Separate opinion of Judge ad hoc Torres Bernárdez

Document Number
135-20100420-JUD-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
135-20100420-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE AD HOC
TORRES BERNÁRDEZ

[Translation]

The opinion only focuses on certain conclusions in the Judgment relating to

the procedural obligations borne by the Respondent — I. Preliminary consid-
erations: (a) CARU and its role in the prior consultation process under the Stat-
ute of the River Uruguay; (b) the matter of the initial characterization of the
project by the Party planning to carry out the work; (c) the practice in national
industrial projects — II. Points of agreement between the Parties in the present
case — III. Stage of the procedure at which Uruguay was obliged to inform
CARU about the works it was planning to carry out — IV. The scope and
content of the Parties’ agreements as substitute procedures for the Statute
procedure: (a) the Agreement of 2 March 2004 between the Ministers for Foreign
Affairs; (b) the Presidents’ Agreement of 5 May 2005 establishing the GTAN;
(c) the procedure for the pulp mills in Fray Bentos established by those agree-
ments — V. Uruguay’s obligations during the period of direct negotiations —
General conclusion.

1. I endorse many of the conclusions reached by the Court in its Judg-
ment. Indeed, I fully support those concerning the scope of the Court’s
jurisdiction and the applicable law, the burden of proof and expert evi-

dence, the rejection of the Applicant’s claims that the Respondent
breached its substantive obligations, and the dismantling of the Orion
(Botnia) mill in Fray Bentos.
2. In respect of the procedural obligations borne by the Respondent, I
also fully endorse the conclusions in the Judgment relating to the rejec-
tion of the supposed “strict link” between the procedural and substantive

obligations, and the alleged “no construction obligation” said to be
borne by the Respondent between the end of the negotiation period and
the decision of the Court; I also agree that satisfaction is appropriate
reparation. However, I do not support the conclusions on the breaches
found in the Judgment concerning certain procedural obligations of the

Respondent. It is for this reason that I am appending a separate opinion
to the Judgment.
3. In this opinion, I would like to present some observations and
clarifications, in order to explain where and why, to my great regret, I
disagree with the Court’s decision regarding the Respondent’s breach of
certain procedural obligations, said in the Judgment to be borne by it. My

own analysis of the pertinent elements of fact and law leads me to a com-
pletely different conclusion to that of the majority on three related issues,
namely, (1) the stage of the procedure at which Uruguay was obliged to
inform CARU about the works it was planning to carry out; (2) the
scope and content of the agreements made by the Parties on 2 March 2004

223and 5 May 2005 as substitute procedure for that of the Statute; (3) Uru-
guay’s obligations during the period of direct negotiations.

4. I therefore voted in favour of points 2 and 3 of the operative clause
and against point 1. As far as point 3 is concerned, I agree with the Judg-
ment that Uruguay’s claim is without any practical significance, since

Argentina’s claims in relation to breaches by Uruguay of its substantive
obligations and the dismantling of the Orion (Botnia) mill have been
rejected (paragraph 280 of the Judgment). All the more so since the res
judicata of the decision in the Judgment applies not only to what is actu-
ally written in the operative clause, but also to the grounds in so far as

these are inseparable from the operative part (Request for Interpretation
of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and
Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v.
Nigeria), Preliminary Objections(Nigeria v. Cameroon), Judgment, I.C.J.

Reports 1999 (I), p. 35, para. 10).

I. PRELIMINARY C ONSIDERATIONS

1. CARU and Its Role in the Prior Consultation Process
under Articles 7 to 12 of the Statute of the River Uruguay

5. The way counsel for the Applicant presented the “Comisión

administradora del Río Uruguay” (CARU) (linchpin; key body) proved
influential. For my part, I do not have the slightest reservation on the
importance or central role of CARU in the administration of the River
Uruguay, first acknowledged by the Court in its Orders for the
indication of provisional measures, but this is no reason to mistake its

nature or role in the consultation process under Articles 7 to 12 of the
Statute.
6. CARU is a joint river commission, a shared instrument, which
functions on a permanent basis and has its own secretariat (Art. 52 of the

Statute). The Parties have made it a legal entity in order to perform its
functions (Art. 50). The functions of CARU are defined in paragraphs (a)
to (k) of Article 56 of the Statute, paragraph (l) of which states that the
Commission performs any other functions assigned to it by the Statute
and those which the Parties may entrust to it through an exchange of

notes or any other form of agreement.

7. CARU’s State members are Argentina and Uruguay. It is made up
of an equal number of members from each Party (Art. 49), who are

appointed by their Minister for Foreign Affairs. The members make up
two delegations, one Argentine and the other Uruguayan, each of which
has one vote for the adoption of decisions (Art. 55). Decisions must be
unanimous, including those on procedural issues. A delegation’s vote
against a decision precludes its adoption by CARU. In addition, the

224Commission’s activities can be brought to a standstill by the absence of a
delegation or by failure to appoint members of a delegation, which

occurred in the circumstances surrounding the present case. CARU’s
“decision-making” is strictly dependent on the desire of the two delegations
to act in concert.

8. Although it has been made a legal entity in order to perform its

functions, this does not mean that CARU is a body independent of the
Parties, or that the Parties cannot agree to dispense with procedures or
other measures falling within CARU’s ambit: ultimately, the Commis-
sion is an instrument of the two Ministries of Foreign Affairs for facili-

tating co-operation between the Parties as riparian States along the
River Uruguay, through ongoing and regular joint management on
site. In any case, in the present proceedings it has not been shown
that CARU is a subject of international law independent of the
Parties.

9. CARU’s mandate is essentially administrative and technical; it also
has the power to draw up “rules” relating to the conservation and
preservation of living resources and the prevention of pollution (see
Subjects E.3 and E.4 of the CARUDigest). However, CARU’s mandate is

much more limited in respect of the procedure relating to works. In this
area, the Commission has neither the power to authorize or reject projects
notice of which has been given by the Parties pursuant to Article 7 of the
Statute, nor the power to lay down rules for “national” works or instal-
lations as is the case for the CMB (ENCE) and Orion (Botnia) mills,

because Article 56 (i) of the Statute only applies to “binational” works
and installations.

10. In the Statute’s “prior consultation process”, CARU only has the

power to carry out the initial review under Article 7 aimed at determining
on a preliminary basis within thirty days whether or not the plan needs to
be brought to the attention of the other Party; to extend the time-limit
applicable under Article 8 of the Statute; and to serve as an intermediary
for communications between the Parties.

11. The Judgment is informed by an “institutional understanding” of
CARU which I do not endorse — far from it. Consequently, on a
number of issues, it offers a portrayal of CARU’s general powers and of
its role in the prior consultation process under Articles 7 to 12 of the
1975 Statute of the River Uruguay which I do not support. In my

opinion, this understanding had some bearing on the method used in the
Judgment to interpret the Statute’s rules relating to the procedural obli-
gations, and that method has given precedence to the relevant rules of
international law applicable in the relations between the Parties to the

detriment of other constituent elements of the general rule of interpreta-
tion applied.

225 12. Naturally, I agree with the statement in the Judgment that, in
order to interpret the 1975 Statute, the general rule of interpretation

codified by Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
(which is declaratory of customary law in this area) must be applied. But
that rule incorporates various interpretive elements which must also be
weighed in the process of interpreting the treaty, such as the text and
the context laid down in the rule, the object and purpose of the treaty,

the subsequent agreements reached between the parties on the subject of the
interpretation and application of the provisions of the treaty, as well as
any subsequent practice in the application of that treaty which manifests
the agreement of the parties as to its interpretation.

13. In effect, the method of interpretation adopted by the Court in this
case facilitates an “evolutionary interpretation” of the provisions of the
Statute of the River Uruguay of which I approve unreservedly in so far as
the Statute’s rules relating to substantive obligations are concerned, in

light of the wording of Article 41 of the Statute relating to the obligation
to protect and preserve the aquatic environment and prevent the pollu-
tion of the river water. The developments which have taken place over
recent years in general international law, referred to in paragraph 204 of
the Judgment, are irrefutable. The positive attitude shown in the present

proceedings by both Parties, with their general acceptance of these
developments in international law, is quite remarkable. On the other
hand, I do not believe that the methods of interpretation leading to such
an evolutionary conclusion are justified in this case in respect of the
Statute’s rules relating to procedural obligations . In my opinion, neither

the wording of these rules in their context, nor the subsequent
agreements between the Parties, nor the subsequent practice of the
Parties in their interpretation and application of the treaty justify the
application of methods leading to evolutionary interpretations. This
affects the territorial sovereignty of the State, i.e., an area where limits

on the territorial sovereignty of a State are not to be presumed, as the
Permanent Court of International Justice stated in 1923 in its Judgment
in the case concerning S.S. “Wimbledon” (P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 1 ,
p. 24). These limits must be expressly stated or by necessity underlie the
terms used by the treaty.

2. The Application of the Obligation to Inform CARU as Laid Down
by Article 7, Paragraph 1, of the Statute Raises a Preliminary Issue

relating to the Initial Characterization of the Project

14. Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute lays down two procedural
obligations, one borne by the Party planning the work and the other
borne by CARU. The first of these obligations in effect plays the role of
determinative factor in respect of the second, because if the Party plan-

ning the work does not inform CARU of it, the project has not been
referred to the Commission and the Commission will therefore be unable

226to determine on a preliminary basis within thirty days whether the project
is liable to cause significant damage to the other Party.

15. However, the obligation of the Party planning the work to inform
CARU does not apply to all projects. CARU only has to be informed of
those projects which are of sufficient size (“entidad suficiente” in the
authentic Spanish text) to make them “liable” to affect the navigation,
the régime of the river or the quality of its waters. Therefore, the

language itself of Article 7, paragraph 1, introduces a precondition,
having to do with the characterization of the project, into the modus
operandi of the rule: before informing CARU of it, it must be determined
whether or not the project in question falls within the scope of the

obligation to inform CARU laid down by the said provision of the Stat-
ute.
16. However, Article 7 leaves this initial characterization to the Party
planning the work, namely, the territorial sovereign, without prejudice to
the other Party’s right to dispute this initial characterization. For instance,

in light of the documents submitted to the Court, it is clear that,
between the initial environmental authorization (AAP) of the CMB
(ENCE) mill on 9 October 2003 and the Bielsa-Opertti Agreement of
2 March 2004 (see below), there was undoubtedly a disagreement
between the Parties as to the interpretation and application of Article 7,

paragraph 1, resulting from Uruguay’s initial characterization of the
CMB (ENCE) project.
17. The Applicant’s own conduct in this matter also provides striking
confirmation that Argentina has always believed that it has the right to
make the initial characterization of its own projects and industrial instal-

lations. In point of fact, it has never informed CARU of any of its own
projects or industrial installations (whether or not large or polluting):
some 170 firms according to the material in the record, including some
producing waste material which is highly polluting to the river and
aquatic environment. Moreover, during the oral proceedings of the

present case, Argentina reaffirmed its right to make the initial characteri-
zation of its own industrial projects. In this connection, it should be
remembered that the condition laid down in Article 7 (entidad suficiente)
does not refer to a solely quantitative criterion, but to a qualitative/
quantitative one, and that Article 28 of the Statute states that every six

months the Parties are supposed to submit a detailed report to CARU of
the developments they undertake or authorize in the parts of the river
under their jurisdictions, in order that the Commission may verify whether
the developments taken together may cause significant damage .
18. Argentina’s affirmation that it has the right to make the initial

characterization of its own planned works is certainly in keeping with the
terms of Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute. But then, how can it be
denied that Uruguay has the same right in respect of its own industrial
projects? The Applicant is not in a legal position to be able to contest

that in October 2003, Mr. Opertti, then Uruguay’s Minister for Foreign
Affairs, had the right to make the initial characterization of the CMB

227(ENCE) project for the purposes of informing CARU, because allegans
contraria non audiendus est and Argentina’s unwavering practice has

been to build industrial plants without informing CARU (see the sepa-
rate opinion of Vice-President Alfaro in the case concerning Temple of
Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1962, p. 40).

3. The Practice relating to the Obligation to Inform CARU under
Article 7, Paragraph 1, of the Statute in the Case of National
Industrial Projects

19. The CARU minutes, for example those from 1996 relating to the
Transpapel pulp mill, offer a good illustration of how the issue of the
“initial characterization” of planned works by the territorial State, which
arises whenever the obligation to inform CARU under Article 7, para-
graph 1, of the Statute applies, has always been kept in mind in situations

involving plans for national industrial plants by one or other of
the Parties on their respective side of the river (and not on the river
itself). CARU members have in fact raised this matter on numerous
occasions in the past and their responses have been far from
consistent.

20. The exchanges between Julio C. Carasales (Argentina) and Edi-
son González Lapeyre (Uruguay) during the Transpapel project are very
telling in this regard. Moreover, they show that the main concern in
CARU in this connection has always been to preserve the quality of the

waters of the river and not for CARU to intervene, in one form or
another, in the national industrial projects of either country. Ambassador
Carasales (Argentina) could not have put it in clearer terms when he
stated in 1996:

“the pertinent studies by the appropriate national authorities of
Uruguay having been completed, and the authorization for the
placement [of the Transpapel plant] having been granted, the Admin-

istrative Commission of the Uruguay River does not have compe-
tence to express an opinion on a facility in the territory of one of the
parties. Once that plant is operating and in production, if it causes
contamination problems, the C.A.R.U. will have statutory power to
intervene in the matter.” (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. IV,

Ann. 80, p. 203.)

21. The position adopted by Mr. Opertti, Uruguay’s Minister for
Foreign Affairs, during the early stages of the Parties’ exchanges
on the CMB (ENCE) project (2003-2004) appears to be in line with
or very similar to that of Ambassador Carasales during the Trans-

papel project. In his responses to questions from the press, included
in the record, as well as in his statement to the Uruguayan Sen-

228ate , Mr. Opertti argued that the CMB (ENCE) paper mill due to

be built in Fray Bentos was in fact a “national” concern (also
acknowledged by Argentina, at least from the agreement of 2 March
2004) and that the project was therefore subject to Uruguayan

law (and not to CARU’s regulations on “binational” works).

22. Furthermore, exercising the right of the territorial State to make
the initial characterization of the project, implicit in Article 7, para-

graph 1, of the Statute, the Minister affirmed that the mill would not
cause any significant damage to Argentina and that, under those circum-
stances, informing CARU of it would imply that there was doubt on

Uruguay’s part about the mill’s environmental viability.

II. POINTS OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE PARTIES IN THE PRESENT C ASE
CONCERNING THE INTERPRETATION OF A RTICLE 7, ARAGRAPH 1,

AND ISSUES TO BE D ETERMINED BY THE C OURT

23. The initial characterization of the projects in question was clearly
an issue when this dispute between Argentina and Uruguay began, but it

is no longer so in the present proceedings, because, as stated in para-
graph 96 of the Judgment, the Parties are agreed in considering that the
two planned mills (the CMB (ENCE) and Orion (Botnia) mills) are

planned works of sufficient importance (“entidad suficiente”) to fall
within the scope of Article 7, paragraph 1, of the 1975 Statute, and that,
therefore, in principle, CARU should have been informed of them in

accordance with that provision.

24. Furthermore, both Parties acknowledge: (1) that CARU is with-
out power to approve the projects subject to Article 7 of the Statute and

of which it is informed by the Party planning the project; and (2) that the
rules under Article 7, like all of the Statute’s other rules on the “prior
consultation” process, do not constitute jus cogens, and that, therefore,

the Parties are free not to apply them in a given case.

25. This substantially simplified the Court’s examination of the ques-

tion as to whether Uruguay breached its procedural obligations, as
Argentina claims. In essence, this question was reduced to: (1) determin-
ing when Uruguay should have informed CARU of the plans for
the mills so that the Commission could conduct its initial screening; and

(2) determining the scope and content of the agreement made
on 2 March 2004 by the Ministers for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Bielsa
(Argentina) and Mr. Opertti (Uruguay), and that made on 5 May 2005

by the President of Argentina, Mr. Néstor Kirchner, and the President

1Official record, statement by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Didier Opertti, to
the Uruguayan Senate (Nov. 2003), Memorial of Argentina, Vol. VII, Ann. 4, pp. 73-75.

229of Uruguay, Mr. Tabaré Vázquez, establishing a high-level technical

group (GTAN).

III. SAGE OF THE PROCEDURE AT WHICH U RUGUAY W AS O BLIGED TO

NFORM CARU ABOUT THE W ORKS IT W ASP LANNING TO C ARRY O UT

26. Determining the stage or point at which the State planning a work
is obliged to inform CARU raises a question of the interpretation of

Article 7, paragraph 1, because the text of the provision does not specify
this. Should CARU be informed “during the planning phase of the
project”? Or, “after this stage but before authorization is given to carry

out the planned construction activity”? And, in the case of the first
hypothesis, before or after an initial environmental authorization, known
in Uruguayan law as “Autorización Ambiental Previa (AAP)”, has been
granted by the territorial State?

27. According to the Judgment, the obligation of the State planning
activities referred to in Article 7 of the Statute to inform CARU “will
become applicable at the stage when the relevant authority has had the

project referred to it with the aim of obtaining initial environmental
authorization and before the granting of that authorization” (para. 105).
I do not agree with the majority’s conclusion, because it refers to a stage
too early in the planning process. This, in turn, may in part be explained

by an institutional understanding of CARU, with which I also disagree,
and by the link the Judgment makes between the obligation to inform
CARU, laid down by Article 7, paragraph 1, of the 1975 Statute of the

River Uruguay, and the principle of prevention, which, as a customary
rule, is now part of the corpus of substantive rules of international environ-
mental law. However, this finding introduces limitations on the State’s
territorial sovereignty during the planning phase of an industrial project,

which go well beyond those which are explicit in Article 7 of the Statute
or by necessity underlie the text. This may be explained by the shared
“evolutionary” intent that the majority attributes to the Parties on this
point, of which there is no evidence at all either in Article 7 or in any of

the other procedural rules making up the “prior consultation process” of
the 1975 Statute, that is to say, that this is based on a presumption. How-
ever, as stated earlier in paragraph 13, limitations on a State’s territorial

sovereignty are not to be presumed.

I believe that the adoption of methods characteristic of “evolutionary”
interpretation is not justified in the present context quite simply because

the wording of the provisions laying down the “prior consultation pro-
cess” of the 1975 Statute, including therefore Article 7, does not directly
or indirectly permit the interpreter to do so. In fact, by adopting such
methods, the majority’s recourse to the “relevant rules of international law

applicable in the relations between the parties” (Art. 31, para. 3 (c),of

230the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties) is not aimed at determin-
ing the stage or point at which the territorial State is obliged to inform

CARU pursuant to the obligation set forth in Article 7, paragraph 1, of
the Statute, but at determining the best time to do so from the point of
view of applying the customary principle of prevention under interna-
tional environmental law.

As a result, the role of the “relevant rules of international law appli-
cable in the relations between the parties” in the interpretation process is
inverted. Instead of having recourse to the customary law as one of
several elements in determining the meaning and scope of Article 7,

paragraph 1, of the 1975 Statute, the treaty provision is assigned the task of
satisfying the requirements of the application of the customary principle
of prevention. Consequently, the text, the context and the subsequent
agreements or practice become trivial elements in the interpretation pro-
cess of Article 7 of the Statute, which in effect is aimed at extending the

application of the customary obligation of prevention (which derives
from a substantive rule) to the procedural rules of the “prior consultation
process” of the Statute of the River Uruguay. Moreover, I strongly fear
that the decided outcome will become an additional source of difficulty
for one or both of the Parties in the future.

28. For example, under Uruguayan law, the fact that a request for ini-
tial environmental authorization is submitted by a third party, or that
DINAMA considers that request, or even makes a favourable recom-
mendation to the higher authorities, does not mean that the planned

activity in question can be described at any stage in this process as a
planned activity of the Uruguayan State. Indeed, throughout this whole
process, the State has not approved anything and, as a result, it cannot be
said that “Uruguay is planning to carry out the work”. It is only once the
initial environmental authorization (AAP) required by Uruguayan law

has been issued that the Uruguayan State can be said to have agreed to
the project and then only in respect of its environmental viability, because,
in order to undertake activities or works relating to the construction of a
project, further permits or authorizations are required, in particular an
Environmental Management Plan (“PGA” in Spanish) .

29. Under Uruguayan law, initial environmental authorizations
(AAPs) do not authorize construction activities or works of any sort:
the holder of an AAP only has the right to request a construction
authorization or permit (see the affidavit of Alicia Torres, Director of

DINAMA). Construction authorizations or permits, with their corres-
ponding PGA, come much later in the administrative process, some-
times even years later, and only if the AAP for the project has not
expired beforehand. In all events, in order to start the construction or

later commissioning phase (known as the “operational” phase), fur-
ther authorizations from the competent Uruguayan authorities are

231required after the initial AAP under the terms of the Uruguayan law
in force.

30. Furthermore, specifying the stage or point at which CARU must
be informed by reference to the provisions or rules of the law of the State
concerned, as the Judgment does, is not a good idea, since this subordi-
nates the operation of the obligation under international law to inform
CARU to the national law of one or other of the Parties. National law

can vary from country to country and may be modified at any time with-
out the consent of the other Party, with the regrettable result that one
Party may be obliged to inform CARU of its plans earlier than the other.
However, I do not believe that such intent can be attributed to the draft-

ers of the 1975 Statute of the River Uruguay.

31. My position on this issue is based on the text of Article 7, para-
graph 1, and on Article 28 of the Statute, as well as on the object and
purpose of informing CARU, on the relevant provisions of the CARU

Digest elaborating on the Statute (Subject E.3, title 2, Chap. 3, Sec. 1,
Art. 2 and Chap. 1, Sec. 1, Art. 1 (a)) and on the practice of the Parties
in CARU in such cases as the Transpapel mill, the M’Bopicua port, the
Botnia port and the Nueva Palmira freight terminal . These interpretative
elements do not endorse the theory that informing CARU for the

purposes of Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute must precede “any
authorization”.
32. It is clear from the wording of the Article that the obligation to
inform is tied to the “carrying out” of the planned “work” (the authentic
Spanish text is unambiguous: “La Parte que proyecte la construcción de

nuevos canales ... o la realización de cualesquiera otras obras ... ”). That
the State is only planning the “work” is not sufficient for the obligation
to inform CARU to become applicable. According to the text of the pro-
vision, the State must also be “planning the carrying out of the work”,
because it is only during the carrying out or implementation of the plan

that activities or works relating thereto could affect the navigation, the
régime of the river or the quality of its waters and thereby cause signifi-
cant damage to the other State, since the river is a shared natural
resource.
33. It is also essential not to lose sight of the fact that the object and

purpose of informing CARU, pursuant to Article 7, paragraph 1, of the
Statute, is simply to allow the Commission to determine on a preliminary
basis within thirty days whether the project is liable to affect the naviga-
tion, the régime of the river or the quality of its waters and thereby cause
significant damage to the other State. This refers to activities or works

which could cause damage of a physical nature to the river or its waters.
The mere granting by a public administrative body of an “authorization”
is not an act or an activity which is likely to cause such effects.

34. In the present case, Argentina does not claim to have suffered any
significant damage solely as a result of Uruguay granting the AAPs for

232the CMB (ENCE) or Orion Botnia mills, or as a result of the “prelimi-
nary works” to the construction of the mills which Uruguay authorized.

At the start of the case, Argentina spoke of “risks”, because at the
time there had been no construction works. In the oral phase, the
supposed significant damage did not for the most part relate to the
“construction” works, preliminary or otherwise, of the Orion (Botnia)
mill, but rather to the negative effects on the river and its waters of the

mill’s “operation”, that is, the effects of its commissioning from
9 November 2007 onwards.

35. In light of the foregoing, I consider that, where the text of Arti-

cle 7, paragraph 1, is silent, the issue should be resolved by the interpreter
by looking to the rule of general international law (Art. 31, para. 3 (c),
of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties). And what does inter-
national law have to say on the matter? It says that the information must
be “timely” (“en temps utile”) or communicated “in a timely manner”

(“opportun”) (see, for example, Art. 12 of the 1997 Convention on the
Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of Watercourses).

36. Applied to Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute, this simply
means that the State must inform CARU sufficiently in advance of the

main aspects of the work, how it is to be carried out and the other tech-
nical data on the project (Art. 7, para. 3), in order to enable the proce-
dures provided for in Articles 7 to 12 to be carried out as laid down by
the Statute.
37. In any case, logically, Article 7, first paragraph, has meaning only

if construed as requiring that the information be communicated at a
stage when solid technical information is available on the project, but
before the project is so far advanced in its construction that any assess-
ment of the potential damage from the industrial facility would come too
late to offer any remedy, which would undoubtedly be contrary to that

provision of the Statute.

*

38. As stated earlier, a Uruguayan AAP is a necessary but by no
means sufficient authorization for its holder to carry out construction
works or commissioning activities. In the case of ENCE, the company
obtained its AAP on 9 October 2003 and had only carried out ground-
clearing works before the project was abandoned in 2006; and in that of

Botnia, after its AAP of 14 February 2005, the company also carried out
other preparatory works (such as constructing the concrete foundations
and the plant’s chimney) before Uruguay granted it the authorizations to
build the actual mill; these were followed much later by the authorization

to commission the mill. The case of Botnia is telling in this respect: con-
struction works for the mill did not begin until approximately one year

233after its AAP of 14 February 2005. Moreover, between that AAP and the
commissioning of the mill on 9 November 2007, the company received

the following approvals:

— on 12 April 2005, of its Environmental Management Plan (“PGA” in
Spanish) for the removal of vegetation and earth moving;

— on 22 August 2005, of its PGA for the construction of concrete foun-
dations and the chimney;

— on 18 January 2006, of its PGA for the construction phase of the
works;
— on 10 May 2006, of its PGA for the construction of the wastewater
treatment plant;

— on 9 April 2007, of its PGA for the creation of an industrial non-
hazardous waste landfill;
— on 9 April 2007, of its PGA for the construction of a solid industrial
waste landfill;
— on 31 October 2007, of its PGA for operations;

— on 8 November 2007, of the actual operation of the plant (Uruguay’s
Rejoinder, para. 2.48, CR 2009/22, p. 13).

39. It follows that on the date of conclusion of the agreements which
will be examined below, (the “understanding” between the Ministers for
Foreign Affairs (Bielsa-Opertti) of 2 March 2004 and the agreement
establishing the GTAN between the Presidents (Kirchner-Vázquez) of
5 May 2005, both of which, in my view, render the provision set forth in

Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the River Uruguay inapplicable
in this case) the respective time-limits for informing CARU timely or in a
timely manner about the implementation of the CMB (ENCE) mill
project and the Orion (Botnia) mill project had not expired, as Uruguay
still had the opportunity to do this in a timely or appropriate manner for

the purposes of the aims to be achieved through the information process.
40. Therefore, on the date of the agreements, Uruguay could not have
breached the obligation to inform CARU under Article 7, paragraph 1,
of the Statute, because “[a]n act of a State does not constitute a breach of
an international obligation unless the State is bound by the obligation in

question at the time the act occurs” and “[t]he breach of an international
obligation by an act of a State not having continuing character occurs at
the moment when the act is performed, even if its effects continue”
(Art. 13 and Art. 14, para. 1, Articles on Responsibility of States for
Internationally Wrongful Acts).

41. There was, therefore, no “wrongful delay” by Uruguay in respect
of the obligation to inform CARU under Article 7, paragraph 1, of the
Statute of the River Uruguay before the conclusion of the above-
mentioned subsequent agreements between the Parties. I would add that

the Parties are agreed that the acts amounting to any procedural breaches
involving Articles 7 to 12 of the Statute are to be categorized as being

234“instantaneous” in nature (Argentina’s Memorial, paras. 8.12 et seq.;

CR 2009/19, p. 45, para. 3).

IV. THE SCOPE AND C ONTENT OF THE PARTIES ’A GREEMENTS OF
2M ARCH 2004 AND 5M AY 2005

42. In the case of both ENCE and Botnia, the Parties jointly decided
to dispense with the preliminary review by CARU provided for in Arti-
cle 7 of the Statute and to proceed immediately to the direct consulta-
tions and negotiations referred to in Article 12. In both cases, Argentina

was the Party which sought to hold direct consultations with Uruguay at
times when CARU did not offer a viable framework, either because the
Commission had halted its sessions, or because it was deadlocked.

43. As the rules laid out in Articles 7 to 12 of the Statute of the River
Uruguay are not peremptory norms (jus cogens), there is nothing to pre-
vent the Parties from deciding by “joint agreement” to proceed immedi-

ately to direct consultation or negotiations without having to adhere to
the procedures under the Statute. And that is precisely what they did.
This “joint agreement” does indeed exist: it is manifest in the two above-
mentioned agreements which Uruguay invoked in the present proceed-

ings and which Argentina has acknowledged exist, although it disputes
the content and the scope which Uruguay affords them.
44. The Judgment recognizes that there is an “understanding” (Bielsa-
Opertti agreement) and an “agreement” (Presidents’ agreement establish-

ing the GTAN) which are binding on the Parties since they have entered
into them (paras. 128 and 138 of the Judgment), but rejects that in the
present case their effect was to depart from the Statute’s procedures
(Arts. 7-12). For the reasons set out below, I disagree with this.

1. The Understanding of 2 March 2004 between the Ministers
for Foreign Affairs

45. On 9 October 2003, at a meeting between Presidents Kirchner

(Argentina) and Battle (Uruguay) in Anchorena, (Colonia, Uruguay), the
subject of the paper pulp mills in Fray Bentos appears to have come up.
But nowhere in the material submitted to the Court is there any reference
to the Presidents’ conversations on the subject. However, the Ministers

for Foreign Affairs, Messrs. Bielsa (Argentina) and Opertti (Uruguay),
did refer to the “M’Bopicuá Plant” at a press conference of which a tran-
script does appear in the record. Minister Bielsa said:

“We talked about the M’Bopicuá plant. The idea is that when the
company issues its environmental assessment plan, that report can
be made known. From the point of view of Argentina, if the report

is satisfactory regarding the environmental issues, something that
Uruguay is also pursuing in its capacity as the sixth leading nation in

235 the world in terms of environmental protection, then we shall be in

agreement.
.............................
The position of the two nations is absolutely in harmony [sic].

We...wanttoseethatthisplantisactuallyinstalled,thatthesejobs
can actually be created, that the investment can actually go forward
and that this does not involve any deterioration for the environ-
ment.” (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. II, Ann. 14.)

