Declaration of Judge Owada

Document Number
144-20120720-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
144-20120720-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

464

DECLARATION OF JUDGE OWADA

1. I have voted in favour of the Judgment in support of all the points
contained in its operative paragraph 122. Nevertheless, I entertain some
divergence of views from the position taken by the present Judgment withv

regard to its methodology of handling the case before us. The divergencev of
views on the methodology relates mainly to the issue of how the Court
should appreciate the nature of the present dispute and define its subvject-ma-
ter. This difference surfaces specifically in two respects, the issuve of juri-ic
tion and the issue of admissibility. I shall treat these issues as succivnctly as

possible, so that my approach to the present dispute may be made clear.

A. Jurisdiction

2. The present Judgment arrives at the conclusion in its paragraph 48
that :

“The Court finds that any dispute that may have existed between
the Parties with regard to the interpretation or application of Arti -
cle 5, paragraph 2, of the Convention had ended by the time the
Application was filed. Thus, the Court lacks jurisdiction to decide onv

Belgium’s claim relating to the obligation under Article 5, para -
graph 2.”

3. In its letter of 17 February 2009 submitting the Application institut -
ing the present proceedings, Belgium as Applicant specifies its cause vof
action for bringing the present dispute between Belgium and Senegal as
consisting in “Senegal’s failure to act on its obligation to punisvh crimes
under international humanitarian law alleged against the former Presi -

dent of Chad, Mr. Hissène Habré, who is currently living in Dakar, Sen -
egal” (Application, p. 3). In the Application itself, Belgium requests the
Court to adjudge and declare that “the Republic of Senegal is obligedv to
bring criminal proceedings against Mr. H. Habré” and that “failing the

prosecution of Mr. H. Habré, the Republic of Senegal is obliged to extra-
dite him to the Kingdom of Belgium so that he can answer for these
crimes before the Belgian courts” (ibid., para. 16).
4. In its final submissions at the end of the oral proceedings, Belgium
concludes as follows :

“For the reasons set out in its Memorial and during the oral pro -
ceedings, the Kingdom of Belgium requests the International Court

of Justice to adjudge and declare that :

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(a) Senegal breached its international obligations by failing to incor-
porate in due time in its domestic law the provisions necessary to

enable the Senegalese judicial authorities to exercise the universal
jurisdiction provided for in Article 5, paragraph 2, of the Con -
vention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment ;
(b) Senegal has breached and continues to breach its international

obligations under Article 6, paragraph 2, and Article 7, para -
graph 1, of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and under
other rules of international law by failing to bring criminal pro -
ceedings against Hissène Habré for acts characterized in particu -

lar as crimes of torture, war crimes, crimes against humanity
and the crime of genocide alleged against him as perpetrator,
co-perpetrator or accomplice, or, otherwise, to extradite him to
Belgium for the purposes of such criminal proceedings.”

5. Taken as a whole, these submissions of Belgium seem to make it clear
that Belgium takes the position that the subject-matter of the dispute it has
brought before the Court is the comprehensive whole of the entire conducvt

of Senegal in the Habré affair, in particular, its conduct of not pvroceeding
to the prosecution of Mr. Habré, and of not extraditing Mr. Habré to Bel -
gium in the absence of taking steps to proceed to the prosecution. It isv thus
the totality of the conduct of Senegal with respect to Mr. Habré in the years
from 2000 up to 2009, when the case was filed by Application, in which

Belgium charges Senegal with breach of its international obligations,
inter alia, under the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman
or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (hereinafter the “Convention”v).
6. Senegal’s position has also consistently been that the Court lacks
jurisdiction in relation to the whole of the Habré affair because “vno dis -

pute exists between the Parties” (Counter-Memorial of Senegal, p. 41,
para. 162) :

“It has never indicated that it opposed or refused to accept the
principle or extent of the obligations implied by the Convention
against Torture. At no time have the Parties in question held oppos -
ing views about the meaning or scope of their central obligation, to
‘prosecute or extradite’.” (Ibid., pp. 33-34, para. 135.)

Within the section on jurisdiction of its Counter-Memorial, Senegal

expounds its position by repeated references to the point that it has imvple -
mented steps all along to enable criminal proceedings to begin against
Mr. Habré.
7. Senegal refers to Article 5, paragraph 2, specifically at the end of its
jurisdiction section. However, Senegal does so only in passing, and in tvhe

context of a series of measures taken by Senegal in carrying out its obliga -
tions under the Convention. The full relevant passage is as follows :

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“Furthermore, Belgium has obviously ‘manufactured’ a dispute in
order to seise the Court. Given all of the amendments that have been

made to the Code of Criminal Procedure to enable the Senegalese
courts to prosecute offences committed abroad by foreigners once
those offences have been classified as ‘torture’, how can it rvequest the
Court to adjudge and declare that :

‘1. (a) Senegal breached its international obligations by failing to
incorporate in its domestic law the provisions necessary to
enable the Senegalese judicial authorities to exercise the uni

versal jurisdiction provided for in Article5, paragraph2, of
the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman
or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’?

How can a dispute exist as to the interpretation and application of
the Convention when Senegal has fulfilled all its obligations ?”
(Counter-Memorial of Senegal, pp. 44-45, paras. 177-178 (quoting

Belgium’s submission in its Memorial).)
8. In its oral pleadings, Senegal adds little on the issue of jurisdiction.v

Senegal maintains its general position on the non-existence of a dispute
which covers the entirety of the relevant obligations under the Conven -
tion by summarily stating that there is “no dispute between Belgium avnd
Senegal on the application of the Convention against Torture” (CR 2012/4,
p. 19, para. 46). Senegal specifically states that it “has never repudiated itsv

duty” to try Mr. Habré (ibid., p. 28, para. 38). It also notes in a general
manner that “Senegal has taken a number of measures with a view to
creating the conditions to try Hissène Habré, both from a legal and a
practical standpoint” (CR 2012/5, p. 15, para. 9).

9. Despite these positions of the Parties, the Judgment, choosing to

focus on the specific issue of Article 5, paragraph 2, of the Convention,
concludes that “the Court lacks jurisdiction to decide on Belgium’vs claim
relating to the obligation under Article 5, paragraph 2” (Judgment,
para. 48).

