Declaration of Judge Donoghue

Document Number
144-20120720-JUD-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
144-20120720-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

584

DECLARATION OF JUDGE DONOGHUE

Agrees with Court that Article 7, paragraph 1, sets forth an obligation to
prosecute, not an obligation to extradite — Extradition relieves a State party from
the obligation to prosecute — No need for Court to decide whether Belgium falls

within Article 5, paragraph 1, because duties under Article 6, paragraph 2, and
Article 7, paragraph 1, are erga omnes partes — Not obvious that conclusions
regarding substantive obligations of the Convention should be reached in▯ the
context of admissibility, rather than on the merits — Temporal scope of obligation
to prosecute does not extend to alleged offences from prior to Conventio▯n’s entry
into force — Senegal not precluded from prosecuting earlier offences — Court’s
analysis not limited by positions advanced by the Parties.

1. I agree with the Judgment rendered by the Court today and submit
this declaration in order to address in additional detail the meaning and
effect of Article 6, paragraph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, of the United

Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment of 10 December 1984 (hereinafter,
the “Convention”), which play such an important role in the Court’s
reasoning.

2. Taken as a whole, Articles 4 to 7 of the Convention strike a power -
ful blow against impunity. Articles 4 and 5 provide the necessary condi -
tions for States parties to initiate proceedings against alleged offenvders,
by requiring States parties to criminalize torture and to establish jurivsdic -

tion over torture in certain specified contexts. For purposes of this vcase, it
is especially significant that Article 5, paragraph 2, requires a State party
to establish its jurisdiction over an alleged offender found in its territory,
even if the alleged acts of torture occurred outside of its territory and

neither the alleged offender nor the victims are of its nationality. Bvut
States parties are not merely required to create the conditions that wouvld
permit them to prosecute alleged torturers. Instead, Articles 6 and 7
require a State party to take a series of related, specific steps if it finds

an alleged offender in its territory, including placing the individual inv
custody, conducting an immediate inquiry and submitting the case to
prosecution, if it does not extradite the alleged offender. The questivon
whether Senegal complied with these obligations, in particular, those

under Article 6, paragraph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, is at the heart
of this case.

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3. The obligations of the State in which an alleged offender is found —
especially the obligation contained in Article 7, paragraph 1 — are often

described by the shorthand phrase “extradite or prosecute” or “aut dedere
aut judicare”. That phrase is misleading because it suggests an obligation
to extradite. I agree with the Court, however, that this is not the corrvect
understanding of Article 7, paragraph 1, and that the obligation under
Article 7, paragraph 1, is to submit a case for prosecution.

4. Article 7, paragraph 1, provides :
“The State Party in the territory under whose jurisdiction a person

alleged to have committed any offence referred to in Article 4 is found
shall in the cases contemplated in Article 5, if it does not extradite
him, submit the case to its competent authorities for the purpose of
prosecution.”

From the text alone, it is clear that prosecution and extradition are novt
on equal footing. The provision obligates a State party to “submit thve
case to its competent authorities for prosecution”. Extradition relievves the
State party from that obligation. The option of extradition in lieu of svub -

mission to prosecution is an important component of the anti-impunity
provisions of the Convention ; there are many circumstances in which
extradition might be the more effective means of bringing an alleged
offender to justice. Nonetheless, extradition is not required by this provi -
sion nor by any other provision of the Convention.

5. In the present case, the Parties have devoted considerable attention
to Belgium’s extradition requests and to the fact that, to date, Senegal has
not extradited Mr. Habré. It bears emphasis, however, that the Court
does not come to any conclusions regarding those extradition requests.

6. Given that the obligation in Article 7, paragraph 1, is to submit the

case for prosecution, it is important to consider what triggers that oblviga -
tion. Article 7, paragraph 1, requires the State in the territory of which
the alleged offender is found to submit the case for prosecution “ivf it does
not extradite [the alleged offender]”. Does this mean that the obligation
to submit a case for prosecution only arises when there has been an extrva -

dition request ? Again, the attention given by the Parties to Belgium’s
extradition requests might suggest that Senegal’s obligation to submivt
Mr. Habré’s case for prosecution flows from the failure to extradite, but,
like the Court, I do not reach this conclusion. Instead, I agree with
the conclusion in the Judgment that the obligation to submit a case to

prosecution is independent of an extradition request.

7. The closely-related obligations contained in Articles 6 and 7 arise as
a result of the presence of the alleged offender in the territory of tvhe State
party. Under Article 6, when a State party finds an alleged offender in its

territory, it must place the alleged offender in custody, immediately make
a preliminary inquiry into the facts and notify other States parties thavt

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would have a basis under the Convention to exercise jurisdiction.
Notably, the obligation to hold the alleged offender in custody applievs

“only for such time as is necessary to enable any criminal or extradivtion
proceedings to be instituted” (Art. 6, para. 1 ; emphasis added). Thus, the
obligations in Article 6 plainly arise before any extradition proceedings
have commenced. If Article 7 required submission of a case for prosecu -
tion only after an extradition request, the placement of the individual vin

custody and the conduct of a preliminary inquiry in the absence of such va
request would be without purpose.

8. The Court’s conclusion that the obligations under Articles 6 and 7
are independent of an extradition request is important to its analysis ovf
Belgium’s standing in this Court. Belgium’s extradition requests dvid not

give rise to Senegal’s duties under Articles 6 and 7 ; those duties were a
consequence of the presence in Senegal of an individual alleged to be
responsible for torture. The Court therefore has no need to decide whethver
Belgium falls within Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Convention (which
refers to the exercise of jurisdiction by a State “[w]hen the victim vis a

national of that State”). This is why, in considering standing, the vCourt
need not concern itself with the fact that none of the complainants in tvhe
proceedings underlying the Belgian extradition requests had Belgian
nationality when the alleged offences occurred.

9. The Court makes a number of important observations in the course
of its conclusion that Belgium has standing to pursue this case against
Senegal. Having established that the duty to prosecute is triggered by tvhe
presence of the alleged offender (and thus is not conditioned on an evxtra -
dition request), the Court considers to whom that duty is owed. I agreev

with the Court that Senegal’s duties to conduct a preliminary inquiryv and
to submit Mr. Habré’s case for prosecution is owed to all States parties.
Here, it is again important to bear in mind the combined package of obli -
gations comprising Articles 4 to 7 of the Convention.

