ibid., par. 3.18-3.21),
ce que la Belgique a expressément fait savoir au Sénégal dans sva note
verbale du 20 juin 2006 (ibid., annexe B.11).
12. Le Sénégal soutient qu’il n’y a jamais eu de négociation ventre les

Parties au sens du paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention, puisqu’il
«n’y a jamais eu d’offre de négocier [de la part de la Belgique] ; ou
d’échanges caractéristiques d’une négociation diplomatiquve » (contre-
mémoire du Sénégal, par. 121 et 190). Le Sénégal affirme que la Belgique
a manqué à son devoir de négocier dans la mesure où ses évchanges diplo-

matiques consistaient en questions d’ordre général visant à vobtenir des
informations factuelles concernant le statut des poursuites ou les plansv du
Gouvernement sénégalais dans l’affaire de M. Habré, questions aux -
quelles le Sénégal a toujours répondu (ibid., par. 190, 195, 200 et 204).

13. Conformément à la jurisprudence constante de la Cour et de sa
devancière, l’exigence qu’un différend ne puisse «être réglé entre les parties
par voie de négociation» n’est satisfaite que lorsqu’il y a eu véritablement
tentative de négociation entre les parties en vue de le résoudre, vou que ces
négociations ont échoué, sont devenues vaines ou ont abouti àv une impasse

(voir Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de to▯ utes
les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), excep -

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Reports 2011 (I), p. 133, para. 159, citing earlier cases). The Court
explained that negotiation differs from “mere protests or disputativons”

and “requires — at the very least — a genuine attempt by one of the dis -
puting parties to engage in discussions with the other disputing party, v
with a view to resolving the dispute” (ibid., p. 132, para. 157).
14. Concerning the substance of negotiations envisaged under this con-

dition, the Court has stated that whilst “the absence of an express rvefer -
ence to the treaty in question does not bar the invocation of the
compromissory clause to establish jurisdiction” (ibid., p. 133, para. 161),
these negotiations must, at the very least, “relate to the subject-mavtter of

the treaty containing the compromissory clause” (ibid.).
15. Finally, the obligation to negotiate entails not only an obligation
to enter into negotiations, “but also to pursue them as far as possible,
with a view to concluding agreements [even if] an obligation to negotiate
does not imply an obligation to reach agreement” (ibid., pp. 132-133,

para. 158, citing earlier cases).
16. In light of the above standard, it is necessary to examine whether
the facts before the Court demonstrate : (a) that Belgium made genuine
attempts to enter into negotiations with Senegal and, if so, whether thev

former pursued those negotiations as far as possible with a view to resovlv -
ing the dispute between the Parties ; and (b) that these negotiations had
proven unsuccessful before Belgium submitted its Application to the
Court on 19 February 2009 (see also ibid., p. 134, para. 162). The diplo -
matic exchanges on record show that the dispute between the Parties

arose at the earliest in late 2005 when Belgium submitted to Senegal itsv
first extradition request in respect of Mr. Habré.
17. In the Note Verbale of 11 January 2006 (Memorial of Belgium,
Ann. B.7), Belgium stated that it is providing clarifications to Senegal cvon -

cerning its extradition request of 22 September 2005, “in the framework of
the negotiation procedure covered by Article 30 of the [Convention]”. In
its Note Verbale of 9 March 2006 (ibid., Ann. B.8), Belgium stated :

“As the procedure for negotiation with regard to the extradition
application in the case of Mr. Hissène Habré, in application of
Article 30 of the [Convention] is under way, Belgium wishes to point

out that it interprets the provisions of Articles 4, 5.1c, 5.2, 7.1, 8.1,
8.2, 8.4 and 9.1 of the [Convention] as requiring the State on whose
territory the alleged author of an offence under Article 4 of the
[Convention] is located to extradite this offender, unless it has
judged him on the basis of the charges covered by said article.

Belgium would therefore be grateful if the Government of Senegal
would be so kind as to inform it as to whether its decision to transfer v
the Hissène Habré case to the African Union is to be interpreted as
meaning that the Senegalese authorities no longer intend to extradite

him to Belgium or to have him judged by their own Courts.”

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tions préliminaires,arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 133, par. 159, citant des
affaires précédentes). La Cour a précisé que les négociations se distinguaient

de « simples protestations ou contestations » et « impliqu[aient], à tout le
moins, que l’une des parties tente vraiment d’ouvrir le débat avvec l’autre
partie en vue de régler le différend» (ibid., p. 132, par. 157).
14. S’agissant du fond des négociations envisagées dans ce cadre, lva
Cour a indiqué que « l’absence de référence expresse à l’instrument perti -

nent n’interdisait pas d’en invoquer la clause compromissoire pourv fonder
sa compétence » (ibid., p. 133, par. 161), et que ladite négociation devait,
à tout le moins, « porter sur l’objet de l’instrument qui la renferme »
(ibid.).
15. Enfin, l’obligation de négocier entraîne une obligation non sveule -

ment d’entamer des négociations « mais encore de les poursuivre autant
que possible en vue d’arriver à des accords [même si] [une oblivgation] de
négocier n’implique pas [celle] de s’entendre » (ibid., p. 132-133, par. 158,
citant des affaires précédentes).
16. Compte tenu de la norme susmentionnée, il y a lieu de rechercher

si les faits dont la Cour est saisie démontrent : a) que la Belgique a vérita-
blement tenté d’engager des négociations avec le Sénégal vet, dans ce cas,
si elle les a poursuivies autant que possible en vue de régler le différend
entre les Parties ; et b) que ces négociations avaient échoué avant que la
Belgique ne dépose sa requête au Greffe de la Cour le 19 février 2009 (voir

aussi ibid., p. 134, par. 162). Les échanges diplomatiques qui figurent dans
le dossier montrent que le différend entre les Parties a commencév, au plus
tôt, à la fin 2005, lorsque la Belgique a, pour la première fois, demandé au
Sénégal d’extrader M. Habré.
17. Dans sa note verbale du 11 janvier 2006 (mémoire de la Belgique,

annexe B.7), la Belgique a indiqué qu’elle fournissait des précisionsv au
Sénégal concernant sa demande d’extradition du 22 septembre 2005
«dans le cadre de la procédure de négociation prévue par l’article 30 de la
[convention]». Dans sa note verbale du 9 mars 2006 (ibid., annexe B.8), la
Belgique observait ce qui suit :

«Considérant que la procédure de négociation relative à la
demande d’extradition en cause de M. Hissène Habré, en application

de l’article 30 de la convention … est en cours, la Belgique rappelle
qu’elle interprète les dispositions des articles 4, 5.1 c), 5.2, 7.1, 8.1,
8.2, 8.4 et 9.1 de la [convention] comme prévoyant l’obligation pour
l’Etat sur le territoire duquel est trouvé l’auteur présumév d’une
infraction visée à l’article 4 de la [convention] de l’extrader à défaut

de l’avoir jugé sur la base des incriminations visées audit artvicle.
En conséquence, la Belgique serait reconnaissante au Gouverne -
ment sénégalais de bien vouloir lui faire savoir si sa décisionv de
transmettre l’affaire Hissène Habré à l’Union africaine doit être
interprétée comme signifiant que les autorités sénégalavises n’ont plus

l’intention de l’extrader vers la Belgique ni de le faire juger par leurs
autorités judiciaires compétentes. »