10. The approach of Belgium is justified by, and in my view consistent
with, the structure of the Convention, the purpose of which is to createv a
comprehensive legal framework for enforcing the principle aut dedere
aut judicare, so that the culprit of the crime of torture may not get away
with impunity. The Convention is not looked at as a mere collection of

independent international obligations, where each violation is assessed v
separately on its own and independently of the others.
11. This methodology employed in the Judgment, when seen in light of
the history of the present dispute as a whole, as well as the position tvaken by
the Parties in arguing the case as described above, is in my view too fovrmal -

istic and somewhat artificial. The Judgment has adopted a methodology
that is too formalistic in the sense that it is engaging in an exercise vof dis

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membering the organic whole of this legal framework which consists of an
amalgamated whole of procedural steps starting with Article 4 and leading

to Article 8 of the Convention, and of assessing each of these component
elements separately to determine whether there was a dispute relating tov
each of these provisions of the Convention at the critical date, that is, the
time of the filing of the Application.
12. Based on this analytical approach, the Judgment has come to the con -

clusion that, as far as the obligation under Article 5, paragraph 2, of the C-on
vention is concerned, “the Court lacks jurisdiction to decide on Belgvium’s
claim relating to the obligation under Article 5, paragraph 2” (Judgment,
para. 48) — a claim contained in paragraph 1 (a) of its final submissions. In
reaching this conclusion, the Judgment relies upon a purely formalistic and
even largely artificial logic that by the time of the Application (in 2009) the

situation had been rectified (though not remedied!), and there was thus no
longer a disputeon that specific point between the Parties. This seems to me in
a sense a distortion of the subject-matter of the present dispute.
13. In my opinion, the better view, which is in line with the object and
purpose of the relevant Articles of the Convention, and thus of the Con -

vention as a whole, would have been to interpret the subject-matter of the
dispute between Belgium and Senegal to be one comprising in its scope
the whole of the process of implementation by Senegal of the system of
aut dedere aut judicare as contained in the Convention and to treat the
whole of the Belgian claim defined within this overall scope as fallinvg

within the jurisdiction of the Court.
14. If we base ourselves on this approach, nothing substantive would
change in terms of the main course of the reasoning part of the Judgmentv,
nor of its operative part. The actual legal situation obtaining up to 20v07,
emanating from the absence of “such measures as may be necessary to
establish its [i.e., Senegal’s] jurisdiction over such offences [i.ve., the

offences allegedly committed by Mr. Habré]” (Convention, Art. 5,
para. 2), had been rectified in 2007 — before the time of the Application
in 2009 — but only partially in the entire context of the subject-matter of
the dispute between the Parties.

Outside of this context, and as far as the question whether there was a v
case for breach of the obligation under Article 5 of the Convention by
Senegal is concerned, it may of course be said that the matter has become
a moot point. Be that as it may, what is important is that the considerav-

tion of this particular point should not jurisdictionally be excluded from
the scope of the competence of the Court under Article 30 of the Conven -
tion in proceeding to the examination of alleged breaches of Articles 6
and 7. This point constitutes a legal premise for such examination. In
order to achieve this, it would be sufficient for the Court to make a
declaratory finding that there had been a breach of the obligation undver

Article 5 of the Convention. This declaratory finding should then form
the legal basis for its subsequent ruling on the breach of obligations uvnder

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Articles 6 and 7 of the Convention. It is important to underline that this
breach of the obligation under Article 5 is not just a factual background in

light of which the issue of the violation of the obligation under Articles 6
and 7 could be examined. The latter is a legal consequence that flows
directly from the Court’s judicial determination that there had been va
breach of the obligation under Article 5, paragraph 2, of the Convention.

B. Admissibility

15. I have voted in favour of operative paragraph 122, subpara -

graph (3), of the Judgment, to the extent that I can accept the Court’s
finding that the claims of Belgium are admissible. Nevertheless, I wisvh to
underline that this finding of the Court is built on its reasoning thavt Bel-
gium’s entitlement to this standing derives from its status as a Statve party
to the Convention, and nothing else.

16. In paragraph 66, the Judgment accepts that there exists a diver -
gence of views between the Parties concerning Belgium’s entitlement tvo
bring a claim to the Court. The Judgment explains that :

“The divergence of views between the Parties concerning Belgium’s
entitlement to bring its claims against Senegal before the Court with
regard to the application of the Convention in the case of Mr. Habré
raises the issue of Belgium’s standing. For that purpose, Belgium

based its claims not only on its status as a party to the Convention
but also on the existence of a special interest that would distinguish
Belgium from the other parties to the Convention and give it a specific
entitlement in the case of Mr. Habré.”

17. Nevertheless, without addressing the main aspect of this divergence
of views between the Parties (referred to in paragraph 64 (Senegal) and
paragraph 65 (Belgium) of the Judgment), which admittedly relates to an

issue that belongs to the merits of the case, the Judgment chooses to fovcus
exclusively on the issue of the status of Belgium as a party to the Convven -
tion for determining the issue of Belgium’s standing in the present cvase. The
Judgment, proceeding with the statement that it “will first considevr whether
being a party to the Convention is sufficient for a State to be entitlevd to
bring a claim to the Court concerning the cessation of alleged violationvs by

another State party of its obligations under that instrument” (Judgmvent,
para. 67), goes on to expound the reason why Belgium, as a State party to
the Convention, is entitled to its standing under the Convention.
18. In addressing the question of Belgium’s standing in the present
case in this way, the Judgment avoids squarely addressing the primary,

though more contentious, claim of Belgium on the issue of its standing
under the Convention — the claim that :

“Belgium is not only a ‘State other than an injured State’, butv has
also the right to invoke the responsibility of Senegal as an ‘injuredv State’

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under Article 42 (b) (i) of the Articles on State Responsibility. Indeed,
Belgium, to quote the commentary of the International Law Commis-

sion is ‘affected by the breach in a way which distinguishes it frovm
the generality of other States to which the obligation is owed’. Indeved,
Belgium is in a particular position as compared to all other States
parties to the Torture Convention because, in this particular case, it
has availed itself of its right under Article 5 to exercise its jurisdiction

and to request extradition. This is equally true with regard to general
international law. And once again, the nationality of the victims is
irrelevant in this regard as a matter of international law . . .”
(CR 2012/6, p. 54, para. 60.)

19. In spite of this contention of Belgium, the Judgment focuses exclu -
sively on the claim that Belgium is a State party to a Convention which
allegedly creates obligations erga omnes partes. Thus the Judgment states:

“The States parties to the Convention have a common interest to
ensure, in view of their shared values, that acts of torture are pre -

vented and that, if they occur, their authors do not enjoy impunity.
The obligations of a State party to conduct a preliminary inquiry into
the facts and to submit the case to its competent authorities for
prosecution are triggered by the presence of the alleged offender in
its territory, regardless of the nationality of the offender or the vic -

tims, or of the place where the alleged offences occurred. All the other
States parties have a common interest in compliance with these obli -
gations by the State in whose territory the alleged offender is presenvt.
That common interest implies that the obligations in question are
owed by any State party to all the other States parties to the Conven-

tion.” (Judgment, para. 68.)