10. Articles 4 and 5 unquestionably impose a duty on States parties
to put in place legislation. This duty must correspond to a right on the
part of some or all of the other State parties ; this is inherent in the nature
of treaty relations. A State party’s adherence to this duty to legislvate is
of consequence to all other States parties, so it is difficult to see why vthe

duty would be owed to some States parties but not to others. In addition,
under Article 6, a State party incurs the duty to place the individual in
custody and immediately to make a preliminary inquiry, whenever an
individual allegedly responsible for torture is present in its territoryv,
without limitation as to the location of the alleged offence or the navtion -
ality of the victim or alleged offender. Once again, a breach of thesev

obligations is of consequence to all States parties. For each of these
provisions, therefore, it can be said that the State in the territory ofv which

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the offender is found has duties that correspond to rights on the partv of
all other States parties.

11. If the text of Article 7, paragraph 1, is considered in isolation from
the related obligations in Articles 4, 5 and 6, it might be argued that the
obligation set forth in Article 7, paragraph 1, is owed not to all States
parties, but only to certain States. In particular, Article 7, paragraph 1,

requires submission for prosecution “in cases contemplated in Articlev 5”.
This might be seen to suggest that the duty to submit a case for prosecu -
tion is owed only to States that fit within Article 5 : the State in the terri -
tory of which the offence allegedly occurred ; the State of the offender’s
nationality; and the State of the victim’s nationality (if that State exer -
cises jurisdiction based on a victim’s nationality). This more parsivmoni -

ous approach would greatly reduce the potency of the related obligationsv
in Articles 4 to 7 of the Convention. It would mean, for example, that the
State where the alleged offender is located owes no duty to any other v
State in a situation in which the alleged torture occurs in its territorvy and
the victim and alleged offender are nationals of that State. The terrivtorial

State would be free to accord impunity to the alleged offender. The prob -
lem would persist if the alleged offender fled to the territory of another
State. The State in the territory of which the alleged offence occurrevd
(which, in this example, is also the State of nationality of the allegevd
offender and of the victim) might decide not to invoke the responsibivlity

of the State in the territory of which the alleged offender is locatedv. If the
latter State owes no duty to any other State party, the alleged offendver
will enjoy precisely the sort of safe haven that the Convention was
intended to eliminate. These situations are hypothetical, but they are not
far-fetched. They serve to illustrate that the obligations at issue could bev
entirely hollow unless they are obligations erga omnes partes.

12. For these reasons, I conclude that the duties imposed by Article 6,
paragraph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Convention are duties
erga omnes partes. This characterization may not fit every provision of
the Convention. Moreover, an “extradite or prosecute” provision inv

another treaty would give rise to a duty to a particular State if, in favct, it
required extradition.
13. As a consequence of its conclusion that the duties under Article 6,
paragraph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, are owed to all States parties,
the Court concludes that Belgium has standing in this Court to invoke

Senegal’s responsibility in respect of the alleged breach of these duvties.
The Court integrates into a single step its understanding of the primaryv
rules specified in the Convention ; their erga omnes character ; and the
secondary rules of State responsibility (i.e., that Belgium may invoke v
Senegal’s responsibility). In all respects, the Court’s analysis vturns on
substantive law.

14. These issues of substantive law might well have been examined as
part of the Court’s analysis of the merits. In the Judgment, however,v the

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Court frames the issue as a question of standing, which, in turn, it trevats
as an aspect of admissibility. As the Court has stated before, objectionvs to

admissibility
“normally take the form of an assertion that, even if the Court has

jurisdiction and the facts stated by the applicant State are assumed to
be correct, nonetheless there are reasons why the Court should not
proceed to an examination of the merits” (Oil Platforms (Islamic
Republic of Iran v.United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2003, p. 177, para. 29).

Such reasons could include “a failure to comply with the rules as to v
nationality of claims ; failure to exhaust local remedies ; the agreement of

the parties to use another method of pacific settlement ; or mootness of
the claim” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish -
ment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objec -
tions, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 456, para. 120).

15. It is not obvious that the content of certain duties imposed by the
Convention against Torture, or the question as to which States parties
those duties are owed, should fall within this category of obstacles to vthe
exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction. The Court’s decision to addrvess these
questions under the rubric of admissibility is without practical effecvt in

the present case, in which jurisdiction, admissibility and the merits wevre
all considered in the same phase of the proceedings. The matter may
require further analysis and elaboration in future cases in which an Appvli -
cation is premised on obligations erga omnes partes.
16. In respect of the question of standing, I have also considered that
the compromissory clause of the Convention permits States to opt out of v

the jurisdiction of this Court (see Art. 30, para. 2). The suggestion has
been made that this flexibility as to dispute resolution undermines thve
conclusion that a State’s duties to conduct an immediate inquiry and vto
submit a case for prosecution are duties erga omnes partes. That reason -
ing would apply to many human rights treaties that permit flexibility vas to

dispute resolution mechanisms. I am not convinced that such institutionavl
provisions detract from the erga omnes partes character of particular obli -
gations.

17. When the Court concluded that the erga omnes character of a norm

could not itself be the basis for the Court’s jurisdiction, it observved that
“the erga omnes character of a norm and the rule of consent to jurisdic -
tion are two different things” (East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judg -
ment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 102, para. 29; see also Armed Activities on
the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic
of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,

I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 32, para. 64). The erga omnes partes character of
provisions of the Convention against Torture defines the duties of allv

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States parties, as a matter of substantive law. All States parties have van
obligation to implement those duties in good faith, regardless of the divs -

pute resolution mechanisms associated with the particular treaty. Thus, vI
do not see how flexibility as to dispute resolution mechanisms could evrode
the substance of a State’s duties under a treaty. They are, once again,
“two different things”. The fact that the Court chose to analyse Belgium’s
substantive rights as a question of admissibility does not change this cvon -

clusion.
18. I have one final point regarding the interpretation of Article 7,
paragraph 1, relating to the temporal scope of the obligation to submit a
case for prosecution. I agree with the Court that Senegal’s obligatiovn to
submit Mr. Habré’s case to prosecution does not extend to offences that
allegedly occurred prior to entry into force of the Convention. As the

Court observes, treaties are not interpreted to bind parties in relationv to
facts that took place prior to their entry into force unless a differevnt inten-
tion is established. This presumption is of particular relevance when covn-
sidering treaty provisions that impose obligations in the field of criminal
law. The obligation to submit a case for prosecution can be interpreted vto

apply to acts allegedly committed before entry into force only if the Covn -
vention also requires a State party to criminalize torture retroactivelyv
(under Article 4) and to establish its jurisdiction retroactively (under
Article 5). There is nothing in the treaty, nor, to my knowledge, in the
travaux préparatoires, indicating such an intention.