And Minister Opertti (Uruguay) said:

“La opinión oficial del Gobierno es muy sencilla y muy clara: esto
se trata de una inversión en territorio uruguayo sujeta a ley uru-

guaya. Naturalmente que es una inversión importante y si de esa
inversión pudieren directa o indirectamente derivar efectos que pudi-
eran de alguna manera poner en riesgo valores ambientales, que
tanto la Argentina como el Uruguay defienden porque los dos ten-

emos el mismo credo en esa materia, naturalmente que los dos tra-
taremos de evitar que eso suceda. Y para ello ya existen mecanismos
. . . hay una Comisión Administradora del Río Uruguay y a ella lle-
2
garemos si es preciso.” (Ibid.)
46. But, also on 9 October 2003, MVOTMA (Ministerio de Vivienda

Ordenamiento Territorial y Medio Ambiente) granted the AAP to ENCE
(“Gabenir S.A.” at the time) for the “Celulosa de M’Bopicuá” (CMB)
paper pulp mill on the left bank of the River Uruguay at Fray Bentos,
near the international bridge and opposite the Argentine region of Guale-

guaychú, where the population had demonstrated against the building of
the plant. Argentina considered this a breach of Article 7 of the Statute
of the River Uruguay and protested against the granting of that AAP to
ENCE, notably by ceasing to attend CARU meetings (that situation con-

tinued until the conclusion of the agreement of 2 March 2004).

47. The Parties, however, continued their discussions on the CMB

(ENCE) project at a higher level — through ministers and Ministers for
Foreign Affairs —, in other words, outside CARU, whose work had
come to a halt. Thus, by a diplomatic Note dated 27 October 2003, for
example, Uruguay’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs transmitted to Argentina:

(1) the environmental impact assessment for ENCE; (2) DINAMA’s

2 “The Government’s official position is very simple and very clear: this is an invest-
ment on Uruguayan territory, subject to Uruguayan law. It is, of course, a substan-
tial investment and, were there a risk of this investment, directly or indirectly, in any
way jeopardizing the environmental values to which both Argentina and Uruguay
subscribe — our approaches being the same in that respect — both countries would
naturally endeavour to prevent such a risk from materializing. Mechanisms to that
end are already in place . . . there is an Administrative Commission of the River Uru-
guay, to which we could turn should the need arise.”

2362 October 2003 technical report on the environmental impact
assessment; and (3) the AAP of 9 October 2003. Further, on 7 Novem-

ber 2003, Uruguay transmitted to Argentina, at the latter’s request, a
complete copy of the MVTOMA file on the ENCE project (totalling
1,683 pages). Argentina therefore received all the information relating to
the CMB (ENCE) project only a few days after Uruguay granted the
AAP to ENCE on 9 October 2003.

48. Argentina has admitted these facts in the present proceedings and
also did so at the time they occurred. For example, in the report to the
Argentine Senate on 2004 (prepared in 2005) by the Head of the Argen-
tine Cabinet Office, Dr. Alberto Angel Fernández, the following response

appears from the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs to a question
posed:
“As a consequence of this grave situation, and not finding within

the ambit of CARU the necessary consensus to resolve the matter,
CARU halted its sessions and consideration of the matter was left to
both Foreign Ministries.
.............................

II. In this context and by virtue of the impasse at CARU, the
Argentinean Foreign Ministry requested the technical information
corresponding to Uruguay. In November 2003, in accordance with
the proposal by the Argentinean Foreign Ministry, the Uruguayan

Foreign Ministry sent the documentation related to the Cellulose
project in M’Bopicuá ... to the Argentinean Embassy in Monte-
video.” (Uruguay’s Rejoinder, Vol. II, Ann. R14, p. 616; emphasis
added.)

In his statement on the dispute with Uruguay, made to the Foreign
Affairs Commission of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies on 14 Feb-
ruary 2006, the Argentine Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Taiana,

made similar comments on the workings of the information and prior
consultation process of the Statute of the River Uruguay:

“It may occur, however, that the parties may not reach an agree-
ment within the sphere of CARU over the impact of the projected
works on the ecosystem associated with the Uruguay River. In this
last situation, the matter leaves the orbit of competence of the

Commission and is turned over to be considered at the level of the
Governments.” (Ibid., Vol. II, Ann. R16; Argentina’s Application
instituting proceedings, Ann. III, p. 4.)

49. Using the information transmitted by Uruguay, outlined above,
Argentina’s technical advisers to CARU studied the CMB (ENCE) project
and produced a report for their authorities in February 2004 . They con-
cluded that “there would be no significant environmental impact on the

Argentine side” (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. III, Ann. 46). Argen-
tina’s delegates to CARU also supported this conclusion (Uruguay’s

237Counter-Memorial, Vol. IV, Ann. 99). This report reassured Argentina
about the possible effects of building and operating the disputed mill and

opened the way to further meetings of the Parties and, eventually, to the
conclusion of the agreement between Ministers Bielsa and Opertti on
2 March 2004.
50. Argentina has argued in these proceedings that the agreement of
2 March 2004 did not render Article 7 of the Statute inapplicable in this

case, and the Judgment concurs with the Applicant on this point. But, the
actual text of the agreement, recorded in the CARU minutes of
15 May 2004, and other pieces of documentary evidence from official
Argentine sources, have convinced me to the contrary. In my view, these

various factors tip the balance resolutely in favour of Uruguay’s version
of the facts as presented in its written pleadings and during the oral pro-
ceedings, that is, that the Ministers agreed at the time that the CMB
(ENCE) pulp mill would be built in Fray Bentos on condition: (1) that
CARU maintained a certain level of control over technical aspects, as

described in the agreement, relating to the construction of the mill (which
is in no way connected to the preliminary review under Article 7, para-
graph 1, of the Statute); and (2) that, once the mill had entered into
operation, a system would be established for CARU’s monitoring of the
quality of the river’s waters throughout the area of the mill site.

51. Following the meeting of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs, Bielsa
and Opertti, on 2 March 2004 in Buenos Aires, Argentina’s Ambassador,
Mr. Sguiglia, and that of Uruguay, Mr. Sader, exchanged drafts with a
view to committing the Ministers’ oral agreement to writing. These
exchanges, between March and April 2004, confirm the existence of the

agreement and its content. The last draft exchanged on the subject of the
content of the agreement reads as follows:

“VIII. On 2 March 2004 the Foreign Ministers of Argentina and
Uruguay reached an understanding with respect to the course of
action that this matter will take, that is, to have the Uruguayan gov-
ernment provide the information relating to the construction of the
plant, and with respect to the operational phase, to have CARU under-

take the monitoring of the water quality in conformity with its
Statute.” (Ibid., Vol. IX, Ann. 200.)

52. This text echoes the statements made to the press on 3 March 2004
both by Mr. Opertti and by Messrs. Bielsa and Sguiglia, as well as, for
the most part, the content of a memorandum of 1 April 2004 sent to the
Ambassador, Mr. Volonté Berro (Uruguay) by his Minister-Counsellor,
Mr. Castillo. This confirms that the Bielsa-Opertti agreement took place

after the “planning” phase for the mill, to which the obligation to inform
CARU relates under Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute . That phase
occurred well before the agreement, which itself looked ahead to the
future, that is, to the construction and commissioning phases of the mill.

53. The wording of the Bielsa-Opertti agreement was also ratified in
the minutes of CARU’s extraordinary meeting on 15 May 2004 (first

238meeting of the Commission since October 2003) and duly authenticated
by the signatures of the head of the Argentine delegation to CARU,

Mr. Roberto García Moritán, and the head of the Uruguayan delegation,
Mr. Walter M. Belvisi, as well as by that of CARU’s Administrative Secre-
tary, Mr. Sergio Chave (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. IV, Ann. 99).
Those minutes, in their entirety, read as follows:

“General Agreed Matters:

I. Both parties pointed out that the environmental protection of
the Uruguay River is a matter in which both parties share interest
and sensitivity; that has materialized in concrete actions pursuant to

the Statute of the Uruguay River and in the Environmental Protec-
tion Plan of the Uruguay River signed by both countries on 29 Octo-
ber 2002 in the city of Paysandú.
II. On 2 March 2004 the Foreign Ministers of Argentina and Uru-

guay reached an understanding with respect to the proper course of
action that this matter will take, that is, to have the Uruguayan Gov-
ernment provide the information relating to the construction of the
plant, and with respect to the operational phase of the pulp mill, to
have CARU undertake the monitoring of water quality in conformity

with its Statute.
Specific Agreed-Upon Matters:

I. Both delegations reasserted that the Foreign Ministers of the
Republic of Argentina and the Republic of Uruguay agreed on
2 March 2004 that Uruguay shall communicate the information

related to the construction of the pulp mill including the Environ-
mental Management Plan. In this sense, CARU shall receive the
Environmental Management Plans for the construction and opera-
tion of the plant provided by the company to the Uruguayan gov-
ernment via the Uruguayan delegation. Within the framework of its

competency, CARU will consider those, taking into account the
terms included in the aforementioned Ministerial Resolution 342/2003,
particularly those terms expressly established by the Ministry of
Housing, Land Use Planning and the Environment, such as
actions which require additional implementation and additional

assessment by the company before approval of those, formulating its
observations, comments and suggestions, which shall be transmitted
to Uruguay, to be dismissed or decided with the company. Once said
issues are considered, CARU shall again be informed.

II. In relation to the operational phase, we will proceed to moni-
tor environmental quality. This monitoring shall be carried out in
conformity with the provisions of the Statute of the Uruguay River,

especially Chapter X, Articles 40 to 43. Both delegations agree that in
view of the scope of the undertaking and its possible effects, CARU

239 shall adopt procedures in conformity with the current minutes .O n
the other hand, the sampling already done by CARU should be

taken into account as the baseline for the monitoring (these show no
acute toxicity and compliance of almost 100 per cent with the quality
standards as compared to the reference values). CARU’s decision to
add two new water sampling stations in the work area shall make
monitoring more effective.

III. Both parties take note of the next meeting of a technical
nature between national authorities of both countries to exchange
viewpoints on this issue. Likewise, both parties agreed to invite the
presidents of both delegations to CARU to attend the meeting.

Decision:

Based on the preceding statements and agreements of the Parties,
it is decided to send all documentation that CARU has in relation to
the M’Bopicuá project to the Subcommittee of Water Quality and
Prevention of Environmental Pollution for its consideration, analy-
sis, and evaluation in accordance with the points mentioned (I and

II — Specific Agreed-Upon Matter ... ). Likewise, it is agreed to
request all the information related to the construction phase of the
plant as agreed by the Uruguayan Foreign Ministry. In this context,
and in compliance with the Environmental Protection Plan, it is
agreed to convene a Technical Advisory Committee for the related

matters.” (Emphasis added.) [Translation by the Registry.] (CARU,
Minutes 01/04 (15 May 2004) (Excerpt), Uruguay’s Counter-Memo-
rial, Vol. IV, Ann. 99, pp. 108-110.)

54. There is not a single passage, nor even a single word, in the text of
this CARU decision that could support the contention that it implied a

return to the Commission for purposes of Article 7, paragraph 1, of the
Statute of the River Uruguay. On the contrary, CARU gives effect to the
entire content of the agreement entered into by Ministers Bielsa and
Opertti on 2 March 2004. Ministerial Resolution 342/2003 cited in para-
graph I of the “Specific Agreed-Upon Matters” of the CARU minutes is

MVOTMA’s Ministerial Resolution of 9 October 2003 granting the AAP
for the CMB (ENCE) project.
55. The following comments, made before the wording of the minutes
was adopted, by the President of Argentina’s delegation to CARU,
Mr. Moritán, are easily understood. After recalling that Uruguay had

“failed to comply” with the “procedure set forth in Article 7”, he admits,
however, that “an important limiting factor in our position is the agree-
ment executed by the Foreign Ministers on 2 March 2004, which was ref-
erenced previously” and “the fact is that we have to go forward on the basis

of the reports that we have and the agreement reached by the Foreign
Ministers” (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. IV, Ann. 99, pp. 18 and 19).

240 56. Therefore, the statements made by the CARU delegates at the time
fully confirm the scope of the 2 March 2004 agreement between the Min-

isters for Foreign Affairs, which is evidenced by the documents in the
record. Indeed, the content of the statements of those involved shows
that they were no longer expecting CARU to exercise the general powers
conferred on it under Articles 7 to 11 of the Statute in respect of the
CMB (ENCE) plant, rather that it would carry out only certain tasks

agreed on in the Bielsa-Opertti agreement.
57. Other documents submitted to the Court confirm the scope of the
agreement of 2 March 2004, as explained above. I shall not dwell on this,
except in respect of three official Argentine documents from the time

which are of particular note: (1) a statement by the Argentine Ministry of
Foreign Affairs in a report on 2004 to the Senate (published in 2005);
(2) a statement by the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs from the
time in a report on 2004 to the Chamber of Deputies; and (3) a statement
in the 2004 Annual Report on the State of the Nation, prepared by the

Office of Argentina’s President.

58. In the first of these documents (already cited in para. 48 above),
the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that:

“On 2 March 2004, the Foreign Ministers of Argentina and Uru-

guay reached an understanding on the course of action to give to
this subject. That is, for the Government of Uruguay to facilitate
information relative to the construction of the plant, and in regard
to the operational phase, instruct the CARU to proceed to carry out
a monitoring of the water quality of the Uruguay River in conform-

ity with the provisions of the Statute for the River Uruguay, espe-
cially its Chapter X, Articles 40 to 43. This decision coincides with
the request of the Governor of Entre Ríos Province . . . The under-
standing of the Foreign Ministers, the note from the Governor of
Entre Ríos and the report of the technical experts coincide in that

the CARU should concentrate its activity on the subject of mecha-
nisms of control.” [Translation by the Registry.] (Uruguay’s Rejoin-
der, Vol. II, Ann. R14, p. 617.)

59. The statement by the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs in a
report presented to the Chamber of Deputies for 2004 reads as follows:

“In June of that same year [2004], a Bilateral Agreement was

signed through which Argentina’s Government put an end to the
controversy.
Said agreement respects, on the one hand, the Uruguayan national
character of the project, and on the other hand, the regulations in

force that regulate the waters of the Uruguay River through the
CARU.

241 Likewise, it includes a work methodology for the three phases of
construction of the project: the project, the construction and the

operation.
Thus, inclusive control procedures were carried out on the Uruguay
River which means they will continue after the plants are in opera-
tion.
Controls on both plants will be more extensive than those our own

country has on its plants on the Paraná River , which were neverthe-
less accepted by Uruguay (the technologies that the province of
Entre Ríos questions Uruguay about are the same ones that are used
in our country).” (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. III, Ann. 46;

emphasis added.)

60. According to the statement made in Argentina’s 2004 Annual

Report on the State of the Nation prepared by the Head of the Argentine
Cabinet Office (dated 1 March 2005):

“That same month [i.e., June 2004 (sic)], both countries signed a
bilateral agreement which put an end to the controversy over the
pulp mill installation in Fray Bentos.
This agreement respects, on the one hand, the Uruguayan and
national character of the work, which was never under discussion,

and on the other hand, the regulation in force that regulates the
Uruguay River waters through the CARU.
It also provides for a working procedure for the three phases of
construction of the work: project, construction and operation.”
(Ibid., Vol. III, Ann. 48, p. 28.)

It adds further on:

“In view of the ‘specific agreements of both Delegations at CARU’
regarding the possible installation of pulp mill plants on the Uruguay
River bank, a ‘Monitoring Plan for Environmental Quality of the
Uruguay River in the Areas of the Pulp Mill Plants’ was designed,

which together with the ‘Plan of Environmental Protection of the
Uruguay River’ helps to maintain water quality. The ‘water quality’
standards were also reviewed and updated, considering they remain
to be included in the Digest of Uses of the Uruguay River.” ( Ibid.,
Vol. III, Ann. 48, p. 28; emphasis added.)

61. This text also confirms Uruguay’s theory that the procedure agreed
to on 2 March 2004 by Ministers Bielsa and Opertti for the ENCE
project was also later applied to the Botnia project by the two Govern-

ments. Argentina knew of the Botnia project by November 2003 at the
latest, when its official representatives had their first meeting with Botnia
representatives in Buenos Aires, and CARU itself learned of it
in April 2004, when it first met representatives of the company. The joint

press release of 31 May 2005 on the occasion of the GTAN’s establish-
ment also makes reference to “the cellulose plants that are being con-

242structed in the Eastern Republic of Uruguay” (see below). CARU and its
Subcommittee on Water Quality and Prevention of Pollution did the

same. For example, PROCEL’s full title is “Plan for Monitoring Water
Quality of the River Uruguay in the Area of the Pulp Mills” (emphasis
added).

62. The Court’s Judgment accepts that the understanding of

2 March 2004 is a procedure replacing that under the Statute, but it dis-
misses its application in the present case on the — to me, rather surpris-
ing — basis that Uruguay failed to adhere to it. In point of fact, in
paragraphs 129 and 131 of the Judgment, the Court states that the infor-

mation which Uruguay was obliged under the “understanding” to trans-
mit to CARU was never transmitted. Therefore, the Court concluded
that it could not accept Uruguay’s contention that the “understanding”
put an end to its dispute with Argentina in respect of the CMB (ENCE)
mill, concerning the implementation of the procedure laid down by Arti-

cle 7 of the Statute. The Court further notes that, when the understand-
ing was drawn up, it covered only the CMB (ENCE) project; it rejects
Uruguay’s contention that the scope of the understanding was later
extended by the parties to the Orion (Botnia) project, with the argument
that reference to “the two mills” is made only as from July 2004 in the

context of the PROCEL plan. However, the Court adds, that plan con-
cerns only the measures to monitor the environmental quality of the river
waters, not the procedures under Article 7 of the 1975 Statute. And, thus,
the Court concludes that since the “understanding” was never applied by
Uruguay, it cannot be considered as a derogation from the procedural

obligations laid down by Article 7 of the 1975 Statute.
63. To my great regret, I do not agree with that conclusion. As far as
monitoring is concerned, the agreement, with the consent of both delega-
tions to the Commission, was fully implemented by CARU which adopted
the PROCEL plan on 12 November 2004 and continued to implement it

until the withdrawal of the Argentine delegates. As for the transmission
by Uruguay of the technical information relating to the construction of
the CMB (ENCE) mill, Uruguay never had the chance to do so because
the mill was not built. The only PGA in existence for this mill is for the
“removal of vegetation and earth moving”, and dates from 28 Novem-

ber 2005. There are no others for the construction of the mill, eventually
abandoned by ENCE, in Fray Bentos.

64. In the case of Orion (Botnia), construction works for the mill on
the site unfolded after the official end of direct negotiations in the

GTAN, which the Judgment fixes at 3 February 2006 (para. 157). Further-
more, Uruguay transmitted to CARU by facsimile on 6 December
2004 “the text of the public file for the Kraft cellulose plant project,
application for initial environmental authorization [AAP] filed by Bot-

nia S.A.” (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. IV, Ann. 111, CARU,
Minutes 09/04 (10 December 2004)). Uruguay therefore sent this infor-

243mation to CARU before the AAP was granted on 14 February 2005. In
the documents submitted to the Court, there are references to the appli-

cation of the understanding to the “two mills”, not only in the CARU
documents on the PROCEL plan, but also in official Argentine docu-
ments such as the statement by the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs
in a report presented to the Chamber of Deputies for 2004 (see para-
graph 59 above).

65. The understanding of 2 March 2004 was performed as far as it was
physically possible to do so (impossibilium nulla obligatio est) .

2. The Presidents’ Agreement of 5 May 2005 Establishing the GTAN

66. In a diplomatic Note of 12 January 2006 to Uruguay’s ambassador
in Argentina, the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs described the cir-

cumstances leading up to the creation of the GTAN as follows: “The
lack of agreement within the Administrative Commission of the River
Uruguay (CARU) . . . led the Governments of both countries to deal
with the question directly and to establish a High Level Technical Group
(GTAN).” (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. III, Ann. 59.) See also

the 12 February 2006 address by Argentina’s Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Taiana, to the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Chamber of Depu-
ties annexed to the Application instituting proceedings in the present
case.
67. There were also political motives behind the establishment of the

GTAN. There was growing opposition to the construction of the two
mills in Fray Bentos among the inhabitants of the Argentine province of
Entre Ríos. Mass demonstrations had taken place and international
roads and bridges over the River Uruguay had been blockaded, notably
the General San Martín bridge, which was closed to traffic as a result of

the actions promoted by the “asambleistas” movement of Gualeguaychú.
On the other side, on 1 March 2005, a new Uruguayan Government took
office following the inauguration of President Tabaré Vázquez.

68. It should be noted that the Presidents’ agreement of 5 May 2005

was concluded on Argentina’s initiative. In a letter also dated 5 May 2005,
Argentina’s Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Bielsa, expressly proposed
direct discussions on the two mills (ENCE and Botnia) to his Uruguayan
counterpart, Mr. Gargano (Uruguay’s Rejoinder, Vol. II, Ann. R15). It
was thus once again Argentina which suggested that the issue of the

paper pulp mills be handled by the two Governments outside CARU.
However, the Judgment does not draw any conclusions from this on
whether or not Uruguay’s conduct at the time accorded with its
obligations in the matter, in view of the requirements of the prior

consultation process under the Statute of the River Uruguay and the
Bielsa-Opertti understanding of 2 March 2004, which was still in force

244when the outgoing Uruguayan Government issued the AAP for Botnia
on 14 February 2005.

69. In his letter of 5 May 2005 to the Uruguayan Minister, Mr. Gargano,
the Argentine Minister, Mr. Bielsa, wrote:

“I have the pleasure of addressing this to you with respect to the
projected installation of two plants for the production of cellulose in
the area of Fray Bentos, in front of the Argentinean city of Guale-
guaychú, in the province of Entre Ríos.

In this respect I must convey, once again, the great concern that
exists amongst the population and the authorities from the said
province — concern that the national Government takes as its
own — as a consequence of the environmental impact that the

operations of the said plants may produce.
Without prejudice of the water quality control and monitoring
procedures by CARU, this situation, due to its potential seriousness,
requires a more direct intervention of the competent environmental
authorities, with the cooperation of specialized academic institu-

tions.”
(This letter from Minister Bielsa goes on to convey to his Uruguayan

counterpart the requests made by the government of the Argentine prov-
ince of Entre Ríos, including a request for reconsideration of the location
of the plants.)
70. The text of the agreement between Presidents Vázquez and
Kirchner establishing the High-Level Technical Group (GTAN) was the

subject of a joint Argentine-Uruguayan press release dated 31 May 2005,
approved by the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the two countries. It
reads as follows:

“In conformity with what was agreed to by the Presidents of
Argentina and Uruguay, the Foreign Ministries of both of our coun-
tries constitute, under their supervision, a Group of Technical
Experts for complementary studies and analysis, exchange of infor-

mation and follow-up on the effects that the operation of the cellu-
lose plants that are being constructed in the Eastern Republic of
Uruguay will have on the ecosystem of the shared Uruguay River.

This Group . . . is to produce an initial report within a period of
180 days.” (Paragraph 132 of the Judgment.)

71. In light of this text and of the letter from Mr. Bielsa to Mr. Gar-
gano, there can be no doubt that on 5 May 2005 the Parties agreed bet-
ween themselves to dispense with the procedures set out in Articles 7 to
11 of the Statute in favour of immediate “direct negotiations” in the

GTAN; negotiations provided for in Article 12 of the Statute, as Argen-
tina expressly stated in its diplomatic Note of 14 December 2005 and

245which paragraph 4 of its Application instituting these proceedings
confirms. Moreover, in the third paragraph of Mr. Bielsa’s letter to Mr.

Gargano, it is stated that the “more direct intervention” of the Govern-
ments, sought at the time by Argentina and agreed to by Uruguay, would
take place “[w]ithout prejudice of the water quality control and monitor-
ing procedures by CARU”, which had been defined in the agreement of
2 March 2004.

72. It follows from the Presidents’ agreement of 5 May 2005 that there
was absolutely no question at that time of either Argentina or Uruguay
reconsidering the procedure agreed to by the Ministers for Foreign
Affairs of the two countries in March 2004 for CMB (ENCE) and later

extended to Orion (Botnia). According to the text of the Presidents’
agreement, the points which were still outstanding between the Parties
and which were supposed to be considered by them directly within the
GTAN concerned solely the effects that “the operation” of the paper pulp
mills (the two mills) being constructed in the Eastern Republic of Uru-

guay would have on the ecosystem of the river . For me, the Applicant’s
Note of 14 December 2005 registering the failure of the direct negotia-
tions in the GTAN is conclusive proof of this, since, having noted the
lack of agreement in the GTAN on the points outstanding, Argentina
then views the matter in the context of Article 12 of the Statute of the

River Uruguay yet without denouncing the agreement of 2 March 2004.

73. The Judgment accepts that the press release of 31 May 2005
expresses agreement between the two States, but only in order to create a
negotiating framework — the GTAN — to study, analyse and exchange

information on the effects that the operation of the cellulose plants that
were being constructed in the Eastern Republic of Uruguay could have
on the ecosystem of the river, with the group having to produce an initial
report within a period of 180 days (paragraph 138 of the Judgment). The
Court also acknowledges that the GTAN was created with the aim of

enabling the negotiations provided for in Article 12 of the Statute to take
place (paragraph 139 of the Judgment).
74. The Judgment goes on to conclude: (1) that the agreement con-
tained in the press release of 31 May 2005 cannot be interpreted as
expressing the agreement of the Parties to derogate from the other pro-

cedural obligations laid down by the Statute, in particular Article 7; and
(2) that, in this agreement, Argentina did not give up the procedural
rights which it clearly and unequivocally holds under the 1975 Statute, or
the possibility of invoking Uruguay’s responsibility for any breach of
those rights (paragraphs 140 and 141 of the Judgment). I do not agree

with those conclusions, because they take no account of the agreement of
2 March 2004 between the Ministers for Foreign Affairs which was still
in force on the date of conclusion of the Presidents’ agreement of
5 May 2005. Further, the agreement of 5 May 2005 did not put an end to

the agreement of 2 March 2004; quite the contrary, it confirmed its
scope.

246 75. The agreement of 2 March 2004 was not called into question either
by the text or the spirit of the Presidents’ agreement establishing the

GTAN, or by the terms of the press release of 31 May 2005. Argentina
has not proved, to my satisfaction, that by concluding the Presidents’
agreement, Uruguay supposedly waived the rights which belonged to it
under the March 2004 agreement. If that had been the case, what would
it have received in return: The interpretation according to which

the May 2005 agreement granted Argentina considerable rights of super-
vision over the construction of the mills (rights far greater than what is
provided for in the relevant articles of the 1975 Statute), without giving
Uruguay anything in exchange is not tenable in light of the facts. Nor

does the letter from Minister Bielsa of 5 May 2005, which, by virtue of its
content, forms part of the “travaux préparatoires” of the Presidents’
agreement, confirm the findings in the Judgment on this matter. For me,
pacta sunt servanda, with the associated good faith, governs the relations
between the Parties as regards the interpretation and application of the

provisions of the 1975 Statute, but so too does the Ministers’ agreement
of 2 March 2004, the existence and scope of which are in effect confirmed
by the Presidents’ agreement of 5 May 2005.
76. The Court also notes in its Judgment that the agreement docu-
mented in the press release of 31 May 2005, in referring to “the cellulose

plants that are being constructed in the Eastern Republic of Uruguay”, is
stating a simple fact and cannot be interpreted, as Uruguay claims, as an
acceptance of their construction by Argentina (paragraph 142 of the
Judgment). Regrettably, I cannot endorse the Court’s conclusion, because
the phrase in question goes far beyond stating a simple fact. In my opin-

ion, it states not just a fact, but a fact that reflects a legal relationship
between the Parties deriving from both the 1975 Statute and the under-
standing of 2 March 2004, as well as from the Presidents’ agreement of
5 May 2005.

3. The Procedure for the Pulp Mills in Fray Bentos
Established by the Parties’ Agreements

77. It follows from the scope and substance of the agreements of

2 March 2004 and 5 May 2005 that the Parties decided upon an ad hoc
procedure to deal with the matter of the pulp mills on the Uruguayan
bank of the River Uruguay at Fray Bentos. This procedure retained the
system of direct negotiations of the 1975 Statute and, should the Parties
fail to reach an agreement, the reference for judicial settlement of the dis-

pute, at the request of one or other of them, as provided for in Articles 12
and 60 of the Statute of the River Uruguay. However, the ad hoc proce-
dure dispensed with the procedural methods, under Articles 7 to 11 of the
Statute, relating to the carrying out of works.

78. CARU’s role in the procedure decided upon by the Parties was
defined by the agreement of 2 March 2004 and clearly explained in the

247Commission’s minutes approving that agreement (points (I) and (II) of
the “Specific Agreed-Upon Matters” cited in para. 53 above). It follows

that, in the present case, it is not for the Court to judge the conduct of the
Parties in respect of the Statute’s procedures in relation to CARU, which,
in my opinion, are not applicable in this case. In contrast, on the matter
of principle, I do not consider that the expression “through the Commis-
sion” contained in the Statute must be construed as ruling out exchanges

between Heads of State or Foreign Ministers, or through the normal dip-
lomatic channels. It is absurd to imagine that the States intended to
deprive themselves of such resources when they concluded the 1975 Statute.
In fact, interpretations to the contrary embellish the text, as the Stat-

ute does not stipulate that the Parties may communicate through CARU
exclusively. In any case, according to the information submitted to the
Court, on the one hand, Uruguay transmitted information on the planned
mills directly to Argentina and Argentina agreed to receive that informa-
tion and, on the other, Argentina requested information on the mills

directly from Uruguay and Uruguay agreed to transmit it to Argentina.
It is clear, therefore, that in the present case the Parties agreed to an
alternative procedure for transmitting information to that of the Statute,
which states that CARU should act as an intermediary.

79. On the other hand, the procedure adopted by the Parties confers
powers on CARU in this area, particularly regarding the protection and
preservation of the aquatic environment. The agreement of 2 March 2004
did indeed signify a return to the Commission, although not for the pur-
poses of Articles 7 to 11 of the Statute, but for two tasks new to the Stat-

ute’s procedural provisions. Those tasks relate to the “construction of the
mill” and “the operational phase of the mill”.