On that basis the Judgment concludes that :
“Belgium, as a State party to the Convention against Torture, has

standing to invoke the responsibility of Senegal for the alleged
breaches of its obligations under Article 6, paragraph 2, and Article 7,
paragraph 1, of the Convention in the present proceedings. Therefore,
the claims of Belgium based on these provisions are admissible.”
(Ibid., para. 70.)

20. The Judgment dismisses Belgium’s main argument, as quoted
above, stating that

“As a consequence, there is no need for the Court to pronounce on
whether Belgium also has a special interest with respect to Senegal’sv

compliance with the relevant provisions of the Convention in the case
of Mr. Habré.” (Ibid.)

21. Setting aside the issue of plausibility of this arguably controversial
basis for entitlement of a State party to the Convention involving

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erga omnes partes obligations to seise the Court (see, in this respect, the
separate opinion of Judge Skotnikov), what I wish to point out here is

that this approach of the Judgment to recognize the standing of Belgium v
to bring the case before the Court will inevitably have its legal conse -
quences upon the scope of the subject-matter of the dispute that is admis -
sible before the Court and upon the nature and the scope of the claims ovn
which Belgium can seise the Court in this dispute. The main contention ovf

Belgium on admissibility was based on its special interest as an “injvured
State” (CR 2012/6, p. 54, para. 60). This contention, however, has now
cautiously been avoided by the Judgment, ostensibly on the ground that
the Court was concerned, at this phase of the proceedings, only with thev
issue of admissibility. This reluctance to face the issue, however, willv, in
my view, inherently have legal repercussions when the Judgment addressesv

the merits of the Belgian claims.
22. The legal consequence of adopting such an approach is that Bel -
gium is entitled in its capacity as a State party to the Convention, likve
any other State party to the same Convention, only to insist on compli -
ance by Senegal with the obligations arising under the Convention. It

can go no further. Since the Judgment has not ruled upon the Belgian
claim that it can claim “a particular position” (ibid.) as an injured
State, Belgium is in a legal position neither to claim the extradition ovf
Mr. Habré under Article 5, paragraph 2, of the Convention as it seems
to be claiming, nor to demand an immediate notification as a State

party to which it is entitled under Article 6, paragraph 4, of the Conven -
tion.

23. It is to be added in any case that the legal situation under the Con -
vention is that, as the Judgment states so clearly (para. 95), extradition is
nothing more than an option open to the States on whose territory an

alleged offender is present in relation to the States parties referred to in
Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Convention, and not an obligation to carry
out in relation to any other States parties to the Convention, includingv
those within the category of States referred to in Article 5, paragraph 1.
Be that as it may, Belgium’s standing as recognized by the present

Judgment cannot allow Belgium in the present case to claim any special
interest under Article 5 of the Convention. The request of Belgium
contained in paragraph 2 (b) of its final submissions asking the Court to
adjudge and declare that “[Senegal] extradit[e] Hissène Habré to Belgium
without further ado” (emphasis added) has to fail on this ground.

(Signed) Hisashi Owada.

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Bilingual Content

464

DECLARATION OF JUDGE OWADA

1. I have voted in favour of the Judgment in support of all the points
contained in its operative paragraph 122. Nevertheless, I entertain some
divergence of views from the position taken by the present Judgment withv

regard to its methodology of handling the case before us. The divergencev of
views on the methodology relates mainly to the issue of how the Court
should appreciate the nature of the present dispute and define its subvject-ma-
ter. This difference surfaces specifically in two respects, the issuve of juri-ic
tion and the issue of admissibility. I shall treat these issues as succivnctly as

possible, so that my approach to the present dispute may be made clear.

A. Jurisdiction

2. The present Judgment arrives at the conclusion in its paragraph 48
that :

“The Court finds that any dispute that may have existed between
the Parties with regard to the interpretation or application of Arti -
cle 5, paragraph 2, of the Convention had ended by the time the
Application was filed. Thus, the Court lacks jurisdiction to decide onv

Belgium’s claim relating to the obligation under Article 5, para -
graph 2.”

3. In its letter of 17 February 2009 submitting the Application institut -
ing the present proceedings, Belgium as Applicant specifies its cause vof
action for bringing the present dispute between Belgium and Senegal as
consisting in “Senegal’s failure to act on its obligation to punisvh crimes
under international humanitarian law alleged against the former Presi -

dent of Chad, Mr. Hissène Habré, who is currently living in Dakar, Sen -
egal” (Application, p. 3). In the Application itself, Belgium requests the
Court to adjudge and declare that “the Republic of Senegal is obligedv to
bring criminal proceedings against Mr. H. Habré” and that “failing the

prosecution of Mr. H. Habré, the Republic of Senegal is obliged to extra-
dite him to the Kingdom of Belgium so that he can answer for these
crimes before the Belgian courts” (ibid., para. 16).
4. In its final submissions at the end of the oral proceedings, Belgium
concludes as follows :

“For the reasons set out in its Memorial and during the oral pro -
ceedings, the Kingdom of Belgium requests the International Court

of Justice to adjudge and declare that :

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DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE OWADA

[Traduction]

1. J’ai voté en faveur de la position exprimée dans l’arrêt vsur tous les
points du dispositif (par. 122). Je nourris néanmoins certaines réserves,
par rapport à cette position, en ce qui concerne la démarche adoptvée pour

juger cette affaire, réserves qui concernent principalement l’analyse faite
par la Cour de la nature du présent différend et la définitvion de son objet,
et qui se manifestent sur deux plans : la question de la compétence et celle
de la recevabilité. Je tenterai de préciser avec la plus grande covncision
possible ma position sur chacun de ces deux points.

A. Compétence

2. Le paragraphe 48 du présent arrêt est ainsi rédigé :

«La Cour considère que, au moment du dépôt de la requête, il v
avait été mis fin à tout différend ayant pu exister entrve les Parties au
sujet de l’interprétation ou de l’application du paragraphe 2 de l’ar-
ticle 5 de la convention. Dès lors, la Cour n’a pas compétence pour

statuer sur la demande de la Belgique relative à l’obligation décou -
lant du paragraphe 2 de l’article 5. »

3. Dans sa lettre en date du 17 février 2009 accompagnant la requête
introductive d’instance, la Belgique invoquait, comme fait générateur de
son action, « l’inapplication par le Sénégal de son obligation de réprimerv
des crimes de droit international humanitaire imputés à l’ancievn président
du Tchad, M. Hissène Habré, qui réside actuellement à Dakar, au Sénév -

gal» (requête, p. 2). Dans la requête elle-même, elle priait la Cour de dire
et juger que «la République du Sénégal [était] obligée de poursuivre péna-
lement M. H. Habré » et que, « à défaut de poursuivre M. H. Habré, [elle
était] obligée de l’extrader vers le Royaume de Belgique pour qvu’il réponde

de ces crimes devant la justice belge » (ibid., par. 16).