19. There is an important distinction, however, between the conclusion
that Senegal is not required by the treaty to prosecute for offences tvhat
allegedly occurred before the entry into force of the Convention and thev
question whether it has discretion to do so. As the Court notes, nothing

in the Convention precludes Senegal from submitting for prosecution
offences that occurred before entry into force of the Convention. Looking
beyond the Convention, Article 15 of the 1966 International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights reflects a general prohibition on retroactive
criminal laws, which also is a part of many national legal systems. None -

theless, the Covenant admits of exceptions for offences that previouslvy had
been recognized as crimes. A State might therefore decide to prosecute
an alleged offender in respect of acts of torture committed prior to enacvt -
ment of a particular statute because it concludes that the conduct in ques-
tion was criminal even before enactment of that particular statute. But v

the prospect that such retroactive application of a statute would be lawvful
does not mean that the Convention requires a State party to enact retro -
active criminal statutes. I agree with the Court that the Convention canv-
not be interpreted to have imposed sub silentio an obligation to enact
retroactive criminal laws.

20. I also note that the Court’s conclusion on the temporal scope of
Article 7, paragraph 1, does not free Senegal from the obligation to

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prosecute Mr. Habré, because the claims made against Mr. Habré

include many serious offences allegedly committed after 26 June 1987, as
is clear from the complaints filed in Senegalese and Belgian courts.

21. The dispositive paragraphs of today’s Judgment bind only the Par -
ties. Nonetheless, the Court’s interpretation of a multilateral treatvy (or of

customary international law) can have implications for other States. The
far-reaching nature of the legal issues presented by this case is revealed bvy
the number of questions posed by Members of the Court during oral pro -
ceedings. The Court would be ill-advised in such circumstances to confine
itself to the legal conclusions advanced by the two States that happen tvo

appear before it. In Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ((Germany v.
Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), p. 99), for
example, two States from a single region, with a common legal tradition,v
agreed on many aspects of the law governing foreign State immunity.
Because its conclusions had implications for other States, however, the

Court conducted its own analysis of customary international law. In
interpreting the Convention against Torture, the Court once again wiselyv
has not limited itself to positions advanced by the Parties.

(Signed) Joan E. Donoghue.

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Bilingual Content

584

DECLARATION OF JUDGE DONOGHUE

Agrees with Court that Article 7, paragraph 1, sets forth an obligation to
prosecute, not an obligation to extradite — Extradition relieves a State party from
the obligation to prosecute — No need for Court to decide whether Belgium falls

within Article 5, paragraph 1, because duties under Article 6, paragraph 2, and
Article 7, paragraph 1, are erga omnes partes — Not obvious that conclusions
regarding substantive obligations of the Convention should be reached in▯ the
context of admissibility, rather than on the merits — Temporal scope of obligation
to prosecute does not extend to alleged offences from prior to Conventio▯n’s entry
into force — Senegal not precluded from prosecuting earlier offences — Court’s
analysis not limited by positions advanced by the Parties.

1. I agree with the Judgment rendered by the Court today and submit
this declaration in order to address in additional detail the meaning and
effect of Article 6, paragraph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, of the United

Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment of 10 December 1984 (hereinafter,
the “Convention”), which play such an important role in the Court’s
reasoning.

2. Taken as a whole, Articles 4 to 7 of the Convention strike a power -
ful blow against impunity. Articles 4 and 5 provide the necessary condi -
tions for States parties to initiate proceedings against alleged offenvders,
by requiring States parties to criminalize torture and to establish jurivsdic -

tion over torture in certain specified contexts. For purposes of this vcase, it
is especially significant that Article 5, paragraph 2, requires a State party
to establish its jurisdiction over an alleged offender found in its territory,
even if the alleged acts of torture occurred outside of its territory and

neither the alleged offender nor the victims are of its nationality. Bvut
States parties are not merely required to create the conditions that wouvld
permit them to prosecute alleged torturers. Instead, Articles 6 and 7
require a State party to take a series of related, specific steps if it finds

an alleged offender in its territory, including placing the individual inv
custody, conducting an immediate inquiry and submitting the case to
prosecution, if it does not extradite the alleged offender. The questivon
whether Senegal complied with these obligations, in particular, those

under Article 6, paragraph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, is at the heart
of this case.

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me
DÉCLARATION DE M LA JUGE DONOGHUE

[Traduction]

D’accord avec la Cour pour considérer que l’article 7, paragraphe 1, énonce une

obligation d’engager des poursuites et non une obligation d’extrad▯er — Extradition
libérant un Etat partie de l’obligation d’engager des poursuites — Nul besoin pour
la Cour de décider si la qualité pour agir de la Belgique relèv▯e de l’article 5,
paragraphe 1, les obligations découlant de l’article 6, paragraphe 2 et de l’article 7,
paragraphe 1, étant erga omnes partes — Fait que les conclusions relatives aux
obligations de fond découlant de la convention sont formulées à▯ propos de la
question de la recevabilité plutôt que par rapport au fond n’al▯lant pas de soi —
Portée temporelle de l’obligation d’engager des poursuites n’▯étant pas étendue à

des infractions qui auraient été commises avant l’entrée en ▯vigueur de la
convention — Sénégal n’étant pas empêché d’exercer une action pénale à l’encontre
d’infractions préalables — Analyse de la Cour n’étant pas limitée par les positions
des Parties.

1. J’adhère à l’arrêt rendu par la Cour ce jour et formule lva présente

déclaration afin de préciser davantage le sens et l’effet dve l’article 6, para-
graphe 2, et de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, de la convention des Nations Unies
contre la torture et autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou
dégradants du 10 décembre 1984 (ci-après dénommée la « convention»),

qui joue un rôle si important dans le raisonnement de la Cour.