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18. Two months later, in its Note Verbale of 4 May 2006 (Memorial of
Belgium, Ann. B.9), Belgium expressed concerns about the absence of an

official reaction by Senegal to its previous diplomatic Notes. It reitevrated
its interpretation of Article 7 of the Convention as “requiring the State on
whose territory the alleged offender is located to extradite him unlesvs it has
judged him” and emphasized that “[a]n unresolved dispute regardingv this
interpretation would lead to recourse to the arbitration procedure pro -

vided for in Article 30 of the [Convention]”. In a Note Verbale of
9 May 2006 (ibid., Ann. B.10), Senegal considered that it had provided its
response to Belgium in respect of the extradition request in its earlierv
Notes, and stated that by referring the Habré case to the African Union it
was “acting in accordance with the spirit of the principle ‘aut dedere aut
punire’”. Senegal also “[took] note of the possibility of Belgium having

recourse to the arbitration procedure provided for in Article 30 of the
Convention”. In its response in a Note Verbale of 20 June 2006 (ibid.,
Ann. B.11), Belgium, considering that Senegal had acknowledged that
these diplomatic exchanges were taking place within the framework of
negotiation under Article 30 of the Convention and recalling that Belgium

had wished to open negotiation with Senegal in respect of its interpretav -
tion of the Convention, pointed out that “the attempted negotiation with
Senegal . . . ha[d] not succeeded”.
19. In my view, these diplomatic exchanges demonstrate a genuine
attempt by Belgium at negotiating with Senegal the issue of Senegal’sv com -

pliance with its substantive obligations under the Convention. It is, how -
ever, doubtful whether by June 2006 Belgium had in fact pursued these
negotiations as far as possible with a view to settling the dispute. Thivs ques
tion is especially justified in light of the short period of time thatv had lapsed
by that point since Belgium’s first reference to negotiations in Javnuary 2006,
and given that only a few Notes had been exchanged between the Parties

during this period. In this regard, it is recalled that the short periodv of time
in which the diplomatic exchanges were made between the Parties in the
framework of negotiations does not per se preclude the failure or a dead -
lock of negotiation as the Permanent Court of International Justice notevd
in the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions case, where it stated:

“Negotiations do not of necessity always presuppose a more or less
lengthy series of notes and despatches; it may suffice that a discussion

should have been commenced, and this discussion may have been very
short; this will be the case if a dead lock is reached, or if finally a
point is reached at which one of the Parties definitely declares himsevlf
unable, or refuses, to give way, and there can therefore be no doubt
that the dispute cannot be settled by diplomatic negotiation.” (Mavrom -

matis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 2, p. 13 ; emphasis in the original.)
20. Such was the situation in the case concerning United States Diplo -

matic and Consular Staff in Tehran, where the attempts by the United
States to negotiate with Iran were met with complete refusal of the

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18. Deux mois plus tard, dans sa note verbale du 4 mai 2006 (mémoire

de la Belgique, annexe B.9), la Belgique s’est déclarée préoccupée par
l’absence de réaction officielle du Sénégal à ses notes vdiplomatiques précé -
dentes. Elle a réitéré son interprétation de l’article 7 de la convention, qui,
pour elle, prévoit « l’obligation pour l’Etat sur le territoire duquel est
trouvé l’auteur présumé de l’extrader à défaut de lv’avoir jugé», et a souli -

gné qu’une « controverse non résolue au sujet de cette interprétation
entraînerait un recours à la procédure d’arbitrage prévuev à l’article 30 de
la [convention]». Dans une note verbale du 9 mai 2006 (ibid., annexe B.10),
le Sénégal a considéré qu’il avait répondu à la Belvgique au sujet de la
demande d’extradition dans ses notes précédentes et indiqué vque, en

transférant le cas Habré à l’Union africaine, il « se conform[ait] à l’esprit
du principe «aut dedere aut punire»». Il a également évoqué « l’éventua -
lité d’un recours de la Belgique à la procédure d’arbitravge prévue à l’ar -
ticle 30 de la convention ». Dans sa réponse à une note verbale du
20 juin 2006 (ibid., annexe B.11), la Belgique, considérant que le Sénégal

avait reconnu que ces échanges diplomatiques s’inscrivaient dans lve cadre
de la négociation en vertu de l’article 30 de la convention, et rappelant
qu’elle avait souhaité engager des négociations avec lui au sujvet de son
interprétation de la convention, a fait observer que « la tentative de négo -
ciation entamée avec le Sénégal … n’a[vait] pas abouti ».

19. A mon sens, ces échanges diplomatiques montrent que la Belgique
a réellement tenté de négocier avec le Sénégal la questiovn du respect par
ce dernier de ses obligations de fond au titre de la convention. Il n’est
toutefois pas certain que, en juin 2006, la Belgique ait en fait poursuivi ces
négociations aussi loin que possible en vue de régler le diffévrend, d’autant

qu’il s’était écoulé peu de temps depuis la première référence de la Bel -
gique à des négociations en janvier 2006 et que seules quelques notes
avaient été échangées entre les Parties durant cette périvode. A ce propos,
il y a lieu de rappeler que la brièveté des échanges diplomatiqvues entre
les Parties dans le cadre de la négociation ne signifie pas per se que celles-ci

ont échoué ou se sont trouvées dans une impasse, comme l’a rvelevé
la Cour permanente de Justice internationale en l’affaire Concessions
Mavrommatis en Palestine :

«Une négociation ne suppose pas toujours et nécessairement une
série plus ou moins longue de notes et de dépêches ; ce peut être assez
qu’une conversation ait été entamée; cette conversation a pu être très
courte: tel est le cas si elle a rencontré un point mort, si elle s’est v

heurtée finalement à un non possumus ou à un non volumus péremp -
toire de l’une des Parties et qu’ainsi il est apparu avec évidevnce que
le différend n’est pas susceptible d’être réglé par un▯e négociation diplo -
matique. » (Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, arrêt n o2, 1924,
C.P.J.I. série A n o 2, p. 13 ; les italiques sont dans l’original.)

20. Tel fut le cas en l’affaire concernant le Personnel diplomatique et
consulaire des Etats-Unis à Téhéran, dans laquelle les tentatives faites par

les Etats-Unis pour négocier avec l’Iran se sont heurtées à un refus tvotal

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Iranian Government to enter into any discussion of the matter or to havev
contact with representatives of the United States, leading the Court to v

conclude, despite the very short period of time between the occurrence
of the dispute and the date of the application to the Court, that this dis -
pute was one “not satisfactorily adjusted by diplomacy” within thev mean -
ing of the relevant jurisdictional clause (United States Diplomatic and
Consular Staff in Tehran (United States of America v. Iran), Judgment,

I.C.J. Reports 1980, p. 15, para. 26, and p. 27, para. 51).
21. However, the situation in the present case is not comparable to
that cited above. Senegal’s reply, albeit not immediate, to Belgium’vs
Notes of 11 June, 9 March and 4 May 2006, can hardly be seen as express -
ing a refusal to discuss the issue of its compliance with the Conventionv or
as adopting any such position in this regard which could be viewed as

irreconcilable with Belgium’s claims. To the contrary, in the Note Vevrbale
of 9 June 2006, Senegal merely clarified, in reply to Belgium’s inquiry,
that its courts have declined to rule on Belgium’s extradition requesvt due
to lack of jurisdiction, and that it considers itself as already “actving in
accordance with the spirit of the principle ‘aut dedere aut judicare’ ” by

having referred the Habré case to the African Union for recommendation
as to the further course of action in this regard. Whilst this statementv
attests to the existence of a dispute between the Parties as to Senegal’s
compliance with its obligations under the Convention, it does not in my v
view, demonstrate a failure or collapse of negotiation on the matter.