80. As regards the “construction of the mill”, Uruguay was to transmit
to CARU the environmental management plan (PGA) relating to the

construction and operation of the ENCE plant, to enable the Commis-
sion to formulate its observations, comments and suggestions “which
shall be transmitted to Uruguay, to be dismissed or decided with the
company”. The 1975 Statute does not give CARU procedural powers in
respect of the operational phase of a national industrial project. By con-

trast, the agreements reached by the parties tasked the Commission with
monitoring the environmental quality of the river in accordance with the
provisions of the Statute, and Chapter X on “pollution” (Arts. 40-43) in
particular. CARU successfully completed that task by drawing up and
implementing a “monitoring plan” within the framework of the Commis-

sion to check the quality of the waters of the river in the area of the pulp
mills (PROCEL).
81. Argentina’s agreement, in March 2004, to the actual principle of
building the mills is fully confirmed by the 2005 agreement setting up the

GTAN, which was concerned only with the effects of the operation of the
mills on the ecosystem of the river. It is true that Argentina then tried

248partially to reopen the question of the location of the mills (letter from
Mr. Bielsa to Mr. Gargano of 5 May 2005, Uruguay’s Rejoinder, Vol. II,

Ann. R15), but that request met with a flat refusal from Uruguay, in all
likelihood on the basis of what had been decided by the Parties in the
2 March 2004 agreement. The 2005 agreement mandated the GTAN, and
not CARU, to carry out “complementary studies and analysis, exchange
of information and follow up” on the effects that the operation of the

cellulose plants that are being constructed on the River Uruguay will
have on the ecosystem of the River Uruguay. The issue was no longer the
planning or construction of the mills, but the effects of their operation.

82. In the procedure laid down in the Parties’ agreements, the consul-
tation procedures between the Parties concerning the pulp mills in Fray
Bentos were far more inclined to favour protection of Argentina’s inter-
ests in the matter than were the procedural methods under Articles 7

to 11 of the 1975 Statute. The Statute makes no mention of visits or sum-
mit meetings of Heads of State and/or Ministers for Foreign Affairs; nor
does it mention the creation of a high-level technical group, such as the
GTAN, made up of diplomats, lawyers and experts from the two coun-
tries, which met from 3 August 2005 and which discussed the two pro-

posed mills (ENCE had yet to abandon the plan to build the CMB
plant). It was thus by these means, the result of diplomacy, that the aim
pursued by “notify[ing] the other party”, laid down by Article 7, para-
graph 2, of the Statute, was achieved by the Parties in the present case.

83. Under the procedure agreed, it was not for Argentina to evaluate
alone, or with a perfunctory knowledge of the main features of the
plants, either the technical data of the mills and the effects of their opera-
tion, or the possible significant harm that they could cause to Argentina
or to the River Uruguay as a shared natural resource: it could rely on

Uruguay’s collaboration.
84. From the earliest stages in the ENCE project, Uruguay transmit-
ted to Argentina all of the documentation it then possessed on the
project. Argentina acknowledged that the information on the ENCE mill
was adequate, as its experts were able to draft their report of Febru-

ary 2004 on the basis of that information. Furthermore, during the
second half of 2005, within the GTAN framework, Uruguay provided
Argentina with a great deal more information on that mill and yet more,
and more detailed, information on the Botnia mill than it had done for
the ENCE mill in both 2004 and 2005.

85. During the meetings of the GTAN, Uruguay supplied Argentina
with no fewer than 36 new documents, including DINAMA’s entire
4,000-plus-page file on Botnia. According to the information contained
in the case file, Uruguay responded to Argentina’s requests for informa-

tion, in the GTAN, even though it had sometimes to undertake research
in order to meet them. In any event, during the oral proceedings, the

249Applicant did not complain of any lack of information. It therefore

appears that the Respondent complied in full with its legal obligation to
keep the other State informed (information sharing obligation) .

86. It should also be pointed out that in the procedure agreed to by the

Parties, Argentina was not subject to the time constraints required by the
Statute with its system of time-limits in Articles 7 and 8. Argentina was
not, for example, limited by the period of 180 days in which to notify the
other Party that the implementation of the work or programme of opera-

tions could cause significant damage to the navigation, the régime of the
river or the quality of its waters. Over a year, i.e., more than double the
period of six months laid down by Article 8 of the Statute, elapsed
between March 2004 and May 2005.

87. In sum, whenever the Parties agree to seek mutually acceptable
solutions on the basis of direct consultations, in order to resolve a dis-
agreement or dispute relating to the interpretation or application of the
1975 Statute, it cannot be claimed that any failure to apply the relevant

time-limits under the Statute constitutes an internationally wrongful act.

88. Finally, it must be borne in mind that, within the framework of the
conciliation procedure provided for in Chapter XIV of the 1975 Statute,

“any dispute which may arise between the Parties concerning the river”
only has to be examined by CARU at the proposal of either Party , and if
the Commission is unable to arrive at an agreement within 120 days, the
two parties shall attempt to resolve the issue by direct negotiations

(Arts. 58 and 59 of the Statute). In the present case, neither Party asked
CARU to resolve their dispute on the interpretation and application of
the provisions of Articles 7 to 12 of the Statute by means of conciliation.
The Parties proceeded to “direct negotiations” without the Commission’s

intermediation, creating for this purpose an ad hoc framework for nego-
tiation, i.e., the GTAN.

V. U RUGUAY ’SO BLIGATIONS DURING THE PERIOD
OF D IRECT N EGOTIATIONS

89. As indicated in the introduction to this opinion, I fully support

both the Court’s conclusion rejecting the “no construction obligation”
said to be borne by Uruguay between the end of the direct negotiation
period within the GTAN and the decision of the Court , and the reasons
for its rejection: as the Judgment states, that supposed obligation “is not

expressly laid down by the 1975 Statute and does not follow from its pro-
visions” (paragraph 154 of the Judgment).

90. I would only add here that the supposed obligation does not fol-

low from general international law either, since, as the arbitral award in
the Lac Lanoux case so aptly put it:

250 “To admit that jurisdiction in a certain field can no longer be exer-
cised except on the condition of, or by way of, an agreement between

two States, is to place an essential restriction on the sovereignty of a
State, and such restriction could only be admitted if there were clear
and convincing evidence . Without doubt, international practice does
reveal some special cases . . . But these cases are exceptional, and
international judicial decisions are slow to recognize their existence,

especially when they impair the territorial sovereignty of a State, as
would be the case in the present matter.
In effect, in order to appreciate in its essence the necessity for
prior agreement, one must envisage the hypothesis in which the

interested States cannot reach agreement. In such case, it must be
admitted that the State which is normally competent has lost its
right to act alone as a result of the unconditional and arbitrary
opposition of another State. This amounts to admitting a ‘right of
assent’, a ‘right of veto’, which at the discretion of one State para-

lyses the exercise of the territorial jurisdiction of another.” (United
Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Decisions , Vol. XII,
p. 306, para. 11; emphasis added.)

91. However, I disagree with the Judgment on establishing whether

Uruguay’s conduct during the period of direct negotiations within the
GTAN was in accordance with its legal obligations to Argentina, in light
of the principle of the obligation to negotiate. I am in no doubt whatever
that there is such an obligation under international law and it is also my
understanding that, given its significance in international relations, the

Court must be exacting in ensuring that it is met, because reciprocal trust
is an inherent condition of international co-operation (Nuclear Tests
(Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974 , p. 268, para. 46).
Therefore, it is not the existence or importance of this obligation with
which I disagree, but how the Judgment has applied it to the circum-

stances and facts of the case.

92. Thus, I agree that, during the negotiations within the GTAN, Uru-
guay was obliged — as indeed was Argentina — to take part in good
faith and with an open mind, so as to ensure that the negotiations were

meaningful, and to be willing to take reasonable account of the other
Party’s views, without however being obliged to reach an agreement
because, under international law, a commitment to negotiate does not
imply an obligation to agree. The GTAN was to produce a report within
180 days and, having begun its work on 3 August 2005, in principle Uru-

guay would have been obliged to comply with the said obligation until
the end of the GTAN negotiations, fixed in the Judgment at 3 Febru-
ary 2006.
93. It is possible, however, for the consultations between the Parties to

become deadlocked before the period allowed for direct negotiations has
expired — six months in the present case, as I have just said. In such

251circumstances, I believe it to be contrary to the sound administration of
justice to oblige the Parties to wait until the official time-limit has elapsed

before they are freed of the obligation. Indeed, in situations like this, I
believe, in principle, that neither State is obliged to take an action which
is clearly futile and pointless, or which has already proved to be in vain
(see the separate opinion of Judge Tanaka in Barcelona Traction, Light
and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain), Second Phase, Judg-

ment, I.C.J. Reports 1970 , p. 145).
94. My first observation therefore concerns the issue of the temporal
scope of the obligation in this case, since a similar situation arose in the
present case. The direct negotiations within the GTAN reached a dead-

lock towards the end of November 2005, long before 3 February 2006.
Argentina’s diplomatic Notes of 14 December 2005, 26 December 2005
and 12 January 2006, which form part of the record (Argentina’s Memo-
rial, Vol. II, Anns. 27, 28 and 30), confirm the deadlock the GTAN had
reached.

95. The diplomatic Note of 14 December 2005, signed by Ambas-
sador Moritán in his capacity as Secretary for Foreign Affairs at the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship, concludes
as follows:

“The Government of the Argentine Republic concludes that, upon
the parties having failed to reach agreement . . . [‘no habiendo lle-
gado las Partes a un acuerdo’ in the original note in Spanish], as

specified by Article 12 of the River Uruguay Statute, this paves the
way for the procedure provided for in Chapter XV of said Statute.

Consequently, the Government of the Argentine Republic hereby
notifies the Uruguayan Government of the following:

(a) a dispute has arisen in connection with the application and
interpretation of the Statute of the River Uruguay; and

(b) the direct negotiations between both Governments, referred to
by Article 60 of the Statute, have been taking place since
3 August 2005 (the date of the first GTAN meeting) in respect
of the dispute arising out of the unilateral authorizations for
construction of the said industrial plants; and since the date

hereof as regards the dispute arising out of the unilateral
authorization in respect of the port, evidenced in the record of
the CARU plenary session of 14 October 2005 and referred to
in the Note by the President of the Argentine Delegation before
the Commission to the Uruguayan counterpart, submitted at

the plenary session of 17 November.” (Argentina’s Memorial,
Vol. II, Ann. 27, p. 432.)

96. As regards the “direct negotiations” referred to in Article 60 of the
Statute, this Argentine diplomatic Note draws a distinction between

252those relating to the dispute over the construction of the CMB and Orion
mills and those concerning the dispute over the construction of the Bot-

nia port, which are said to be taking place “since the date hereof”, that is,
14 December 2005, the date of the diplomatic Note. This was confirmed
on 12 February 2006 by Argentina’s Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Taiana, when he explained to the Foreign Affairs Committee of the
Argentine Chamber of Deputies that:

“in relation with the port construction project, the purpose of the

note [of 14 December 2005] was to determine [that] the day of presen-
tation to Uruguay would be the start date from which to compute
the period in which to carry out direct negotiations” (Argentina’s
Application instituting proceedings, Ann. III, p. 19 (Spanish text)

and p. 17 (English text)).
97. My second observation concerns the substantive scope of the obli-

gation. I do not agree with the findings of the Court on this matter,
because the Judgment does not distinguish between the various categories
of “administrative acts granting environmental authorization of a work”
and “the authorizations or plans for the construction of the work itself”,
which is essential in my view. On the other hand, the Judgment treats

activities or works of “a preparatory character” to the work as though
they were the “construction works” prohibited by the obligation. I am
disappointed that the sound legal rule on the subject which the Court
identified in the case concerningGabc ˇíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/
Slovakia) was not applied to the present case: as the Court stated at

the time:
“A wrongful act or offence is frequently preceded by preparatory

actions which are not to be confused with the act or offence itself. It
is as well to distinguish between the actual commission of a wrongful
act (whether instantaneous or continuous) and the conduct prior to
that act which is of a preparatory character and which ‘does not
qualify as a wrongful act’.” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1997 ,p.54,

para. 79.)
98. In fact, some of Uruguay’s actions condemned in the Judgment

relating to the CMB (ENCE) and Orion (Botnia) projects are of a “pre-
paratory” character, as opposed to the actual construction works for the
mills. This is true, for example, of the removal of vegetation and earth
moving for ENCE (Environmental Management Plan (PGA) of
28 November 2005), which is the only authorization granted by Uruguay

to ENCE during the period in question and which was modified after the
GTAN had come to an end, on 22 March 2006. In the case of Botnia,
there is the removal of vegetation and earth moving (PGA of
12 April 2005) before the GTAN, and the construction of concrete foun-

dations and the chimney (PGA of 22 August 2005) during the GTAN. In
addition, there is the resolution dated 5 July 2005, with which the com-

253petent Uruguayan authorities authorized Botnia to make use of the river
bed for the construction of a port adjacent to the Orion mill for the

exclusive use of the mill, as well as a PGA relating to the approval of the
“Plan de Gestión Ambiental de las Obras Civiles Terrestres Planta de
Celulosa Botnia Fray Bentos PGAV Version”, dated 18 January 2006,
that is, after Argentina’s diplomatic Note of 14 December 2005 cited in
paragraph 95 above.

99. All that remains, therefore, is the issue of the authorization for the
construction of the Botnia port. This merits a moment’s attention because
it was Argentina and not Uruguay which prevented CARU from carry-
ing out the role attributed to it under the 1975 Statute in this case. It is

true that the initial environmental authorization (AAP) for the Orion
(Botnia) mill of 14 February 2005 granted by Uruguay was for both the
paper pulp mill and its port terminal, and also that the Uruguayan reso-
lution of 5 July 2005, mentioned earlier, authorized Botnia to make use
of the river bed for the construction of the terminal. However, approxi-

mately one month after this resolution, on 3 August 2005, the Argentine
and Uruguayan delegations agreed, at the first GTAN meeting, to refer
the Botnia port terminal project to CARU without condition for prelimi-
nary review pursuant to Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute.

100. Following this understanding, Uruguay transmitted the Uru-
guayan resolution of 5 July 2005 on the plans for the Botnia port to
CARU by diplomatic Note of 15 August 2005 from the President of the
Uruguayan delegation to CARU to the President of the Argentine del-
egation to CARU, in accordance with Article 7 of the Statute (“en

cumplimiento del Art. 7 del Estatuto” in the original Spanish). Then, on
13 October 2005, Uruguay supplied CARU with the additional informa-
tion on the project requested by the Argentine delegation. Thus, by
agreement of the Parties, the Botnia port terminal project was not the
subject of “direct negotiations” within the GTAN. Nor was it examined

by CARU for the purposes of Article 7 of the Statute, because Argentina
blocked the preliminary review of the project by the Commission on the
basis of Uruguay’s refusal to halt construction works on the port. Argen-
tina’s decision to do so was communicated at the CARU meeting of
14 October 2005 and reiterated in a Note of 17 November 2005 addressed

to the President of the Uruguayan delegation to CARU.
101. In my opinion, it follows that the dispute concerning the port
terminal of the Orion (Botnia) mill, which is in effect included in the
Application instituting proceedings of 4 May 2006, is inadmissible, because
the procedural steps set out in Articles 7 et seq. of the Statute were not

followed and because this dispute was not the subject of “direct
negotiations”, in the GTAN or elsewhere, a prerequisite under Article 60
of the Statute to be able to seise the Court of any dispute concerning the
interpretation or application of the Statute of the River Uruguay. Fur-

thermore, nor was the 180-day period, which Article 12 of the Statute
reserves for “direct negotiations”, respected; in point of fact, only some

254141 days elapsed between Argentina’s diplomatic Note of 14 Decem-

ber 2005 and 4 May 2006, when it filed its Application instituting pro-
ceedings (see para. 96 above).
102. As for the substance, it should be pointed out that, in 2001, Uru-
guay informed CARU of the plan to build the M’Bopicuá port after its
AAP had been granted; the two delegations were nevertheless able to

come quickly to the conclusion, within the framework of CARU, that the
port in question, much larger than the Botnia port, did not represent a
threat to navigation, the régime of the river or the quality of its waters. It
would appear therefore that objectively there is no dispute between the

Parties on the environmental viability of the Botnia port. Also, between
1979 and 2004, Argentina authorized the construction and restoration of
ports on its bank of the river in Fédération, Concordia, Puerto Yuqueri
and Concepcion del Uruguay, without informing CARU and without

notifying or consulting Uruguay. In sum, the Botnia port is not of suffi-
cient scope (“de entidad suficiente”) to fall within the provisions of Arti-
cle 7 of the Statute.
103. In view of the foregoing, I do not share the findings of the Court

on Uruguay’s failure to comply with its obligation to negotiate laid down
by Article 12 of the Statute (paragraph 149 of the Judgment). All the
more so since it is my belief that in the present case the agreements
reached between the Parties on 2 March 2004 and 5 May 2005 derogated

from Uruguay’s obligations to inform and notify under Article 7 of the
1975 Statute. However, given that the breaches found in the Judgment to
have been committed by Uruguay are in themselves of a procedural
nature and minor in gravity — in the sense that not one constitutes a
“material breach” — I concur with the Judgment that “satisfaction” is

the appropriate redress under international law.

G ENERAL C ONCLUSION

104. Bearing in mind all the preceding considerations, I cannot endorse
the findings of the Court concerning the breach by Uruguay of its pro-

cedural obligations towards Argentina, which is the subject of the present
case. All the more so since it is my belief that in the present case the
agreements reached between the Parties on 2 March 2004 and 5 May 2005
derogated from Uruguay’s obligations to inform and notify under Arti-

cle 7 of the 1975 Statute; it is also my belief that Uruguay did not breach
its obligation to negotiate laid down by Article 12 of the Statute either.
That is why I voted against point 1 of the operative clause of the Judg-
ment.

(Signed) Santiago T ORRES BERNÁRDEZ .

255

Bilingual Content

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE
DE M. LE JUGE AD HOC TORRES BERNÁRDEZ

L’opinion ne porte que sur certaines conclusions de l’arrêt relatives aux obli-

gations de nature procédurale à la charge du défendeur — I. Considérations pré-
liminaires: a) la CARU et son rôle dans le régime de consultation préalable du
statut du fleuve Uruguay; b) la question de la qualification initiale du projet par
la Partie qui projette la réalisation de l’ouvrage; c) la pratique dans le cas des
projets industriels nationaux — II. Points d’accord entre les Parties dans la pré-
sente instance — III. Stade de la procédure auquel l’Uruguay était tenu d’infor-
mer la CARU des travaux dont il projetait la réalisation — IV. La portée et le
contenu des accords mutuellement convenus entre les Parties en tant que procé-
dure de substitution de la procédure du statut: a) l’accord des ministres des
affaires étrangères du 2 mars 2004; b) l’accord des présidents du 5 mai 2005
portant création du GTAN; c) la procédure pour les usines de pâte à papier à
Fray Bentos établie par ces accords — V. Les obligations de l’Uruguay pendant
la période de négociations directes — Conclusion générale.

1. Je souscris à nombre des conclusions auxquelles la Cour est parve-
nue dans son arrêt. En effet, je suis en complet accord avec celles concer-
nant l’étendue de la compétence de la Cour et le droit applicable, la

charge de la preuve et la preuve par expertise, et le rejet des demandes du
demandeur relatives aux violations par le défendeur de ses obligations de
fond et au démantèlement de l’usine Orion (Botnia) à Fray Bentos.
2. Même dans le domaine des obligations de nature procédurale à la
charge du défendeur, je suis en complet accord avec les conclusions de
l’arrêt pour ce qui est du rejet de la thèse du lien intrinsèque allégué entre

les obligations de nature procédurale et les obligations de fond, de la pré-
tendue «obligation de non-construction» qui pèserait sur le défendeur
entre la fin de la période de négociation et la décision de la Cour, et sur
la satisfaction comme forme de réparation adéquate. Cependant, je ne
partage pas les conclusions sur les manquements constatés par l’arrêt

concernant certaines obligations de nature procédurale du défendeur.
C’est la raison pour laquelle je joins mon opinion individuelle à l’arrêt.
3. Je souhaiterais présenter dans cette opinion quelques observations
et précisions pour expliquer en quoi et pourquoi je me sépare, à mon
grand regret, de la décision de la Cour en ce qui concerne le manquement
par le défendeur à certaines obligations de nature procédurale qui d’après

l’arrêt seraient à sa charge. En effet, mon analyse des éléments de fait et
de droit pertinents m’amène à une conviction toute différente de celle de
la majorité sur trois questions y relatives, à savoir: 1) le stade de la pro-
cédure auquel l’Uruguay était tenu d’informer la CARU des travaux
dont il projetait la réalisation; 2) la portée et le contenu des accords

223 SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE AD HOC
TORRES BERNÁRDEZ

[Translation]

The opinion only focuses on certain conclusions in the Judgment relating to

the procedural obligations borne by the Respondent — I. Preliminary consid-
erations: (a) CARU and its role in the prior consultation process under the Stat-
ute of the River Uruguay; (b) the matter of the initial characterization of the
project by the Party planning to carry out the work; (c) the practice in national
industrial projects — II. Points of agreement between the Parties in the present
case — III. Stage of the procedure at which Uruguay was obliged to inform
CARU about the works it was planning to carry out — IV. The scope and
content of the Parties’ agreements as substitute procedures for the Statute
procedure: (a) the Agreement of 2 March 2004 between the Ministers for Foreign
Affairs; (b) the Presidents’ Agreement of 5 May 2005 establishing the GTAN;
(c) the procedure for the pulp mills in Fray Bentos established by those agree-
ments — V. Uruguay’s obligations during the period of direct negotiations —
General conclusion.

1. I endorse many of the conclusions reached by the Court in its Judg-
ment. Indeed, I fully support those concerning the scope of the Court’s
jurisdiction and the applicable law, the burden of proof and expert evi-

dence, the rejection of the Applicant’s claims that the Respondent
breached its substantive obligations, and the dismantling of the Orion
(Botnia) mill in Fray Bentos.
2. In respect of the procedural obligations borne by the Respondent, I
also fully endorse the conclusions in the Judgment relating to the rejec-
tion of the supposed “strict link” between the procedural and substantive

obligations, and the alleged “no construction obligation” said to be
borne by the Respondent between the end of the negotiation period and
the decision of the Court; I also agree that satisfaction is appropriate
reparation. However, I do not support the conclusions on the breaches
found in the Judgment concerning certain procedural obligations of the

Respondent. It is for this reason that I am appending a separate opinion
to the Judgment.
3. In this opinion, I would like to present some observations and
clarifications, in order to explain where and why, to my great regret, I
disagree with the Court’s decision regarding the Respondent’s breach of
certain procedural obligations, said in the Judgment to be borne by it. My

own analysis of the pertinent elements of fact and law leads me to a com-
pletely different conclusion to that of the majority on three related issues,
namely, (1) the stage of the procedure at which Uruguay was obliged to
inform CARU about the works it was planning to carry out; (2) the
scope and content of the agreements made by the Parties on 2 March 2004

223convenus mutuellement entre les Parties le 2 mars 2004 et le 5 mai 2005
en tant que procédures de substitution de la procédure du statut; 3) les

obligations de l’Uruguay pendant la période de négociations directes.
4. J’ai donc voté en faveur des points 2) et 3) du dispositif et contre
son point 1). En ce qui concerne le point 3), je suis d’accord avec l’arrêt
que la demande de l’Uruguay n’a aucune portée utile dès lors que les allé-
gations de l’Argentine relatives aux violations par l’Uruguay de ses obli-

gations de fond et au démantèlement de l’usine Orion (Botnia) ont été
rejetées (paragraphe 280 de l’arrêt). D’autant plus que la res judicata de
la décision de l’arrêt ne s’étend pas seulement à ce qui est matériellement
écrit dans le dispositif, mais comprend aussi les motifs dans la mesure où

ceux-ci sont inséparables du dispositif (Demande en interprétation de
l’arrêt du 11 juin 1998 en l’affaire de la Frontière terrestre et maritime
entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions pré-
liminaires (Nigéria c. Cameroun), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I) ,p.35,
par. 10).

I. C ONSIDÉRATIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES

1. La CARU et son rôle dans le régime de consultation préalable
des articles 7 à 12 du statut du fleuve Uruguay

5. Les présentations que les conseils du demandeur ont faites de la
«Comisión Administradora del Río Uruguay» (CARU) (pivot central;
organe clef) ont influencé les esprits. Pour ma part, je n’ai pas la moindre

réserve sur l’importance et le rôle central de la CARU dans l’administra-
tion du fleuve Uruguay, reconnus par la Cour dès ses ordonnances en
indication de mesures conservatoires, mais ce n’est pas une raison pour se
méprendre sur sa nature ou sur son rôle dans le régime de consultation
des articles 7 à 12 du statut.

6. La CARU est une commission fluviale de composition paritaire, un
mécanisme commun, qui fonctionne à titre permanent et qui dispose d’un
secrétariat (article 52 du statut). Les Parties l’ont dotée d’une personna-
lité juridique dans l’accomplissement de son mandat (art. 50). Les fonc-
tions de la CARU sont définies dans les alinéas a) à k) de l’article 56 du

statut, lequel précise, en son alinéa l), que la commission remplit éga-
lement les autres fonctions qui lui sont assignées par le statut et toutes
celles que les Parties pourraient décider de lui attribuer par échange de
notes ou autre forme d’accord.
7. Les Etats membres de la CARU sont l’Argentine et l’Uruguay. Elle

est composée d’un nombre égal de membres de chacune des Parties
(art. 49), désignés par les ministres respectifs des affaires étrangères. Les
membres sont groupés dans deux délégations: une délégation argentine et
une délégation uruguayenne, chacune de ces délégations disposant d’un

vote aux fins de l’adoption des décisions (art. 55), les décisions devant
être prises à l’unanimité, aussi en ce qui concerne les questions de procé-

224and 5 May 2005 as substitute procedure for that of the Statute; (3) Uru-
guay’s obligations during the period of direct negotiations.

4. I therefore voted in favour of points 2 and 3 of the operative clause
and against point 1. As far as point 3 is concerned, I agree with the Judg-
ment that Uruguay’s claim is without any practical significance, since

Argentina’s claims in relation to breaches by Uruguay of its substantive
obligations and the dismantling of the Orion (Botnia) mill have been
rejected (paragraph 280 of the Judgment). All the more so since the res
judicata of the decision in the Judgment applies not only to what is actu-
ally written in the operative clause, but also to the grounds in so far as

these are inseparable from the operative part (Request for Interpretation
of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and
Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v.
Nigeria), Preliminary Objections(Nigeria v. Cameroon), Judgment, I.C.J.

Reports 1999 (I), p. 35, para. 10).

I. PRELIMINARY C ONSIDERATIONS

1. CARU and Its Role in the Prior Consultation Process
under Articles 7 to 12 of the Statute of the River Uruguay

5. The way counsel for the Applicant presented the “Comisión

administradora del Río Uruguay” (CARU) (linchpin; key body) proved
influential. For my part, I do not have the slightest reservation on the
importance or central role of CARU in the administration of the River
Uruguay, first acknowledged by the Court in its Orders for the
indication of provisional measures, but this is no reason to mistake its

nature or role in the consultation process under Articles 7 to 12 of the
Statute.
6. CARU is a joint river commission, a shared instrument, which
functions on a permanent basis and has its own secretariat (Art. 52 of the

Statute). The Parties have made it a legal entity in order to perform its
functions (Art. 50). The functions of CARU are defined in paragraphs (a)
to (k) of Article 56 of the Statute, paragraph (l) of which states that the
Commission performs any other functions assigned to it by the Statute
and those which the Parties may entrust to it through an exchange of

notes or any other form of agreement.

7. CARU’s State members are Argentina and Uruguay. It is made up
of an equal number of members from each Party (Art. 49), who are

appointed by their Minister for Foreign Affairs. The members make up
two delegations, one Argentine and the other Uruguayan, each of which
has one vote for the adoption of decisions (Art. 55). Decisions must be
unanimous, including those on procedural issues. A delegation’s vote
against a decision precludes its adoption by CARU. In addition, the

224dure. Le vote contraire d’une délégation empêche l’adoption de la déci-
sion par la CARU. En outre, la commission peut être paralysée dans ses

activités par l’absence d’une délégation ou par la non-désignation des
membres d’une délégation, ce qui est arrivé dans les circonstances de la
présente affaire. La «decision-making» de la CARU dépend rigoureuse-
ment de la volonté des deux délégations d’agir conjointement.
8. Malgré la personnalité juridique dont elle est dotée pour l’accom-

plissement de son mandat, l’on ne peut pas affirmer que la CARU soit un
organisme autonome par rapport aux Parties ou que celles-ci ne puissent
d’un commun accord s’affranchir de procédures ou d’autres compétences
relevant de la CARU car, en dernière analyse, la commission est un ins-

trument des ministères respectifs des affaires étrangères destiné à faciliter
la coopération entre les Parties, en tant que riverains du fleuve Uruguay,
moyennant une gestion paritaire sur place d’une manière permanente et
régulière. En tout cas, dans la présente instance, il n’a pas été démontré
que la CARU soit un sujet de droit international autonome par rapport

aux Parties.
9. Le mandat de la CARU est de nature essentiellement administrative
et technique; il jouit en outre du pouvoir de dicter des «normes régle-
mentaires» relatives à la conservation et à la préservation des ressources
biologiques ainsi qu’à la prévention de la pollution (voir les sujets E.3

et E.4 du digeste de la CARU). Mais, en ce qui concerne la procédure
en matière d’ouvrages, le mandat de la CARU est beaucoup plus
limité. Dans cette matière, la CARU n’a pas le pouvoir d’autoriser ou
de refuser les projets communiqués par les Parties en application de
l’article 7 du statut, ni le pouvoir d’édicter des normes réglementaires

pour des ouvrages ou installations «nationaux», comme c’est le cas
des usines CMB (ENCE) et Orion (Botnia), car la disposition de
l’alinéa i) de l’article 56 du statut s’applique uniquement aux ouvrages
et installations «binationaux».
10. Dans le «régime de consultation préalable» du statut, la CARU a

seulement la faculté de réaliser l’examen préliminaire de l’article 7, dont
l’objectif est de déterminer sommairement, dans un délai de trente jours,
s’il est nécessaire ou non de porter le projet à l’attention de l’autre Partie,
de proroger le délai applicable de l’article 8 du statut et de servir d’inter-
médiaire pour les communications entre les Parties.