2. Pris conjointement, les articles 4 à 7 de la convention représentent
un puissant moyen d’action contre l’impunité. Les articles 4 et 5 énoncent

les conditions devant être satisfaites pour que les Etats parties engvagent
des poursuites contre les auteurs présumés en les obligeant à fvaire de la
torture une infraction au regard de leur droit pénal et à établvir leur com -

pétence à l’égard des actes de torture dans des contextes prvécis. Aux fins
de la présente affaire, il est particulièrement important que levs disposi -
tions de l’article 5, paragraphe 2, obligent un Etat partie à établir sa com -
pétence à l’égard d’un auteur présumé découvert vsur son territoire, même

si les actes de torture allégués se sont produits en dehors de ce vterritoire et
si ni l’auteur présumé ni les victimes ne sont ses ressortissants. Mais les
Etats parties ne sont pas seulement tenus de créer les conditions quiv leur
permettront d’engager des poursuites à l’encontre des auteurs présumés

d’actes de torture. Conformément aux articles 6 et 7, ils sont aussi tenus
de prendre une série de mesures précises et interdépendantes s’vils trouvent
un auteur présumé sur leur territoire, notamment le mettre en dévtention,
procéder immédiatement à une enquête et engager des poursuitves s’ils

n’extradent pas l’intéressé. La question de savoir si le Sévnégal a satisfait à
ces obligations, en particulier celles énoncées à l’article 6, paragraphe 2, et
à l’article 7, paragraphe 1, est au cœur de la présente affaire.

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3. The obligations of the State in which an alleged offender is found —
especially the obligation contained in Article 7, paragraph 1 — are often

described by the shorthand phrase “extradite or prosecute” or “aut dedere
aut judicare”. That phrase is misleading because it suggests an obligation
to extradite. I agree with the Court, however, that this is not the corrvect
understanding of Article 7, paragraph 1, and that the obligation under
Article 7, paragraph 1, is to submit a case for prosecution.

4. Article 7, paragraph 1, provides :
“The State Party in the territory under whose jurisdiction a person

alleged to have committed any offence referred to in Article 4 is found
shall in the cases contemplated in Article 5, if it does not extradite
him, submit the case to its competent authorities for the purpose of
prosecution.”

From the text alone, it is clear that prosecution and extradition are novt
on equal footing. The provision obligates a State party to “submit thve
case to its competent authorities for prosecution”. Extradition relievves the
State party from that obligation. The option of extradition in lieu of svub -

mission to prosecution is an important component of the anti-impunity
provisions of the Convention ; there are many circumstances in which
extradition might be the more effective means of bringing an alleged
offender to justice. Nonetheless, extradition is not required by this provi -
sion nor by any other provision of the Convention.

5. In the present case, the Parties have devoted considerable attention
to Belgium’s extradition requests and to the fact that, to date, Senegal has
not extradited Mr. Habré. It bears emphasis, however, that the Court
does not come to any conclusions regarding those extradition requests.

6. Given that the obligation in Article 7, paragraph 1, is to submit the

case for prosecution, it is important to consider what triggers that oblviga -
tion. Article 7, paragraph 1, requires the State in the territory of which
the alleged offender is found to submit the case for prosecution “ivf it does
not extradite [the alleged offender]”. Does this mean that the obligation
to submit a case for prosecution only arises when there has been an extrva -

dition request ? Again, the attention given by the Parties to Belgium’s
extradition requests might suggest that Senegal’s obligation to submivt
Mr. Habré’s case for prosecution flows from the failure to extradite, but,
like the Court, I do not reach this conclusion. Instead, I agree with
the conclusion in the Judgment that the obligation to submit a case to

prosecution is independent of an extradition request.

7. The closely-related obligations contained in Articles 6 and 7 arise as
a result of the presence of the alleged offender in the territory of tvhe State
party. Under Article 6, when a State party finds an alleged offender in its

territory, it must place the alleged offender in custody, immediately make
a preliminary inquiry into the facts and notify other States parties thavt

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3. Les obligations incombant à l’Etat sur le territoire duquel un auteur
présumé est découvert — en particulier l’obligation énoncée à l’article 7,

paragraphe 1 — sont souvent résumées par la formule «extrader ou pour-
suivre » ou«aut dedere aut judicare». Cette formule est trompeuse car elle
laisse entendre une obligation d’extrader. Je pense, comme la Cour, qvue
cette interprétation de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, n’est pas la bonne et que
l’obligation qui y est énoncée est celle de poursuivre.

4. Aux termes de l’article 7, paragraphe 1 :
«L’Etat partie sur le territoire sous la juridiction duquel l’auteuvr

présumé d’une infraction visée à l’article 4 est découvert, s’il n’ex -
trade pas ce dernier, soumet l’affaire, dans les cas visés à vl’article 5, à
ses autorités compétentes pour l’exercice de l’action pénvale.»

Il ressort clairement du seul texte que l’exercice de l’action pénale et l’ex -
tradition ne sont pas sur le même plan. En vertu de cette dispositionv, un
Etat partie est tenu de « soumettre l’affaire … à ses autorités compétentes
pour l’exercice de l’action pénale ». L’extradition libère l’Etat partie de

cette obligation. L’option de l’extradition au lieu de l’exercivce de l’action
pénale est un élément important des dispositions de lutte contrve l’impu -
nité énoncées dans la convention; dans bien des cas, l’extradition pourrait
être le moyen le plus efficace de traduire un auteur présumé evn justice.
Elle n’est cependant rendue obligatoire ni par cette disposition, ni vpar

toute autre disposition de la convention.
5. En l’espèce, les Parties ont accordé une attention considéravble aux
demandes d’extradition de la Belgique et au fait que, à ce jour, lve Sénégal
n’a pas extradé M. Habré. Il convient toutefois de souligner que la Cour
ne parvient à aucune conclusion relativement à ces demandes.
6. L’obligation contenue à l’article 7, paragraphe 1, étant de soumettre

l’affaire aux autorités compétentes pour l’exercice de l’vaction pénale, il
importe d’examiner ce qui l’entraîne. Aux termes de l’article 7, para -
graphe 1, l’Etat sur le territoire sous la juridiction duquel l’auteur prvé -
sumé est découvert, « s’il n’extrade pas ce dernier », soumet l’affaire à ses
autorités compétentes pour l’exercice de l’action pénale.v Cela signifie-t-il

que cette obligation est subordonnée à l’existence d’une demvande d’extra -
dition? Je le répète, le fait que les Parties ont accordé beaucoup d’atten -
tion aux demandes d’extradition de la Belgique pourrait donner à penser
que l’obligation du Sénégal d’engager des poursuites à l’encontre de
M. Habré résulte de ce que ce dernier n’a pas été extradév, mais, comme la

Cour, ce n’est pas la conclusion à laquelle je parviens. Bien au cvontraire,
j’adhère à la conclusion de la Cour selon laquelle l’obligatvion d’engager
des poursuites est indépendante d’une demande d’extradition.
7. Les obligations contenues dans les articles 6 et 7, qui sont étroite -
ment liées, découlent de la présence de l’auteur présumév sur le territoire
de l’Etat partie. En vertu de l’article 6, lorsqu’un Etat partie découvre un

auteur présumé sur son territoire, il est tenu de le placer en dévtention, de
procéder immédiatement à une enquête préliminaire pour établir les faits

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would have a basis under the Convention to exercise jurisdiction.
Notably, the obligation to hold the alleged offender in custody applievs

“only for such time as is necessary to enable any criminal or extradivtion
proceedings to be instituted” (Art. 6, para. 1 ; emphasis added). Thus, the
obligations in Article 6 plainly arise before any extradition proceedings
have commenced. If Article 7 required submission of a case for prosecu -
tion only after an extradition request, the placement of the individual vin

custody and the conduct of a preliminary inquiry in the absence of such va
request would be without purpose.