22. Furthermore, after Belgium’s Note Verbale of 20 June 2006
whereby Belgium declared negotiation as “unsuccessful”, there were
further diplomatic exchanges between the Parties indicating that Belgium
nonetheless continued de facto to negotiate with Senegal with a view to

resolving the dispute, including expressing its willingness to support Sen -
egal’s efforts to prosecute Mr. Habré by its own Court as long as that is
done within a reasonable period (Belgium’s Note Verbale of 8 May 2007
(Memorial of Belgium, Ann. B.14) and 2 December 2008 (ibid.,
Ann. B.16)). Notably, in its last Note Verbale before its Application to

the Court, dated 2 December 2008 (ibid., Ann. B.16), Belgium merely
noted the legislative changes by Senegal enabling the prosecution of
Mr. Habré in Senegal, and reiterated its offer of judicial co-operationv on
the matter.

23. In my view, the diplomatic exchanges between the Parties indicate
that negotiations on the matters in dispute between the Parties continuevd
right up to December 2008 and cannot be considered to have failed by
June 2006, nor, for that matter, at any other time prior to the date of
Belgium’s Application on 19 February 2009. In this regard, I respectfully
disagree with the findings and conclusions of the Court to the effecvt that

“the condition set forth in Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention that
the dispute cannot be settled by negotiation has been met” (Judgment,

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du Gouvernement iranien d’ouvrir toute discussion sur la question ou v
d’entrer en contact avec des représentants des Etats-Unis, conduisant la

Cour à conclure, en dépit de la très courte période qui s’était écoulée
entre le début du différend et la date de la requête, que ce vdifférend « ne
pouvait pas être réglé d’une manière satisfaisante par lav voie diploma -
tique» au sens de la clause juridictionnelle pertinente (Personnel diploma -
tique et consulaire des Etats-Unis à Téhéran (Etats-Unis d’Amérique

c. Iran), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1980, p. 15, par. 26, et p. 27, par. 51).
21. La situation en la présente affaire n’est toutefois pas comparabvle.
Même si elle n’a pas été immédiate, la réponse du Sévnégal aux notes de la
Belgique du 11 juin, du 9 mars et du 4 mai 2006 ne peut guère être inter -
prétée comme un refus de discuter de la question du respect par cev pays
de ses obligations au titre de la convention, ou comme l’expression dv’une

position à cet égard qui pourrait être considérée comme ivrréconciliable
avec les demandes de la Belgique. Bien au contraire, dans sa note verbalve
du 9 juin 2006, le Sénégal a simplement précisé, en réponse à lav question
de la Belgique, que ses instances judicaires s’étaient déclaréves incompé -
tentes pour connaître de la demande d’extradition de la Belgique evt que,

à son avis, il avait déjà agi « conformé[ment] à l’esprit du principe
«aut dedere aut judicare»» en ayant porté l’affaire Habré devant l’Union
africaine aux fins d’une recommandation sur les mesures à prendrve à cet
égard. Si cette déclaration prouve l’existence d’un diffévrend entre les Par -
ties quant au respect par le Sénégal de ses obligations au titre dve la

convention, elle ne démontre pas, à mon sens, l’échec ou la vrupture des
négociations sur la question.
22. En outre, la note verbale du 20 juin 2006, dans laquelle la Belgique
déclarait que la négociation « n’a[vait] pas abouti », a été suivie de nou -
veaux échanges diplomatiques entre les Parties indiquant que la Belgivque
continuait néanmoins de facto de négocier avec le Sénégal en vue de régler

le différend, notamment en se disant prête à aider ce pays àv poursuivre
lui-même M. Habré dans la mesure où ces poursuites étaient engagées
dans des délais raisonnables (notes verbales de la Belgique du 8 mai 2007
(mémoire de la Belgique, annexe B.14) et du 2 décembre 2008 (ibid.,
annexe B.16)). Il convient de relever que dans sa dernière note verbale

avant le dépôt de la requête, datée du 2 décembre 2008 (ibid., annexe B.16),
la Belgique s’est contentée de relever que le Sénégal avait vmodifié sa légis -
lation, ce qui permettait à ses instances judiciaires de poursuivre
M. Habré, et a réitéré son offre de coopération judiciairev dans cette
affaire.

23. A mon avis, les échanges diplomatiques entre les Parties indiquent
que les négociations sur les points en litige se sont poursuivies jusvqu’en
décembre 2008 et ne peuvent être considérées comme ayant échoué env
juin 2006, non plus, du reste, qu’avant le 19 février 2009, date du dépôt de
la requête de la Belgique. A cet égard, je me permets d’exprimevr mon
désaccord avec les constatations et conclusions de la Cour selon lesqvuelles

«il a été satisfait à la condition énoncée au paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de
la convention suivant laquelle le différend ne peut pas être révglé par voie

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para. 59). This brings me to the third requirement, namely, whether either
of the Parties requested for arbitration as a means of settling the dispvute.

C. Did Belgium Request that the Dispute Be Submitted

to Arbitration ?

24. Belgium submits that it announced the possibility of having
recourse to arbitration in its Note Verbale of 4 May 2006 and that Sen-
egal took note of this possibility in the latter’s Note Verbaleof 9 May 2006
(Memorial of Belgium, para. 3.23 ; CR 2012/2, p. 27, para. 34, and p. 61,

para. 49). Belgium further argues that it formally requested recourse to
arbitration under mutually agreed conditions in its Note Verbale of
20 June 2006, and that it repeated the request in its Note Verbale of
8 May 2007, but that its request had “met with no answer” from Senegal, v
either in the ensuing six months or thereafter (Memorial of Belgium,

paras. 3.23-3.28). In response to a question by a Member of the Court
concerning the interpretation of the arbitration requirement in Article 30,
paragraph 1, of the Convention, Belgium opined that the condition that
the Parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration
within six months from the arbitration request “is met if, for any reason,

the period expires without agreement on the arbitration” (CR 2012/6,
p. 39, para. 11). In Belgium’s view, Article 30, paragraph 1, does not
require that a State requesting to submit the dispute to arbitration musvt
also propose any aspect of the organization or the time-frame of the arbi -
tration (ibid., p. 40, para. 14).