11. L’arrêt s’inspire d’une «conception institutionnelle» de la CARU
que je ne partage pas, loin s’en faut. Dès lors, sur un certain nombre des
questions, il donne une vision des compétences de la CARU en général et
de son rôle dans le régime de consultation préalable des articles 7 à 12 du
statut de 1975 du fleuve Uruguay qui n’est pas la mienne. Cette concep-

tion a eu, à mon avis, certaines conséquences sur la méthode d’interpréta-
tion des règles du statut relatives aux obligations de nature procédurale
que l’arrêt a appliquée, méthode qui a donné une place de choix aux
règles pertinentes de droit international applicables dans les relations

entre les Parties, au détriment d’autres éléments constitutifs de la règle
générale d’interprétation appliquée.

225Commission’s activities can be brought to a standstill by the absence of a
delegation or by failure to appoint members of a delegation, which

occurred in the circumstances surrounding the present case. CARU’s
“decision-making” is strictly dependent on the desire of the two delegations
to act in concert.

8. Although it has been made a legal entity in order to perform its

functions, this does not mean that CARU is a body independent of the
Parties, or that the Parties cannot agree to dispense with procedures or
other measures falling within CARU’s ambit: ultimately, the Commis-
sion is an instrument of the two Ministries of Foreign Affairs for facili-

tating co-operation between the Parties as riparian States along the
River Uruguay, through ongoing and regular joint management on
site. In any case, in the present proceedings it has not been shown
that CARU is a subject of international law independent of the
Parties.

9. CARU’s mandate is essentially administrative and technical; it also
has the power to draw up “rules” relating to the conservation and
preservation of living resources and the prevention of pollution (see
Subjects E.3 and E.4 of the CARUDigest). However, CARU’s mandate is

much more limited in respect of the procedure relating to works. In this
area, the Commission has neither the power to authorize or reject projects
notice of which has been given by the Parties pursuant to Article 7 of the
Statute, nor the power to lay down rules for “national” works or instal-
lations as is the case for the CMB (ENCE) and Orion (Botnia) mills,

because Article 56 (i) of the Statute only applies to “binational” works
and installations.

10. In the Statute’s “prior consultation process”, CARU only has the

power to carry out the initial review under Article 7 aimed at determining
on a preliminary basis within thirty days whether or not the plan needs to
be brought to the attention of the other Party; to extend the time-limit
applicable under Article 8 of the Statute; and to serve as an intermediary
for communications between the Parties.

11. The Judgment is informed by an “institutional understanding” of
CARU which I do not endorse — far from it. Consequently, on a
number of issues, it offers a portrayal of CARU’s general powers and of
its role in the prior consultation process under Articles 7 to 12 of the
1975 Statute of the River Uruguay which I do not support. In my

opinion, this understanding had some bearing on the method used in the
Judgment to interpret the Statute’s rules relating to the procedural obli-
gations, and that method has given precedence to the relevant rules of
international law applicable in the relations between the Parties to the

detriment of other constituent elements of the general rule of interpreta-
tion applied.

225 12. Bien sûr, je partage l’affirmation présente dans l’arrêt selon laquelle,
pour interpréter le statut de 1975, il faut appliquer la règle générale

d’interprétation codifiée par l’article 31 de la convention de Vienne sur le
droit des traités, laquelle est déclaratoire du droit coutumier en la matière.
Mais cette règle incorpore divers éléments interprétatifs qui doivent
aussi être pondérés dans le processus d’interprétation du traité, tels que
le texte et le contexte définis dans la règle, l’objet et le but du traité,

les accords ultérieurs intervenus entre les parties au sujet de l’inter-
prétation ou de l’application des dispositions du traité concerné, ainsi
que toute pratique ultérieurement suivie dans l’application de ce traité
et par laquelle l’accord des parties quant à l’interprétation du traité se

manifeste.
13. En fait, la méthode d’interprétation adoptée par la Cour en l’espèce
facilite une «interprétation évolutive» des dispositions du statut du fleuve
que j’ai approuvée — sans réserves — pour ce qui est des règles de celui-ci
relatives aux obligations de fond , étant donné le libellé de l’article 41 du

statut relatif à l’obligation de protéger et de préserver le milieu aquatique
et d’empêcher la pollution des eaux du fleuve. Les développements ayant
eu lieu ces dernières années en droit international général, dont il est
question au paragraphe 204 de l’arrêt, sont incontestables. La position
positive exposée dans la présente instance par les deux Parties concernant

leur acceptation respective, en général, de ces développements du droit
international est tout à fait remarquable. En revanche, je ne pense pas
que des méthodes d’interprétation menant à un tel résultat évolutif se jus-
tifient en l’espèce pour ce qui est des règles du statut relatives aux obli-
gations de nature procédurale. Ni le libellé de ces règles dans leur contexte,

ni les accords ultérieurs convenus par les Parties, ni la pratique ultérieu-
rement suivie par elles dans l’interprétation ou l’application du traité ne
justifient, à mon avis, que l’on applique à leur interprétation des mé-
thodes menant à des interprétations évolutives. On touche ici à la souve-
raineté de l’Etat sur son territoire, à savoir à un domaine où, comme le

déclara la Cour permanente en 1923 dans son arrêt portant sur l’affaire
du Vapeur Wimbledon, les limites à la souveraineté territoriale d’un Etat
ne se présument pas (C.P.J.I. série A nº 1, p. 24). Ces limites doivent
s’exprimer expressément ou être nécessairement sous-entendues dans les
termes employés par le traité.

2. L’application de l’obligation d’informer la CARU telle qu’énoncée
à l’article 7, paragraphe 1, du statut soulève une question préalable

relative à la qualification initiale du projet concerné

14. L’article 7, paragraphe 1, du statut énonce deux obligations procédu-
rales, l’une à la charge de la Partie qui projette la réalisation de l’ouvrage et
l’autre à la charge de la CARU. La première de ces obligations joue en effet
le rôle d’un fait conditionnant la deuxième obligation, car, si la Partie qui

projette la réalisation de l’ouvrage n’en informe pas la CARU, la commis-
sion ne sera pas saisie et, en conséquence, ne pourra pas déterminer som-

226 12. Naturally, I agree with the statement in the Judgment that, in
order to interpret the 1975 Statute, the general rule of interpretation

codified by Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
(which is declaratory of customary law in this area) must be applied. But
that rule incorporates various interpretive elements which must also be
weighed in the process of interpreting the treaty, such as the text and
the context laid down in the rule, the object and purpose of the treaty,

the subsequent agreements reached between the parties on the subject of the
interpretation and application of the provisions of the treaty, as well as
any subsequent practice in the application of that treaty which manifests
the agreement of the parties as to its interpretation.

13. In effect, the method of interpretation adopted by the Court in this
case facilitates an “evolutionary interpretation” of the provisions of the
Statute of the River Uruguay of which I approve unreservedly in so far as
the Statute’s rules relating to substantive obligations are concerned, in

light of the wording of Article 41 of the Statute relating to the obligation
to protect and preserve the aquatic environment and prevent the pollu-
tion of the river water. The developments which have taken place over
recent years in general international law, referred to in paragraph 204 of
the Judgment, are irrefutable. The positive attitude shown in the present

proceedings by both Parties, with their general acceptance of these
developments in international law, is quite remarkable. On the other
hand, I do not believe that the methods of interpretation leading to such
an evolutionary conclusion are justified in this case in respect of the
Statute’s rules relating to procedural obligations . In my opinion, neither

the wording of these rules in their context, nor the subsequent
agreements between the Parties, nor the subsequent practice of the
Parties in their interpretation and application of the treaty justify the
application of methods leading to evolutionary interpretations. This
affects the territorial sovereignty of the State, i.e., an area where limits

on the territorial sovereignty of a State are not to be presumed, as the
Permanent Court of International Justice stated in 1923 in its Judgment
in the case concerning S.S. “Wimbledon” (P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 1 ,
p. 24). These limits must be expressly stated or by necessity underlie the
terms used by the treaty.

2. The Application of the Obligation to Inform CARU as Laid Down
by Article 7, Paragraph 1, of the Statute Raises a Preliminary Issue

relating to the Initial Characterization of the Project

14. Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute lays down two procedural
obligations, one borne by the Party planning the work and the other
borne by CARU. The first of these obligations in effect plays the role of
determinative factor in respect of the second, because if the Party plan-

ning the work does not inform CARU of it, the project has not been
referred to the Commission and the Commission will therefore be unable

226mairement dans un délai maximum de trente jours si le projet concerné est
suffisamment important pour causer un préjudice sensible à l’autre Partie.

15. Toutefois, l’obligation de la Partie qui projette la réalisation de
l’ouvrage d’informer la CARU ne s’applique pas à tous les projets. Seuls
les projets «suffisamment importants», dans la traduction française,
«entidad suficiente» dans le texte authentique espagnol, pour affecter la
navigation, le régime du fleuve ou la qualité de ses eaux doivent faire

l’objet d’une information adressée à la CARU. De ce fait, le libellé même
de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, introduit dans le modus operandi de la norme
un préalable concernant la qualification du projet car, avant d’en infor-
mer la CARU, il faudra déterminer si le projet en question entre ou non

dans les prévisions de l’obligation d’informer la CARU prescrite par
ladite disposition du statut.
16. Or, l’article 7 laisse cette qualification initiale à l’appréciation de la
Partie qui projette la réalisation de l’ouvrage, c’est-à-dire au souverain
territorial, sans préjudice du droit de l’autre Partie de s’opposer à cette

qualification initiale. Par exemple, à la lumière de la documentation sou-
mise à la Cour, il est évident que, entre l’autorisation environnementale
préalable (AAP) de l’usine CMB (ENCE) du 9 octobre 2003 et l’accord
Bielsa-Opertti du 2 mars 2004 (voir ci-dessous), il y eut sûrement un
désaccord entre les Parties sur l’interprétation ou l’application de l’ar-

ticle 7, paragraphe 1, comme conséquence de la qualification initiale du
projet CMB (ENCE) par l’Uruguay.
17. La conduite du demandeur en la matière confirme aussi de façon
éclatante que l’Argentine a toujours considéré qu’elle avait la faculté de
qualifier initialement ses propres projets ou installations industriels. En

fait, elle n’a jamais notifié à la CARU aucun de ses projets et installations
industriels (importants ou non, polluants ou non): selon la documenta-
tion du dossier, environ cent soixante-dix entreprises, dont certaines pro-
duisent des déchets hautement polluants pour le fleuve et le milieu aqua-
tique, n’auraient pas été soumises à la CARU. En outre, au cours de la

phase orale de la présente affaire, l’Argentine a réaffirmé sa faculté de
qualification initiale de ses projets industriels. A ce propos, il convient de
rappeler que la condition de l’article 7 (entidad suficiente) ne renvoie pas
à un critère seulement quantitatif, mais bien à un critère qualitatif/quan-
titatif, et que l’article 28 du statut précise que les Parties sont censées pré-

senter tous les six mois à la CARU un rapport détaillé des utilisations
entreprises ou autorisées dans les zones du fleuve soumises à leur juridic-
tion, afin que celle-ci vérifie si la somme de ces utilisations cause un pré-
judice sensible.
18. L’affirmation par l’Argentine de son droit de qualification initiale

de ses projets d’ouvrages est sûrement dans la logique de toute applica-
tion de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, du statut. Mais alors, comment peut-on
nier que l’Uruguay possède une faculté similaire à l’égard de ses projets
industriels? Le demandeur n’est pas en position juridique de pouvoir nier

qu’en octobre 2003 M. Opertti, alors ministre des affaires étrangères de
l’Uruguay, avait la faculté de qualifier le projet CMB (ENCE) aux fins de

227to determine on a preliminary basis within thirty days whether the project
is liable to cause significant damage to the other Party.

15. However, the obligation of the Party planning the work to inform
CARU does not apply to all projects. CARU only has to be informed of
those projects which are of sufficient size (“entidad suficiente” in the
authentic Spanish text) to make them “liable” to affect the navigation,
the régime of the river or the quality of its waters. Therefore, the

language itself of Article 7, paragraph 1, introduces a precondition,
having to do with the characterization of the project, into the modus
operandi of the rule: before informing CARU of it, it must be determined
whether or not the project in question falls within the scope of the

obligation to inform CARU laid down by the said provision of the Stat-
ute.
16. However, Article 7 leaves this initial characterization to the Party
planning the work, namely, the territorial sovereign, without prejudice to
the other Party’s right to dispute this initial characterization. For instance,

in light of the documents submitted to the Court, it is clear that,
between the initial environmental authorization (AAP) of the CMB
(ENCE) mill on 9 October 2003 and the Bielsa-Opertti Agreement of
2 March 2004 (see below), there was undoubtedly a disagreement
between the Parties as to the interpretation and application of Article 7,

paragraph 1, resulting from Uruguay’s initial characterization of the
CMB (ENCE) project.
17. The Applicant’s own conduct in this matter also provides striking
confirmation that Argentina has always believed that it has the right to
make the initial characterization of its own projects and industrial instal-

lations. In point of fact, it has never informed CARU of any of its own
projects or industrial installations (whether or not large or polluting):
some 170 firms according to the material in the record, including some
producing waste material which is highly polluting to the river and
aquatic environment. Moreover, during the oral proceedings of the

present case, Argentina reaffirmed its right to make the initial characteri-
zation of its own industrial projects. In this connection, it should be
remembered that the condition laid down in Article 7 (entidad suficiente)
does not refer to a solely quantitative criterion, but to a qualitative/
quantitative one, and that Article 28 of the Statute states that every six

months the Parties are supposed to submit a detailed report to CARU of
the developments they undertake or authorize in the parts of the river
under their jurisdictions, in order that the Commission may verify whether
the developments taken together may cause significant damage .
18. Argentina’s affirmation that it has the right to make the initial

characterization of its own planned works is certainly in keeping with the
terms of Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute. But then, how can it be
denied that Uruguay has the same right in respect of its own industrial
projects? The Applicant is not in a legal position to be able to contest

that in October 2003, Mr. Opertti, then Uruguay’s Minister for Foreign
Affairs, had the right to make the initial characterization of the CMB

227l’information à la CARU, car allegans contraria non audiendus est ,etla
pratique constante de l’Argentine a consisté à construire des usines indus-

trielles sans en aviser la CARU (voir l’opinion individuelle du vice-
président Alfaro dans l’affaire du Temple de Préah Vihéar (Cambodge
c. Thaïlande), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962 , p. 40).

3. La pratique relative à l’obligation d’informer la CARU
de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, du statut
dans le cas des projets industriels nationaux

19. Les comptes rendus de la CARU — par exemple ceux de 1996 rela-
tifs au projet de pâte à papier Transpapel — illustrent bien que la ques-
tion de la «qualification initiale» des projets d’ouvrages par l’Etat d’ori-
gine qui se pose nécessairement lors de la mise en Œuvre de l’obligation
d’informer la CARU de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, du statut a toujours

été présente aux esprits lorsque étaient en cause des projets de construc-
tion d’installations industrielles nationales de l’une ou de l’autre
Partie sur leur rive respective du fleuve (et non pas sur le fleuve Uruguay
lui-même). Les membres de la CARU se sont en effet posé cette
question maintes fois dans le passé et leurs réponses furent loin d’être

uniformes.
20. Les échanges entre Julio C. Carasales (Argentine) et Edison Gon-
zález Lapeyre (Uruguay) lors du projet Transpapel sont très significatifs à
cet égard. En outre, ils montrent que la principale préoccupation au sein
de la CARU en la matière a toujours été la préservation de la qualité des

eaux du fleuve et non pas l’intervention de la commission, sous une forme
ou une autre, dans les projets industriels nationaux de l’un ou l’autre
pays. L’ambassadeur M. Carasales (Argentine) n’a pu être plus clair
lorsqu’il a déclaré en 1996:

«dans la mesure où les études pertinentes ont été effectuées par les
autorités uruguayennes compétentes et où le permis relatif à l’empla-
cement [de l’usine Transpapel] a été accordé, la commission admi-

nistrative du fleuve Uruguay n’a pas compétence pour rendre une
opinion concernant une installation située sur le territoire de l’une
des parties. Dans l’hypothèse où, lorsque l’usine sera en activité et en
mode production, celle-ci poserait des problèmes de contamination,
la CARU disposerait, alors, du pouvoir statutaire d’intervention en

la matière.» [Traduction du Greffe.] (Contre-mémoire de l’Uru-
guay, vol. IV, annexe 80, p. 203.)

21. Au début des échanges entre les Parties concernant le projet CMB
(ENCE) (2003-2004), la position adoptée par M. Opertti, le ministre des
affaires étrangères de l’Uruguay, semble se situer dans une ligne de pen-
sée similaire ou très proche de celle manifestée par l’ambassadeur

M. Carasales lors du projet Transpapel. M. Opertti, dans ses réponses
aux questions des journalistes figurant au dossier aussi bien que dans sa

228(ENCE) project for the purposes of informing CARU, because allegans
contraria non audiendus est and Argentina’s unwavering practice has

been to build industrial plants without informing CARU (see the sepa-
rate opinion of Vice-President Alfaro in the case concerning Temple of
Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1962, p. 40).

3. The Practice relating to the Obligation to Inform CARU under
Article 7, Paragraph 1, of the Statute in the Case of National
Industrial Projects

19. The CARU minutes, for example those from 1996 relating to the
Transpapel pulp mill, offer a good illustration of how the issue of the
“initial characterization” of planned works by the territorial State, which
arises whenever the obligation to inform CARU under Article 7, para-
graph 1, of the Statute applies, has always been kept in mind in situations

involving plans for national industrial plants by one or other of
the Parties on their respective side of the river (and not on the river
itself). CARU members have in fact raised this matter on numerous
occasions in the past and their responses have been far from
consistent.

20. The exchanges between Julio C. Carasales (Argentina) and Edi-
son González Lapeyre (Uruguay) during the Transpapel project are very
telling in this regard. Moreover, they show that the main concern in
CARU in this connection has always been to preserve the quality of the

waters of the river and not for CARU to intervene, in one form or
another, in the national industrial projects of either country. Ambassador
Carasales (Argentina) could not have put it in clearer terms when he
stated in 1996:

“the pertinent studies by the appropriate national authorities of
Uruguay having been completed, and the authorization for the
placement [of the Transpapel plant] having been granted, the Admin-

istrative Commission of the Uruguay River does not have compe-
tence to express an opinion on a facility in the territory of one of the
parties. Once that plant is operating and in production, if it causes
contamination problems, the C.A.R.U. will have statutory power to
intervene in the matter.” (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. IV,

Ann. 80, p. 203.)

21. The position adopted by Mr. Opertti, Uruguay’s Minister for
Foreign Affairs, during the early stages of the Parties’ exchanges
on the CMB (ENCE) project (2003-2004) appears to be in line with
or very similar to that of Ambassador Carasales during the Trans-

papel project. In his responses to questions from the press, included
in the record, as well as in his statement to the Uruguayan Sen-

228déclaration au Sénat de l’Uruguay , souligna en effet le caractère «natio-

nal» de l’usine de pâte à papier CMB (ENCE) à construire à Fray Bentos
(reconnu aussi par l’Argentine, en tout cas à partir de l’accord du
2 mars 2004) et que, de ce fait, le projet était soumis à la législation uru-
guayenne (et non aux réglementations de la CARU sur les ouvrages

«binationaux»).
22. En outre, faisant usage de la faculté de qualification initiale de
l’Etat territorial du projet — implicite dans l’article 7, paragraphe 1, du

statut —, le ministre affirma que l’usine n’allait pas causer un préjudice
sensible à l’Argentine et que, dans ces circonstances, en informer la
CARU impliquerait de la part de l’Uruguay une sorte de doute à cet
égard sur la viabilité environnementale de l’usine.

II. P OINTS D’ACCORD ENTRE LES PARTIES DANS LA PRÉSENTE INSTANCE
CONCERNANT L ’INTERPRÉTATION DE L ARTICLE 7, PARAGRAPHE 1,
ET QUESTION À DÉTERMINER PAR LA C OUR

23. La question de la qualification initiale des projets concernés a donc
bien été présente dans les origines historiques de ce différend entre
l’Argentine et l’Uruguay, mais cette question ne se pose plus dans la pré-

sente instance car, comme il est dit au paragraphe 96 de l’arrêt, les deux
Parties sont d’accord pour considérer que les deux projets d’usines — à
savoir l’usine CMB (ENCE) et l’usine Orion (Botnia) — sont des projets

d’ouvrages suffisamment importants (entidad suficiente), qu’ils entrent
comme tels dans le champ d’application de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, du
statut de 1975, et que, en conséquence, la CARU doit en principe être
informée en application de ladite disposition.

24. En outre, les deux Parties admettent: 1) que la CARU n’est pas
compétente pour approuver les projets relevant de l’article 7 du statut
dont elle est informée par la Partie d’origine du projet; et 2) que les règles

de l’article 7, tout comme les autres règles sur la procédure de la «consul-
tation préalable» du statut du fleuve, ne relèvent pas du jus cogens,e t
que, partant, les Parties sont libres de ne pas les appliquer à une espèce
donnée aux termes d’un accord conclu entre elles.

25. Cela a simplifié considérablement l’examen par la Cour de la ques-
tion de la violation alléguée par l’Argentine des obligations de nature
procédurale par l’Uruguay. Cette question s’est réduite à l’essen-

tiel: 1) déterminer le moment auquel la CARU aurait dû recevoir l’infor-
mation par l’Uruguay des projets des usines concernées aux fins de son
filtrage initial par la commission; et 2) déterminer la portée et le contenu
des accords conclus le 2 mars 2004 entre les ministres des affaires étran-

gères M. Bielsa (Argentine) et M. Opertti (Uruguay) et le 5 mai 2005 par
les présidents de l’Argentine, M. Néstor Kirchner, et de l’Uruguay,

1Procès-verbal, intervention du ministre des affaires étrangères, M. Didier Opertti, au
Sénat uruguayen (nov. 2003), mémoire de l’Argentine, vol. VII, annexe 4, p. 73-75.

229ate , Mr. Opertti argued that the CMB (ENCE) paper mill due to

be built in Fray Bentos was in fact a “national” concern (also
acknowledged by Argentina, at least from the agreement of 2 March
2004) and that the project was therefore subject to Uruguayan

law (and not to CARU’s regulations on “binational” works).

22. Furthermore, exercising the right of the territorial State to make
the initial characterization of the project, implicit in Article 7, para-

graph 1, of the Statute, the Minister affirmed that the mill would not
cause any significant damage to Argentina and that, under those circum-
stances, informing CARU of it would imply that there was doubt on

Uruguay’s part about the mill’s environmental viability.

II. POINTS OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE PARTIES IN THE PRESENT C ASE
CONCERNING THE INTERPRETATION OF A RTICLE 7, ARAGRAPH 1,

AND ISSUES TO BE D ETERMINED BY THE C OURT

23. The initial characterization of the projects in question was clearly
an issue when this dispute between Argentina and Uruguay began, but it

is no longer so in the present proceedings, because, as stated in para-
graph 96 of the Judgment, the Parties are agreed in considering that the
two planned mills (the CMB (ENCE) and Orion (Botnia) mills) are

planned works of sufficient importance (“entidad suficiente”) to fall
within the scope of Article 7, paragraph 1, of the 1975 Statute, and that,
therefore, in principle, CARU should have been informed of them in

accordance with that provision.

24. Furthermore, both Parties acknowledge: (1) that CARU is with-
out power to approve the projects subject to Article 7 of the Statute and

of which it is informed by the Party planning the project; and (2) that the
rules under Article 7, like all of the Statute’s other rules on the “prior
consultation” process, do not constitute jus cogens, and that, therefore,

the Parties are free not to apply them in a given case.

25. This substantially simplified the Court’s examination of the ques-

tion as to whether Uruguay breached its procedural obligations, as
Argentina claims. In essence, this question was reduced to: (1) determin-
ing when Uruguay should have informed CARU of the plans for
the mills so that the Commission could conduct its initial screening; and

(2) determining the scope and content of the agreement made
on 2 March 2004 by the Ministers for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Bielsa
(Argentina) and Mr. Opertti (Uruguay), and that made on 5 May 2005

by the President of Argentina, Mr. Néstor Kirchner, and the President

1Official record, statement by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Didier Opertti, to
the Uruguayan Senate (Nov. 2003), Memorial of Argentina, Vol. VII, Ann. 4, pp. 73-75.

229M. Tabaré Vázquez, comportant la création du Groupe technique de

haut niveau (GTAN).

III. STADE DE LA PROCÉDURE AUQUEL L ’U RUGUAY ÉTAIT TENU
D’INFORMER LA CARU DES TRAVAUX DONT IL PROJETAIT LA RÉALISATION

26. La question de la détermination du stade ou du moment où l’Etat
qui se propose de construire un ouvrage est tenu d’informer la CARU
soulève une question d’interprétation de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, car le

texte de la disposition ne le dit pas expressément. L’information à la
CARU doit-elle se faire «au cours de la phase de planification du pro-
jet»? Ou «après ladite phase, mais avant d’autoriser d’entreprendre
l’activité de construction projetée»? Et, dans la première hypothèse,

avant ou après qu’une autorisation environnementale préalable soit déli-
vrée par l’Etat d’origine du projet, dénommée dans le droit uruguayen
«Autorización Ambiental Previa (AAP)»?
27. Selon l’arrêt, l’obligation d’informer la CARU de l’Etat qui pro-

jette les activités visées à l’article 7 du statut «intervient à un stade où
l’autorité compétente a été saisie du projet en vue de la délivrance de
l’autorisation environnementale préalable, et avant la délivrance de ladite
autorisation» (par. 105). Je ne partage pas cette conclusion de la majorité

de la Cour parce qu’elle renvoie à un stade trop précoce du processus de
planification, ce qui, à son tour, s’explique en partie par une conception
institutionnelle de la CARU que je ne partage pas non plus, ainsi que par
l’articulation que fait l’arrêt entre l’obligation d’informer la CARU énon-
cée à l’article 7, paragraphe 1, du statut du fleuve Uruguay de 1975 et le

principe de prévention qui, en tant que règle coutumière, fait maintenant
partie du corps de règles de fond du droit international de l’environne-
ment. Or, ce faisant, l’on introduit des limitations à la souveraineté ter-
ritoriale de l’Etat dans la phase de planification du projet industriel

concerné qui vont bien au-delà de celles explicitées à l’article 7 du statut,
ou qui nécessairement sous-entendent son texte. Cela se justifierait en
fonction d’une intention commune «évolutive» que la majorité prête aux
Parties en la matière dont il n’y a point de trace dans ledit article 7, ni

dans aucune autre des règles de nature procédurale constitutives du
«régime de consultation préalable» du statut de 1975, c’est-à-dire en
fonction d’une présomption. Or, comme cela a été dit au paragraphe 13
ci-dessus, les limitations à la souveraineté territoriale d’un Etat ne se pré-

sument pas.
A mon avis, l’adoption des méthodes d’interprétation propres aux
interprétations dites «évolutives» ne trouve pas de justification dans le
présent contexte tout simplement parce que le libellé des dispositions
constitutives du «régime de consultation préalable» du statut de 1975, y

compris donc de son article 7, n’autorise pas, directement ou indirecte-
ment, l’interprète à le faire. En réalité, en adoptant lesdites méthodes, la
majorité n’a nullement eu recours aux «règle[s] pertinente[s] de droit

230of Uruguay, Mr. Tabaré Vázquez, establishing a high-level technical

group (GTAN).

III. SAGE OF THE PROCEDURE AT WHICH U RUGUAY W AS O BLIGED TO

NFORM CARU ABOUT THE W ORKS IT W ASP LANNING TO C ARRY O UT

26. Determining the stage or point at which the State planning a work
is obliged to inform CARU raises a question of the interpretation of

Article 7, paragraph 1, because the text of the provision does not specify
this. Should CARU be informed “during the planning phase of the
project”? Or, “after this stage but before authorization is given to carry

out the planned construction activity”? And, in the case of the first
hypothesis, before or after an initial environmental authorization, known
in Uruguayan law as “Autorización Ambiental Previa (AAP)”, has been
granted by the territorial State?

27. According to the Judgment, the obligation of the State planning
activities referred to in Article 7 of the Statute to inform CARU “will
become applicable at the stage when the relevant authority has had the

project referred to it with the aim of obtaining initial environmental
authorization and before the granting of that authorization” (para. 105).
I do not agree with the majority’s conclusion, because it refers to a stage
too early in the planning process. This, in turn, may in part be explained

by an institutional understanding of CARU, with which I also disagree,
and by the link the Judgment makes between the obligation to inform
CARU, laid down by Article 7, paragraph 1, of the 1975 Statute of the

River Uruguay, and the principle of prevention, which, as a customary
rule, is now part of the corpus of substantive rules of international environ-
mental law. However, this finding introduces limitations on the State’s
territorial sovereignty during the planning phase of an industrial project,

which go well beyond those which are explicit in Article 7 of the Statute
or by necessity underlie the text. This may be explained by the shared
“evolutionary” intent that the majority attributes to the Parties on this
point, of which there is no evidence at all either in Article 7 or in any of

the other procedural rules making up the “prior consultation process” of
the 1975 Statute, that is to say, that this is based on a presumption. How-
ever, as stated earlier in paragraph 13, limitations on a State’s territorial

sovereignty are not to be presumed.

I believe that the adoption of methods characteristic of “evolutionary”
interpretation is not justified in the present context quite simply because

the wording of the provisions laying down the “prior consultation pro-
cess” of the 1975 Statute, including therefore Article 7, does not directly
or indirectly permit the interpreter to do so. In fact, by adopting such
methods, the majority’s recourse to the “relevant rules of international law

applicable in the relations between the parties” (Art. 31, para. 3 (c),of

230international applicable[s] dans les relations entre les parties» (conven-
tion de Vienne sur le droit des traités, art. 31, par. 3, al. c)) en vue de

déterminer le stade ou le moment où l’Etat territorial est tenu d’informer
la CARU en application de l’obligation énoncée à l’article 7, para-
graphe 1, du statut, mais plutôt aux fins de la détermination du meilleur
moment pour le faire du point de vue de l’application du principe cou-
tumier de prévention du droit international de l’environnement.