8. The Court’s conclusion that the obligations under Articles 6 and 7
are independent of an extradition request is important to its analysis ovf
Belgium’s standing in this Court. Belgium’s extradition requests dvid not

give rise to Senegal’s duties under Articles 6 and 7 ; those duties were a
consequence of the presence in Senegal of an individual alleged to be
responsible for torture. The Court therefore has no need to decide whethver
Belgium falls within Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Convention (which
refers to the exercise of jurisdiction by a State “[w]hen the victim vis a

national of that State”). This is why, in considering standing, the vCourt
need not concern itself with the fact that none of the complainants in tvhe
proceedings underlying the Belgian extradition requests had Belgian
nationality when the alleged offences occurred.

9. The Court makes a number of important observations in the course
of its conclusion that Belgium has standing to pursue this case against
Senegal. Having established that the duty to prosecute is triggered by tvhe
presence of the alleged offender (and thus is not conditioned on an evxtra -
dition request), the Court considers to whom that duty is owed. I agreev

with the Court that Senegal’s duties to conduct a preliminary inquiryv and
to submit Mr. Habré’s case for prosecution is owed to all States parties.
Here, it is again important to bear in mind the combined package of obli -
gations comprising Articles 4 to 7 of the Convention.

10. Articles 4 and 5 unquestionably impose a duty on States parties
to put in place legislation. This duty must correspond to a right on the
part of some or all of the other State parties ; this is inherent in the nature
of treaty relations. A State party’s adherence to this duty to legislvate is
of consequence to all other States parties, so it is difficult to see why vthe

duty would be owed to some States parties but not to others. In addition,
under Article 6, a State party incurs the duty to place the individual in
custody and immediately to make a preliminary inquiry, whenever an
individual allegedly responsible for torture is present in its territoryv,
without limitation as to the location of the alleged offence or the navtion -
ality of the victim or alleged offender. Once again, a breach of thesev

obligations is of consequence to all States parties. For each of these
provisions, therefore, it can be said that the State in the territory ofv which

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et d’aviser les autres Etats parties auxquelles les dispositions de lva conven -
tion donneraient le droit d’exercer leur compétence. Il y a lieu dve noter

que l’obligation de placer l’auteur présumé en détention vne vaut que
«pendant le délai nécessaire à l’engagement de poursuites pénales ou
d’une procédure d’extradition » (art. 6, par. 1 ; les italiques sont de moi).
Il est donc clair que les obligations énoncées à l’article 6 existent avant le
début de toute procédure d’extradition. Si l’article 7 prévoyait l’exercice

de l’action pénale après la demande d’extradition, la mise evn détention de
l’intéressé et la conduite d’une enquête préliminaire ven l’absence d’une
telle demande seraient vides de sens.
8. La conclusion de la Cour selon laquelle les obligations découlant
des articles 6 et 7 sont indépendantes d’une demande d’extradition joue
un rôle important dans l’analyse que celle-ci fait de la qualité pour agir de

la Belgique. Les obligations du Sénégal au titre des articles 6 et 7 résultent
non pas des demandes d’extradition de la Belgique, mais de la présvence
au Sénégal d’un individu présumé responsable d’actes dve torture. La Cour
n’a donc nul besoin de décider si la qualité pour agir de la Bevlgique relève
de l’article 5, paragraphe 1, de la convention (qui prévoit qu’un Etat peut

établir sa compétence «quand la victime est un ressortissant dudit Etat »).
C’est la raison pour laquelle, en examinant la question de la qualité pour
agir, la Cour n’a pas à se préoccuper du fait que, dans la procvédure
sous-tendant les demandes d’extradition de la Belgique, aucun des plavi -
gnants ne possédait la nationalité belge au moment de la commission des

infractions présumées.
9. La Cour formule un certain nombre d’observations importantes en
parvenant à la conclusion que la Belgique a qualité pour invoquer vla res -
ponsabilité du Sénégal. Après avoir établi que l’obligvation de poursuivre
résulte de la présence de l’auteur présumé (et ne dépvend donc pas d’une
demande d’extradition), la Cour se penche sur la question de savoir

envers qui cette obligation existe. Comme elle, je pense que le Sénégal a
l’obligation envers tous les Etats parties de conduire une enquête prélimi -
naire et d’engager des poursuites pénales contre M. Habré. Il est impor -
tant, là aussi, d’avoir à l’esprit l’ensemble des obligatvions énoncées dans
les articles 4 à 7 de la convention.

10. Les articles 4 et 5 imposent incontestablement aux Etats parties le
devoir de mettre en place la législation nécessaire. Ce devoir doivt corres -
pondre à un droit de la part de certains ou de tous les autres Etats vparties,
ce qui est inhérent aux relations conventionnelles. Le respect par unv Etat
partie de ce devoir de légiférer ayant des conséquences pour tovus les

autres Etats parties, on voit mal pourquoi il serait tenu de s’en acqvuitter
envers certains seulement. En outre, en vertu de l’article 6, un Etat partie
a le devoir de placer la personne présumée responsable d’actes vde torture
en détention et de procéder immédiatement à une enquête pvréliminaire
dans tous les cas où cette personne se trouve sur son territoire, quevl que
soit le lieu où l’infraction aurait été commise, ou la natiovnalité de la vic -

time ou de l’auteur présumé. Je le répète, une violation vde ces obligations
a des conséquences pour tous les Etats parties. Pour chacune de ces dvis -

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the offender is found has duties that correspond to rights on the partv of
all other States parties.