25. In response, Senegal argues that the criteria requiring the request
by one of the Parties for arbitration, as well as the lapse of a six-monvth
period without the Parties being able to agree on the organization of thve
arbitration, have not been met (Counter-Memorial of Senegal, paras. 121

and 214). It maintains that Belgium made only one “evasive” referencev
to arbitration in its Note Verbale of 20 June 2006, which cannot be
considered as constituting a clear and formal proposal for arbitration
to which Senegal could possibly have replied in order to fulfil the
requirement under Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention (ibid.,

paras. 207-210).
26. In the case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the
Congo (New Application : 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v.
Rwanda), the Court, in interpreting a similar compromissory clause con -
tained in Article 29 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination against Women, held that
“[T]he lack of agreement between the parties as to the organization

of an arbitration cannot be presumed. The existence of such disagree-
ment can follow only from a proposal for arbitration by the applicant,

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de négociation» (arrêt, par. 59). Voilà qui m’amène à la troisième condi -
tion, autrement dit à la question de savoir si l’une ou l’autrev des Parties a

demandé que l’affaire soit soumise à l’arbitrage comme moyen de régler le
différend.

C. La Belgique a-t-elle demandé que le différend soit soumis

à l’arbitrage ?

24. La Belgique soutient qu’elle a annoncé la possibilité de recourvir à
l’arbitrage dans sa note verbale du 4 mai 2006 et que le Sénégal a pris acte
de cette éventualité dans sa note verbale du 9 mai 2006 (mémoire de la
Belgique, par. 3.23; CR 2012/2, p. 27, par. 34, et p. 61, par. 49). La Bel -

gique ajoute qu’elle a demandé formellement le recours à la procédure
d’arbitrage selon des modalités à convenir d’un commun accorvd dans sa
note verbale du 20 juin 2006 et de nouveau dans sa note verbale du
8 mai 2007, mais que cette demande est « restée sans réponse » de la part
du Sénégal, que ce soit dans les six mois qui ont suivi ou ultévrieurement

(mémoire de la Belgique, par. 3.23-3.28). En réponse à une question d’un
membre de la Cour concernant l’interprétation de la clause d’arvbitrage
énoncée au paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention, la Belgique a
indiqué qu’à son avis les Parties devaient être considéréves comme n’étant
pas parvenues dans le délai imparti à s’entendre sur l’organvisation de l’ar -

bitrage «si, pour quelque raison que ce soit, ce délai expir[ait] sans qu’uvn
accord ait été conclu » (CR 2012/6, p. 39, par. 11). Pour la Belgique, rien
dans le texte du paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 n’imposait qu’un Etat deman-
dant à soumettre un différend à l’arbitrage formule aussi des propositions
au sujet de tout autre aspect de l’organisation ou du calendrier de lv’arbi-

trage (ibid., p. 40, par. 14).
25. En réponse, le Sénégal fait valoir que les critères exigeantv que l’une
des Parties demande un arbitrage ainsi que l’expiration d’une pévriode de
six mois sans que les Parties parviennent à un accord sur l’organisativon de
l’arbitrage n’ont pas été satisfaits (contre-mémoire du Sénégal, par. 121

et 214). Il affirme que la Belgique n’a fait qu’une référencev « évasive» à
l’arbitrage dans sa note verbale du 20 juin 2006, qui ne saurait être consi -
dérée comme une proposition d’arbitrage claire et formelle àv laquelle le
Sénégal aurait pu répondre afin de satisfaire aux exigences du para -
graphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention (ibid., par. 207-210).

26. Dans l’affaire concernant les Activités armées sur le territoire du
Congo (nouvelle requête : 2002) (République démocratique du Congo c.
Rwanda), la Cour, interprétant une clause compromissoire analogue
contenue dans l’article 29 de la convention sur l’élimination de toutes les

formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes, a fait observer vce qui suit:
«[L]’absence d’accord entre les Parties sur l’organisation d’vun

arbitrage ne peut en effet se présumer. L’existence d’un tel vdésaccord
ne peut résulter que d’une proposition d’arbitrage faite par le deman-

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to which the respondent has made no answer or which it has expressed
its intention not to accept.” (Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,

I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 41, para. 92.)
27. In the present case, Belgium first mentions the prospect of arbitra -

tion in its Note Verbale of 4 May 2006 in the following terms :
“As indicated in its last approach of 10 March 2006, Belgium inter-

prets Article 7 of the Convention against Torture as requiring the
State on whose territory the alleged offender is located to extradite v
him unless it has judged him.
An unresolved dispute regarding this interpretation would lead to
recourse to the arbitration procedure provided for in Article 30 of the

[Convention].
In view of the willingness already expressed by Senegal to combat
impunity for the most serious crimes such as those of which
Mr. Hissène Habré is accused, Belgium once more insists on Senegal
respecting the obligations arising from the [Convention] and respond -

ing to the request by the Belgian authorities accordingly.” (Emphasis
added.)

Five days later, Senegal in its Note Verbale of 9 May 2006 responded,
inter alia, as follows :

“(2) With regard to the interpretation of Article 7 of the [Convention],
the Embassy considers that by transferring the Hissène Habré case
to the African Union, Senegal, in order not to create a legal
impasse, is acting in accordance with the spirit of the principle
‘aut dedere aut punire’ the essential aim of which is to ensure that

no torturer can escape from justice by going to another country.

(3) By taking this case to the highest level on the continent, Senegal,
while respecting the separation of powers and the independence
of its judicial authorities, has thus opened up, throughout Africa,

new prospects for upholding human rights and combating impu -
nity.
(4) As to the possibility of Belgium having recourse to the arbitration
procedure provided for in Article 30 of the [Convention], the
Embassy can only take note of this, restating the commitment of

Senegal to the excellent relationship between the two countries in
terms of co-operation and the combating of impunity.” (Empha -
sis added.)

28. Taken at face value, Belgium’s Note Verbale of 4 May 2006 cannot
be regarded as “a request to submit the dispute to arbitration” within the
meaning of Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention. In my opinion,
what the diplomatic exchange did was to alert Senegal to the prospect

that Belgium reserved its right, at some future date, to refer the dispuvte,
if unresolved, to arbitration within the framework of Article 30, para -

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deur et restée sans réponse de la part du défendeur ou suivie dve l’ex-
pression par celui-ci de son intention de ne pas l’accepter. » (Com -

pétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 41, par. 92.)
27. Dans la présente affaire, la Belgique mentionne pour la premièrev

fois la possibilité d’un arbitrage dans sa note verbale du 4 mai 2006 :
«Comme signalé dans sa dernière démarche du 10 mars 2006, la

Belgique interprète l’article 7 de la convention contre la torture
comme prévoyant l’obligation pour l’Etat sur le territoire duquvel est
trouvé l’auteur présumé de l’extrader à défaut de lv’avoir jugé.
Une controverse non résolue au sujet de cette interprétation entra▯îne -
rait un recours à la procédure d’arbitrage prévue à l’article 30 de la

[convention].
Compte tenu de la volonté déjà exprimée par le Sénégalv de partici -
per à l’effort de lutte contre l’impunité des crimes les pvlus graves tels
que ceux reprochés à M. Hissène Habré, la Belgique se permet d’in -
sister encore pour que le Sénégal respecte les obligations décovulant

de la [convention] et réponde dans ce sens à la requête des autorités
belges.» (Les italiques sont de moi.)