4. Dans les conclusions finales qu’elle a formulées à l’issuev de la procé-
dure orale, la Belgique s’est exprimée ainsi :

«Pour les motifs exposés dans le présent mémoire, le Royaume de v
Belgique prie la Cour internationale de Justice de dire et de juger

que :

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(a) Senegal breached its international obligations by failing to incor-
porate in due time in its domestic law the provisions necessary to

enable the Senegalese judicial authorities to exercise the universal
jurisdiction provided for in Article 5, paragraph 2, of the Con -
vention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment ;
(b) Senegal has breached and continues to breach its international

obligations under Article 6, paragraph 2, and Article 7, para -
graph 1, of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and under
other rules of international law by failing to bring criminal pro -
ceedings against Hissène Habré for acts characterized in particu -

lar as crimes of torture, war crimes, crimes against humanity
and the crime of genocide alleged against him as perpetrator,
co-perpetrator or accomplice, or, otherwise, to extradite him to
Belgium for the purposes of such criminal proceedings.”

5. Taken as a whole, these submissions of Belgium seem to make it clear
that Belgium takes the position that the subject-matter of the dispute it has
brought before the Court is the comprehensive whole of the entire conducvt

of Senegal in the Habré affair, in particular, its conduct of not pvroceeding
to the prosecution of Mr. Habré, and of not extraditing Mr. Habré to Bel -
gium in the absence of taking steps to proceed to the prosecution. It isv thus
the totality of the conduct of Senegal with respect to Mr. Habré in the years
from 2000 up to 2009, when the case was filed by Application, in which

Belgium charges Senegal with breach of its international obligations,
inter alia, under the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman
or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (hereinafter the “Convention”v).
6. Senegal’s position has also consistently been that the Court lacks
jurisdiction in relation to the whole of the Habré affair because “vno dis -

pute exists between the Parties” (Counter-Memorial of Senegal, p. 41,
para. 162) :

“It has never indicated that it opposed or refused to accept the
principle or extent of the obligations implied by the Convention
against Torture. At no time have the Parties in question held oppos -
ing views about the meaning or scope of their central obligation, to
‘prosecute or extradite’.” (Ibid., pp. 33-34, para. 135.)

Within the section on jurisdiction of its Counter-Memorial, Senegal

expounds its position by repeated references to the point that it has imvple -
mented steps all along to enable criminal proceedings to begin against
Mr. Habré.
7. Senegal refers to Article 5, paragraph 2, specifically at the end of its
jurisdiction section. However, Senegal does so only in passing, and in tvhe

context of a series of measures taken by Senegal in carrying out its obliga -
tions under the Convention. The full relevant passage is as follows :

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a) le Sénégal a violé ses obligations internationales en n’ayanvt pas
introduit dans son droit interne les dispositions nécessaires per -

mettant aux autorités judiciaires sénégalaises d’exercer la vcompé-
tence universelle prévue par l’article 5, paragraphe 2, de la
convention contre la torture et autres peines ou traitements cruels,
inhumains ou dégradants ;
b) le Sénégal a violé et viole ses obligations internationales dévcoulant

de l’article 6, paragraphe 2, et de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, de la
convention contre la torture et autres peines ou traitements cruels,
inhumains ou dégradants et du droit international coutumier en
s’abstenant de poursuivre pénalement M. Hissène Habré pour des
faits qualifiés notamment de crimes de torture, de crime de génov -

cide, de crimes de guerre et de crimes contre l’humanité qui lui
sont imputés en tant qu’auteur, coauteur ou complice, ou de l’evx -
trader vers la Belgique aux fins de telles poursuites pénales. »

5. Prises collectivement, ces conclusions de la Belgique indiquaient
clairement que, pour celle-ci, l’objet du différend porté devvant la Cour
était la façon dont le Sénégal avait globalement fait face à l’affaire Habré,

plus précisément en s’abstenant de procéder à l’engagevment de poursuites
contre M. Habré puis, tel étant le cas, en s’abstenant de l’extrader vvers
elle. C’est donc par l’ensemble de sa réaction à l’affaire Habré entre les
années 2000 et 2009, soit jusqu’à l’introduction de la présente instance,
que le Sénégal aurait, selon la Belgique, manqué à ses obligvations inter-

nationales, notamment celles que lui imposait la convention contre la tovr -
ture et autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants v
(ci-après la « convention »).
6. De son côté, le Sénégal a maintenu depuis le début que lav Cour
n’avait pas compétence en ce qui concerne l’affaire Habré, étant donné

«l’absence de tout différend entre les Parties » (contre-mémoire du Séné -
gal, p. 41, par. 162) :

«Il n’y a jamais eu, à vrai dire, une opposition ou un refus mani -
festé par le Sénégal quant au principe ou à l’étendue vdes obligations
impliquées par la convention contre la torture. A aucun moment, les
Parties en cause ne se sont opposées sur le sens ou la portée àv confé -
rer à leur obligation centrale, celle de « juger ou extrader ».» (Ibid.,

p. 33-34, par. 135.)
Dans le passage de son contre-mémoire portant sur la compétence, le

Sénégal a développé sa position en mentionnant à plusieurvs reprises que,
depuis le début, il avait pris les mesures nécessaires à l’evngagement d’une
action pénale à l’encontre de M. Habré.
7. Il s’y référait au paragraphe 2 de l’article 5, plus précisément à la fin
du passage sur la compétence, mais de manière incidente, dans le cvontexte

du train de mesures prises par les autorités sénégalaises pour vs’acquitter
des obligations que leur imposait la convention :

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6 CIJ1033.indb 91 28/11/13 12:50 466 obligation to prosecuvte or extradite (decl. ovwada)

“Furthermore, Belgium has obviously ‘manufactured’ a dispute in
order to seise the Court. Given all of the amendments that have been

made to the Code of Criminal Procedure to enable the Senegalese
courts to prosecute offences committed abroad by foreigners once
those offences have been classified as ‘torture’, how can it rvequest the
Court to adjudge and declare that :

‘1. (a) Senegal breached its international obligations by failing to
incorporate in its domestic law the provisions necessary to
enable the Senegalese judicial authorities to exercise the uni

versal jurisdiction provided for in Article5, paragraph2, of
the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman
or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’?