11. If the text of Article 7, paragraph 1, is considered in isolation from
the related obligations in Articles 4, 5 and 6, it might be argued that the
obligation set forth in Article 7, paragraph 1, is owed not to all States
parties, but only to certain States. In particular, Article 7, paragraph 1,

requires submission for prosecution “in cases contemplated in Articlev 5”.
This might be seen to suggest that the duty to submit a case for prosecu -
tion is owed only to States that fit within Article 5 : the State in the terri -
tory of which the offence allegedly occurred ; the State of the offender’s
nationality; and the State of the victim’s nationality (if that State exer -
cises jurisdiction based on a victim’s nationality). This more parsivmoni -

ous approach would greatly reduce the potency of the related obligationsv
in Articles 4 to 7 of the Convention. It would mean, for example, that the
State where the alleged offender is located owes no duty to any other v
State in a situation in which the alleged torture occurs in its territorvy and
the victim and alleged offender are nationals of that State. The terrivtorial

State would be free to accord impunity to the alleged offender. The prob -
lem would persist if the alleged offender fled to the territory of another
State. The State in the territory of which the alleged offence occurrevd
(which, in this example, is also the State of nationality of the allegevd
offender and of the victim) might decide not to invoke the responsibivlity

of the State in the territory of which the alleged offender is locatedv. If the
latter State owes no duty to any other State party, the alleged offendver
will enjoy precisely the sort of safe haven that the Convention was
intended to eliminate. These situations are hypothetical, but they are not
far-fetched. They serve to illustrate that the obligations at issue could bev
entirely hollow unless they are obligations erga omnes partes.

12. For these reasons, I conclude that the duties imposed by Article 6,
paragraph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Convention are duties
erga omnes partes. This characterization may not fit every provision of
the Convention. Moreover, an “extradite or prosecute” provision inv

another treaty would give rise to a duty to a particular State if, in favct, it
required extradition.
13. As a consequence of its conclusion that the duties under Article 6,
paragraph 2, and Article 7, paragraph 1, are owed to all States parties,
the Court concludes that Belgium has standing in this Court to invoke

Senegal’s responsibility in respect of the alleged breach of these duvties.
The Court integrates into a single step its understanding of the primaryv
rules specified in the Convention ; their erga omnes character ; and the
secondary rules of State responsibility (i.e., that Belgium may invoke v
Senegal’s responsibility). In all respects, the Court’s analysis vturns on
substantive law.

14. These issues of substantive law might well have been examined as
part of the Court’s analysis of the merits. In the Judgment, however,v the

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positions, on peut donc dire que l’Etat sur le territoire duquel l’vauteur de
l’infraction est découvert a des devoirs qui correspondent à devs droits de

tous les autres Etats parties.
11. Si l’on considère le texte de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, indépendam -
ment des obligations énoncées aux articles 4, 5 et 6, il serait possible de
faire valoir que l’obligation contenue à l’article 7, paragraphe 1, est due
non pas à tous les Etats parties mais seulement à certains d’envtre eux. En

particulier, l’article 7, paragraphe 1, stipule que des poursuites doivent
être engagées «dans les cas visés à l’article 5». On pourrait en déduire que
l’obligation d’engager des poursuites n’est due qu’aux Etatsv visés par l’ar -
ticle 5 : l’Etat sur le territoire duquel l’infraction aurait été covmmise ;
l’Etat dont l’auteur présumé est ressortissant et l’Etat dont la victime est
ressortissante (si cet Etat exerce sa compétence sur la base de la nvationa -

lité d’une victime). Cette approche plus restrictive réduiraitv considérable-
ment l’efficacité des obligations connexes énoncées aux artvicles 4 à 7 de la
convention. Il en résulterait, par exemple, que l’Etat où se trouve l’auteur
présumé n’a d’obligations envers aucun autre Etat dans le cavs où les actes
de torture présumés se sont produits sur son territoire et où lva victime et

l’auteur présumé sont ses ressortissants. L’Etat sur le terrvitoire duquel se
trouve l’auteur présumé serait libre de lui accorder l’impunvité. Le pro -
blème serait le même si l’auteur présumé s’enfuyait davns un autre Etat.
L’Etat sur le territoire duquel l’infraction aurait été commvise (qui, dans
cet exemple, est aussi celui dont l’auteur présumé et la victimve sont ressor -

tissants) pourrait décider de ne pas invoquer la responsabilité de l’Etat
sur le territoire duquel se trouve l’auteur présumé. Si ce dernvier n’a pas
d’obligation envers un autre Etat partie, l’auteur présumé bvénéficiera pré -
cisément du type de refuge que la convention vise à supprimer. Ces situa -
tions sont hypothétiques, mais elles ne sont pas irréalistes. Ellevs montrent
que les obligations en cause pourraient être entièrement vides de vsens si

elles ne sont pas erga omnes partes.
12. Pour ces raisons, je considère que les obligations imposées par l’ar -
ticle 6, paragraphe 2 et l’article 7, paragraphe 1, de la convention sont des
obligations erga omnes partes, ce qui n’est peut-être pas le cas de toutes
les dispositions de cet instrument. De plus, une disposition « extrader ou

poursuivre» dans un autre instrument créerait une obligation envers un
Etat particulier si, en fait, celui-ci demandait l’extradition.
13. Ayant établi que les obligations énoncées à l’article 6, paragraphe 2,
et à l’article 7, paragraphe 1, sont dues à tous les Etats parties, la Cour
conclut que la Belgique a qualité pour invoquer la responsabilité vdu Séné -

gal pour ce qui est de la violation alléguée de ses obligations. Lva Cour
intègre en une même étape son interprétation des règles pvrimaires énon -
cées dans la convention, leur caractère erga omnes et les règles secondaires
de la responsabilité des Etats (à savoir que la Belgique peut invoquer la
responsabilité du Sénégal). A tous égards, l’analyse de vla Cour est centrée
sur le droit matériel.

14. Ces questions de droit matériel pourraient fort bien avoir été vexa -
minées dans le cadre de l’analyse au fond. Dans l’arrêt, touvtefois, la Cour

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Court frames the issue as a question of standing, which, in turn, it trevats
as an aspect of admissibility. As the Court has stated before, objectionvs to

admissibility
“normally take the form of an assertion that, even if the Court has

jurisdiction and the facts stated by the applicant State are assumed to
be correct, nonetheless there are reasons why the Court should not
proceed to an examination of the merits” (Oil Platforms (Islamic
Republic of Iran v.United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2003, p. 177, para. 29).

Such reasons could include “a failure to comply with the rules as to v
nationality of claims ; failure to exhaust local remedies ; the agreement of

the parties to use another method of pacific settlement ; or mootness of
the claim” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish -
ment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objec -
tions, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 456, para. 120).