Cinq jours plus tard, dans sa note verbale du 9 mai 2006, le Sénégal a
répondu notamment ce qui suit :

«2. S’agissant de l’interprétation de l’article 7 de la [convention],
l’ambassade retient que, en transférant le cas Hissène Habré à
l’Union africaine, le Sénégal, pour ne pas créer une impassev juri -
dique, se conforme à l’esprit du principe « aut dedere aut
punire » dont le but essentiel est de s’assurer qu’aucun tortion -

naire ne puisse échapper à la justice en se rendant dans un autre v
pays.
3. En portant cette affaire au niveau continental le plus élevé, lev Séné -
gal, tout en respectant la séparation des pouvoirs et l’indépenv -
dance de ses instances judiciaires, vient ainsi d’ouvrir, à travervs

toute l’Afrique, de nouvelles perspectives pour la défense des
droits de l’homme et la lutte contre l’impunité.
4. Quant à l’éventualité d’un recours de la Belgique à la▯ procédure
d’arbitrage prévue à l’article 30 de la [convention], l’ambassade ne
peut qu’en prendre acte en réaffirmant l’attachement du Sénégal

aux excellentes relations de coopération existant entre les deux
pays et à la lutte contre l’impunité. (Les italiques sont de mvoi.)»

28. Prise à la lettre, la note verbale de la Belgique du 4 mai 2006 ne
peut être considérée comme « une demande de soumettre le différend à
l’arbitrage» au sens du paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention. A
mon avis, cet échange diplomatique visait à prévenir le Sénévgal que, si le

différend demeurait non réglé, la Belgique se réservait lev droit de le sou -
mettre à l’arbitrage à l’avenir, en vertu du paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de

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graph 1, of the Convention. Indeed, Senegal appears to have interpreted
that Note Verbale in this way, merely noting that prospect. Senegal’sv

response in this regard cannot be described as “non-responsive” orv “a
rejection of an arbitration request” within the meaning of established case
law.
29. In my view, the closest that Belgium came to putting a direct
request for arbitration to Senegal was in its Note Verbale of 20 June 2006,

wherein it stated, inter alia :
“While confirming to Senegal its attachment to the excellent rela -

tionship between the two countries, and while following with interest
the action carried out by the African Union in the context of com -
bating impunity, Belgium cannot fail to point out that the attempted
negotiation with Senegal, which started in November 2005, has not
succeeded and, in accordance with Article 30.1 of the Torture Con -
vention consequently asks Senegal to submit the dispute to arbitra -

tion under conditions to be agreed mutually.”

The above statement raises questions as to whether under Article 30,
paragraph 1, of the Convention, Belgium, by shifting the burden to Sen -
egal to submit the dispute to arbitration, rather than Belgium itself tavking
that initiative, the latter can be said to have “requested for arbitrvation”. I
doubt that that is the case. Nonetheless, Senegal did not respond to Bel -

gium’s request within six months or at all and perhaps the Court is jvusti-
fied in interpreting Senegal’s silence as “the absence of any response on
the part of the State to which the request for arbitration was addressed”
(Judgment, para. 61).
30. Be that as it may, I am of the considered opinion that, in light of
my earlier conclusion that neither Belgium nor Senegal had pursued

negotiations regarding the dispute as far as they possibly could before v
concluding that they had failed, and given that the procedural require -
ments of negotiation and arbitration under Article 30, paragraph 1, of the
Convention, are cumulative, I am not convinced that the preconditions
for the Court’s jurisdiction under that provision have fully been metv.

31. Accordingly, I am of the view that given that the procedural requir- e
ments laid down in Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention against
Torture had not been met at the date of the Application on 19 Feb-
ruary 2009, the Court cannot exercise jurisdiction over the dispute between

the Parties concerning the interpretation and application of Article 6,
paragraph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the basis
of Article 30, paragraph 1, thereof. This brings me to the issue of whether
in the absence of jurisdiction pursuant to Article 30, paragraph 1, of the
Convention, the Court can exercise jurisdiction based on the Parties’v
declarations pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court’s Statute.

This is an issue the Court did not address, having concluded in light ofv its
findings that it was not necessary to do so (ibid., para. 63).

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la convention. D’ailleurs, c’est ainsi que le Sénégal semblev l’avoir inter -
prété, se contentant de prendre acte de cette perspective. La révaction du

Sénégal à cet égard ne peut être décrite comme « une absence de réponse»
ou « un refus d’une demande d’arbitrage » au sens de la jurisprudence
constante.
29. A mon sens, c’est dans sa note verbale du 20 juin 2006 que la Bel -
gique a été le plus proche de demander directement au Sénégal le recours

à l’arbitrage :
«Tout en réaffirmant au Sénégal son attachement aux excellentes

relations qui régissent les rapports entre les deux pays, et tout en v
suivant avec intérêt l’action menée par l’Union africainev dans le
cadre de la lutte contre l’impunité, la Belgique se doit de constavter
que la tentative de négociation entamée avec le Sénégal en
novembre 2005 n’a pas abouti et, conformément au paragraphe 1 de
l’article 30 de la convention, demande en conséquence au Sénégal de

soumettre le différend à l’arbitrage suivant des modalités à convenir
d’un commun accord. »

La déclaration susmentionnée pose la question de savoir si, en vervtu du
paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention, la Belgique, en transférant
au Sénégal la charge de soumettre le différend à l’arbivtrage au lieu de
prendre elle-même cette initiative, peut être considérée comme ayant
«demandé l’arbitrage». Je doute que ce soit le cas. Néanmoins, le Sénégal

n’a répondu à la demande de la Belgique ni dans le délai de vsix mois
prévu, ni ultérieurement, et la Cour est peut-être en droit d’interpréter
son silence comme « l’absence de toute réponse de la part de l’Etat auquel
la demande d’arbitrage a été adressée » (arrêt, par. 61).
30. Quoi qu’il en soit, compte tenu de ma conclusion précédente, àv
savoir que ni la Belgique ni le Sénégal n’ont poursuivi les névgociations

concernant le différend autant qu’ils l’auraient pu avant de conclure à
leur échec, et du caractère cumulatif des exigences procéduralevs de la
négociation et de l’arbitrage en vertu du paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la
convention, je ne suis pas convaincue, après mûre réflexion, vque les condi -
tions préalables devant être satisfaites pour que la Cour ait compvétence

soient pleinement réunies.
31. En conséquence, je suis d’avis que, les exigences procédurales vénon -
cées au paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention n’ayant pas été satis -
faites à la date du dépôt de la requête le 19 février 2009, la Cour ne peut
connaître du différend entre les Parties concernant l’interprvétation et l’ap -

plication de l’article 6, paragraphe 2, et de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, de la
convention sur la base de l’article 30, paragraphe 1, de cet instrument.
Cela m’amène à la question de savoir si, n’étant pas compvétente au titre
du paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention, la Cour peut connaître
du différend sur le fondement des déclarations faites par les Pavrties en
vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 de son Statut. C’est un point que la

Cour n’a pas examiné, ses constatations l’ayant conduite à cvonclure qu’il
n’était pas nécessaire de le faire (ibid., par. 63).