How can a dispute exist as to the interpretation and application of
the Convention when Senegal has fulfilled all its obligations ?”
(Counter-Memorial of Senegal, pp. 44-45, paras. 177-178 (quoting

Belgium’s submission in its Memorial).)
8. In its oral pleadings, Senegal adds little on the issue of jurisdiction.v

Senegal maintains its general position on the non-existence of a dispute
which covers the entirety of the relevant obligations under the Conven -
tion by summarily stating that there is “no dispute between Belgium avnd
Senegal on the application of the Convention against Torture” (CR 2012/4,
p. 19, para. 46). Senegal specifically states that it “has never repudiated itsv

duty” to try Mr. Habré (ibid., p. 28, para. 38). It also notes in a general
manner that “Senegal has taken a number of measures with a view to
creating the conditions to try Hissène Habré, both from a legal and a
practical standpoint” (CR 2012/5, p. 15, para. 9).

9. Despite these positions of the Parties, the Judgment, choosing to

focus on the specific issue of Article 5, paragraph 2, of the Convention,
concludes that “the Court lacks jurisdiction to decide on Belgium’vs claim
relating to the obligation under Article 5, paragraph 2” (Judgment,
para. 48).

10. The approach of Belgium is justified by, and in my view consistent
with, the structure of the Convention, the purpose of which is to createv a
comprehensive legal framework for enforcing the principle aut dedere
aut judicare, so that the culprit of the crime of torture may not get away
with impunity. The Convention is not looked at as a mere collection of

independent international obligations, where each violation is assessed v
separately on its own and independently of the others.
11. This methodology employed in the Judgment, when seen in light of
the history of the present dispute as a whole, as well as the position tvaken by
the Parties in arguing the case as described above, is in my view too fovrmal -

istic and somewhat artificial. The Judgment has adopted a methodology
that is too formalistic in the sense that it is engaging in an exercise vof dis

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6 CIJ1033.indb 92 28/11/13 12:50 obligation de poursuivvre ou d’extrader (décl.v owada) 466

«Par ailleurs, la Belgique a manifestement « fabriqué» un diffé -
rend pour saisir la Cour. Comment peut-elle, avec toutes les modifi -

cations intervenues dans le code de procédure pénale pour permettrve
aux juridictions sénégalaises de juger les infractions commises à
l’étranger par des étrangers dès lors qu’elles sont qualivfiées « tor-
tures», demander à la Cour de dire et juger que :

« 1) a) le Sénégal a violé ses obligations internationales en n’ayanvt
pas introduit dans son droit interne les dispositions néces -
saires permettant aux autorités judiciaires sénégalaises

d’exercer la compétence universelle prévue par l’article 5,
paragraphe 2, de la convention contre la torture et autres
peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants»?

Comment peut-il exister un différend sur l’interprétation et vl’appli -
cation de la convention dès lors que le Sénégal a rempli toutes ses
obligations?» (Contre-mémoire du Sénégal, p. 44-45, par. 177-178,

citant les conclusions exposées dans le mémoire de la Belgique.)
8. Dans ses plaidoiries orales, le Sénégal a fait peu de cas de la quves -

tion de la compétence et s’est contenté de réaffirmer gévnéralement « l’ab-
sence de différend entre la Belgique et le Sénégal au sujet dve l’application
de la convention contre la torture» (CR 2012/4, p. 19, par. 46), rattachant
ainsi à l’ensemble des obligations découlant de la convention le différend
dont il niait l’existence, avant d’ajouter qu’il « n’a[vait] jamais renié son

devoir», c’est-à-dire l’obligation de juger M. Habré (ibid., p. 28, par. 38).
Il a également fait remarquer de manière générale que « le Sénégal a[vait]
posé plusieurs actes allant dans le sens de réunir les conditions vau double
point de vue légal et matériel pour juger Hissène Habré » (CR 2012/5,
p. 15, par. 9).

9. Malgré les positions ainsi exprimées par les Parties, la Cour a chvoisi
de s’attacher exclusivement aux prescriptions du paragraphe 2 de l’ar -
ticle 5 de la convention, pour en venir à la conclusion, dans son arrêt,v
qu’elle « n’a[vait] pas compétence pour statuer sur la demande de la Bel -
gique relative à l’obligation découlant du paragraphe 2 de l’article 5 »
(arrêt, par. 48).

10. La perspective adoptée par la Belgique se justifiait, à mon sensv, par
rapport à l’architecture de la convention, qui visait à étabvlir un régime
complet pour la mise à exécution du principe aut dedere aut judicare, afin
que les actes de torture ne restent pas impunis, et qui ne doit pas êvtre
envisagée comme un simple assemblage d’obligations internationalesv

indépendantes dont la violation individuelle serait jugée isolévment et sans
égard aux autres.
11. Or, la démarche suivie dans l’arrêt, considérée à la lvumière de
l’évolution globale de la présente affaire ainsi que des posivtions exprimées
par les Parties dans leur argumentation, comme il est dit plus haut, me v

paraît trop formaliste et quelque peu artificielle. Trop formalistev en ce
sens qu’elle repose sur la fragmentation du cadre global formé d’vun

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6 CIJ1033.indb 93 28/11/13 12:50 467 obligation to prosecuvte or extradite (decl. ovwada)

membering the organic whole of this legal framework which consists of an
amalgamated whole of procedural steps starting with Article 4 and leading

to Article 8 of the Convention, and of assessing each of these component
elements separately to determine whether there was a dispute relating tov
each of these provisions of the Convention at the critical date, that is, the
time of the filing of the Application.
12. Based on this analytical approach, the Judgment has come to the con -

clusion that, as far as the obligation under Article 5, paragraph 2, of the C-on
vention is concerned, “the Court lacks jurisdiction to decide on Belgvium’s
claim relating to the obligation under Article 5, paragraph 2” (Judgment,
para. 48) — a claim contained in paragraph 1 (a) of its final submissions. In
reaching this conclusion, the Judgment relies upon a purely formalistic and
even largely artificial logic that by the time of the Application (in 2009) the

situation had been rectified (though not remedied!), and there was thus no
longer a disputeon that specific point between the Parties. This seems to me in
a sense a distortion of the subject-matter of the present dispute.
13. In my opinion, the better view, which is in line with the object and
purpose of the relevant Articles of the Convention, and thus of the Con -

vention as a whole, would have been to interpret the subject-matter of the
dispute between Belgium and Senegal to be one comprising in its scope
the whole of the process of implementation by Senegal of the system of
aut dedere aut judicare as contained in the Convention and to treat the
whole of the Belgian claim defined within this overall scope as fallinvg

within the jurisdiction of the Court.
14. If we base ourselves on this approach, nothing substantive would
change in terms of the main course of the reasoning part of the Judgmentv,
nor of its operative part. The actual legal situation obtaining up to 20v07,
emanating from the absence of “such measures as may be necessary to
establish its [i.e., Senegal’s] jurisdiction over such offences [i.ve., the

offences allegedly committed by Mr. Habré]” (Convention, Art. 5,
para. 2), had been rectified in 2007 — before the time of the Application
in 2009 — but only partially in the entire context of the subject-matter of
the dispute between the Parties.