Ainsi donc, le rôle des «règles pertinentes de droit international appli-
cables dans les relations entre les parties» dans le processus interprétatif
est renversé. A la place d’avoir recours audit droit coutumier en tant
qu’élément, entre autres, pour déterminer le sens et la portée de l’ar-

ticle 7, paragraphe 1, du statut de 1975, l’on prête à cette disposition
conventionnelle la fonction de satisfaire aux besoins de l’application du
principe coutumier de prévention. Il en résulte que le texte, le contexte et
les accords ou pratiques ultérieurs sont rendus banals dans le processus
interprétatif de l’article 7 du statut, celui-ci étant en fait orienté à étendre

l’application de l’obligation coutumière de prévention — qui découle
d’une règle de fond — aux règles de nature procédurale du «régime de
consultation préalable» du statut du fleuve Uruguay. En outre, je crains
fort que la solution retenue, qui ne correspond pas non plus à la pratique
suivie jusqu’à présent, ne devienne à l’avenir une source additionnelle de

difficulté pour l’une ou l’autre Partie ou pour toutes les deux.
28. Par exemple, selon la législation uruguayenne, la présentation
d’une demande d’autorisation environnementale préalable par un tiers,
l’examen par la DINAMA de ladite demande, voire même une éventuelle
recommandation favorable de la DINAMA aux autorités supérieures, ne

signifient nullement que le projet d’activité concerné puisse être quali-
fié — à n’importe quelle étape de ce processus — de projet d’activité de
l’Etat uruguayen. En effet, pendant tout ce processus l’Etat n’a rien
retenu et, en conséquence, l’on ne peut pas dire que «l’Uruguay projette
de réaliser l’ouvrage». Ce n’est qu’après la délivrance de l’autorisation

environnementale préalable (AAP) prévue par la législation uruguayenne
que l’on pourrait dire que le projet a été retenu par l’Etat uruguayen et
seulement aux fins de sa viabilité environnementale, car, pour entrepren-
dre des activités ou des travaux afférents à la construction de l’ouvrage, il
faut être en possession d’autres permis ou autorisations, notamment d’un

plan de gestion de l’environnement («PGA» en espagnol).
29. Les autorisations environnementales préalables (AAP) du droit
uruguayen n’autorisent pas des activités ou des travaux de construction
d’aucune sorte, car le titulaire d’une AAP a seulement le droit de deman-
der une autorisation ou un permis de construction (voir affidavit de
me
M Alicia Torres, directeur de la DINAMA). Les autorisations ou per-
mis de construction, avec leur PGA correspondant, viennent bien après
les AAP dans le procédé administratif, parfois même des années après et
pourvu que l’AAP en question n’ait pas expiré avant. En tout cas, pour

entamer le stade de la construction, ou celui ultérieur de la mise en service
(phase dite «opérationnelle»), d’autres autorisations des autorités uru-

231the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties) is not aimed at determin-
ing the stage or point at which the territorial State is obliged to inform

CARU pursuant to the obligation set forth in Article 7, paragraph 1, of
the Statute, but at determining the best time to do so from the point of
view of applying the customary principle of prevention under interna-
tional environmental law.

As a result, the role of the “relevant rules of international law appli-
cable in the relations between the parties” in the interpretation process is
inverted. Instead of having recourse to the customary law as one of
several elements in determining the meaning and scope of Article 7,

paragraph 1, of the 1975 Statute, the treaty provision is assigned the task of
satisfying the requirements of the application of the customary principle
of prevention. Consequently, the text, the context and the subsequent
agreements or practice become trivial elements in the interpretation pro-
cess of Article 7 of the Statute, which in effect is aimed at extending the

application of the customary obligation of prevention (which derives
from a substantive rule) to the procedural rules of the “prior consultation
process” of the Statute of the River Uruguay. Moreover, I strongly fear
that the decided outcome will become an additional source of difficulty
for one or both of the Parties in the future.

28. For example, under Uruguayan law, the fact that a request for ini-
tial environmental authorization is submitted by a third party, or that
DINAMA considers that request, or even makes a favourable recom-
mendation to the higher authorities, does not mean that the planned

activity in question can be described at any stage in this process as a
planned activity of the Uruguayan State. Indeed, throughout this whole
process, the State has not approved anything and, as a result, it cannot be
said that “Uruguay is planning to carry out the work”. It is only once the
initial environmental authorization (AAP) required by Uruguayan law

has been issued that the Uruguayan State can be said to have agreed to
the project and then only in respect of its environmental viability, because,
in order to undertake activities or works relating to the construction of a
project, further permits or authorizations are required, in particular an
Environmental Management Plan (“PGA” in Spanish) .

29. Under Uruguayan law, initial environmental authorizations
(AAPs) do not authorize construction activities or works of any sort:
the holder of an AAP only has the right to request a construction
authorization or permit (see the affidavit of Alicia Torres, Director of

DINAMA). Construction authorizations or permits, with their corres-
ponding PGA, come much later in the administrative process, some-
times even years later, and only if the AAP for the project has not
expired beforehand. In all events, in order to start the construction or

later commissioning phase (known as the “operational” phase), fur-
ther authorizations from the competent Uruguayan authorities are

231guayennes compétentes postérieures à l’AAP initiale sont nécessaires en
vertu de la législation uruguayenne en vigueur.

30. En outre, définir le stade ou le moment où l’on doit informer la
CARU en fonction des dispositions ou règlements de la législation de
l’Etat concerné — comme le fait l’arrêt — n’est pas une bonne solution
dans la mesure où l’obligation de droit international d’informer la CARU
se trouve alors subordonnée dans son application à la législation natio-

nale de l’une ou de l’autre Partie. La législation nationale peut varier
d’un pays à l’autre, et peut être modifiée à tout moment sans le consen-
tement de l’autre Partie, avec la conséquence fâcheuse qu’une Partie
pourrait être tenue d’informer la CARU de ses projets plus tôt qu’une

autre. Or, je ne pense pas que l’on puisse attribuer une telle intention aux
auteurs du statut du fleuve Uruguay de 1975.
31. Ma position sur cette question se base sur le texte de l’article 7,
paragraphe 1, et sur l’article 28 du statut, sur l’objet et le but de l’infor-
mation dont il s’agit, sur les dispositions pertinentes du digeste de la

CARU qui développe le statut (sujet E.3, titre 2, chap. 3, sect. 1, art. 2; et
chap. 1, sect. 1, art. 1, al. a)), et sur la pratique des Parties au sein de la
CARU dans des affaires telles que Transpapel, port de M’Bopicuá, port
de Botnia, terminal de cargo de Nueva Palmira . Ces éléments interpréta-
tifs n’avalisent pas la thèse selon laquelle l’«information» à la CARU

aux fins de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, du statut doit précéder «toute auto-
risation».
32. Il découle clairement du texte de l’article que l’obligation d’infor-
mer considérée a trait à la «réalisation» (carrying out) de l’«ouvrage»
projeté (le texte authentique espagnol ne présente aucune ambiguïté: «La

Parte que proyecte la construcción de nuevos canales ... o la realización
de cualesquiera otras obras...» ). Il ne faut pas simplement que l’Etat pro-
jette l’«ouvrage» concerné pour que l’obligation d’en informer la CARU
devienne applicable. Il faut encore, d’après le texte de l’article 7, para-
graphe 1, que l’Etat «projette la réalisation de l’ouvrage», car ce n’est que

lors de la réalisation ou de la mise en Œuvre du projet que des activités ou
des travaux y afférents pourraient affecter la navigation, le régime du
fleuve ou la qualité de ses eaux et, de ce fait, causer un préjudice sensible
à l’autre Etat car le fleuve est une ressource naturelle partagée.
33. Il ne faut pas non plus perdre de vue que l’objet et le but de l’infor-

mation de la CARU prescrite par l’article 7, paragraphe 1, du statut, ne
sont que de permettre à la commission de déterminer sommairement,
dans un délai maximum de trente jours, si la réalisation du projet peut
affecter la navigation, le régime du fleuve ou la qualité de ses eaux et cau-
ser, de ce fait, un préjudice sensible à l’autre Etat. Cela renvoie à des acti-

vités ou à des travaux pouvant porter un préjudice d’ordre physique
au fleuve ou à ses eaux. La simple délivrance par une administration
publique d’une «autorisation» n’est pas un acte ou une activité suscep-
tible de provoquer de tels effets.

34. L’Argentine n’allègue pas dans la présente instance avoir subi
aucun préjudice sensible du seul fait de la délivrance par l’Uruguay de

232required after the initial AAP under the terms of the Uruguayan law
in force.

30. Furthermore, specifying the stage or point at which CARU must
be informed by reference to the provisions or rules of the law of the State
concerned, as the Judgment does, is not a good idea, since this subordi-
nates the operation of the obligation under international law to inform
CARU to the national law of one or other of the Parties. National law

can vary from country to country and may be modified at any time with-
out the consent of the other Party, with the regrettable result that one
Party may be obliged to inform CARU of its plans earlier than the other.
However, I do not believe that such intent can be attributed to the draft-

ers of the 1975 Statute of the River Uruguay.

31. My position on this issue is based on the text of Article 7, para-
graph 1, and on Article 28 of the Statute, as well as on the object and
purpose of informing CARU, on the relevant provisions of the CARU

Digest elaborating on the Statute (Subject E.3, title 2, Chap. 3, Sec. 1,
Art. 2 and Chap. 1, Sec. 1, Art. 1 (a)) and on the practice of the Parties
in CARU in such cases as the Transpapel mill, the M’Bopicua port, the
Botnia port and the Nueva Palmira freight terminal . These interpretative
elements do not endorse the theory that informing CARU for the

purposes of Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute must precede “any
authorization”.
32. It is clear from the wording of the Article that the obligation to
inform is tied to the “carrying out” of the planned “work” (the authentic
Spanish text is unambiguous: “La Parte que proyecte la construcción de

nuevos canales ... o la realización de cualesquiera otras obras ... ”). That
the State is only planning the “work” is not sufficient for the obligation
to inform CARU to become applicable. According to the text of the pro-
vision, the State must also be “planning the carrying out of the work”,
because it is only during the carrying out or implementation of the plan

that activities or works relating thereto could affect the navigation, the
régime of the river or the quality of its waters and thereby cause signifi-
cant damage to the other State, since the river is a shared natural
resource.
33. It is also essential not to lose sight of the fact that the object and

purpose of informing CARU, pursuant to Article 7, paragraph 1, of the
Statute, is simply to allow the Commission to determine on a preliminary
basis within thirty days whether the project is liable to affect the naviga-
tion, the régime of the river or the quality of its waters and thereby cause
significant damage to the other State. This refers to activities or works

which could cause damage of a physical nature to the river or its waters.
The mere granting by a public administrative body of an “authorization”
is not an act or an activity which is likely to cause such effects.

34. In the present case, Argentina does not claim to have suffered any
significant damage solely as a result of Uruguay granting the AAPs for

232l’AAP pour l’usine CMB (ENCE) ou de l’AAP pour l’usine Orion (Bot-
nia), ni non plus du fait des «travaux préliminaires» à la construction des

usines que l’Uruguay a autorisée. Au début de l’affaire, l’Argentine par-
lait des «risques», car, à l’époque, il n’y avait pas eu de travaux de cons-
truction. Lors de la phase orale, les préjudices sensibles allégués ne
concernaient pas, pour l’essentiel, les travaux de «construction», pré-
liminaires ou principaux, de l’usine Orion (Botnia), mais, plutôt,

les effets négatifs pour le fleuve ou ses eaux du «fonctionnement»
de l’usine, c’est-à-dire des effets de sa mise en service depuis le 9 no-
vembre 2007.
35. Compte tenu des considérations précédentes, je suis d’avis que,

dans le silence du texte de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, la question considérée
doit être résolue par l’interprète par référence au droit international géné-
ral (convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités, art. 31, par. 3, al. c)).
Que dit le droit international en la matière? Il dit que la communication
de l’information doit être faite «en temps utile» ou «opportun» (timely

ou in a timely manner) (voir, par exemple, convention sur le droit relatif
aux utilisations des cours d’eau internationaux à des fins autres que la
navigation de 1997, art. 12).
36. Appliqué à l’article 7, paragraphe 1, du statut, cela veut tout sim-
plement dire que l’Etat auteur de la communication fasse connaître à la

CARU suffisamment à l’avance les aspects essentiels de l’ouvrage, son
mode de fonctionnement et les autres données techniques du projet
(art. 7, par. 3) pour permettre aux procédures prévues aux articles 7 à 12
de se dérouler comme prévu par le statut.
37. En tout cas, d’un point de vue logique, le premier paragraphe de

l’article 7 n’a de sens que s’il est interprété comme exigeant la communi-
cation de l’information à un stade où l’on dispose d’informations techni-
ques solides sur le projet, mais avant que la réalisation du projet n’ait
atteint un stade trop avancé, au-delà duquel l’appréciation du préjudice
potentiel de l’installation industrielle serait trop tardive pour offrir le

moindre remède, ce qui serait certainement contraire à l’article 7, para-
graphe 1, du statut.

*

38. Comme l’on vient de le dire, une AAP uruguayenne est une auto-
risation nécessaire, mais nullement suffisante pour que son titulaire puisse
entreprendre des activités ou des travaux de construction ou des activités
de mise en service. Dans le cas d’ENCE, l’entreprise a obtenu son AAP le
9 octobre 2003 et — avant l’abandon du projet en 2006 — avait seule-

ment réalisé des travaux de nivellement de terrain; et, dans celui de Bot-
nia, cette société, après son AAP du 14 février 2005, réalisa également
d’autres travaux préparatoires (fondations en béton; cheminée de l’usine)
avant que l’Uruguay lui octroie les autorisations de construction de

l’usine proprement dite, autorisations qui ont été suivies, beaucoup plus
tard, par celle de sa mise en service. Le cas de Botnia est instructif à cet

233the CMB (ENCE) or Orion Botnia mills, or as a result of the “prelimi-
nary works” to the construction of the mills which Uruguay authorized.

At the start of the case, Argentina spoke of “risks”, because at the
time there had been no construction works. In the oral phase, the
supposed significant damage did not for the most part relate to the
“construction” works, preliminary or otherwise, of the Orion (Botnia)
mill, but rather to the negative effects on the river and its waters of the

mill’s “operation”, that is, the effects of its commissioning from
9 November 2007 onwards.

35. In light of the foregoing, I consider that, where the text of Arti-

cle 7, paragraph 1, is silent, the issue should be resolved by the interpreter
by looking to the rule of general international law (Art. 31, para. 3 (c),
of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties). And what does inter-
national law have to say on the matter? It says that the information must
be “timely” (“en temps utile”) or communicated “in a timely manner”

(“opportun”) (see, for example, Art. 12 of the 1997 Convention on the
Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of Watercourses).

36. Applied to Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute, this simply
means that the State must inform CARU sufficiently in advance of the

main aspects of the work, how it is to be carried out and the other tech-
nical data on the project (Art. 7, para. 3), in order to enable the proce-
dures provided for in Articles 7 to 12 to be carried out as laid down by
the Statute.
37. In any case, logically, Article 7, first paragraph, has meaning only

if construed as requiring that the information be communicated at a
stage when solid technical information is available on the project, but
before the project is so far advanced in its construction that any assess-
ment of the potential damage from the industrial facility would come too
late to offer any remedy, which would undoubtedly be contrary to that

provision of the Statute.

*

38. As stated earlier, a Uruguayan AAP is a necessary but by no
means sufficient authorization for its holder to carry out construction
works or commissioning activities. In the case of ENCE, the company
obtained its AAP on 9 October 2003 and had only carried out ground-
clearing works before the project was abandoned in 2006; and in that of

Botnia, after its AAP of 14 February 2005, the company also carried out
other preparatory works (such as constructing the concrete foundations
and the plant’s chimney) before Uruguay granted it the authorizations to
build the actual mill; these were followed much later by the authorization

to commission the mill. The case of Botnia is telling in this respect: con-
struction works for the mill did not begin until approximately one year

233égard, car les travaux de construction de l’usine n’ont commencé qu’une
année environ après son AAP du 14 février 2005. En outre, entre cette

AAP et la mise en service de l’usine le 9 novembre 2007, la société vit
effectivement approuver:

— le 12 avril 2005, son plan de gestion de l’environnement («PGA» en
espagnol) pour l’enlèvement de la végétation et les travaux de terras-
sement;
— le 22 août 2005, son PGA pour la construction des fondations en
béton et de la cheminée;

— le 18 janvier 2006, son PGA pour la phase des travaux consacrée à la
construction de l’usine;
— le 10 mai 2006, son PGA pour la construction du dispositif de trai-
tement des eaux usées;

— le 9 avril 2007, son PGA pour la création d’un site d’enfouissement
des déchets industriels non dangereux;
— le 9 avril 2007, son PGA pour la construction d’un site d’enfouisse-
ment des déchets industriels solides;
— le 31 octobre 2007, son PGA relatif à ses opérations;

— le 8 novembre 2007, l’exploitation effective de l’usine (duplique de
l’Uruguay, par. 2.48, CR 2009/22, p. 13).

39. Il s’ensuit que, à la date de la conclusion des accords que l’on exa-
minera ci-dessous (l’«arrangement» des ministres des affaires étrangères
(Bielsa-Opertti) du 2 mars 2004 et, même, l’accord des présidents (Kirch-
ner-Vázquez) du 5 mai 2005 portant création du GTAN, qui, selon moi,
écartent tous les deux l’application en l’espèce de la disposition énoncée à

l’article 7, paragraphe 1, du statut du fleuve Uruguay), la période pour
informer respectivement la CARU timely,ou in a timely manner,dea l
réalisation du projet d’usine CMB (ENCE) et du projet d’usine Orion
(Botnia) n’était point épuisée, car l’Uruguay avait toujours la possibilité
de le faire en temps utile ou d’une manière adéquate aux fins des buts

poursuivis par l’information.
40. Ainsi, l’Uruguay n’a pu violer à la date des accords l’obligation
d’informer la CARU de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, du statut, car «le fait de
l’Etat ne constitue pas une violation d’une obligation internationale à
moins que l’Etat ne soit lié par ladite obligation au moment où le fait se

produit» et «la violation d’une obligation internationale par le fait de
l’Etat n’ayant pas un caractère continu a lieu au moment où le fait se
produit, même si ses effets perdurent» (articles sur la responsabilité inter-
nationale de l’Etat pour fait internationalement illicite, art. 13 et 14,
par. 1).

41. Il n’y a donc pas eu de «retard illicite» de la part de l’Uruguay en
ce qui concerne l’obligation d’informer la CARU de l’article 7, para-
graphe 1, du statut du fleuve Uruguay avant la conclusion des accords ulté-
rieurs entre les Parties. Ajoutons que les deux Parties ont affirmé que les

faits constitutifs de violations éventuelles d’ordre procédural portant sur
les articles 7 à 12 du statut sont à qualifier de faits à caractère «instan-

234after its AAP of 14 February 2005. Moreover, between that AAP and the
commissioning of the mill on 9 November 2007, the company received

the following approvals:

— on 12 April 2005, of its Environmental Management Plan (“PGA” in
Spanish) for the removal of vegetation and earth moving;

— on 22 August 2005, of its PGA for the construction of concrete foun-
dations and the chimney;

— on 18 January 2006, of its PGA for the construction phase of the
works;
— on 10 May 2006, of its PGA for the construction of the wastewater
treatment plant;

— on 9 April 2007, of its PGA for the creation of an industrial non-
hazardous waste landfill;
— on 9 April 2007, of its PGA for the construction of a solid industrial
waste landfill;
— on 31 October 2007, of its PGA for operations;

— on 8 November 2007, of the actual operation of the plant (Uruguay’s
Rejoinder, para. 2.48, CR 2009/22, p. 13).

39. It follows that on the date of conclusion of the agreements which
will be examined below, (the “understanding” between the Ministers for
Foreign Affairs (Bielsa-Opertti) of 2 March 2004 and the agreement
establishing the GTAN between the Presidents (Kirchner-Vázquez) of
5 May 2005, both of which, in my view, render the provision set forth in

Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the River Uruguay inapplicable
in this case) the respective time-limits for informing CARU timely or in a
timely manner about the implementation of the CMB (ENCE) mill
project and the Orion (Botnia) mill project had not expired, as Uruguay
still had the opportunity to do this in a timely or appropriate manner for

the purposes of the aims to be achieved through the information process.
40. Therefore, on the date of the agreements, Uruguay could not have
breached the obligation to inform CARU under Article 7, paragraph 1,
of the Statute, because “[a]n act of a State does not constitute a breach of
an international obligation unless the State is bound by the obligation in

question at the time the act occurs” and “[t]he breach of an international
obligation by an act of a State not having continuing character occurs at
the moment when the act is performed, even if its effects continue”
(Art. 13 and Art. 14, para. 1, Articles on Responsibility of States for
Internationally Wrongful Acts).

41. There was, therefore, no “wrongful delay” by Uruguay in respect
of the obligation to inform CARU under Article 7, paragraph 1, of the
Statute of the River Uruguay before the conclusion of the above-
mentioned subsequent agreements between the Parties. I would add that

the Parties are agreed that the acts amounting to any procedural breaches
involving Articles 7 to 12 of the Statute are to be categorized as being

234tané» (mémoire de l’Argentine, par. 8.12 et suiv.; CR 2009/19, p. 45,

par. 3).

IV. L A PORTÉE ET LE CONTENU DES ACCORDS MUTUELLEMENT CONVENUS
ENTRE LES PARTIES LE 2 MARS 2004 ET LE 5 MAI 2005

42. Aussi bien dans le cas d’ENCE que dans celui de Botnia, les
Parties ont décidé, d’un commun accord, de se passer de l’examen som-
maire de la CARU prévu à l’article 7 du statut et de procéder immédia-
tement aux consultations et négociations directes visées à l’article 12.

Dans les deux cas, l’Argentine fut la Partie qui sollicita d’engager des
consultations directes avec l’Uruguay à des moments où la CARU ne
constituait pas un cadre viable, soit parce qu’elle avait suspendu ses ses-
sions, soit parce qu’elle se trouvait dans une impasse.

43. Les règles énoncées aux articles 7 à 12 du statut du fleuve Uruguay
n’étant pas des normes impératives (jus cogens), rien n’empêche les
Parties de décider d’un «commun accord» de passer immédiatement aux
consultations directes sans avoir à suivre les modalités procédurales du
statut. C’est justement ce qu’elles ont fait en l’espèce. En effet, ce «com-

mun accord» existe. Et il se manifeste dans les deux accords mentionnés
ci-dessus invoqués par l’Uruguay dans la présente instance et dont
l’Argentine a admis l’existence, quoiqu’elle s’oppose, en revanche, au
contenu et à la portée que leur prête l’Uruguay.

44. L’arrêt reconnaît qu’il s’agit d’un «arrangement» (accord Bielsa-
Opertti) et d’un «accord» (accord des présidents créant le GTAN) qui
engagent les Parties dans la mesure où elles y ont consenti (paragra-
phes 128 et 138 de l’arrêt), mais rejette qu’ils aient eu, dans les circons-

tances de l’espèce, un effet dérogatoire aux procédures du statut (art. 7
à 12). Pour les raisons exposées ci-dessous, je suis d’un avis contraire.

1. L’accord des ministres des affaires étrangères

du 2 mars 2004

45. Le 9 octobre 2003, lors d’une réunion des présidents Kirchner
(Argentine) et Battle (Uruguay) à Anchorena en Colonia (Uruguay), le
sujet des usines de pâte à papier à Fray Bentos semble avoir été consi-

déré. Mais il n’y a aucune référence sur les entretiens des présidents dans
la documentation soumise à la Cour. Toutefois, les ministres des affaires
étrangères, M. Bielsa (Argentina) et M. Opertti (Uruguay), ont fait men-
tion de la «M’Bopicuá plant» lors d’une conférence de presse dont le
dossier fait état. M. le ministre Bielsa a déclaré:

«Nous avons parlé de l’usine M’Bopicuá. Les choses se présentent
ainsi: lorsque la société aura établi son plan d’évaluation environne-

mentale, celui-ci nous sera communiqué. L’Argentine estime que, si
le plan est satisfaisant d’un point de vue environnemental — objectif
également poursuivi par l’Uruguay, fort de son sixième rang mon-

235“instantaneous” in nature (Argentina’s Memorial, paras. 8.12 et seq.;

CR 2009/19, p. 45, para. 3).

IV. THE SCOPE AND C ONTENT OF THE PARTIES ’A GREEMENTS OF
2M ARCH 2004 AND 5M AY 2005

42. In the case of both ENCE and Botnia, the Parties jointly decided
to dispense with the preliminary review by CARU provided for in Arti-
cle 7 of the Statute and to proceed immediately to the direct consulta-
tions and negotiations referred to in Article 12. In both cases, Argentina

was the Party which sought to hold direct consultations with Uruguay at
times when CARU did not offer a viable framework, either because the
Commission had halted its sessions, or because it was deadlocked.

43. As the rules laid out in Articles 7 to 12 of the Statute of the River
Uruguay are not peremptory norms (jus cogens), there is nothing to pre-
vent the Parties from deciding by “joint agreement” to proceed immedi-

ately to direct consultation or negotiations without having to adhere to
the procedures under the Statute. And that is precisely what they did.
This “joint agreement” does indeed exist: it is manifest in the two above-
mentioned agreements which Uruguay invoked in the present proceed-

ings and which Argentina has acknowledged exist, although it disputes
the content and the scope which Uruguay affords them.
44. The Judgment recognizes that there is an “understanding” (Bielsa-
Opertti agreement) and an “agreement” (Presidents’ agreement establish-

ing the GTAN) which are binding on the Parties since they have entered
into them (paras. 128 and 138 of the Judgment), but rejects that in the
present case their effect was to depart from the Statute’s procedures
(Arts. 7-12). For the reasons set out below, I disagree with this.

1. The Understanding of 2 March 2004 between the Ministers
for Foreign Affairs

45. On 9 October 2003, at a meeting between Presidents Kirchner

(Argentina) and Battle (Uruguay) in Anchorena, (Colonia, Uruguay), the
subject of the paper pulp mills in Fray Bentos appears to have come up.
But nowhere in the material submitted to the Court is there any reference
to the Presidents’ conversations on the subject. However, the Ministers

for Foreign Affairs, Messrs. Bielsa (Argentina) and Opertti (Uruguay),
did refer to the “M’Bopicuá Plant” at a press conference of which a tran-
script does appear in the record. Minister Bielsa said:

“We talked about the M’Bopicuá plant. The idea is that when the
company issues its environmental assessment plan, that report can
be made known. From the point of view of Argentina, if the report

is satisfactory regarding the environmental issues, something that
Uruguay is also pursuing in its capacity as the sixth leading nation in

235 dial en matière de protection de l’environnement —, alors nous

pourrons nous entendre.
.............................
Les positions de nos deux nations sont en tous points concor-

dantes [sic]. Au contraire, nous voulons — l’Argentine veut — que
cette usine soit effectivement construite, que ces emplois puissent
effectivement être créés et que cet investissement puisse effectivement
être réalisé, et ce sans aucune atteinte à l’environnement.» (Contre-

mémoire de l’Uruguay, vol. II, annexe 14.)
Et M. le ministre Opertti (Uruguay):

«La opinión oficial del Gobierno es muy sencilla y muy clara: esto
se trata de una inversión en territorio uruguayo sujeta a ley uru-

guaya. Naturalmente que es una inversión importante y si de esa
inversión pudieren directa o indirectamente derivar efectos que pudie-
ran de alguna manera poner en riesgo valores ambientales, que tanto
la Argentina como el Uruguay defienden porque los dos tenemos el

mismo credo en esa materia, naturalmente que los dos trataremos de
evitar que eso suceda. Y para ello ya existen mecanismos ... hay una
Comisión Administradora del Río Uruguay y a ella llegaremos si es
2
preciso.» (Ibid.)
46. Or, le même jour, le 9 octobre 2003, le MVOTMA (Ministerio de

Vivienda, Ordenamiento Territorial y Medio Ambiente) a procédé à la
délivrance à ENCE («Gabenir S.A.» à cet moment-là) de l’AAP de
l’usine de pâte à papier «Celulosa de M’Bopicuá» (CMB) sur la rive
gauche du fleuve Uruguay à Fray Bentos, près du pont international et

en face de la région argentine de Gualeguaychú, où la population avait
manifesté contre la construction de l’usine. L’Argentine a considéré que
ce fait violait l’article 7 du statut du fleuve Uruguay et a réagi contre la
délivrance à ENCE de l’AAP en question, notamment en cessant de par-

ticiper aux travaux de la CARU (cette situation s’étant prolongée jusqu’à
la conclusion de l’accord du 2 mars 2004).
47. Toutefois, les Parties ont continué à traiter du projet CMB (ENCE)

au niveau supérieur des ministres ou ministères des affaires étrangères,
c’est-à-dire en dehors de la CARU dont les sessions étaient suspendues.
Ainsi, par exemple, par une note diplomatique en date du 27 octobre
2003, le ministère des affaires étrangères de l’Uruguay a transmis à

l’Argentine: 1) l’étude d’impact sur l’environnement d’ENCE; 2) le rap-

2 «Le point de vue officiel du gouvernement est très simple et très clair: il s’agit d’un
investissement effectué sur le territoire de l’Uruguay et soumis à la loi uruguayenne.
Il s’agit naturellement d’un investissement important. Si celui-ci risquait d’avoir,
directement ou indirectement, des effets de nature à porter atteinte d’une manière ou
d’une autre aux valeurs environnementales que défendent l’Argentine et l’Uruguay
— les deux pays ayant la même approche en la matière —, ceux-ci veilleraient
naturellement à ce que cela ne se produise pas. Des mécanismes à cet effet sont déjà
en place ... il existe une commission administrative du fleuve Uruguay, que nous
pourrions saisir le cas échéant.» [Traduction du Greffe.]

236 the world in terms of environmental protection, then we shall be in

agreement.
.............................
The position of the two nations is absolutely in harmony [sic].

We...wanttoseethatthisplantisactuallyinstalled,thatthesejobs
can actually be created, that the investment can actually go forward
and that this does not involve any deterioration for the environ-
ment.” (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. II, Ann. 14.)