15. It is not obvious that the content of certain duties imposed by the
Convention against Torture, or the question as to which States parties
those duties are owed, should fall within this category of obstacles to vthe
exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction. The Court’s decision to addrvess these
questions under the rubric of admissibility is without practical effecvt in

the present case, in which jurisdiction, admissibility and the merits wevre
all considered in the same phase of the proceedings. The matter may
require further analysis and elaboration in future cases in which an Appvli -
cation is premised on obligations erga omnes partes.
16. In respect of the question of standing, I have also considered that
the compromissory clause of the Convention permits States to opt out of v

the jurisdiction of this Court (see Art. 30, para. 2). The suggestion has
been made that this flexibility as to dispute resolution undermines thve
conclusion that a State’s duties to conduct an immediate inquiry and vto
submit a case for prosecution are duties erga omnes partes. That reason -
ing would apply to many human rights treaties that permit flexibility vas to

dispute resolution mechanisms. I am not convinced that such institutionavl
provisions detract from the erga omnes partes character of particular obli -
gations.

17. When the Court concluded that the erga omnes character of a norm

could not itself be the basis for the Court’s jurisdiction, it observved that
“the erga omnes character of a norm and the rule of consent to jurisdic -
tion are two different things” (East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judg -
ment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 102, para. 29; see also Armed Activities on
the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic
of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,

I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 32, para. 64). The erga omnes partes character of
provisions of the Convention against Torture defines the duties of allv

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leur donne pour cadre la question de la qualité pour agir qu’elle vtraite
ensuite comme un aspect de la recevabilité. Comme elle l’a indiquév précé-

demment,
«normalement, une exception à la recevabilité consiste à affirmver

que, quand bien même la Cour serait compétente et les faits exposévs
par l’Etat demandeur seraient tenus pour exacts, il n’en existe pavs
moins des raisons pour lesquelles il n’y a pas lieu pour la Cour de
statuer au fond » (Plates-formes pétrolières (République islamique
d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2003, p. 177,

par. 29).
On peut citer, entre autres, la constatation « qu’il n’a pas été satisfait aux
règles régissant la nationalité des réclamations, que les voies de recours

internes n’ont pas été épuisées, que les parties sont convvenues de recourir
à un autre mode de règlement pacifique des différends, ou qvue la demande
est sans objet» (Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répres -
sion du crime de génocide (Croatie c. Serbie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 456, par. 120).

15. Il ne va pas de soi que le contenu de certaines obligations imposées v
par la convention ou la question de savoir à quels Etats parties ces vobli -
gations sont dues entrent dans cette catégorie d’obstacles à l’vexercice de la
compétence de la Cour. La décision de la Cour d’examiner ces quvestions
au titre de la recevabilité n’a pas d’effet pratique dans la vprésente affaire,

dans laquelle compétence, recevabilité et fond ont été examivnés au même
stade de la procédure. Il sera peut-être nécessaire d’analysver plus avant et
de mieux cerner la question à l’avenir en cas de requête fondéev sur des
obligations erga omnes partes.
16. Pour ce qui est de la question de la qualité pour agir, j’ai égvalement
réfléchi au fait que la clause compromissoire de la convention pvermet aux

Etats de se soustraire à la compétence de la Cour (voir art. 30, par. 2.). Il
a été observé que la souplesse de ce mécanisme de règlemevnt des diffé -
rends affaiblit la conclusion selon laquelle les obligations d’un Etat de
procéder immédiatement à une enquête préliminaire et d’vengager des
poursuites pénales sont des obligations erga omnes partes. Ce raisonne -

ment vaudrait pour bien des instruments relatifs aux droits de l’hommve
qui autorisent une certaine souplesse dans les mécanismes de règlevment
des différends. Je ne suis pas convaincue que ce type de dispositiovns
nuisent au caractère erga omnes partes d’obligations particulières.
17. Lorsque la Cour a conclu que le caractère erga omnes d’une norme

ne pouvait pas en lui-même être la base de sa compétence, elle va fait obser -
ver que «l’opposabilité erga omnes d’une norme et la règle du consentement
à la juridiction [étaient] deux choses différentes» (Timor oriental (Portugal
c. Australie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1995, p. 102, par. 29; voir aussi Activités
armées sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle requête : 2002) (République
démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt,

C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 32, par. 64). Le caractère erga omnes partes des dis -
positions de la convention contre la torture définit les devoirs dev tous les

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6 CIJ1033.indb 337 28/11/13 12:50 589 obligation to prosecuvte or extradite (decl. dvonoghue)

States parties, as a matter of substantive law. All States parties have van
obligation to implement those duties in good faith, regardless of the divs -

pute resolution mechanisms associated with the particular treaty. Thus, vI
do not see how flexibility as to dispute resolution mechanisms could evrode
the substance of a State’s duties under a treaty. They are, once again,
“two different things”. The fact that the Court chose to analyse Belgium’s
substantive rights as a question of admissibility does not change this cvon -

clusion.
18. I have one final point regarding the interpretation of Article 7,
paragraph 1, relating to the temporal scope of the obligation to submit a
case for prosecution. I agree with the Court that Senegal’s obligatiovn to
submit Mr. Habré’s case to prosecution does not extend to offences that
allegedly occurred prior to entry into force of the Convention. As the

Court observes, treaties are not interpreted to bind parties in relationv to
facts that took place prior to their entry into force unless a differevnt inten-
tion is established. This presumption is of particular relevance when covn-
sidering treaty provisions that impose obligations in the field of criminal
law. The obligation to submit a case for prosecution can be interpreted vto

apply to acts allegedly committed before entry into force only if the Covn -
vention also requires a State party to criminalize torture retroactivelyv
(under Article 4) and to establish its jurisdiction retroactively (under
Article 5). There is nothing in the treaty, nor, to my knowledge, in the
travaux préparatoires, indicating such an intention.

19. There is an important distinction, however, between the conclusion
that Senegal is not required by the treaty to prosecute for offences tvhat
allegedly occurred before the entry into force of the Convention and thev
question whether it has discretion to do so. As the Court notes, nothing

in the Convention precludes Senegal from submitting for prosecution
offences that occurred before entry into force of the Convention. Looking
beyond the Convention, Article 15 of the 1966 International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights reflects a general prohibition on retroactive
criminal laws, which also is a part of many national legal systems. None -

theless, the Covenant admits of exceptions for offences that previouslvy had
been recognized as crimes. A State might therefore decide to prosecute
an alleged offender in respect of acts of torture committed prior to enacvt -
ment of a particular statute because it concludes that the conduct in ques-
tion was criminal even before enactment of that particular statute. But v

the prospect that such retroactive application of a statute would be lawvful
does not mean that the Convention requires a State party to enact retro -
active criminal statutes. I agree with the Court that the Convention canv-
not be interpreted to have imposed sub silentio an obligation to enact
retroactive criminal laws.