Outside of this context, and as far as the question whether there was a v
case for breach of the obligation under Article 5 of the Convention by
Senegal is concerned, it may of course be said that the matter has become
a moot point. Be that as it may, what is important is that the considerav-

tion of this particular point should not jurisdictionally be excluded from
the scope of the competence of the Court under Article 30 of the Conven -
tion in proceeding to the examination of alleged breaches of Articles 6
and 7. This point constitutes a legal premise for such examination. In
order to achieve this, it would be sufficient for the Court to make a
declaratory finding that there had been a breach of the obligation undver

Article 5 of the Convention. This declaratory finding should then form
the legal basis for its subsequent ruling on the breach of obligations uvnder

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ensemble de mesures processuelles énoncées aux articles 4 à 8 de la
convention et l’examen individuel de chacune de ces composantes aux

fins de déterminer s’il existait à la date critique, soit celvle du dépôt
de la requête, un différend au sujet des différentes disposvitions de la
convention.

12. A l’issue de cette démarche analytique, la Cour en vient à la cvoncl-u

sion que, s’agissant de l’obligation prévue au paragraphe 2 de l’article 5
de la convention, elle « n’a pas compétence pour statuer sur la demande
de la Belgique relative à l’obligation découlant du paragraphe 2 de l’ar -
ticle 5» (arrêt, par. 48), demande formulée au point 1 a) des conclusions
finales. A cet égard, la décision de la Cour repose sur un raisovnnement
purement formaliste et plus ou moins artificiel selon lequel, au momenvt

du dépôt de la requête (en 2009), la situation avait été corrigée (mais non
réparée!), de sorte qu’il n’existait plus entre les Parties de différend sur ce
point précis. C’est là, à mon sens, dénaturer l’objet de la présenvte affaire.
13. Il eût été préférable, selon moi, et plus conforme aux obvjet et but
des dispositions en cause de la convention et, partant, de celle-ci dans son

ensemble, d’envisager l’objet du différend opposant la Belgique au Sénégal
comme englobant la totalité des mesures prises, par le Sénégal,v pour la
mise en œuvre du régime aut dedere aut judicare institué par la conven -
tion, et de considérer la requête de la Belgique, définie dans cette optique
globale, comme relevant de la compétence de la Cour.

14. Une telle façon de procéder n’aurait pas modifié de façvon essen -
tielle le cours du raisonnement principal qui sous-tend l’arrêt, nvi son dis-
positif. La situation juridique qui a réellement existé jusqu’evn 2007, et qui
était caractérisée par l’inaction du Sénégal quant àv la prise des « mesures
nécessaires pour établir sa compétence aux fins de connaître desdites

infractions dans le cas où l’auteur présumé de celles-ci se vtrouve sur tout
territoire sous sa juridiction et où ledit [il] ne l’extrade pas cvonformément
à l’article 8 vers l’un des Etats visés au paragraphe 1 du présent article »
(convention, art. 5, par. 2), a effectivement été corrigée en 2007 — avant
le dépôt de la requête en 2009 —, mais elle ne l’a été que partiellement eu

égard au contexte global de l’objet du différend entre les Pavrties.
Hors ce contexte, on peut effectivement soutenir que la question de
savoir si la violation, par le Sénégal, de l’obligation prévvue à l’article 5
était susceptible d’être établie est devenue sans objet. Quovi qu’il en soit, il
eût été important que la Cour ne se dessaisisse pas de cette quvestion en se

déclarant incompétente pour en connaître au titre de l’articvle 30 de la
convention, au moment de s’engager dans l’examen de la violation pvrésu -
mée des articles 6 et 7 du même texte, puisque cette question constitue, en
droit, le préalable à cet examen. Il aurait suffi, pour cela, que la Cvour
constate l’existence d’une violation de l’obligation prévue à l’article 5 de
la convention, ce qui lui aurait ensuite servi de fondement pour se pro -

noncer sur la violation des obligations énoncées aux articles 6 et 7. Il
importe de souligner que la violation de l’article 5 n’est pas qu’un simple

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6 CIJ1033.indb 95 28/11/13 12:50 468 obligation to prosecuvte or extradite (decl. ovwada)

Articles 6 and 7 of the Convention. It is important to underline that this
breach of the obligation under Article 5 is not just a factual background in

light of which the issue of the violation of the obligation under Articles 6
and 7 could be examined. The latter is a legal consequence that flows
directly from the Court’s judicial determination that there had been va
breach of the obligation under Article 5, paragraph 2, of the Convention.

B. Admissibility

15. I have voted in favour of operative paragraph 122, subpara -

graph (3), of the Judgment, to the extent that I can accept the Court’s
finding that the claims of Belgium are admissible. Nevertheless, I wisvh to
underline that this finding of the Court is built on its reasoning thavt Bel-
gium’s entitlement to this standing derives from its status as a Statve party
to the Convention, and nothing else.

16. In paragraph 66, the Judgment accepts that there exists a diver -
gence of views between the Parties concerning Belgium’s entitlement tvo
bring a claim to the Court. The Judgment explains that :

“The divergence of views between the Parties concerning Belgium’s
entitlement to bring its claims against Senegal before the Court with
regard to the application of the Convention in the case of Mr. Habré
raises the issue of Belgium’s standing. For that purpose, Belgium

based its claims not only on its status as a party to the Convention
but also on the existence of a special interest that would distinguish
Belgium from the other parties to the Convention and give it a specific
entitlement in the case of Mr. Habré.”

17. Nevertheless, without addressing the main aspect of this divergence
of views between the Parties (referred to in paragraph 64 (Senegal) and
paragraph 65 (Belgium) of the Judgment), which admittedly relates to an

issue that belongs to the merits of the case, the Judgment chooses to fovcus
exclusively on the issue of the status of Belgium as a party to the Convven -
tion for determining the issue of Belgium’s standing in the present cvase. The
Judgment, proceeding with the statement that it “will first considevr whether
being a party to the Convention is sufficient for a State to be entitlevd to
bring a claim to the Court concerning the cessation of alleged violationvs by

another State party of its obligations under that instrument” (Judgmvent,
para. 67), goes on to expound the reason why Belgium, as a State party to
the Convention, is entitled to its standing under the Convention.
18. In addressing the question of Belgium’s standing in the present
case in this way, the Judgment avoids squarely addressing the primary,

though more contentious, claim of Belgium on the issue of its standing
under the Convention — the claim that :

“Belgium is not only a ‘State other than an injured State’, butv has
also the right to invoke the responsibility of Senegal as an ‘injuredv State’

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élément contextuel à considérer dans l’examen de la question de la viola -
tion des articles 6 et 7. Celle-ci découle en effet directement en droit de la

constatation par la Cour de l’existence d’une violation du paragravphe 2
de l’article 5.