And Minister Opertti (Uruguay) said:

“La opinión oficial del Gobierno es muy sencilla y muy clara: esto
se trata de una inversión en territorio uruguayo sujeta a ley uru-

guaya. Naturalmente que es una inversión importante y si de esa
inversión pudieren directa o indirectamente derivar efectos que pudi-
eran de alguna manera poner en riesgo valores ambientales, que
tanto la Argentina como el Uruguay defienden porque los dos ten-

emos el mismo credo en esa materia, naturalmente que los dos tra-
taremos de evitar que eso suceda. Y para ello ya existen mecanismos
. . . hay una Comisión Administradora del Río Uruguay y a ella lle-
2
garemos si es preciso.” (Ibid.)
46. But, also on 9 October 2003, MVOTMA (Ministerio de Vivienda

Ordenamiento Territorial y Medio Ambiente) granted the AAP to ENCE
(“Gabenir S.A.” at the time) for the “Celulosa de M’Bopicuá” (CMB)
paper pulp mill on the left bank of the River Uruguay at Fray Bentos,
near the international bridge and opposite the Argentine region of Guale-

guaychú, where the population had demonstrated against the building of
the plant. Argentina considered this a breach of Article 7 of the Statute
of the River Uruguay and protested against the granting of that AAP to
ENCE, notably by ceasing to attend CARU meetings (that situation con-

tinued until the conclusion of the agreement of 2 March 2004).

47. The Parties, however, continued their discussions on the CMB

(ENCE) project at a higher level — through ministers and Ministers for
Foreign Affairs —, in other words, outside CARU, whose work had
come to a halt. Thus, by a diplomatic Note dated 27 October 2003, for
example, Uruguay’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs transmitted to Argentina:

(1) the environmental impact assessment for ENCE; (2) DINAMA’s

2 “The Government’s official position is very simple and very clear: this is an invest-
ment on Uruguayan territory, subject to Uruguayan law. It is, of course, a substan-
tial investment and, were there a risk of this investment, directly or indirectly, in any
way jeopardizing the environmental values to which both Argentina and Uruguay
subscribe — our approaches being the same in that respect — both countries would
naturally endeavour to prevent such a risk from materializing. Mechanisms to that
end are already in place . . . there is an Administrative Commission of the River Uru-
guay, to which we could turn should the need arise.”

236port technique de la DINAMA sur l’étude d’impact sur l’environnement
en date du 2 octobre 2003; et 3) l’AAP du 9 octobre 2003. En outre, le

7 novembre 2003, l’Uruguay, à la demande de l’Argentine, a transmis à
cette dernière une copie intégrale du dossier du MVOTMA relatif au pro-
jet CMB (ENCE) (soit 1683 pages). L’Argentine a donc reçu l’ensemble
de l’information relative au projet CMB (ENCE) seulement quelques
jours après que l’Uruguay eut délivré, le 9 octobre 2003, l’AAP d’ENCE.

48. L’Argentine a reconnu ces faits dans la présente instance aussi bien
qu’à l’époque où ils se sont produits. Par exemple, dans le rapport au
Sénat argentin pour l’année 2004 (préparé en 2005) par le chef de cabinet
des ministres argentins, Dr Alberto Angel Fernández, on lit la réponse

suivante du ministère argentin des affaires étrangères à une question
posée:
«En conséquence de cette grave situation, et le consensus néces-

saire au règlement de la question n’ayant pas été trouvé dans le cadre
de la CARU, celle-ci a mis fin à ses sessions et l’examen de la ques-
tion est revenu aux deux ministres des affaires étrangères .
.............................

II. Dans ces conditions et en vertu de l’impasse à la CARU, le
ministère argentin des affaires étrangères a demandé les informations
techniques correspondantes à l’Uruguay. En novembre 2003, confor-
mément à la demande du ministère argentin, le ministère uru-

guayen ... a transmis à l’ambassade d’Argentine à Montevideo la
documentation relative au projet de pâte à papier à M’Bopicuá.»
(Duplique de l’Uruguay, vol. II, annexe R14, p. 616; les italiques
sont de moi.)

Dans son exposé sur le différend avec l’Uruguay devant la commission
des affaires étrangères de la chambre argentine des députés du
14 février 2006, le ministre argentin des affaires étrangères, M. Taiana,

s’est prononcé dans le même sens sur le fonctionnement du mécanisme
d’information et de consultations préalables du statut du fleuve Uruguay,
à savoir:

«Il se peut toutefois que les parties ne parviennent pas, dans le
cadre de la CARU, à un accord sur l’impact des travaux envisagés
sur l’écosystème associé au fleuve Uruguay. Dans ce dernier cas, la
question quitte la sphère de compétence de la commission et est ren-

voyée pour examen au niveau des gouvernements.» (Ibid., vol. II,
annexe R16; requête introductive d’instance de l’Argentine,
annexe III, p. 4.)

49. En se fondant sur les informations transmises par l’Uruguay ci-
dessus, les conseillers techniques de l’Argentine auprès de la CARU ont
étudié le projet CMB (ENCE) et rendu un rapport à leurs autorités en
février 2004. Ils ont conclu qu’«il n’y aurait pas d’impact environnemen-

tal significatif du côté argentin» (contre-mémoire de l’Uruguay, vol. III,
annexe 46). Des délégués argentins auprès de la CARU ont souligné éga-

2372 October 2003 technical report on the environmental impact
assessment; and (3) the AAP of 9 October 2003. Further, on 7 Novem-

ber 2003, Uruguay transmitted to Argentina, at the latter’s request, a
complete copy of the MVTOMA file on the ENCE project (totalling
1,683 pages). Argentina therefore received all the information relating to
the CMB (ENCE) project only a few days after Uruguay granted the
AAP to ENCE on 9 October 2003.

48. Argentina has admitted these facts in the present proceedings and
also did so at the time they occurred. For example, in the report to the
Argentine Senate on 2004 (prepared in 2005) by the Head of the Argen-
tine Cabinet Office, Dr. Alberto Angel Fernández, the following response

appears from the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs to a question
posed:
“As a consequence of this grave situation, and not finding within

the ambit of CARU the necessary consensus to resolve the matter,
CARU halted its sessions and consideration of the matter was left to
both Foreign Ministries.
.............................

II. In this context and by virtue of the impasse at CARU, the
Argentinean Foreign Ministry requested the technical information
corresponding to Uruguay. In November 2003, in accordance with
the proposal by the Argentinean Foreign Ministry, the Uruguayan

Foreign Ministry sent the documentation related to the Cellulose
project in M’Bopicuá ... to the Argentinean Embassy in Monte-
video.” (Uruguay’s Rejoinder, Vol. II, Ann. R14, p. 616; emphasis
added.)

In his statement on the dispute with Uruguay, made to the Foreign
Affairs Commission of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies on 14 Feb-
ruary 2006, the Argentine Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Taiana,

made similar comments on the workings of the information and prior
consultation process of the Statute of the River Uruguay:

“It may occur, however, that the parties may not reach an agree-
ment within the sphere of CARU over the impact of the projected
works on the ecosystem associated with the Uruguay River. In this
last situation, the matter leaves the orbit of competence of the

Commission and is turned over to be considered at the level of the
Governments.” (Ibid., Vol. II, Ann. R16; Argentina’s Application
instituting proceedings, Ann. III, p. 4.)

49. Using the information transmitted by Uruguay, outlined above,
Argentina’s technical advisers to CARU studied the CMB (ENCE) project
and produced a report for their authorities in February 2004 . They con-
cluded that “there would be no significant environmental impact on the

Argentine side” (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. III, Ann. 46). Argen-
tina’s delegates to CARU also supported this conclusion (Uruguay’s

237lement cette conclusion (contre-mémoire de l’Uruguay, vol. IV,
annexe 99). Ce rapport a rassuré l’Argentine sur les effets éventuels de la

construction et du fonctionnement de l’usine litigieuse et ouvert la voie à
de nouvelles réunions entre les Parties et, finalement, le 2 mars 2004, à la
conclusion de l’accord entre les ministres Bielsa et Opertti.
50. Lors de la présente instance, l’Argentine a souligné que l’accord du
2 mars 2004 n’écartait pas l’application en l’espèce de l’article 7 du statut,

et l’arrêt de la Cour donne raison sur ce point au demandeur. Mais le
texte même de l’accord repris dans les minutes de la CARU du 15 mai 2004
et d’autres éléments de preuve documentaires d’origine officielle argen-
tine ont emporté ma conviction dans le sens contraire. Pour moi, ces élé-

ments font résolument pencher la balance en faveur de la version des faits
présentée par l’Uruguay dans ses pièces écrites et lors de la phase orale, à
savoir que les ministres sont convenus à l’époque que l’usine CMB
(ENCE) de pâte à papier serait construite à Fray Bentos à la condi-
tion: 1) que la CARU garde un certain contrôle sur des aspects techni-

ques relatifs à la construction de l’usine décrits dans l’accord, ce qui n’a
rien à voir avec l’examen sommaire de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, du statut;
et 2) que soit établi, lors de la phase opérationnelle de l’usine, un suivi ou
monitoring de la qualité des eaux du fleuve par la CARU le long de la
zone de l’emplacement de l’usine.

51. A la suite de la rencontre des ministres des affaires étrangères
M. Bielsa et M. Opertti, le 2 mars 2004 à Buenos Aires, l’ambassadeur
argentin, M. Sguiglia, et celui de l’Uruguay, M. Sader, ont échangé des
projets dans le but de consigner par écrit l’accord oral des ministres. Ces
échanges qui ont eu lieu entre mars et avril 2004 confirment l’existence de

l’accord et son contenu. Le dernier projet échangé sur le contenu de
l’accord se lit comme suit:

«VIII) Le 2 mars 2004, les ministres des affaires étrangères de
l’Argentine et de l’Uruguay ont conclu un accord relatif à la straté-
gie à adopter dans cette affaire; en d’autres termes, le Gouvernement
uruguayen devra fournir les informations relatives à la construction
de l’usine et, s’agissant de la phase opérationnelle, la CARU devra

procéder à la surveillance de la qualité de l’eau, en application de
son statut.» (Ibid., vol. IX, annexe 200.)

52. Ce texte correspond aux déclarations faites à la presse le
3 mars 2004 tant par M. Opertti que par M. Bielsa et M. Sguiglia, ainsi
que, pour l’essentiel, au contenu d’un mémorandum du 1 eravril 2004
adressé à l’ambassadeur M. Volonté Berro (Uruguay) par son ministre
conseiller M. Castillo. Se confirme ainsi que l’accord Bielsa-Opertti se

place après la phase de «planification» de l’usine dont relève l’obligation
d’informer la CARU de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, du statut. Cette phase se
situe bien avant l’accord, lequel est tourné vers l’avenir, c’est-à-dire vers
les phases de la construction et du fonctionnement de l’usine.

53. Le texte de l’accord Bielsa-Opertti fut aussi entériné dans le procès-
verbal de la CARU de la session extraordinaire du 15 mai 2004 (première

238Counter-Memorial, Vol. IV, Ann. 99). This report reassured Argentina
about the possible effects of building and operating the disputed mill and

opened the way to further meetings of the Parties and, eventually, to the
conclusion of the agreement between Ministers Bielsa and Opertti on
2 March 2004.
50. Argentina has argued in these proceedings that the agreement of
2 March 2004 did not render Article 7 of the Statute inapplicable in this

case, and the Judgment concurs with the Applicant on this point. But, the
actual text of the agreement, recorded in the CARU minutes of
15 May 2004, and other pieces of documentary evidence from official
Argentine sources, have convinced me to the contrary. In my view, these

various factors tip the balance resolutely in favour of Uruguay’s version
of the facts as presented in its written pleadings and during the oral pro-
ceedings, that is, that the Ministers agreed at the time that the CMB
(ENCE) pulp mill would be built in Fray Bentos on condition: (1) that
CARU maintained a certain level of control over technical aspects, as

described in the agreement, relating to the construction of the mill (which
is in no way connected to the preliminary review under Article 7, para-
graph 1, of the Statute); and (2) that, once the mill had entered into
operation, a system would be established for CARU’s monitoring of the
quality of the river’s waters throughout the area of the mill site.

51. Following the meeting of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs, Bielsa
and Opertti, on 2 March 2004 in Buenos Aires, Argentina’s Ambassador,
Mr. Sguiglia, and that of Uruguay, Mr. Sader, exchanged drafts with a
view to committing the Ministers’ oral agreement to writing. These
exchanges, between March and April 2004, confirm the existence of the

agreement and its content. The last draft exchanged on the subject of the
content of the agreement reads as follows:

“VIII. On 2 March 2004 the Foreign Ministers of Argentina and
Uruguay reached an understanding with respect to the course of
action that this matter will take, that is, to have the Uruguayan gov-
ernment provide the information relating to the construction of the
plant, and with respect to the operational phase, to have CARU under-

take the monitoring of the water quality in conformity with its
Statute.” (Ibid., Vol. IX, Ann. 200.)

52. This text echoes the statements made to the press on 3 March 2004
both by Mr. Opertti and by Messrs. Bielsa and Sguiglia, as well as, for
the most part, the content of a memorandum of 1 April 2004 sent to the
Ambassador, Mr. Volonté Berro (Uruguay) by his Minister-Counsellor,
Mr. Castillo. This confirms that the Bielsa-Opertti agreement took place

after the “planning” phase for the mill, to which the obligation to inform
CARU relates under Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute . That phase
occurred well before the agreement, which itself looked ahead to the
future, that is, to the construction and commissioning phases of the mill.

53. The wording of the Bielsa-Opertti agreement was also ratified in
the minutes of CARU’s extraordinary meeting on 15 May 2004 (first

238réunion de la commission depuis octobre 2003) et dûment authentifié par
les signatures des chefs de la délégation argentine auprès de la CARU,

Roberto García Moritán, et de la délégation de l’Uruguay, Walter M. Bel-
visi, ainsi que par celle du secrétaire administratif de la CARU, Ser-
gio Chave (contre-mémoire de l’Uruguay, vol. IV, annexe 99). Le texte du
procès-verbal de la CARU se lit, dans son intégralité, comme suit:

«Accords sur des questions générales

I) Les deux parties ont souligné que la protection environnemen-
tale du fleuve Uruguay est pour elles une question d’intérêt et de pré-
occupation commune, qui s’est concrétisée par des actions menées en

conformité avec les dispositions du statut du fleuve Uruguay et du
plan de protection environnemental du fleuve Uruguay, signé par les
deux pays le 29 octobre 2002 dans la ville de Paysandú.
II) Le 2 mars 2004, les ministres des affaires étrangères de l’Argen-

tine et de l’Uruguay se sont entendus quant à la façon de procéder en
la matière, à savoir que le Gouvernement uruguayen fournira l’infor-
mation relative à la construction de l’usine et que, s’agissant de la
phase opérationnelle, la CARU procédera au suivi de la qualité des
eaux conformément à son statut.

Accords sur des questions spécifiques

I) Les deux délégations ont réaffirmé l’engagement auquel étaient
parvenus les ministres des affaires étrangères de la République argen-
tine et de la République orientale de l’Uruguay le 2 mars 2004, en

vertu duquel l’Uruguay communiquera les informations relatives à
la construction de l’usine, parmi lesquelles le plan de gestion envi-
ronnementale. Il s’ensuit que la CARU recevra les plans de gestion
environnementale relatifs à la construction et à l’exploitation de
l’usine soumis par l’entreprise au Gouvernement uruguayen une fois

qu’ils lui auront été transmis par la délégation uruguayenne. La
CARU les examinera, dans le cadre de ses attributions, compte tenu
des termes figurant dans le décret ministériel 342/2003 susmentionné
— en particulier les projets expressément signalés par le ministère du
logement, de l’aménagement du territoire et de l’environnement

comme exigeant une mise en Œuvre et des études additionnelles de la
part de l’entreprise avant de pouvoir être approuvés — en formulant
ses observations, commentaires et suggestions, qui seront transmis à
l’Etat uruguayen pour approbation et décision avec l’accord de
l’entreprise. Une fois qu’il aura été satisfait à ces exigences, la

CARU sera de nouveau saisie.
II) S’agissant de la phase opérationnelle, il sera effectué un
contrôle de la qualité environnementale conformément aux disposi-
tions du statut du fleuve Uruguay, notamment son chapitre X, arti-

cles 40 à 43. Les deux délégations sont convenues que, compte tenu
de la taille du projet et de ses effets possibles, la CARU adoptera des

239meeting of the Commission since October 2003) and duly authenticated
by the signatures of the head of the Argentine delegation to CARU,

Mr. Roberto García Moritán, and the head of the Uruguayan delegation,
Mr. Walter M. Belvisi, as well as by that of CARU’s Administrative Secre-
tary, Mr. Sergio Chave (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. IV, Ann. 99).
Those minutes, in their entirety, read as follows:

“General Agreed Matters:

I. Both parties pointed out that the environmental protection of
the Uruguay River is a matter in which both parties share interest
and sensitivity; that has materialized in concrete actions pursuant to

the Statute of the Uruguay River and in the Environmental Protec-
tion Plan of the Uruguay River signed by both countries on 29 Octo-
ber 2002 in the city of Paysandú.
II. On 2 March 2004 the Foreign Ministers of Argentina and Uru-

guay reached an understanding with respect to the proper course of
action that this matter will take, that is, to have the Uruguayan Gov-
ernment provide the information relating to the construction of the
plant, and with respect to the operational phase of the pulp mill, to
have CARU undertake the monitoring of water quality in conformity

with its Statute.
Specific Agreed-Upon Matters:

I. Both delegations reasserted that the Foreign Ministers of the
Republic of Argentina and the Republic of Uruguay agreed on
2 March 2004 that Uruguay shall communicate the information

related to the construction of the pulp mill including the Environ-
mental Management Plan. In this sense, CARU shall receive the
Environmental Management Plans for the construction and opera-
tion of the plant provided by the company to the Uruguayan gov-
ernment via the Uruguayan delegation. Within the framework of its

competency, CARU will consider those, taking into account the
terms included in the aforementioned Ministerial Resolution 342/2003,
particularly those terms expressly established by the Ministry of
Housing, Land Use Planning and the Environment, such as
actions which require additional implementation and additional

assessment by the company before approval of those, formulating its
observations, comments and suggestions, which shall be transmitted
to Uruguay, to be dismissed or decided with the company. Once said
issues are considered, CARU shall again be informed.

II. In relation to the operational phase, we will proceed to moni-
tor environmental quality. This monitoring shall be carried out in
conformity with the provisions of the Statute of the Uruguay River,

especially Chapter X, Articles 40 to 43. Both delegations agree that in
view of the scope of the undertaking and its possible effects, CARU

239 procédures conformes au présent procès-verbal . Par ailleurs, il
convient de prendre en compte comme données de référence les pré-

lèvements effectués jusqu’à présent par la CARU pour le contrôle de
la qualité des eaux (ces prélèvements démontrent l’absence de toxi-
cité aiguë et une conformité aux normes de qualité voisine de 100%).
La décision de la CARU d’ajouter deux nouveaux sites de prélève-

ment aux abords de l’usine contribuera à l’efficacité de ce contrôle.
III) Les deux parties ont pris note de la prochaine réunion à
caractère technique entre les autorités nationales des deux pays en
vue d’échanger leurs points de vue sur la question, et sont convenues
d’inviter les présidents de leurs délégations respectives auprès de la

CARU à y participer.
La décision

Compte tenu de ce qui a été indiqué et convenu précédemment par
les Parties, il est décidé de remettre, aux fins d’examen, d’analyse et
d’évaluation, toute la documentation détenue par la CARU concer-
nant le projet M’Bopicuá à la sous-commission de qualité des eaux

et de la prévention de la pollution environnementale, en application
de ce qui a été indiqué aux points (I et II — Accords sur des ques-
tions spécifiques)... Il est également convenu de demander toutes les
informations relatives à la phase de construction de l’usine confor-

mément aux engagements pris par le ministère uruguayen des affai-
res étrangères. A cet égard, et conformément au plan de protection
environnementale, il est décidé d’un commun accord de convoquer
un comité de consultants techniques à cette fin.» (Les italiques sont
dans l’original.) [Traduction du Greffe.] (CARU, procès-verbal
o
n 01/04, 15 mai 2004 (extrait), contre-mémoire de l’Uruguay, vol. IV,
annexe 99, p. 108-110.)

54. Dans le texte de cette décision de la CARU, on ne trouve pas un
seul passage, voire même un seul mot, pour pouvoir soutenir qu’il impli-
quait un retour à la commission aux fins de l’article 7, paragraphe 1, du
statut du fleuve Uruguay. Au contraire, la CARU exécute dans toute son

intégralité le contenu de l’accord conclu entre les ministres M. Bielsa et
M. Opertti le 2 mars 2004. L’arrêté 342/2003 mentionné au paragraphe I)
des «Accords sur des questions spécifiques» du procès-verbal de la CARU
est l’arrêté du MVOTMA du 9 octobre 2003 octroyant l’AAP du projet
CMB (ENCE).

55. On comprend bien les remarques faites — avant l’adoption du
texte du procès-verbal — par le président de la délégation argentine à la
CARU, M. Moritán, lequel, après avoir rappelé que l’Uruguay n’avait
«pas respecté» la «procédure prévue à [l’]article 7», admit cependant

qu’«une contrainte importante dans notre position est l’accord conclu
par les ministres des affaires étrangères du 2 mars 2004, déjà évoqué ci-
dessus» et que «nous devons nous pencher sur les rapports en nos mains
et sur l’accord conclu par nos ministres des affaires étrangères» (contre-
mémoire de l’Uruguay, vol. IV, annexe 99, p. 18 et 19).

240 shall adopt procedures in conformity with the current minutes .O n
the other hand, the sampling already done by CARU should be

taken into account as the baseline for the monitoring (these show no
acute toxicity and compliance of almost 100 per cent with the quality
standards as compared to the reference values). CARU’s decision to
add two new water sampling stations in the work area shall make
monitoring more effective.

III. Both parties take note of the next meeting of a technical
nature between national authorities of both countries to exchange
viewpoints on this issue. Likewise, both parties agreed to invite the
presidents of both delegations to CARU to attend the meeting.

Decision:

Based on the preceding statements and agreements of the Parties,
it is decided to send all documentation that CARU has in relation to
the M’Bopicuá project to the Subcommittee of Water Quality and
Prevention of Environmental Pollution for its consideration, analy-
sis, and evaluation in accordance with the points mentioned (I and

II — Specific Agreed-Upon Matter ... ). Likewise, it is agreed to
request all the information related to the construction phase of the
plant as agreed by the Uruguayan Foreign Ministry. In this context,
and in compliance with the Environmental Protection Plan, it is
agreed to convene a Technical Advisory Committee for the related

matters.” (Emphasis added.) [Translation by the Registry.] (CARU,
Minutes 01/04 (15 May 2004) (Excerpt), Uruguay’s Counter-Memo-
rial, Vol. IV, Ann. 99, pp. 108-110.)

54. There is not a single passage, nor even a single word, in the text of
this CARU decision that could support the contention that it implied a

return to the Commission for purposes of Article 7, paragraph 1, of the
Statute of the River Uruguay. On the contrary, CARU gives effect to the
entire content of the agreement entered into by Ministers Bielsa and
Opertti on 2 March 2004. Ministerial Resolution 342/2003 cited in para-
graph I of the “Specific Agreed-Upon Matters” of the CARU minutes is

MVOTMA’s Ministerial Resolution of 9 October 2003 granting the AAP
for the CMB (ENCE) project.
55. The following comments, made before the wording of the minutes
was adopted, by the President of Argentina’s delegation to CARU,
Mr. Moritán, are easily understood. After recalling that Uruguay had

“failed to comply” with the “procedure set forth in Article 7”, he admits,
however, that “an important limiting factor in our position is the agree-
ment executed by the Foreign Ministers on 2 March 2004, which was ref-
erenced previously” and “the fact is that we have to go forward on the basis

of the reports that we have and the agreement reached by the Foreign
Ministers” (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. IV, Ann. 99, pp. 18 and 19).

240 56. Ainsi donc, à l’époque, les déclarations des délégués à la CARU
confirment pleinement la portée de l’accord des ministres des affaires

étrangères du 2 mars 2004 qui se dégage de la documentation versée au
dossier. En effet, d’après la teneur des déclarations des uns et des autres,
ils ne s’attendaient plus à ce que la CARU exerce, en ce qui concerne
l’usine CMB (ENCE), ses compétences générales, conformément aux
articles 7 à 11 du statut, mais seulement les tâches particulières convenues

dans l’accord Bielsa-Opertti.
57. D’autres documents soumis à la Cour confirment la portée de
l’accord du 2 mars 2004 que l’on vient d’exposer. Il n’est pas question
de s’y attarder, sauf pour ce qui est de certains documents officiels argen-

tins de l’époque qui présentent un intérêt particulier, à savoir: 1) une
déclaration du ministère argentin des affaires étrangères figurant dans
un rapport au Sénat pour l’année 2004 (publié en 2005); 2) une déclara-
tion du ministère argentin des affaires étrangères de l’époque figu-
rant dans un rapport présenté à la chambre des députés pour l’année

2004; et 3) une déclaration figurant dans le rapport annuel sur l’état
de la nation pour l’année 2004, établi par les services du président
argentin.
58. Dans le premier de ces documents (déjà cités au paragraphe 48 ci-
dessus), le ministère argentin des affaires étrangères déclare que:

«Le 2 mars 2004, les ministres des affaires étrangères de l’Argen-

tine et de l’Uruguay sont parvenus à un accord sur la suite à donner
à cette question, à savoir que le Gouvernement de l’Uruguay com-
muniquera les informations relatives à la construction de l’usine et,
en ce qui concerne la phase opérationnelle, chargera la CARU de
procéder à la surveillance de la qualité de l’eau du fleuve Uruguay,

conformément aux dispositions du statut du fleuve Uruguay, notam-
ment des articles 40 à 43 de son chapitre X. Cette décision rejoint la
demande expresse du gouverneur de la province d’Entre Ríos...
L’accord des ministres des affaires étrangères, la note du gouverneur
d’Entre Ríos et le rapport des experts techniques s’accordent à dire

que la CARU devrait concentrer ses travaux sur la question des
mécanismes de contrôle.» [Traduction du Greffe.] (Duplique de
l’Uruguay, vol. II, annexe R14, p. 617.)

59. La déclaration du ministère argentin des affaires étrangères figu-
rant dans un rapport présenté à la chambre des députés pour l’année
2004 dit ce qui suit:

«En juin de la même année [2004], fut signé un accord bilatéral

par lequel le Gouvernement argentin mettait fin au différend.

Ledit accord respecte, d’une part, le caractère national uruguayen
du projet et, d’autre part, la réglementation en vigueur qui s’ap-

plique aux eaux du fleuve Uruguay par l’intermédiaire de la
CARU.

241 56. Therefore, the statements made by the CARU delegates at the time
fully confirm the scope of the 2 March 2004 agreement between the Min-

isters for Foreign Affairs, which is evidenced by the documents in the
record. Indeed, the content of the statements of those involved shows
that they were no longer expecting CARU to exercise the general powers
conferred on it under Articles 7 to 11 of the Statute in respect of the
CMB (ENCE) plant, rather that it would carry out only certain tasks

agreed on in the Bielsa-Opertti agreement.
57. Other documents submitted to the Court confirm the scope of the
agreement of 2 March 2004, as explained above. I shall not dwell on this,
except in respect of three official Argentine documents from the time

which are of particular note: (1) a statement by the Argentine Ministry of
Foreign Affairs in a report on 2004 to the Senate (published in 2005);
(2) a statement by the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs from the
time in a report on 2004 to the Chamber of Deputies; and (3) a statement
in the 2004 Annual Report on the State of the Nation, prepared by the

Office of Argentina’s President.

58. In the first of these documents (already cited in para. 48 above),
the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that:

“On 2 March 2004, the Foreign Ministers of Argentina and Uru-

guay reached an understanding on the course of action to give to
this subject. That is, for the Government of Uruguay to facilitate
information relative to the construction of the plant, and in regard
to the operational phase, instruct the CARU to proceed to carry out
a monitoring of the water quality of the Uruguay River in conform-

ity with the provisions of the Statute for the River Uruguay, espe-
cially its Chapter X, Articles 40 to 43. This decision coincides with
the request of the Governor of Entre Ríos Province . . . The under-
standing of the Foreign Ministers, the note from the Governor of
Entre Ríos and the report of the technical experts coincide in that

the CARU should concentrate its activity on the subject of mecha-
nisms of control.” [Translation by the Registry.] (Uruguay’s Rejoin-
der, Vol. II, Ann. R14, p. 617.)

59. The statement by the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs in a
report presented to the Chamber of Deputies for 2004 reads as follows:

“In June of that same year [2004], a Bilateral Agreement was

signed through which Argentina’s Government put an end to the
controversy.
Said agreement respects, on the one hand, the Uruguayan national
character of the project, and on the other hand, the regulations in

force that regulate the waters of the Uruguay River through the
CARU.

241 De même, il prévoit une méthode de travail pour les trois étapes
de réalisation du projet : la planification, la construction et l’exploi-

tation.
Ont ainsi été mises en Œuvre des procédures de contrôle concernant
le fleuve Uruguay qui continueront de s’appliquer lorsque les usines
auront été mises en service .
Les contrôles sur les deux usines seront plus complets que ceux

auxquels notre pays soumet ses propres usines sur le fleuve Paraná ,
lesquels ont, néanmoins, été approuvés par l’Uruguay (les technolo-
gies proposées à propos desquelles la province d’Entre Ríos conteste
à l’Uruguay sont les mêmes que celles que nous utilisons chez

nous).» (Contre-mémoire de l’Uruguay, vol. III, annexe 46; les ita-
liques sont de moi.)
60. Aux termes de la déclaration figurant dans le rapport annuel de

l’Argentine sur l’état de la nation pour l’année 200er établi par le chef du
cabinet des ministres de la présidence (daté du 1 mars 2005):

«Ce même mois [à savoir le mois de juin 2004 (sic)], les deux pays
ont signé un accord bilatéral qui a mis fin à la controverse sur l’ins-
tallation d’une usine de pâte à papier à Fray Bentos.
Cet accord respecte, d’une part, la caractéristique nationale et
uruguayenne du travail, qui n’a jamais été discutée, et, d’autre part,

le règlement en vigueur qui réglemente les eaux de la rivière Uruguay
par la CARU.
Il prévoit aussi une procédure active pour les trois phases de cons-
truction du travail: projet, construction et exploitation.» (Ibid.,
vol. III, annexe 48, p. 28.)