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II. Jurisdiction Based on tvhe Parties’ Declarativons of Acceptance
of Compulsory Jurisdicvtion of the Court underv Articl3 e6,

Paragraph 2, of the Statute
of the Court

32. Belgium sought to found the jurisdiction of the Court on the dec -
larations of acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction of the Court made by v

the Parties under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, the
text of which is reproduced in the Judgment (para. 42).
33. Belgium’s declaration, in effect since 17 June 1958, applies to “legal
disputes arising after 13 July 1948 concerning situations or facts subse -
quent to that date, except those in regard to which the parties have agreed
or may agree to have recourse to another method of pacific settlement”v

(Judgment, para. 42). Senegal’s declaration, in effect since 2 Decem -
ber 1985, extends to “all legal disputes arising after the present declarva -
tion”, save for: (a) disputes in regard to which the parties have agreed to
have recourse to some other method of settlement ; and (b) disputes with
regard to questions which, under international law, fall exclusively witvhin

the jurisdiction of Senegal (ibid.). Thus, by virtue of reciprocity applied
to the two declarations of acceptance, the competence of the Court
extends to all legal disputes arising between the Parties after 2 Decem -
ber 1985 with the exception of disputes in regard to which the Parties
have agreed to have recourse to some other method of settlement and

disputes concerning questions which fall exclusively within the domesticv
jurisdiction of one of the Parties.
34. Only Belgium submitted arguments on this issue, maintaining that
the Court has jurisdiction under Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute,
over the entire dispute between the Parties, both with regard to the Con -
vention and with regard to other rules of conventional and customary

international law (Memorial of Belgium, para. 3.44; CR 2012/2, p. 65,
para. 5). First, as regards the existence of a dispute, Belgium argues that
the Parties disagree as to the application and interpretation of conven -
tional and customary international obligations regarding the punishment v
of torture, crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide (Memorial v

of Belgium, para. 3.34). In Belgium’s view Senegal had not only failed to
prosecute or extradite Mr. Habré for the international crimes alleged
against him, but had also shown, “through its actions and inaction”v, that
“it did not interpret conventional and customary rules in the same wavy as
Belgium” (ibid., para. 3.35). Secondly, in respect of the temporal limits of

the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 36 declarations, Belgium contends
that the dispute between the Parties crystallized when it became apparent
that Senegal would neither extradite Mr. Habré to Belgium nor prosecute
him, and thus relates to the facts occurring entirely after the two datevs of
application of the Parties’ respective declarations of acceptance, favlling
clearly within the temporal scope of the Court’s jurisdiction (ibid.,

paras. 3.37-3.40 ; CR 2012/2, p. 68, para. 14). Finally, Belgium contends
that the Court’s jurisdiction under the Article 36, paragraph 2, declara -

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II. Compétence fondée sur vles déclarations par lvesquelles
les Parties reconnaisvsent comme obligatoirve la juridiction

de la Cour en vertu du parvagraphe2 de l’article 36 du Statut
de la Cour

32. La Belgique s’est efforcée de fonder la compétence de la Courv sur
les déclarations par lesquelles les Parties reconnaissent comme obligvatoire

la compétence de la Cour en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Sta -
tut de la Cour, dont le texte est reproduit dans l’arrêt (par. 42).
33. La déclaration de la Belgique, en vigueur depuis le 17 juin 1958,
s’applique aux «différends d’ordre juridique nés après le 13 juillet 1948 au
sujet de situations ou de faits postérieurs à cette date, sauf le vcas où les
parties auraient convenu ou conviendraient d’avoir recours à un auvtre

mode de règlement pacifique» (arrêt, par. 42). La déclaration du Sénégal,
faite le 2 décembre 1985, s’applique à «tous les différends d’ordre juridique
nés postérieurement à la présente déclaration », sauf dans le cas : a) des
différends pour lesquels les parties seraient convenues d’avoir vrecours à un
autre mode de règlement ; et b) des différends relatifs à des questions qui,

d’après le droit international, relèvent de la compétence exvclusive du Séné -
gal (ibid.). Ainsi, en vertu de la condition de réciprocité appliquée aux
deux déclarations d’acceptation, la compétence de la Cour s’vétend à tous
les différends d’ordre juridique nés entre les Parties aprèvs le 2 décembre 1985,
sauf dans le cas où celles-ci auraient convenu d’avoir recours à un autre

mode de règlement pacifique et dans le cas des différends portvant sur des
questions qui relèvent exclusivement du droit interne de l’une desv Parties.
34. Seule la Belgique a présenté des arguments sur la question, affirmant
que la Cour avait compétence, en vertu de l’article 36, paragraphe 2, de son
Statut, pour l’ensemble du différend entre elle et le Sénévgal, tant au regard
de la convention qu’au regard d’autres règles du droit internatvional conven -

tionnel et coutumier (mémoire de la Belgique, par. 3.44; CR 2012/2, p. 65,
par. 5). Premièrement, en ce qui concerne l’existence d’un diffévrend, la Bel -
gique fait valoir que les Parties ne sont pas d’accord quant à l’vapplication
et à l’interprétation des obligations internationales conventiovnnelles et cou-
tumières applicables à la répression de la torture, des crimes vcontre l’hum -a

nité, des crimes de guerre et du génocide (mémoire de la Belgivque, par. 3.34).
A son avis, le Sénégal, outre qu’il n’a pas rempli son obligvation de pour -
suivre ou d’extrader M. Habré pour les crimes qui lui sont imputés, a aussi
montré «par ses actions et son inaction» «qu’il n’interprétait pas les règles
conventionnelles et coutumières de la même manière que la Belgivque »

(ibid., par. 3.35). Deuxièmement, pour ce qui est des limites temporelles de
la compétence de la Cour applicables aux déclarations faites en vevrtu de
l’article 36, la Belgique soutient que le différend entre les Parties s’esvt cris
tallisé lorsqu’il est clairement apparu que le Sénégal n’extraderait pas
M. Habré vers la Belgique et ne le poursuivrait pas non plus. Ce diffévrend
a trait à des faits qui se sont tous produits après les dates d’ventrée en vigueur

des déclarations d’acceptation des deux Parties et se situe donc clairement
dans les limites temporelles de la compétence de la Cour (ibid., par. 3.37-3.;40

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tions is not excluded by virtue of the exceptions contained therein, sinvce
the Parties have neither agreed on another method of settling this dispuvte

nor does the dispute, relating to violations of conventional or customarvy
rules of international law, fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of either
Party (Memorial of Belgium, paras. 3.41-3.43 ; see also CR 2012/2,
pp. 68-69, paras. 15-16).