B. Recevabilité

15. J’ai voté en faveur du point 3 du dispositif du présent arrêt

(par. 122), puisque je suis d’accord avec la Cour pour conclure à la revce -
vabilité des demandes formulées par la Belgique. Je tiens néanmvoins à
faire observer que cette conclusion de la Cour repose sur l’idée qvue l’inté-
rêt pour agir de la Belgique lui vient exclusivement de sa qualitév d’Etat
partie à la convention.

16. Au paragraphe 66 de l’arrêt, la Cour reconnaît qu’il existe entre les
Parties une divergence de vues concernant la recevabilité de la Belgivque à
saisir la Cour :

«La divergence de vues entre les Parties sur le point de savoir si la
Belgique est fondée à saisir la Cour de ses demandes contre le Sévné-
gal au sujet de l’application de la convention dans le cas de M. Habré
soulève la question de la qualité pour agir de la Belgique. A cet v

égard, celle-ci a fondé ses demandes non seulement sur sa qualité de
partie à la convention, mais aussi sur l’existence d’un intérêt particu -
lier qui la distinguerait des autres parties à cet instrument et lui
conférerait un droit spécifique dans le cas de M. Habré. »

17. Pourtant, évitant de se prononcer sur l’aspect principal de cette v
divergence de vues entre les Parties (exposé aux paragraphes 64 (Sénégal)
et 65 (Belgique) de l’arrêt), qui, certes, concerne une questiovn de fond, la

Cour a choisi de s’attacher exclusivement, afin de déterminer l’vintérêt
pour agir de la Belgique en l’espèce, à sa qualité d’Etatv partie à la conven -
tion. Après avoir annoncé qu’elle « commencera[it] par rechercher si le
seul fait d’être partie à la convention est suffisant pour qu’vun Etat soit
fondé à la saisir d’une demande tendant à ce qu’elle ordovnne à un autre
Etat partie de mettre fin à des manquements allégués aux oblivgations que

lui impose cet instrument » (arrêt, par. 67), elle entreprend d’expliquer la
raison pour laquelle la Belgique, en tant qu’Etat partie à la convvention, a
qualité pour agir en vertu de celle-ci.
18. En abordant ainsi la question de l’intérêt pour agir de la Belgvique
en l’espèce, la Cour a évité de répondre directement àv la question princi -

pale, mais plus litigieuse, que lui posait à cet égard le demandeuvr lorsqu’il
faisait valoir ce qui suit :

«La Belgique est … non seulement « un Etat autre qu’un Etat
lésé», mais elle est aussi en droit d’invoquer la responsabilité du

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under Article 42 (b) (i) of the Articles on State Responsibility. Indeed,
Belgium, to quote the commentary of the International Law Commis-

sion is ‘affected by the breach in a way which distinguishes it frovm
the generality of other States to which the obligation is owed’. Indeved,
Belgium is in a particular position as compared to all other States
parties to the Torture Convention because, in this particular case, it
has availed itself of its right under Article 5 to exercise its jurisdiction

and to request extradition. This is equally true with regard to general
international law. And once again, the nationality of the victims is
irrelevant in this regard as a matter of international law . . .”
(CR 2012/6, p. 54, para. 60.)

19. In spite of this contention of Belgium, the Judgment focuses exclu -
sively on the claim that Belgium is a State party to a Convention which
allegedly creates obligations erga omnes partes. Thus the Judgment states:

“The States parties to the Convention have a common interest to
ensure, in view of their shared values, that acts of torture are pre -

vented and that, if they occur, their authors do not enjoy impunity.
The obligations of a State party to conduct a preliminary inquiry into
the facts and to submit the case to its competent authorities for
prosecution are triggered by the presence of the alleged offender in
its territory, regardless of the nationality of the offender or the vic -

tims, or of the place where the alleged offences occurred. All the other
States parties have a common interest in compliance with these obli -
gations by the State in whose territory the alleged offender is presenvt.
That common interest implies that the obligations in question are
owed by any State party to all the other States parties to the Conven-

tion.” (Judgment, para. 68.)

On that basis the Judgment concludes that :
“Belgium, as a State party to the Convention against Torture, has

standing to invoke the responsibility of Senegal for the alleged
breaches of its obligations under Article 6, paragraph 2, and Article 7,
paragraph 1, of the Convention in the present proceedings. Therefore,
the claims of Belgium based on these provisions are admissible.”
(Ibid., para. 70.)

20. The Judgment dismisses Belgium’s main argument, as quoted
above, stating that

“As a consequence, there is no need for the Court to pronounce on
whether Belgium also has a special interest with respect to Senegal’sv

compliance with the relevant provisions of the Convention in the case
of Mr. Habré.” (Ibid.)

21. Setting aside the issue of plausibility of this arguably controversial
basis for entitlement of a State party to the Convention involving

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Sénégal en tant qu’« Etat lésé », aux termes de l’article 42 b) i) des
articles sur la responsabilité de l’Etat. En effet, la Belgique,v et je cite

le commentaire de la Commission du droit international, est
«atteint[e] par la violation d’une manière qui l[a] distingue des avutres
Etats auxquels l’obligation est due ». Elle se trouve dans une situa -
tion particulière par rapport aux autres Etats parties à la convenvtion
contre la torture, parce que, en l’espèce, elle s’est prévalvue du droit

que lui confère l’article 5 d’exercer sa compétence et de demander
l’extradition. Il en va de même du point de vue du droit internativonal
général. Et, là encore, la nationalité des victimes importe vpeu… »
(CR 2012/6, p. 54, par. 60.)

19. Malgré cette allégation de la Belgique, la Cour s’est attachéve exclu -
sivement à sa qualité d’Etat partie à la convention, laquellve serait source
d’obligations erga omnes partes :

«En raison des valeurs qu’ils partagent, les Etats parties à cet invstru-
ment ont un intérêt commun à assurer la prévention des actesv de tor -

ture et, si de tels actes sont commis, à veiller à ce que leurs auvteurs ne
bénéficient pas de l’impunité. Les obligations qui incombevnt à un Etat
partie de procéder à une enquête préliminaire en vue d’évtablir les faits
et de soumettre l’affaire à ses autorités compétentes pourv l’exercice de
l’action pénale s’appliquent du fait de la présence de l’auteur présumé

sur son territoire, quelle que soit la nationalité de l’intéresvsé ou celle
des victimes, et quel que soit le lieu où les infractions alléguéves ont été
commises. Tous les autres Etats parties à la convention ont un intévrêt
commun à ce que l’Etat sur le territoire duquel se trouve l’autveur pré -
sumé respecte ces obligations. Cet intérêt commun implique que les

obligations en question s’imposent à tout Etat partie à la convvention à
l’égard de tous les autres Etats parties.» (Arrêt, par. 68.)