Et plus loin:

«Auvudes «accords spécifiques des deux délégations de la CARU»
concernant l’installation possible d’usines de pâte à papier sur la rive
de l’Uruguay, un «plan de surveillance pour la qualité de l’environ-
nement de la rivière Uruguay» a été conçu, lequel, avec le «plan de

protection de l’environnement de la rivière Uruguay», contribue à
maintenir la qualité de l’eau. Les standards de «qualité de l’eau» ont
aussi été examinés et mis à jour, en considérant qu’il reste à les
inclure dans l’Abrégé d’utilisations de la rivière Uruguay .» ( Ibid.,
vol. III, annexe 48, p. 28; les italiques sont de moi.)

61. Ce texte confirme aussi la thèse de l’Uruguay selon laquelle le trai-
tement convenu le 2 mars 2004 par les ministres M. Bielsa et M. Opertti
pour le projet d’ENCE fut par la suite appliqué également au projet Bot-

nia par les deux gouvernements. L’Argentine était déjà au courant du
projet Botnia au moins en novembre 2003, lorsque ses représentants offi-
ciels rencontrèrent, pour la première fois, les représentants de la société
Botnia à Buenos Aires, et la CARU elle-même en avait déjà pris connais-

sance au mois d’avril 2004, lors de sa première rencontre avec les repré-
sentants de la société. Lors de la création du GTAN, le communiqué de

242 Likewise, it includes a work methodology for the three phases of
construction of the project: the project, the construction and the

operation.
Thus, inclusive control procedures were carried out on the Uruguay
River which means they will continue after the plants are in opera-
tion.
Controls on both plants will be more extensive than those our own

country has on its plants on the Paraná River , which were neverthe-
less accepted by Uruguay (the technologies that the province of
Entre Ríos questions Uruguay about are the same ones that are used
in our country).” (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. III, Ann. 46;

emphasis added.)

60. According to the statement made in Argentina’s 2004 Annual

Report on the State of the Nation prepared by the Head of the Argentine
Cabinet Office (dated 1 March 2005):

“That same month [i.e., June 2004 (sic)], both countries signed a
bilateral agreement which put an end to the controversy over the
pulp mill installation in Fray Bentos.
This agreement respects, on the one hand, the Uruguayan and
national character of the work, which was never under discussion,

and on the other hand, the regulation in force that regulates the
Uruguay River waters through the CARU.
It also provides for a working procedure for the three phases of
construction of the work: project, construction and operation.”
(Ibid., Vol. III, Ann. 48, p. 28.)

It adds further on:

“In view of the ‘specific agreements of both Delegations at CARU’
regarding the possible installation of pulp mill plants on the Uruguay
River bank, a ‘Monitoring Plan for Environmental Quality of the
Uruguay River in the Areas of the Pulp Mill Plants’ was designed,

which together with the ‘Plan of Environmental Protection of the
Uruguay River’ helps to maintain water quality. The ‘water quality’
standards were also reviewed and updated, considering they remain
to be included in the Digest of Uses of the Uruguay River.” ( Ibid.,
Vol. III, Ann. 48, p. 28; emphasis added.)

61. This text also confirms Uruguay’s theory that the procedure agreed
to on 2 March 2004 by Ministers Bielsa and Opertti for the ENCE
project was also later applied to the Botnia project by the two Govern-

ments. Argentina knew of the Botnia project by November 2003 at the
latest, when its official representatives had their first meeting with Botnia
representatives in Buenos Aires, and CARU itself learned of it
in April 2004, when it first met representatives of the company. The joint

press release of 31 May 2005 on the occasion of the GTAN’s establish-
ment also makes reference to “the cellulose plants that are being con-

242presse conjoint du 31 mai 2005 fait état aussi «des usines de pâte à papier
que l’on construit dans la République orientale de l’Uruguay» (voir ci-

dessous). La CARU et sa sous-commission de la qualité des eaux et de la
prévention de la pollution ont fait la même chose. Par exemple, PROCEL
porte le titre: «Plan de monitoring de la qualité des eaux du fleuve Uru-
guay à proximité des usines de pâte à papier» (les italiques sont de moi).
62. L’arrêt de la Cour admet que l’arrangement du 2 mars 2004 est

une procédure de substitution de la procédure du statut, mais il écarte
son application en l’espèce sur la base — pour moi surprenante — de son
non-respect par l’Uruguay. En effet, dans les paragraphes 129 et 131 de
l’arrêt, la Cour constate que l’information que l’Uruguay était convenu

dans l’«arrangement» de transmettre à la CARU ne l’a jamais été. Et la
Cour de conclure qu’elle ne saurait accueillir la prétention de l’Uruguay
selon laquelle l’«arrangement» aurait mis un terme au différend relatif à
l’usine CMB (ENCE) qui l’opposait à l’Argentine, concernant la mise en
Œuvre de la procédure prévue à l’article 7 du statut. En outre, la Cour

observe que, lorsque l’arrangement est intervenu, il n’était question que
du projet CMB (ENCE) et rejette la prétention de l’Uruguay selon
laquelle la portée de l’arrangement aurait été étendue par la suite par les
parties au projet Orion (Botnia), avec l’argument que «les deux usines»
n’ont été mentionnées qu’à partir de juillet 2004 dans le cadre du plan

PROCEL. Or, ajoute la Cour, ce plan ne concerne que les mesures de
suivi et de contrôle de la qualité environnementale des eaux du fleuve,
mais non les procédures de l’article 7 du statut de 1975. Et, alors, la Cour
conclut que, n’ayant jamais été appliqué par l’Uruguay, l’«arrangement»
ne peut être considéré comme une dérogation aux obligations de nature

procédurale prévues par l’article 7 du statut de 1975.
63. A mon grand regret, je suis en désaccord avec cette conclusion de
l’arrêt. En ce qui concerne le monitoring, l’accord a été pleinement appli-
qué par la CARU avec l’accord des deux délégations au sein de la com-
mission, laquelle adopta le plan PROCEL le 12 novembre 2004, plan qui

fut appliqué jusqu’à ce que les délégués argentins se soient retirés. Quant
à la transmission par l’Uruguay de l’information technique relative à la
construction de l’usine CMB (ENCE), l’Uruguay n’a jamais eu la possi-
bilité de la faire car elle ne fut pas construite. Le seul PGA de cette usine
qui existe concerne le «défrichement des travaux de terrassement» du

28 novembre 2005. Il n’y en a pas d’autre pour ce qui est de la construc-
tion de l’usine à Fray Bentos, dont le projet fut finalement abandonné
par ENCE.
64. En ce qui concerne Orion (Botnia), les travaux de construction de
l’usine sur le terrain se sont développés après la fin formelle des négocia-

tions directes au sein du GTAN, que l’arrêt place au 3 février 2006
(par. 157). En outre, l’Uruguay a transmis à la CARU par télécopie du
6 décembre 2004 «le dossier administratif du projet d’usine de produc-
tion de cellulose kraft, demande d’autorisation environnementale préa-

lable [AAP] sollicitée par Botnia S.A.» (contre-mémoiro de l’Uruguay,
vol. IV, annexe 111, procès-verbal de la CARU n 09/04 (10 décem-

243structed in the Eastern Republic of Uruguay” (see below). CARU and its
Subcommittee on Water Quality and Prevention of Pollution did the

same. For example, PROCEL’s full title is “Plan for Monitoring Water
Quality of the River Uruguay in the Area of the Pulp Mills” (emphasis
added).

62. The Court’s Judgment accepts that the understanding of

2 March 2004 is a procedure replacing that under the Statute, but it dis-
misses its application in the present case on the — to me, rather surpris-
ing — basis that Uruguay failed to adhere to it. In point of fact, in
paragraphs 129 and 131 of the Judgment, the Court states that the infor-

mation which Uruguay was obliged under the “understanding” to trans-
mit to CARU was never transmitted. Therefore, the Court concluded
that it could not accept Uruguay’s contention that the “understanding”
put an end to its dispute with Argentina in respect of the CMB (ENCE)
mill, concerning the implementation of the procedure laid down by Arti-

cle 7 of the Statute. The Court further notes that, when the understand-
ing was drawn up, it covered only the CMB (ENCE) project; it rejects
Uruguay’s contention that the scope of the understanding was later
extended by the parties to the Orion (Botnia) project, with the argument
that reference to “the two mills” is made only as from July 2004 in the

context of the PROCEL plan. However, the Court adds, that plan con-
cerns only the measures to monitor the environmental quality of the river
waters, not the procedures under Article 7 of the 1975 Statute. And, thus,
the Court concludes that since the “understanding” was never applied by
Uruguay, it cannot be considered as a derogation from the procedural

obligations laid down by Article 7 of the 1975 Statute.
63. To my great regret, I do not agree with that conclusion. As far as
monitoring is concerned, the agreement, with the consent of both delega-
tions to the Commission, was fully implemented by CARU which adopted
the PROCEL plan on 12 November 2004 and continued to implement it

until the withdrawal of the Argentine delegates. As for the transmission
by Uruguay of the technical information relating to the construction of
the CMB (ENCE) mill, Uruguay never had the chance to do so because
the mill was not built. The only PGA in existence for this mill is for the
“removal of vegetation and earth moving”, and dates from 28 Novem-

ber 2005. There are no others for the construction of the mill, eventually
abandoned by ENCE, in Fray Bentos.

64. In the case of Orion (Botnia), construction works for the mill on
the site unfolded after the official end of direct negotiations in the

GTAN, which the Judgment fixes at 3 February 2006 (para. 157). Further-
more, Uruguay transmitted to CARU by facsimile on 6 December
2004 “the text of the public file for the Kraft cellulose plant project,
application for initial environmental authorization [AAP] filed by Bot-

nia S.A.” (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. IV, Ann. 111, CARU,
Minutes 09/04 (10 December 2004)). Uruguay therefore sent this infor-

243bre 2004)). L’Uruguay a donc envoyé cette information à la CARU avant
l’octroi de l’AAP du 14 février 2005. Dans la documentation soumise à la

Cour, on trouve des références sur l’application de l’arrangement aux
«deux usines» non seulement dans les documents de la CARU sur le plan
PROCEL, mais aussi dans des documents officiels argentins tels que, par
exemple, la déclaration du ministère argentin des affaires étrangères figu-

rant dans un rapport à la chambre des députés pour l’année 2004 (voir le
paragraphe 59 ci-dessus).
65. L’arrangement du 2 mars 2004 a été parfaitement appliqué dans la
mesure où il a été possible de le faire matériellement (impossibilium nulla
obligatio est).

2. L’accord des présidents du 5 mai 2005 portant création du GTAN

66. Dans une note diplomatique du 12 janvier 2006 adressée à l’ambas-

sadeur de l’Uruguay en Argentine, le ministère argentin des affaires
étrangères a décrit les circonstances qui ont conduit à la création du
GTAN de la manière suivante: «Le désaccord qui règne au sein de la
commission administrative du fleuve Uruguay (CARU) ... [a] conduit les
gouvernements des deux pays à se pencher directement sur la question

d’établir un groupe de travail de haut niveau (GTAN)).» (Contre-
mémoire de l’Uruguay, vol. III, annexe 59.) Voir aussi le discours du
12 février 2006 du ministre des affaires étrangères de l’Argentine,
M. Taiana, devant la commission des affaires étrangères de la chambre

des députés annexé à la requête introductive de la présente instance.
67. Il y a également des motifs d’ordre politique à l’origine du GTAN.
Une opposition grandissante à la construction des deux usines de pâte à
papier à Fray Bentos s’est fait sentir au sein de la population de la pro-
vince argentine d’Entre Ríos, des manifestations massives ont eu lieu et

des routes internationales et des ponts sur le fleuve Uruguay ont été blo-
qués, notamment le pont General San Martín, qui a été fermé à la circu-
lation comme résultat des actions promues par le mouvement des «asam-
bleistas» de Gualeguaychú. D’autre part, le 1 ermars 2005, un nouveau

Gouvernement uruguayen est entré en fonctions suite à l’installation du
président Tabaré Vázquez.
68. Il convient de noter que l’accord des présidents du 5 mai 2005 fut
conclu à l’initiative de l’Argentine. En effet, dans une lettre datée égale-
ment du 5 mai 2005, le ministre des affaires étrangères de l’Argentine,

M. Bielsa, proposa expressément à son homologue uruguayen, M. Gar-
gano, des discussions directes au sujet des deux usines (ENCE et Botnia)
(duplique de l’Uruguay, vol. II, annexe R15). C’est donc la Partie argen-
tine qui, encore une fois, proposa que la question des usines de pâte à

papier soit traitée par les deux gouvernements en dehors de la CARU.
Toutefois, l’arrêt ne tire de ce fait aucune conclusion pour ce qui est de la
question de savoir si la conduite de l’Uruguay à l’époque fut ou non
conforme à ses obligations en la matière, compte tenu des prescriptions
du régime de consultation du statut du fleuve Uruguay et de l’arrange-

244mation to CARU before the AAP was granted on 14 February 2005. In
the documents submitted to the Court, there are references to the appli-

cation of the understanding to the “two mills”, not only in the CARU
documents on the PROCEL plan, but also in official Argentine docu-
ments such as the statement by the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs
in a report presented to the Chamber of Deputies for 2004 (see para-
graph 59 above).

65. The understanding of 2 March 2004 was performed as far as it was
physically possible to do so (impossibilium nulla obligatio est) .

2. The Presidents’ Agreement of 5 May 2005 Establishing the GTAN

66. In a diplomatic Note of 12 January 2006 to Uruguay’s ambassador
in Argentina, the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs described the cir-

cumstances leading up to the creation of the GTAN as follows: “The
lack of agreement within the Administrative Commission of the River
Uruguay (CARU) . . . led the Governments of both countries to deal
with the question directly and to establish a High Level Technical Group
(GTAN).” (Uruguay’s Counter-Memorial, Vol. III, Ann. 59.) See also

the 12 February 2006 address by Argentina’s Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Taiana, to the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Chamber of Depu-
ties annexed to the Application instituting proceedings in the present
case.
67. There were also political motives behind the establishment of the

GTAN. There was growing opposition to the construction of the two
mills in Fray Bentos among the inhabitants of the Argentine province of
Entre Ríos. Mass demonstrations had taken place and international
roads and bridges over the River Uruguay had been blockaded, notably
the General San Martín bridge, which was closed to traffic as a result of

the actions promoted by the “asambleistas” movement of Gualeguaychú.
On the other side, on 1 March 2005, a new Uruguayan Government took
office following the inauguration of President Tabaré Vázquez.

68. It should be noted that the Presidents’ agreement of 5 May 2005

was concluded on Argentina’s initiative. In a letter also dated 5 May 2005,
Argentina’s Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Bielsa, expressly proposed
direct discussions on the two mills (ENCE and Botnia) to his Uruguayan
counterpart, Mr. Gargano (Uruguay’s Rejoinder, Vol. II, Ann. R15). It
was thus once again Argentina which suggested that the issue of the

paper pulp mills be handled by the two Governments outside CARU.
However, the Judgment does not draw any conclusions from this on
whether or not Uruguay’s conduct at the time accorded with its
obligations in the matter, in view of the requirements of the prior

consultation process under the Statute of the River Uruguay and the
Bielsa-Opertti understanding of 2 March 2004, which was still in force

244ment Bielsa-Opertti du 2 mars 2004 qui était toujours en vigueur lorsque
le 14 février 2005 le Gouvernement uruguayen sortant délivra l’AAP de

Botnia.
69. Dans sa lettre du 5 mai 2005 au ministre uruguayen M. Gargano,
le ministre argentin, M. Bielsa, a en effet écrit:

«J’ai le plaisir de vous adresser la présente au sujet du projet
d’implantation de deux usines de production de cellulose dans la
zone de Fray Bentos, en face de la ville argentine de Gualeguaychú,
province d’Entre Ríos.

A cet égard, je dois à nouveau vous faire part des vives préoccu-
pations de la population et des autorités de ladite province — pré-
occupations que le gouvernement national fait siennes — en raison
de l’impact sur l’environnement que pourrait avoir le fonctionne-

ment de ces usines.
Sans préjudice des procédures de contrôle et de surveillance de la
qualité de l’eau mises en place par la CARU, cette situation, vu sa
gravité potentielle, appelle une intervention plus directe des autorités
compétentes chargées de la protection de l’environnement avec la

coopération ... des établissements universitaires spécialisés.»
(Cette lettre du ministre Bielsa transmet en outre à son homologue uru-

guayen les demandes du gouvernement de la province argentine d’Entre
Ríos, y compris la considération de l’emplacement des usines.)

70. Le texte de l’accord des présidents Vázquez et Kirchner portant
création du Groupe technique de haut niveau (GTAN) fit l’objet d’un

communiqué de presse conjoint argentino-uruguayen en date du
31 mai 2005, approuvé par les ministres des affaires étrangères respectifs.
Il se lit comme suit:

«Suivant ce qui a été convenu entre MM. les Présidents de la
République argentine et de la République orientale de l’Uruguay, les
ministères des affaires étrangères des deux pays constituent, sous
leur supervision, un groupe de techniciens, pour complément

d’études et d’analyses, d’échanges d’information et de suivi des
conséquences qu’aura, sur l’écosystème du fleuve qu’ils partagent,
le fonctionnement des usines de pâte à papier que l’on construit
[«que se están construyendo en» dans le texte espagnol authentique]
dans la République orientale de l’Uruguay.

Le groupe mentionné ... doit produire un premier rapport dans un
délai de 180 jours.» (Paragraphe 132 de l’arrêt.)

71. A la lumière de ce texte, et compte tenu de la lettre de M. Bielsa à
M. Gargano ci-dessus, il est évident que les Parties sont mutuellement
convenues le 5 mai 2005 de passer outre aux modalités des articles 7 à 11
du statut au bénéfice des «négociations directes» immédiates au sein du

GTAN; négociations prévues à l’article 12 du statut comme le dit expres-
sément l’Argentine dans sa note diplomatique du 14 décembre 2005, et

245when the outgoing Uruguayan Government issued the AAP for Botnia
on 14 February 2005.

69. In his letter of 5 May 2005 to the Uruguayan Minister, Mr. Gargano,
the Argentine Minister, Mr. Bielsa, wrote:

“I have the pleasure of addressing this to you with respect to the
projected installation of two plants for the production of cellulose in
the area of Fray Bentos, in front of the Argentinean city of Guale-
guaychú, in the province of Entre Ríos.

In this respect I must convey, once again, the great concern that
exists amongst the population and the authorities from the said
province — concern that the national Government takes as its
own — as a consequence of the environmental impact that the

operations of the said plants may produce.
Without prejudice of the water quality control and monitoring
procedures by CARU, this situation, due to its potential seriousness,
requires a more direct intervention of the competent environmental
authorities, with the cooperation of specialized academic institu-

tions.”
(This letter from Minister Bielsa goes on to convey to his Uruguayan

counterpart the requests made by the government of the Argentine prov-
ince of Entre Ríos, including a request for reconsideration of the location
of the plants.)
70. The text of the agreement between Presidents Vázquez and
Kirchner establishing the High-Level Technical Group (GTAN) was the

subject of a joint Argentine-Uruguayan press release dated 31 May 2005,
approved by the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the two countries. It
reads as follows:

“In conformity with what was agreed to by the Presidents of
Argentina and Uruguay, the Foreign Ministries of both of our coun-
tries constitute, under their supervision, a Group of Technical
Experts for complementary studies and analysis, exchange of infor-

mation and follow-up on the effects that the operation of the cellu-
lose plants that are being constructed in the Eastern Republic of
Uruguay will have on the ecosystem of the shared Uruguay River.

This Group . . . is to produce an initial report within a period of
180 days.” (Paragraph 132 of the Judgment.)

71. In light of this text and of the letter from Mr. Bielsa to Mr. Gar-
gano, there can be no doubt that on 5 May 2005 the Parties agreed bet-
ween themselves to dispense with the procedures set out in Articles 7 to
11 of the Statute in favour of immediate “direct negotiations” in the

GTAN; negotiations provided for in Article 12 of the Statute, as Argen-
tina expressly stated in its diplomatic Note of 14 December 2005 and

245que le paragraphe 4 de la requête introductive de la présente instance
confirme. Et, selon le troisième paragraphe de la lettre de M. Bielsa à

M. Gargano, l’«intervention plus directe» des gouvernements demandée
à ce moment-là par l’Argentine et que l’Uruguay accepta aurait lieu
«sans préjudice des procédures de contrôle et de surveillance de la qualité
de l’eau engagées par la CARU» qui avaient été définies par l’accord du
2 mars 2004.

72. De l’accord des présidents du 5 mai 2005, il s’ensuit qu’il ne fut
point question, à cette date, pour l’Argentine et l’Uruguay de revenir sur
la procédure convenue en mars 2004 par les ministres des affaires étran-
gères des deux pays pour CMB (ENCE) et étendu par la suite à Orion

(Botnia). Les éléments de discussion encore pendants entre les Parties qui
étaient censés être examinés directement par elles au sein du GTAN
concernaient uniquement — d’après le texte de l’accord des prési-
dents — les conséquences sur l’écosystème du fleuve qu’aura «le fonction-
nement» des usines (les deux usines) de pâte à papier en train d’être

construites dans la République orientale de l’Uruguay . La lettre du deman-
deur du 14 décembre 2005 constatant l’échec des négociations directes au
sein du GTAN est pour moi une preuve déterminante à cet égard parce
que, une fois constaté le manque d’accord au sein du GTAN sur les ques-
tions pendantes, l’Argentine se place dans le cadre de l’article 12 du statut

du fleuve Uruguay sans dénoncer pour autant l’arrangement du
2 mars 2004.
73. L’arrêt admet que le communiqué de presse du 31 mai 2005 est
l’expression d’un accord entre les deux Etats, mais seulement pour créer
un cadre de négociation, le GTAN, afin d’étudier, analyser et échanger

des informations sur les effets que le fonctionnement des usines de pâte à
papier que l’on construit dans la République orientale de l’Uruguay
pourrait avoir sur l’écosystème du fleuve, le groupe devant produire un
premier rapport dans un délai de 180 jours (paragraphe 138 de l’arrêt).
La Cour admet également que le GTAN a été créé dans le but de per-

mettre aux négociations prévues à l’article 12 du statut d’avoir lieu (para-
graphe 139 de l’arrêt).
74. Par la suite, l’arrêt conclut: 1) que l’accord contenu dans le com-
muniqué du 31 mai 2005 ne peut être interprété comme exprimant
l’accord des Parties pour déroger aux autres obligations de nature procé-

durale prévues par le statut, en particulier à l’article 7; et 2) que l’Argen-
tine n’a pas renoncé, dans ledit accord, aux droits de nature procédurale
qu’elle détient de manière claire et non équivoque du statut de 1975, ni à
invoquer la responsabilité de l’Uruguay du fait de leur violation éven-
tuelle (paragraphes 140 et 141 de l’arrêt). Je ne partage pas ces conclu-

sions de l’arrêt parce qu’elles ignorent l’accord des ministres des affaires
étrangères du 2 mars 2004 qui était toujours en vigueur à la date de la
conclusion de l’accord des présidents du 5 mai 2005. En outre, celui-ci n’a
pas mis fin à l’accord du 2 mars 2004. Bien au contraire, il confirme la

portée de l’accord du 2 mars 2004.

246which paragraph 4 of its Application instituting these proceedings
confirms. Moreover, in the third paragraph of Mr. Bielsa’s letter to Mr.

Gargano, it is stated that the “more direct intervention” of the Govern-
ments, sought at the time by Argentina and agreed to by Uruguay, would
take place “[w]ithout prejudice of the water quality control and monitor-
ing procedures by CARU”, which had been defined in the agreement of
2 March 2004.

72. It follows from the Presidents’ agreement of 5 May 2005 that there
was absolutely no question at that time of either Argentina or Uruguay
reconsidering the procedure agreed to by the Ministers for Foreign
Affairs of the two countries in March 2004 for CMB (ENCE) and later

extended to Orion (Botnia). According to the text of the Presidents’
agreement, the points which were still outstanding between the Parties
and which were supposed to be considered by them directly within the
GTAN concerned solely the effects that “the operation” of the paper pulp
mills (the two mills) being constructed in the Eastern Republic of Uru-

guay would have on the ecosystem of the river . For me, the Applicant’s
Note of 14 December 2005 registering the failure of the direct negotia-
tions in the GTAN is conclusive proof of this, since, having noted the
lack of agreement in the GTAN on the points outstanding, Argentina
then views the matter in the context of Article 12 of the Statute of the

River Uruguay yet without denouncing the agreement of 2 March 2004.

73. The Judgment accepts that the press release of 31 May 2005
expresses agreement between the two States, but only in order to create a
negotiating framework — the GTAN — to study, analyse and exchange

information on the effects that the operation of the cellulose plants that
were being constructed in the Eastern Republic of Uruguay could have
on the ecosystem of the river, with the group having to produce an initial
report within a period of 180 days (paragraph 138 of the Judgment). The
Court also acknowledges that the GTAN was created with the aim of

enabling the negotiations provided for in Article 12 of the Statute to take
place (paragraph 139 of the Judgment).
74. The Judgment goes on to conclude: (1) that the agreement con-
tained in the press release of 31 May 2005 cannot be interpreted as
expressing the agreement of the Parties to derogate from the other pro-

cedural obligations laid down by the Statute, in particular Article 7; and
(2) that, in this agreement, Argentina did not give up the procedural
rights which it clearly and unequivocally holds under the 1975 Statute, or
the possibility of invoking Uruguay’s responsibility for any breach of
those rights (paragraphs 140 and 141 of the Judgment). I do not agree

with those conclusions, because they take no account of the agreement of
2 March 2004 between the Ministers for Foreign Affairs which was still
in force on the date of conclusion of the Presidents’ agreement of
5 May 2005. Further, the agreement of 5 May 2005 did not put an end to

the agreement of 2 March 2004; quite the contrary, it confirmed its
scope.

246 75. En effet, l’accord du 2 mars 2004 n’a pas été remis en question par
le texte ou l’esprit de l’accord des présidents créant le GTAN, ni par les

termes du communiqué de presse du 31 mai 2005. L’Argentine n’a pas
prouvé, à ma satisfaction, qu’en concluant l’accord des présidents l’Uru-
guay renonçait aux droits qui sont les siens en vertu de l’accord de mars
2004. Si tel avait été le cas, quelle aurait été la contrepartie? L’interpréta-
tion selon laquelle l’accord de mai 2005 aurait octroyé à l’Argentine des

droits de regard considérables sur la construction des usines (qui vont
bien au-delà des articles pertinents du statut de 1975) sans aucune contre-
partie de sa part à l’égard de l’Uruguay n’est pas une interprétation te-
nable par rapport aux faits de la cause. La lettre du ministre Bielsa

du 5 mai 2005, qui, par sa teneur, fait partie des «travaux préparatoires»
de l’accord des présidents, ne confirme pas non plus les conclusions
de l’arrêt sur cette question. Pour moi, pacta sunt servanda, avec la
bonne foi y afférente, gouverne les rapports entre les Parties pour ce
qui est de l’interprétation et de l’application des dispositions du statut

de 1975, mais aussi de l’accord des ministres du 2 mars 2004, dont
l’existence et la portée sont en fait confirmées par l’accord des présidents
du 5 mai 2005.
76. La Cour observe également dans son arrêt que l’accord contenu
dans le communiqué de presse du 31 mai 2005, en se référant «aux

usines de pâte de papier que l’on construit dans la République orien-
tale de l’Uruguay», constate un simple fait et ne peut être interprété,
ainsi que le prétend l’Uruguay, comme une acceptation de cette
construction par l’Argentine (paragraphe 142 de l’arrêt). Je regrette
de ne pas pouvoir m’associer à cette conclusion de la Cour, car la

phrase en question est loin de constater un simple fait. Pour moi, elle
constate, certes, un fait, mais un fait qui reflète une relation de droit
entre les Parties qui découle à la fois du statut de 1975 et de l’arran-
gement du 2 mars 2004, ainsi que de l’accord des présidents du
5 mai 2005.

3. La procédure pour les usines de pâte à papier à Fray Bentos
établie par les accords convenus entre les Parties

77. Il découle de la portée et du contenu des accords du 2 mars 2004 et

du 5 mai 2005 que les Parties sont convenues d’une procédure ad hoc
pour traiter de la question des usines de pâte à papier sur la rive uru-
guayenne du fleuve Uruguay à Fray Bentos. Cette procédure a maintenu
le régime de négociations directes du statut du fleuve de 1975 et, si les
Parties n’aboutissent pas à un accord, le règlement judiciaire du différend

à la demande de l’une ou de l’autre Partie, tel que prévu aux articles 12
et 60 du statut du fleuve Uruguay. Mais elle a écarté en l’espèce les moda-
lités procédurales relatives à la réalisation d’ouvrages prévues aux arti-
cles7à11dustatut.

78. Le rôle de la CARU dans la procédure convenue par les Parties fut
défini par l’accord du 2 mars 2004 et clairement explicité dans le procès-

247 75. The agreement of 2 March 2004 was not called into question either
by the text or the spirit of the Presidents’ agreement establishing the

GTAN, or by the terms of the press release of 31 May 2005. Argentina
has not proved, to my satisfaction, that by concluding the Presidents’
agreement, Uruguay supposedly waived the rights which belonged to it
under the March 2004 agreement. If that had been the case, what would
it have received in return: The interpretation according to which

the May 2005 agreement granted Argentina considerable rights of super-
vision over the construction of the mills (rights far greater than what is
provided for in the relevant articles of the 1975 Statute), without giving
Uruguay anything in exchange is not tenable in light of the facts. Nor

does the letter from Minister Bielsa of 5 May 2005, which, by virtue of its
content, forms part of the “travaux préparatoires” of the Presidents’
agreement, confirm the findings in the Judgment on this matter. For me,
pacta sunt servanda, with the associated good faith, governs the relations
between the Parties as regards the interpretation and application of the

provisions of the 1975 Statute, but so too does the Ministers’ agreement
of 2 March 2004, the existence and scope of which are in effect confirmed
by the Presidents’ agreement of 5 May 2005.
76. The Court also notes in its Judgment that the agreement docu-
mented in the press release of 31 May 2005, in referring to “the cellulose

plants that are being constructed in the Eastern Republic of Uruguay”, is
stating a simple fact and cannot be interpreted, as Uruguay claims, as an
acceptance of their construction by Argentina (paragraph 142 of the
Judgment). Regrettably, I cannot endorse the Court’s conclusion, because
the phrase in question goes far beyond stating a simple fact. In my opin-

ion, it states not just a fact, but a fact that reflects a legal relationship
between the Parties deriving from both the 1975 Statute and the under-
standing of 2 March 2004, as well as from the Presidents’ agreement of
5 May 2005.