20. I also note that the Court’s conclusion on the temporal scope of
Article 7, paragraph 1, does not free Senegal from the obligation to

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Etats parties, en tant que question de droit matériel. Tous les Etatsv parties
ont une obligation de s’acquitter de ces devoirs de bonne foi, indévpendam -

ment du mécanisme de règlement des différends associé àv l’instrument en
question. Je ne vois donc pas comment la souplesse des mécanismes de
règlement des différends pourrait altérer quant au fond les ovbligations
conventionnelles d’un Etat. Il s’agit, là encore, de « deux choses diffé -
rentes». Que la Cour ait choisi d’analyser les droits substantiels de lav Bel-

gique comme une question de recevabilité ne modifie pas cette conclvusion.
18. Je voudrais formuler une dernière observation en ce qui concerne
l’interprétation de l’article 7 paragraphe 1, relatif à la portée temporelle
de l’obligation d’engager des poursuites. Je pense, comme la Cour, que
l’obligation du Sénégal de soumettre l’affaire de M. Habré à ses autorités
compétentes pour l’exercice de l’action pénale ne s’étvend pas aux infrac -

tions qui se seraient produites avant l’entrée en vigueur de la convention.
Comme la Cour le fait observer, les conventions ne sont pas interprétvées
comme liant les parties pour des faits commis préalablement à leurv entrée
en vigueur à moins qu’une intention différente ne soit étavblie. Cette pré -
somption revêt une importance particulière dans le cas des disposivtions

conventionnelles qui imposent des obligations dans le domaine du droit
pénal. L’obligation de poursuivre ne peut être interprétéve comme s’appli -
quant à des actes qui auraient été commis avant l’entrée ven vigueur de la
convention que si celle-ci exige aussi de l’Etat partie qu’il érige la torture
en infraction pénale rétroactivement (art. 4) et qu’il établisse sa compé -

tence rétroactivement (art. 5). Rien dans la convention ni, à ma connais -
sance, dans les travaux préparatoires n’indique pareille intentionv.
19. Il existe cependant une distinction importante entre la conclusion
selon laquelle le Sénégal n’est pas tenu par la convention d’vengager des
poursuites pour des infractions qui auraient été commises avant l’ventrée
en vigueur de celle-ci et la question de savoir s’il a latitude pour vle faire.

Comme la Cour le relève, rien dans la convention n’empêche le Svénégal
d’engager des poursuites pour des infractions commises avant l’entvrée en
vigueur de la convention. Si l’on se réfère à d’autres invstruments, l’ar -
ticle 15 du Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques de 1966
énonce une interdiction générale des lois pénales rétroactives, qui existe

également dans bien des systèmes juridiques nationaux. Le pacte prvévoit
cependant des exceptions dans le cas d’infractions qui avaient étév précé -
demment qualifiées de crimes. Un Etat pourrait donc décider de pvour -
suivre un auteur présumé pour des actes de torture commis avant l’entrée
en vigueur d’une loi donnée parce qu’il considère que le comvportement en

cause était passible de sanctions pénales même avant l’adoptvion de cette
loi. Mais la perspective de la licéité d’une telle application vrétroactive de
la loi ne signifie pas que la convention oblige un Etat partie à mettre en
œuvre des lois pénales rétroactives. Comme la Cour, je pense quve la
convention ne peut être interprétée comme imposant sub silentio une obli -
gation d’adopter des lois pénales rétroactives.

20. Je relève aussi que la conclusion de la Cour concernant la portée v
temporelle de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, ne libère pas le Sénégal de l’obli -

171

6 CIJ1033.indb 339 28/11/13 12:50 590 obligation to prosecuvte or extradite (decl. dvonoghue)

prosecute Mr. Habré, because the claims made against Mr. Habré

include many serious offences allegedly committed after 26 June 1987, as
is clear from the complaints filed in Senegalese and Belgian courts.

21. The dispositive paragraphs of today’s Judgment bind only the Par -
ties. Nonetheless, the Court’s interpretation of a multilateral treatvy (or of

customary international law) can have implications for other States. The
far-reaching nature of the legal issues presented by this case is revealed bvy
the number of questions posed by Members of the Court during oral pro -
ceedings. The Court would be ill-advised in such circumstances to confine
itself to the legal conclusions advanced by the two States that happen tvo

appear before it. In Jurisdictional Immunities of the State ((Germany v.
Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), p. 99), for
example, two States from a single region, with a common legal tradition,v
agreed on many aspects of the law governing foreign State immunity.
Because its conclusions had implications for other States, however, the

Court conducted its own analysis of customary international law. In
interpreting the Convention against Torture, the Court once again wiselyv
has not limited itself to positions advanced by the Parties.

(Signed) Joan E. Donoghue.

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6 CIJ1033.indb 340 28/11/13 12:50 obligation de poursuivvre ou d’extrader (décl.v donoghue)590

gation de poursuivre M. Habré, car certaines des allégations dont ce der -

nier fait l’objet portent sur nombre d’infractions graves qui auravient été
commises après le 26 juin 1987, comme le font clairement apparaître les
plaintes déposées devant des juridictions sénégalaises et bevlges.
21. Le dispositif de l’arrêt rendu ce jour ne lie que les Parties. Névan -
moins, l’interprétation que la Cour donne d’un instrument multivlatéral

(ou de droit international coutumier) peut avoir des incidences pour
d’autres Etats. La portée considérable des questions juridiquesv posées par
cette affaire ressort du nombre de questions posées par les membresv de la
Cour pendant la procédure orale. Aussi celle-ci serait-elle mal aviséve de se
limiter aux conclusions juridiques formulées par les deux Etats qui se

trouvaient être parties à l’affaire. Dans l’affaire relavtive aux Immunités
juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie; Grèce (intervenant)) (arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 99), par exemple, deux Etats d’une même
région ayant une tradition juridique commune se sont entendus sur bievn
des aspects du droit régissant l’immunité d’un Etat étranvger. Mais, parce

que ses conclusions avaient des incidences pour d’autres Etats, la Covur a
procédé à sa propre analyse du droit international coutumier. Evn inter -
prétant la convention contre la torture, la Cour, cette fois aussi, av eu la
sagesse de ne pas se limiter aux positions avancées par les Parties.

(Signé) Joan E. Donoghue.

172

6 CIJ1033.indb 341 28/11/13 12:50

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Donoghue

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