35. In response to a question by a Member of the Court concerning the
relationship between the exceptions contained in Belgium’s and Senegavl’s
respective declarations of acceptance in respect of other modes of dispute
settlement, Belgium maintains that these exceptions do not affect the v

Court’s jurisdiction on the basis of Article 30 of the Convention, since
that provision refers to negotiations and arbitration as procedural pre -
conditions to be fulfilled prior to the seisin of the Court, rather thvan as
“alternative” modes of dispute settlement. Furthermore, in Belgium’s view,
the Court’s jurisprudence confirms that different sources of the vCourt’s
jurisprudence, in the present case the declarations under Article 36,

paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court and Article 30 of the Conven -
tion, are independent from each other and are not mutually exclusive
(CR 2012/6, pp. 29-32, paras. 10-17). Belgium emphasizes that the Court’s
jurisdiction pursuant to Article 30 of the Convention in respect of the
dispute under the Convention is additional to the Court’s jurisdictiovn

under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court’s Statute, which also applies
to that dispute as well as to the other issues in dispute between Belgiuvm
and Senegal in the present proceedings (CR 2012/6, p. 36, para. 3).

A. Article 36 Declarations as the Basis for Jurisdiction
of the Court in Respect of the Alleged Violations
of the Convention

36. The Court has previously dealt with the question of multiple bases
of jurisdiction. In the Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria case, the
Permanent Court of International Justice held that multiple bases of

jurisdiction were not mutually exclusive : a treaty recognizing the jurisdic-
tion of the Court did not prevent declarations of acceptance of the Courvt’s
jurisdiction having the same effect (Electricity Company of Sofia and Bul -
garia, Judgment, 1939, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 77, p. 76). Similarly, in
the case concerning Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and

Nigeria, the Court found that when seised on the basis of Article 36,
paragraph 2, which did not contain a precondition of negotiations, it did
not matter that the basis of jurisdiction under the United Nations Con -
vention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter “UNCLOS”) was more revstri-c
tive (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
(Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports

1998, p. 322, para. 109).

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CR 2012/2, p. 68, par. 14). Enfin, la Belgique affirme que la compétence de

la Cour en vertu des déclarations prévues au paragraphe 2 de l’article 36
n’est pas exclue du fait des exceptions énoncées dans cet articvle, étant donné
que les deux Parties ne se sont mises d’accord sur aucun autre moyen vde
régler le différend et que ce dernier, qui a trait à des violvations de règles
conventionnelles ou coutumières du droit international, ne relève vde la

compétence exclusive d’aucune des deux Parties (mémoire de la Belgique,
par. 3.41-3.43; voir aussi CR 2012/2, p. 68-69, par. 15-16).
35. En réponse à une question d’un membre de la Cour concernant le v
rapport entre les exceptions contenues dans les déclarations d’accveptation
respectives de la Belgique et du Sénégal et d’autres modes de rvèglement

des différends, la Belgique affirme que ces exceptions n’ont aucune inci -
dence sur la compétence de la Cour fondée sur l’article 30 de la conven -
tion, étant donné que cette disposition traite de la négociatiovn et de
l’arbitrage comme de conditions procédurales préalables à la saisine de la
Cour, et non comme d’« autres» moyens de règlement des différends. De

plus, la jurisprudence de la Cour confirme que différentes sources de la
compétence de cette dernière, en l’espèce les déclarations faites en vertu
du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour et de l’article 30 de la
convention, sont indépendantes les unes des autres et ne sont pas mutvuel-

lement exclusives (CR 2012/6, p. 29-32, par. 10-17). La Belgique souligne
que la compétence que l’article 30 de la convention confère à la Cour
pour connaître du différend relevant de cet instrument s’ajouvte à celle que
la Cour tient du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 de son Statut et qui s’ap -
plique à ce différend comme aux autres questions opposant la Belvgique et

le Sénégal en l’espèce (ibid., p. 36, par. 3).

A. Déclarations en vertu de l’article 36 comme fondement
de la compétence de la Cour pour ce qui est des violations allégué▯es
de la convention

36. La Cour s’est déjà penchée sur la question des bases multiplves de
compétence. Dans l’affaire relative à la Compagnie d’électricité de Sofia et
de Bulgarie, la Cour permanente de Justice internationale a conclu que des
bases multiples de compétence n’étaient pas mutuellement exclusvives: un
traité reconnaissant la compétence de la Cour n’empêchait pavs les déclara -

tions d’acceptation de sa juridiction de produire leurs effets (Compagnie o
d’électricité de Sofia et de Bulgarie, arrêt, 1939, C.P.J.I.▯ série A/B n 77,
p. 76). De même, dans l’affaire concernant la Frontière terrestre et mari -
time entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria, la Cour a conclu que, lorsqu’elle était
saisie sur la base de déclarations faites en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’ar -

ticle 36 du Statut, déclarations qui ne contenaient aucune condition rela -
tive à des négociations préalables, il était sans conséquvence que la base de
compétence conférée par la convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de
la mer (ci-après dénommée «CNUDM») fût plus restrictive (Frontière ter-
restre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria),

exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 322, par. 109).

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37. This was affirmed in principle in the case concerning Territorial and
Maritime Dispute, where the Court held that the “provisions of the Pact

of Bogotá and the declarations made under the optional clause represent
two distinct bases of the Court’s jurisdiction which are not mutually
exclusive” and noted that “the scope of its jurisdiction could be vwider
under the optional clause than under the Pact” (Territorial and Maritime
Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,

I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 873, paras. 136-137). Importantly, however,
Article 36 declarations in that case were not subject to the reservation
excluding disputes “in regard to which the parties have agreed . . . to have
recourse to another method of pacific settlement”.

38. Belgium also relies on the case concerning Border and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras) (Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 85, para. 36) in support of its proposi -
tion that titles of jurisdiction are separate and independent. Accordingv to
Belgium,

“the declaration of acceptance of Honduras contained a reservation
equivalent to those in question in the present case. Despite the exist -

ence of that reservation, the Court confirmed that the two titles of
jurisdiction were independent, rejecting the Honduran argument to
the contrary.” (CR 2012/6, pp. 30-31, para. 13.)

Specifically, in the Border and Transborder Armed Actions case, the Court
held that the compromissory clause in the Pact of Bogotá, providing fvor
the Court’s jurisdiction, could be limited only by reservations made undevr
the Pact, and not by incorporating reservations made by a State party in
its declaration under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court

(Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Juris -
diction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 88, para. 41).

39. Further, while Belgium is correct in suggesting that Article 30
should be interpreted as establishing preconditions for the seisin of the

Court rather than as an “agreement” of the Parties to settle theirv Conven -
tion-related disputes through negotiation or arbitration rather than by v
recourse to the Court, this still leaves open the question of whether the
Court may entertain a Convention-related dispute on the basis of the
Article 36 declarations where these preconditions have not been met. On

this point, Belgium’s argument that there is no presumption of primacvy of
a restrictive rule over an extensive rule, on the basis that the Court hvad
implied this in the Cameroon v. Nigeria case in 1998, is not without merit
and must be considered carefully.

40. Indeed in the Cameroon v. Nigeria case, the Court noted that both

States had referred to the UNCLOS, which provided for settlement of
disputes, inter alia, by contentious proceedings before the Court, if no

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37. La Cour l’a affirmé de manière plus générale en l’affvaire concernant
le Différend territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie, lors-

qu’elle a considéré que « les dispositions du pacte de Bogotá et les décla -
rations faites en vertu de la clause facultative constitu[aient] deux bavses
distinctes de compétence de la Cour qui ne s’exclu[aient] pas mutuvelle -
ment», et relevé que « la clause facultative pourrait lui conférer une com -
pétence plus étendue que celle qui découl[ait] du pacte de Bogovtá »

(Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions pré -
liminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II), p. 873, par. 136-137). Il importe
de relever, cependant, que dans cette affaire les déclarations en vvertu de
l’article 36 ne faisaient pas l’objet de réserves excluant les différenvds « au
sujet desquels les Parties étaient convenues … de recourir à un autre
moyen de règlement pacifique ».