Sur cette base, la Cour en vient à la conclusion suivante :
«en la présente espèce la Belgique a, en tant qu’Etat partie àv la

convention contre la torture, qualité pour invoquer la responsabilitév
du Sénégal à raison des manquements allégués de celui-ci aux obliga-
tions prévues au paragraphe 2 de l’article 6 et au paragraphe 1 de
l’article 7 de la convention. Dès lors, les demandes de la Belgique
fondées sur ces dispositions sont recevables. » (Ibid., par. 70.)

20. Ainsi, la Cour rejette l’argument principal de la Belgique, cité pvré-
cédemment :

«En conséquence, il n’y a pas lieu pour la Cour de se prononcer
sur la question de savoir si la Belgique a aussi un intérêt particvulier à

ce que le Sénégal se conforme aux dispositions pertinentes de la
convention dans le cas de M. Habré. » (Ibid.)

21. Indépendamment de la validité de ce fondement pour le moins dis -
cutable du droit des Etat parties à la convention de saisir la Cour àv raison

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erga omnes partes obligations to seise the Court (see, in this respect, the
separate opinion of Judge Skotnikov), what I wish to point out here is

that this approach of the Judgment to recognize the standing of Belgium v
to bring the case before the Court will inevitably have its legal conse -
quences upon the scope of the subject-matter of the dispute that is admis -
sible before the Court and upon the nature and the scope of the claims ovn
which Belgium can seise the Court in this dispute. The main contention ovf

Belgium on admissibility was based on its special interest as an “injvured
State” (CR 2012/6, p. 54, para. 60). This contention, however, has now
cautiously been avoided by the Judgment, ostensibly on the ground that
the Court was concerned, at this phase of the proceedings, only with thev
issue of admissibility. This reluctance to face the issue, however, willv, in
my view, inherently have legal repercussions when the Judgment addressesv

the merits of the Belgian claims.
22. The legal consequence of adopting such an approach is that Bel -
gium is entitled in its capacity as a State party to the Convention, likve
any other State party to the same Convention, only to insist on compli -
ance by Senegal with the obligations arising under the Convention. It

can go no further. Since the Judgment has not ruled upon the Belgian
claim that it can claim “a particular position” (ibid.) as an injured
State, Belgium is in a legal position neither to claim the extradition ovf
Mr. Habré under Article 5, paragraph 2, of the Convention as it seems
to be claiming, nor to demand an immediate notification as a State

party to which it is entitled under Article 6, paragraph 4, of the Conven -
tion.

23. It is to be added in any case that the legal situation under the Con -
vention is that, as the Judgment states so clearly (para. 95), extradition is
nothing more than an option open to the States on whose territory an

alleged offender is present in relation to the States parties referred to in
Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Convention, and not an obligation to carry
out in relation to any other States parties to the Convention, includingv
those within the category of States referred to in Article 5, paragraph 1.
Be that as it may, Belgium’s standing as recognized by the present

Judgment cannot allow Belgium in the present case to claim any special
interest under Article 5 of the Convention. The request of Belgium
contained in paragraph 2 (b) of its final submissions asking the Court to
adjudge and declare that “[Senegal] extradit[e] Hissène Habré to Belgium
without further ado” (emphasis added) has to fail on this ground.

(Signed) Hisashi Owada.

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des obligations erga omnes partes qu’imposerait ce texte (voir à ce sujet
l’opinion individuelle du juge Skotnikov), je tiens à signaler ici que le fon -

dement retenu par la Cour pour déclarer la Belgique recevable à esvter
devant elle a inévitablement des répercussions, en droit, sur l’vétendue de
l’objet du différend et sur la nature et la portée des demandves entrant
dans le cadre de sa saisine. L’argument principal invoqué par la Bvelgique
au chapitre de la recevabilité découlait de l’intérêt parvticulier auquel elle

prétendait en tant qu’« Etat lésé » (CR 2012/6, p. 54, par. 60). Cette pré -
tention a toutefois été soigneusement évitée par la Cour, quvi, à l’évidence,
ne s’intéressait, à ce stade de la procédure, qu’à la question de la receva -
bilité en soi. Or cette esquive ne pouvait manquer, à mon avis, d’vavoir
une incidence sur l’examen au fond des demandes de la Belgique.

22. Sur le plan juridique, la conséquence de cette façon d’aborder vla
question est que, comme tous les autres Etats parties à la conventionv, la
Belgique n’est recevable, à ce titre, qu’à réclamer l’exécution par le
Sénégal des obligations que lui impose la convention. Elle ne peutv aller

plus loin. Puisque la Cour ne s’est pas prononcée sur la question vde
savoir si elle pouvait prétendre à une « situation particulière » (ibid.) en
tant qu’Etat lésé, la Belgique se trouve dès lors privée,v en droit, de la
possibilité de demander l’extradition de M. Habré au titre du para -
graphe 2 de l’article 5 de la convention, comme elle semblait vouloir le

faire, ou d’exiger la notification immédiate à laquelle elle vaurait droit,
en tant qu’Etat partie, au titre du paragraphe 4 de l’article 6 de la
convention.
23. Il y a lieu d’ajouter au demeurant que, sous le régime de la convevn -
tion, et comme le dit clairement l’arrêt (par. 95), l’extradition n’est que
l’une des possibilités qui s’offrent à l’Etat sur le tevrritoire duquel se trouve

l’auteur présumé d’une infraction, par rapport aux Etats parvties visés au
paragraphe 1 de l’article 5 de la convention, et non une obligation envers
les autres Etats parties, y compris ceux qui sont visés par cette dervnière
disposition. Quoi qu’il en soit, la qualité pour agir reconnue parv le présent
arrêt à la Belgique ne permet pas à celle-ci, en l’espècev, de prétendre à un

intérêt particulier au titre de l’article 5 de la convention. Aussi le deman -
deur devait-il être débouté, pour ce motif, de la demande formuvlée par lui
au point 2 b) de ses conclusions finales, où il demandait à la Cour de dire
et juger que « le Sénégal [était] tenu [d’]extrad[er] Hissène Habré svans plus
attendre vers la Belgique » (les italiques sont de moi).

(Signé) Hisashi Owada.

52

6 CIJ1033.indb 101 28/11/13 12:50

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Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Owada

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