38. La Belgique s’appuie également sur l’affaire relative à devs Actions
armées frontalières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras) (compé -
tence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 85, par. 36) pour affir -
mer que les titres de compétence sont distincts et indépendants. Av son
avis,

«la déclaration d’acceptation du Honduras contenait une réserve v
équivalente à celles dont il est question ici. Malgré l’exisvtence de cette

réserve, la Cour a confirmé l’indépendance des deux titresv de compé -
tence, rejetant l’argument contraire du Honduras. » (CR 2012/6,
p. 30-31, par. 13.)

Plus précisément, dans l’affaire des Actions armées frontalières et trans -
frontalières, la Cour a considéré que la clause compromissoire relative à
la compétence de la Cour contenue dans le pacte de Bogotá ne pouvavit
être limitée que par des réserves formulées au titre du pactve et non par des
réserves formulées par un Etat partie dans sa déclaration en vevrtu du

paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour (Actions armées fronta -
lières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), compétence et receva -
bilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 88, par. 41).
39. En outre, si la Belgique a raison de dire que l’article 30 devrait être
interprété comme établissant des conditions préalables à vla saisine de la

Cour et non comme un « accord» conclu entre les Parties pour régler les
différends qui les opposent au sujet de la convention par voie de nvégocia -
tion ou par l’arbitrage plutôt que par saisine, cela ne règle evn rien la ques -
tion de savoir si la Cour peut connaître d’un différend relatif à la
convention sur la base des déclarations en vertu de l’article 36 lorsque ces

conditions préalables n’ont pas été satisfaites. Sur ce poinvt, la Belgique
fait valoir qu’il n’y a pas de présomption de primauté d’vune norme res -
trictive sur une norme à caractère exhaustif, comme la Cour l’avvait laissé
entendre en l’affaire Cameroun c. Nigéria en 1998, argument qui n’est pas
sans intérêt et mérite un examen attentif.
40. De fait, dans l’affaire Cameroun c. Nigéria, la Cour a relevé que les

deux Etats s’étaient référés à la CNUDM, qui prévoivt le règlement des
différends, notamment, par voie de procédure contentieuse devant la

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agreement could be reached within a reasonable period of time. The
UNCLOS was one of the treaties which governed the dispute between the

Parties, and which the Court had to interpret, in that case. However, thve
Court held that as it had been seised under Article 36, paragraph 2, of
its Statute, which did not provide for any precondition of negotiation, it
did not matter whether negotiations had taken place prior to the submis -
sion of the dispute (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and

Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1998, pp. 321-322, para. 109). In the present case, Belgium
is invoking both Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention andArticle 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, as additional but independent
bases for the Court’s jurisdiction. Given that the Parties have accepvted
the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute, and

that Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention does not fall within the
scope of their reservation excluding other agreements for the pacific
settlement of disputes, I am of the tentative view that the failure to fvulfil
the conditions required under Article 30, paragraph 1, of the Convention
has no bearing on the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 36, paragraph 2,

of the Statute of the Court, even in relation to a dispute concerning Sevn -
egal’s obligations under the Convention.

B. Article 36 Declarations as the Basis for Jurisdiction
of the Court in Respect of the Claims relating to International Crimes

Other than Those Subject to the Convention

41. With regard to the question of whether the Court has jurisdiction
in respect of the alleged breaches by Senegal of its obligations other tvhan
those arising under the Convention, there is no evidence before the Courvt
that there was, as Belgium claims, a dispute between the Parties as to tvhe

application and interpretation of conventional and customary interna -
tional obligations regarding the punishment of torture, crimes against
humanity, war crimes and genocide at the date of Belgium’s Applicatiovn
on 19 February 2009. The record before the Court shows that in the dip -
lomatic exchanges between the Parties in the period prior to 19 Febru -
ary 2009, no claim was ever made by Belgium relating to Senegal’s breach v

of any international obligations other than those under the Convention.

42. Accordingly, I am of the view that the Court does not have juris -
diction to examine Belgium’s claims concerning the alleged violation by
Senegal of its obligation aut dedere aut judicare on the basis of rules of

international law other than the Convention.

(Signed) Julia Sebutinde.

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Cour en l’absence d’accord dans un délai raisonnable. La CNUDM vétait
l’un des instruments régissant le différend entre les Partiesv et que la Cour

devait interpréter. Celle-ci a toutefois observé qu’elle avait été saisie en
vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 de son Statut, qui ne prévoyait
aucune condition relative à des négociations préalables, et qu’vil n’impor -
tait donc pas que des négociations aient ou non eu lieu avant sa saisvine
(Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (▯Cameroun

c. Nigéria), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 321-322,
par. 109). En l’espèce, la Belgique invoque à la fois le paragraphev 1 de
l’article 30 de la convention et le paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de
la Cour comme bases additionnelles mais indépendantes de la compé -
tence de la Cour. Etant donné que les Parties ont accepté la compévtence
de la Cour en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 de son Statut et que le

paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention ne rentre pas dans le cadre
de leur réserve excluant d’autres accords pour le règlement pacvifique des
différends, je suis d’avis que l’inobservation des conditionsv requises au
paragraphe 1 de l’article 30 de la convention n’a pas d’incidence sur la
compétence de la Cour en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 de son

Statut, même dans le cadre d’un différend relatif aux obligatvions que le
Sénégal tient de la convention.

B. Déclarations au titre de l’article 36 comme base de la compétence
de la Cour pour ce qui est des allégations ayant trait à des crime▯s

internationaux autres que ceux qui font l’objet de la convention

41. Pour ce qui est de la question de savoir si la Cour a compétence
pour connaître des manquements allégués du Sénégal à sves obligations
autres que celles découlant de la convention, il n’a pas étév prouvé devant
la Cour qu’il existait, comme le prétend la Belgique, un différend entre les

Parties quant à l’application et à l’interprétation des ovbligations interna -
tionales conventionnelles et coutumières relatives à la répressvion de la to-r
ture, des crimes contre l’humanité, des crimes de guerre et du gévnocide à
la date du dépôt de la requête de la Belgique le 19 février 2009. Le dossier
dont la Cour est saisi montre que, au cours des échanges diplomatiquevs
qui ont eu lieu entre les Parties avant le 19 février 2009, la Belgique n’a

jamais allégué que le Sénégal avait violé des obligationsv internationales
autres que celles énoncées dans la convention.
42. En conséquence, je suis d’avis que la Cour n’a pas compétencve
pour examiner les demandes de la Belgique concernant l’allégation vde vio -
lation par le Sénégal de son obligation aut dedere aut judicare sur la base

de règles de droit international autres que la convention.

(Signé) Julia Sebutinde.

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Separate opinion of Judge Sebutinde

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