3. The Procedure for the Pulp Mills in Fray Bentos
Established by the Parties’ Agreements

77. It follows from the scope and substance of the agreements of

2 March 2004 and 5 May 2005 that the Parties decided upon an ad hoc
procedure to deal with the matter of the pulp mills on the Uruguayan
bank of the River Uruguay at Fray Bentos. This procedure retained the
system of direct negotiations of the 1975 Statute and, should the Parties
fail to reach an agreement, the reference for judicial settlement of the dis-

pute, at the request of one or other of them, as provided for in Articles 12
and 60 of the Statute of the River Uruguay. However, the ad hoc proce-
dure dispensed with the procedural methods, under Articles 7 to 11 of the
Statute, relating to the carrying out of works.

78. CARU’s role in the procedure decided upon by the Parties was
defined by the agreement of 2 March 2004 and clearly explained in the

247verbal de la commission entérinant cet accord (points I) et II) des
«Accords sur des questions spécifiques» (cités au paragraphe 53 ci-

dessus)). Il en résulte que, dans la présente affaire, la Cour n’a pas à appré-
cier la conduite des Parties par rapport à des modalités procédurales du
statut concernant la CARU qui ne sont pas, selon ma conviction, appli-
cables dans l’espèce. D’autre part, sur la question de principe, je ne lis pas
l’expression «par l’intermédiaire de la commission» du statut comme

devant exclure les échanges entre chefs d’Etat, ou ministres des affaires
étrangères, ou la voie diplomatique. Il est absurde de penser que les Etats
avaient l’intention de se priver de ces moyens lors de la conclusion du
statut de 1975. En fait, les interprétations contraires à cette conclusion

ajoutent au texte, car le statut ne dit pas que les Parties peuvent commu-
niquer seulement par l’intermédiaire de la CARU. En tout cas, selon
l’information qui a été soumise à la Cour, d’une part, l’Uruguay a trans-
mis directement à l’Argentine des informations sur les projets d’usines et
l’Argentine a accepté de recevoir cette information et, d’autre part,

l’Argentine a demandé directement à l’Uruguay des informations sur ces
usines et l’Uruguay a accepté de les lui transmettre. Il est donc évident
qu’en l’espèce les Parties ont accepté une procédure de transmission
d’information alternative à la procédure statutaire, d’après laquelle la
CARU est censée agir comme intermédiaire.

79. En revanche, la procédure adoptée par les Parties donne à la
CARU des compétences en la matière, notamment en ce qui concerne la
protection et la préservation du milieu aquatique, d’une nature beaucoup
plus substantielle. L’accord du 2 mars 2004 signifia certainement un
retour à la commission, bien que non pas aux fins des articles 7 à 11 du

statut, mais pour deux tâches inédites dans les dispositions procédurales
du statut. Ces tâches concernent d’une part «la construction de l’usine»
et d’autre part «la phase opérationnelle de l’usine ».
80. Pour ce qui est de «la construction de l’usine», l’Uruguay devait
communiquer à la CARU les plans de gestion environnementale (PGA)

relatifs à la construction et à l’exploitation de l’usine ENCE afin que la
commission puisse formuler ses observations, commentaires ou rapports,
«qui seront transmis à l’Etat uruguayen pour approbation et décision
avec l’accord de l’entreprise». En ce qui concerne la phase opérationnelle
d’un projet industriel national, le statut de 1975 ne donne pas de compé-

tences de nature procédurale à la CARU. Par contre, les accords conve-
nus par les parties ont chargé la commission de réaliser un monitoring de
la qualité environnementale du fleuve suivant les prévisions du statut,
notamment de son chapitre X relatif à la «pollution» (art. 40 à 43), tâche
que la CARU a menée à bien par la création et la mise en Œuvre dans le

cadre de la commission d’«un plan de suivi» de la qualité des eaux du
fleuve dans la zone des usines de pâte à papier (PROCEL).
81. L’acceptation par l’Argentine, en mars 2004, du principe même de
la construction des usines est pleinement confirmée par l’accord de 2005

créant le GTAN, qui s’occupa seulement des effets du fonctionnement
des usines sur l’écosystème du fleuve. Il est vrai que l’Argentine a alors

248Commission’s minutes approving that agreement (points (I) and (II) of
the “Specific Agreed-Upon Matters” cited in para. 53 above). It follows

that, in the present case, it is not for the Court to judge the conduct of the
Parties in respect of the Statute’s procedures in relation to CARU, which,
in my opinion, are not applicable in this case. In contrast, on the matter
of principle, I do not consider that the expression “through the Commis-
sion” contained in the Statute must be construed as ruling out exchanges

between Heads of State or Foreign Ministers, or through the normal dip-
lomatic channels. It is absurd to imagine that the States intended to
deprive themselves of such resources when they concluded the 1975 Statute.
In fact, interpretations to the contrary embellish the text, as the Stat-

ute does not stipulate that the Parties may communicate through CARU
exclusively. In any case, according to the information submitted to the
Court, on the one hand, Uruguay transmitted information on the planned
mills directly to Argentina and Argentina agreed to receive that informa-
tion and, on the other, Argentina requested information on the mills

directly from Uruguay and Uruguay agreed to transmit it to Argentina.
It is clear, therefore, that in the present case the Parties agreed to an
alternative procedure for transmitting information to that of the Statute,
which states that CARU should act as an intermediary.

79. On the other hand, the procedure adopted by the Parties confers
powers on CARU in this area, particularly regarding the protection and
preservation of the aquatic environment. The agreement of 2 March 2004
did indeed signify a return to the Commission, although not for the pur-
poses of Articles 7 to 11 of the Statute, but for two tasks new to the Stat-

ute’s procedural provisions. Those tasks relate to the “construction of the
mill” and “the operational phase of the mill”.

80. As regards the “construction of the mill”, Uruguay was to transmit
to CARU the environmental management plan (PGA) relating to the

construction and operation of the ENCE plant, to enable the Commis-
sion to formulate its observations, comments and suggestions “which
shall be transmitted to Uruguay, to be dismissed or decided with the
company”. The 1975 Statute does not give CARU procedural powers in
respect of the operational phase of a national industrial project. By con-

trast, the agreements reached by the parties tasked the Commission with
monitoring the environmental quality of the river in accordance with the
provisions of the Statute, and Chapter X on “pollution” (Arts. 40-43) in
particular. CARU successfully completed that task by drawing up and
implementing a “monitoring plan” within the framework of the Commis-

sion to check the quality of the waters of the river in the area of the pulp
mills (PROCEL).
81. Argentina’s agreement, in March 2004, to the actual principle of
building the mills is fully confirmed by the 2005 agreement setting up the

GTAN, which was concerned only with the effects of the operation of the
mills on the ecosystem of the river. It is true that Argentina then tried

248essayé de rouvrir partiellement la question de reconsidérer l’emplacement
des usines (lettre de M. Bielsa à M. Gargano du 5 mai 2005, duplique de

l’Uruguay, vol. II, annexe R15), mais cette demande s’est heurtée à une
fin de non-recevoir de la part de l’Uruguay basée, probablement, sur ce
qui avait été convenu par les Parties dans l’accord du 2 mars 2004.
L’accord de 2005 donna mandat au GTAN, et non pas à la CARU, pour
mener «des études et analyses complémentaires, échanger des informa-

tions et assurer un suivi» afin d’étudier les conséquences du fonction-
nement des usines de cellulose en cours de construction sur le fleuve
Uruguay pour l’écosystème du fleuve Uruguay. Il ne fut plus question
ni de planification ni de construction des usines, mais des effets du «fonc-

tionnement» des usines.
82. Dans la procédure convenue par les accords des Parties, les moda-
lités des échanges entre elles concernant les usines de pâte à papier à Fray
Bentos ont été beaucoup plus favorables à la protection des intérêts en la
matière de l’Argentine que les modalités procédurales des articles 7 à 11

du statut de 1975. Dans le statut, il n’est question ni de visites ou de réu-
nions au sommet de chefs d’Etat et/ou de ministres des affaires étran-
gères, ni de la création d’un groupe de haut niveau technique, comme le
GTAN, composé de diplomates, de juristes et d’experts des deux pays,
qui s’est réuni à partir du 3 août 2005 et qui a traité des deux projets

d’usines, car ENCE n’avait pas encore abandonné le projet de construc-
tion de l’usine CMB. C’est donc par ces moyens, dégagés par la diplo-
matie, que la finalité poursuivie par «la notification à l’autre partie» dont
il est question à l’article 7, paragraphe 2, du statut a été atteinte en
l’espèce par les Parties.

83. Dans la procédure convenue, l’Argentine n’a pas eu à évaluer toute
seule — ou avec une connaissance sommaire des aspects essentiels des
usines — les données techniques des usines ou les effets de leur fonction-
nement, ni le préjudice sensible éventuel qu’elles pourraient causer à
l’Argentine ou au fleuve Uruguay en tant que recours naturel partagé, car

elle a pu compter avec la collaboration de l’Uruguay.
84. Dès les premières étapes du projet ENCE, l’Uruguay a transmis à
l’Argentine toute la documentation qu’il avait alors en sa possession sur
le projet. L’Argentine a admis que les informations sur l’usine ENCE
étaient suffisantes car ses experts ont pu élaborer, sur la base de ces infor-

mations, des rapports en février 2004. En outre, au cours de la seconde
moitié de 2005, au sein du GTAN, l’Uruguay a fourni encore beaucoup
d’autres informations à l’Argentine sur cette usine et des informations
encore plus abondantes et détaillées sur l’usine Botnia qu’il ne l’a fait
pour l’usine ENCE en 2004 et 2005.

85. Au cours des réunions du GTAN, l’Uruguay a, en effet, remis à
l’Argentine pas moins de trente-six nouveaux documents, y compris la
totalité du dossier de plus de 4000 pages de la DINAMA concernant Bot-
nia. D’après les informations contenues dans le dossier de l’affaire, l’Uru-

guay aurait répondu au sein du GTAN aux demandes d’information de
l’Argentine, même si, parfois, il a dû faire des recherches pour les satis-

249partially to reopen the question of the location of the mills (letter from
Mr. Bielsa to Mr. Gargano of 5 May 2005, Uruguay’s Rejoinder, Vol. II,

Ann. R15), but that request met with a flat refusal from Uruguay, in all
likelihood on the basis of what had been decided by the Parties in the
2 March 2004 agreement. The 2005 agreement mandated the GTAN, and
not CARU, to carry out “complementary studies and analysis, exchange
of information and follow up” on the effects that the operation of the

cellulose plants that are being constructed on the River Uruguay will
have on the ecosystem of the River Uruguay. The issue was no longer the
planning or construction of the mills, but the effects of their operation.

82. In the procedure laid down in the Parties’ agreements, the consul-
tation procedures between the Parties concerning the pulp mills in Fray
Bentos were far more inclined to favour protection of Argentina’s inter-
ests in the matter than were the procedural methods under Articles 7

to 11 of the 1975 Statute. The Statute makes no mention of visits or sum-
mit meetings of Heads of State and/or Ministers for Foreign Affairs; nor
does it mention the creation of a high-level technical group, such as the
GTAN, made up of diplomats, lawyers and experts from the two coun-
tries, which met from 3 August 2005 and which discussed the two pro-

posed mills (ENCE had yet to abandon the plan to build the CMB
plant). It was thus by these means, the result of diplomacy, that the aim
pursued by “notify[ing] the other party”, laid down by Article 7, para-
graph 2, of the Statute, was achieved by the Parties in the present case.

83. Under the procedure agreed, it was not for Argentina to evaluate
alone, or with a perfunctory knowledge of the main features of the
plants, either the technical data of the mills and the effects of their opera-
tion, or the possible significant harm that they could cause to Argentina
or to the River Uruguay as a shared natural resource: it could rely on

Uruguay’s collaboration.
84. From the earliest stages in the ENCE project, Uruguay transmit-
ted to Argentina all of the documentation it then possessed on the
project. Argentina acknowledged that the information on the ENCE mill
was adequate, as its experts were able to draft their report of Febru-

ary 2004 on the basis of that information. Furthermore, during the
second half of 2005, within the GTAN framework, Uruguay provided
Argentina with a great deal more information on that mill and yet more,
and more detailed, information on the Botnia mill than it had done for
the ENCE mill in both 2004 and 2005.

85. During the meetings of the GTAN, Uruguay supplied Argentina
with no fewer than 36 new documents, including DINAMA’s entire
4,000-plus-page file on Botnia. According to the information contained
in the case file, Uruguay responded to Argentina’s requests for informa-

tion, in the GTAN, even though it had sometimes to undertake research
in order to meet them. In any event, during the oral proceedings, the

249faire. En tout cas, au cours de la phase orale, le demandeur ne s’est pas
plaint du manque d’information. Il semble donc que le défendeur a rem-

pli pleinement son obligation juridique de tenir l’autre Etat informé
(information sharing obligation) .
86. Il convient de signaler également que, dans la procédure convenue
par les Parties, l’Argentine n’a pas été soumise aux contraintes de temps

qu’impose le statut avec son système de délais dans ses articles 7 et 8. Elle
n’a pas été limitée, par exemple, par le délai de cent quatre-vingts jours
pour informer l’autre Partie que l’exécution de l’ouvrage ou le pro-
gramme d’opérations pouvaient causer un préjudice sensible à la naviga-
tion, au régime du fleuve ou à la qualité de ses eaux. Entre mars 2004 et

mai 2005, il s’est écoulé plus d’un an, c’est-à-dire plus du double du délai
de six mois prescrit à l’article 8 du statut.
87. En somme, chaque fois que les Parties conviennent de rechercher
des solutions mutuellement acceptables par voie de consultations directes

en vue de résoudre un désaccord ou un différend relatif à l’interprétation
ou à l’application du statut de 1975, l’on ne peut pas dire que la non-
application éventuelle des délais statutaires pertinents qui en résulterait
soit constitutive d’un fait internationalement illicite.
88. Finalement, il faut se rappeler que «tout litige né entre les Parties

au sujet du fleuve» ne doit être examiné par la CARU — dans le cadre de
la procédure de conciliation prévue au chapitre XIV du statut
de 1975 — que sur proposition de l’une d’elles et, si la CARU ne parvient
pas à un accord dans un délai de cent vingt jours, les deux parties doivent

s’efforcer de régler la question par des négociations directes (articles 58
et 59 du statut). En l’espèce, aucune des Parties n’a demandé à la CARU
de régler leur litige sur l’interprétation et l’application des dispositions
des articles 7 à 12 du statut par voie de conciliation. Les Parties sont
allées — sans l’intermédiation de la commission — aux «négociations

directes», créant à ces fins un cadre ad hoc de négociation, à savoir le
GTAN.

V. L ES OBLIGATIONS DE L ’URUGUAY PENDANT LA PÉRIODE
DE NÉGOCIATIONS DIRECTES

89. Comme cela est indiqué dans l’introduction de cette opinion, je
partage entièrement la conclusion de la Cour lorsqu’elle rejette l’existence

d’une «obligation de non-construction» qui pèserait sur l’Uruguay entre
la fin des négociations directes au sein du GTAN et la décision de la
Cour, ainsi que les motifs de son rejet car, comme le dit l’arrêt, cette
prétendue obligation «ne figure pas expressément dans le statut de

1975 et ne découle pas davantage de ses dispositions» (paragraphe 154
de l’arrêt).
90. Je voudrais seulement ajouter que la prétendue obligation ne
découle pas non plus du droit international général car, comme l’a si bien
dit la sentence arbitrale dans l’affaire du Lac Lanoux :

250Applicant did not complain of any lack of information. It therefore

appears that the Respondent complied in full with its legal obligation to
keep the other State informed (information sharing obligation) .

86. It should also be pointed out that in the procedure agreed to by the

Parties, Argentina was not subject to the time constraints required by the
Statute with its system of time-limits in Articles 7 and 8. Argentina was
not, for example, limited by the period of 180 days in which to notify the
other Party that the implementation of the work or programme of opera-

tions could cause significant damage to the navigation, the régime of the
river or the quality of its waters. Over a year, i.e., more than double the
period of six months laid down by Article 8 of the Statute, elapsed
between March 2004 and May 2005.

87. In sum, whenever the Parties agree to seek mutually acceptable
solutions on the basis of direct consultations, in order to resolve a dis-
agreement or dispute relating to the interpretation or application of the
1975 Statute, it cannot be claimed that any failure to apply the relevant

time-limits under the Statute constitutes an internationally wrongful act.

88. Finally, it must be borne in mind that, within the framework of the
conciliation procedure provided for in Chapter XIV of the 1975 Statute,

“any dispute which may arise between the Parties concerning the river”
only has to be examined by CARU at the proposal of either Party , and if
the Commission is unable to arrive at an agreement within 120 days, the
two parties shall attempt to resolve the issue by direct negotiations

(Arts. 58 and 59 of the Statute). In the present case, neither Party asked
CARU to resolve their dispute on the interpretation and application of
the provisions of Articles 7 to 12 of the Statute by means of conciliation.
The Parties proceeded to “direct negotiations” without the Commission’s

intermediation, creating for this purpose an ad hoc framework for nego-
tiation, i.e., the GTAN.

V. U RUGUAY ’SO BLIGATIONS DURING THE PERIOD
OF D IRECT N EGOTIATIONS

89. As indicated in the introduction to this opinion, I fully support

both the Court’s conclusion rejecting the “no construction obligation”
said to be borne by Uruguay between the end of the direct negotiation
period within the GTAN and the decision of the Court , and the reasons
for its rejection: as the Judgment states, that supposed obligation “is not

expressly laid down by the 1975 Statute and does not follow from its pro-
visions” (paragraph 154 of the Judgment).

90. I would only add here that the supposed obligation does not fol-

low from general international law either, since, as the arbitral award in
the Lac Lanoux case so aptly put it:

250 «Admettre qu’en une matière déterminée il ne peut plus être
exercé de compétence qu’à la condition ou par la voie d’un accord

entre deux Etats, c’est apporter une restriction essentielle à la sou-
veraineté d’un Etat, et elle ne saurait être admise qu’en présence
d’une démonstration certaine . Sans doute, la pratique internationale
révèle-t-elle quelques cas particuliers... Mais ces cas sont exception-
nels et la jurisprudence internationale n’en reconnaît pas volontiers

l’existence, surtout lorsqu’ils portent atteinte à la souveraineté terri-
toriale d’un Etat, ce qui serait le cas dans la présente affaire.
En effet, pour apprécier, dans son essence, la nécessité d’un accord
préalable, il faut se placer dans l’hypothèse dans laquelle les Etats

intéressés ne peuvent arriver à un accord. Dans ce cas, il faut ad-
mettre que l’Etat normalement compétent a perdu le droit d’agir
seul, par suite de l’opposition inconditionnée et discrétionnaire d’un
autre Etat. C’est admettre un «droit d’assentiment», un «droit de
veto», qui paralyse, à la discrétion d’un Etat, l’exercice de la

compétence territoriale d’un autre Etat.» (Nations Unies, Recueil
des sentences arbitrales , vol. XII, p. 306, par. 11; les italiques sont
de moi.)

91. Toutefois, je suis en désaccord avec l’arrêt en ce qui concerne la

question de savoir si la conduite de l’Uruguay pendant la période des
négociations directes au sein du GTAN a été conforme à ses obligations
juridiques vis-à-vis de l’Argentine, compte tenu du principe de l’obliga-
tion de négocier. Je n’ai pas l’ombre d’un doute que cette obligation
existe en droit international et je comprends aussi que, étant donné son

importance pour les relations internationales, la Cour soit exigeante
lorsqu’il s’agit de la faire respecter, car la confiance réciproque est une
condition inhérente de la coopération internationale (Essais nucléaires
(Australie c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974 , p. 268, par. 46). Mon
désaccord ne concerne donc pas l’existence ou l’importance de cette obli-

gation, mais plutôt l’application aux circonstances et aux faits de la cause
qu’en fait l’arrêt.
92. J’accepte donc que, lors des négociations au sein du GTAN, l’Uru-
guay — de même que l’Argentine d’ailleurs — était obligé d’y participer
de bonne foi, sans a priori, de manière que la négociation ait un sens, et

d’être disposé à tenir raisonnablement compte des vues de l’autre Partie,
sans pour autant être obligé d’arriver à un accord car, en droit inter-
national, l’engagement de négocier n’implique pas l’obligation de
s’entendre. Le GTAN devant produire un rapport dans un délai de
cent quatre-vingts jours et ses travaux ayant débuté le 3 août 2005,

l’Uruguay serait obligé de se conduire en conformité avec ladite obli-
gation en principe jusqu’à la fin des négociations du GTAN fixée par
l’arrêt au 3 février 2006.
93. Or, il est toutefois possible que les consultations entre les Parties se

trouvent dans une impasse avant l’expiration impartie pour les négocia-
tions directes, six mois dans l’espèce comme l’on vient de le dire. Dans

251 “To admit that jurisdiction in a certain field can no longer be exer-
cised except on the condition of, or by way of, an agreement between

two States, is to place an essential restriction on the sovereignty of a
State, and such restriction could only be admitted if there were clear
and convincing evidence . Without doubt, international practice does
reveal some special cases . . . But these cases are exceptional, and
international judicial decisions are slow to recognize their existence,

especially when they impair the territorial sovereignty of a State, as
would be the case in the present matter.
In effect, in order to appreciate in its essence the necessity for
prior agreement, one must envisage the hypothesis in which the

interested States cannot reach agreement. In such case, it must be
admitted that the State which is normally competent has lost its
right to act alone as a result of the unconditional and arbitrary
opposition of another State. This amounts to admitting a ‘right of
assent’, a ‘right of veto’, which at the discretion of one State para-

lyses the exercise of the territorial jurisdiction of another.” (United
Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Decisions , Vol. XII,
p. 306, para. 11; emphasis added.)

91. However, I disagree with the Judgment on establishing whether

Uruguay’s conduct during the period of direct negotiations within the
GTAN was in accordance with its legal obligations to Argentina, in light
of the principle of the obligation to negotiate. I am in no doubt whatever
that there is such an obligation under international law and it is also my
understanding that, given its significance in international relations, the

Court must be exacting in ensuring that it is met, because reciprocal trust
is an inherent condition of international co-operation (Nuclear Tests
(Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974 , p. 268, para. 46).
Therefore, it is not the existence or importance of this obligation with
which I disagree, but how the Judgment has applied it to the circum-

stances and facts of the case.

92. Thus, I agree that, during the negotiations within the GTAN, Uru-
guay was obliged — as indeed was Argentina — to take part in good
faith and with an open mind, so as to ensure that the negotiations were

meaningful, and to be willing to take reasonable account of the other
Party’s views, without however being obliged to reach an agreement
because, under international law, a commitment to negotiate does not
imply an obligation to agree. The GTAN was to produce a report within
180 days and, having begun its work on 3 August 2005, in principle Uru-

guay would have been obliged to comply with the said obligation until
the end of the GTAN negotiations, fixed in the Judgment at 3 Febru-
ary 2006.
93. It is possible, however, for the consultations between the Parties to

become deadlocked before the period allowed for direct negotiations has
expired — six months in the present case, as I have just said. In such

251une telle hypothèse, il me semble contraire à la bonne administration de
la justice d’obliger les Parties à attendre que le délai soit entièrement

révolu avant de se libérer de l’obligation considérée. A cet égard, je suis en
principe de l’avis que, dans ce genre de circonstances, l’une ou l’autre partie
n’est pas tenue d’adopter un comportement manifestement illusoire et
dépourvu de portée ou qui s’est déjà révélé vain (voir l’opinion individuelle
du juge Tanaka, Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited

(Belgique c. Espagne), deuxième phase, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1970 , p. 145).
94. Ma première observation concerne donc la question de la portée
temporelle en l’espèce de l’obligation considérée, car une situation sem-
blable s’est produite dans la présente affaire. Les négociations directes au

sein du GTAN sont tombées dans l’impasse bien avant le 3 février 2006,
à savoir vers la fin du mois de novembre 2005 environ. Les notes diplo-
matiques argentines du 14 décembre 2005, du 26 décembre 2005 et du
12 janvier 2006 versées au dossier (mémoire de l’Argentine, livre II,
annexes 27, 28 et 30) confirment l’impasse dans laquelle le processus du

GTAN s’est trouvé.
95. La note diplomatique du 14 décembre 2005 signée par l’ambas-
sadeur Moritán, en sa qualité de secrétaire des affaires étrangères du
ministère des affaires étrangères, commerce international et culte de la
République argentine, se termine comme suit:

«Le Gouvernement de la République argentine conclut que, du
fait que les parties n’ont pas abouti dans un accord ... [«no habiendo
llegado las Partes a un acuerdo» dans l’original espagnol de la note],

conformément aux termes de l’article 12 du statut du fleuve Uru-
guay, la procédure prévue au chapitre XV du statut susmentionné
est applicable.
Par conséquent, le Gouvernement de la République argentine
notifie par ces présentes [«por la presente nota» en espagnol] au

Gouvernement uruguayen, que:
a) Une controverse concernant l’application et l’interprétation du
statut du fleuve Uruguay est posée, et

b) Les négociations directes entre les deux gouvernements, visées à
l’article 60 du statut, sont en cours depuis le 3 août 2005 — date
de la première réunion du GTAN — concernant la controverse
dérivée des autorisations unilatérales pour la construction des-
dites usines industrielles; et depuis aujourd’hui concernant

la controverse dérivée de l’autorisation unilatérale pour le
port — rendue formelle en vertu du PV de la réunion plénière de
la CARU du 14 octobre dernier et qui est mentionnée par la note
du président de la délégation argentine auprès de la commission
adressée à la partie uruguayenne, présentée lors de la réunion

plénière du 17 novembre.» (Traduction française, mémoire de
l’Argentine, livre II, annexe 27, p. 432.)

96. Cette note diplomatique argentine distingue — pour ce qui est des
«négociations directes» visées à l’article 60 du statut — entre, d’une part,

252circumstances, I believe it to be contrary to the sound administration of
justice to oblige the Parties to wait until the official time-limit has elapsed

before they are freed of the obligation. Indeed, in situations like this, I
believe, in principle, that neither State is obliged to take an action which
is clearly futile and pointless, or which has already proved to be in vain
(see the separate opinion of Judge Tanaka in Barcelona Traction, Light
and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain), Second Phase, Judg-

ment, I.C.J. Reports 1970 , p. 145).
94. My first observation therefore concerns the issue of the temporal
scope of the obligation in this case, since a similar situation arose in the
present case. The direct negotiations within the GTAN reached a dead-

lock towards the end of November 2005, long before 3 February 2006.
Argentina’s diplomatic Notes of 14 December 2005, 26 December 2005
and 12 January 2006, which form part of the record (Argentina’s Memo-
rial, Vol. II, Anns. 27, 28 and 30), confirm the deadlock the GTAN had
reached.

95. The diplomatic Note of 14 December 2005, signed by Ambas-
sador Moritán in his capacity as Secretary for Foreign Affairs at the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship, concludes
as follows:

“The Government of the Argentine Republic concludes that, upon
the parties having failed to reach agreement . . . [‘no habiendo lle-
gado las Partes a un acuerdo’ in the original note in Spanish], as

specified by Article 12 of the River Uruguay Statute, this paves the
way for the procedure provided for in Chapter XV of said Statute.

Consequently, the Government of the Argentine Republic hereby
notifies the Uruguayan Government of the following:

(a) a dispute has arisen in connection with the application and
interpretation of the Statute of the River Uruguay; and

(b) the direct negotiations between both Governments, referred to
by Article 60 of the Statute, have been taking place since
3 August 2005 (the date of the first GTAN meeting) in respect
of the dispute arising out of the unilateral authorizations for
construction of the said industrial plants; and since the date

hereof as regards the dispute arising out of the unilateral
authorization in respect of the port, evidenced in the record of
the CARU plenary session of 14 October 2005 and referred to
in the Note by the President of the Argentine Delegation before
the Commission to the Uruguayan counterpart, submitted at

the plenary session of 17 November.” (Argentina’s Memorial,
Vol. II, Ann. 27, p. 432.)

96. As regards the “direct negotiations” referred to in Article 60 of the
Statute, this Argentine diplomatic Note draws a distinction between

252celles relatives à la controverse sur la construction des usines CMB et
Orion, qui «sont en cours depuis le 3 août, date de la première réunion

du GTAN», et, d’autre part, celles concernant la controverse sur la cons-
truction du port de Botnia, qui seraient en cours «depuis aujourd’hui»,
c’est-à-dire depuis le 14 décembre 2005, date de la note diplomatique en
question. Cela fut confirmé par le ministre des affaires étrangères de
l’Argentine, M. Taiana, le 12 février 2006, devant la commission des

affaires étrangères de la chambre argentine des députés, où il précise que:
«s’agissant du projet de construction du port, l’objet [de la note du

14 décembre 2005] était de fixer à la date de la présentation de la
note à l’Uruguay le commencement des négociations directes»
(requête introductive d’instance de l’Argentine, annexe III, p. 19 (du
texte espagnol) et p. 17 (du texte anglais)).

97. Ma deuxième observation concerne la portée matérielle de l’obli-

gation considérée. Sur cet aspect, je ne suis pas non plus d’accord avec les
conclusions de la Cour, car l’arrêt ne fait pas de distinction entre les
diverses catégories d’«actes administratifs d’autorisation environnemen-
tale d’un ouvrage» et «les autorisations ou plans de construction de
l’ouvrage lui-même», ce qui à mon avis s’impose. D’autre part, l’arrêt

traite les activités ou travaux présentant «un caractère préparatoire» à
l’ouvrage comme s’ils étaient des «travaux de construction» de l’ouvrage
interdits par l’obligation. Je regrette que la bonne règle juridique dégagée
en la matière par la Cour dans l’affaire relative au Projet Gabc ˇíkovo-
Nagymaros (Hongrie/Slovaquie) n’ait pas reçu d’application dans la

présente affaire car, comme la Cour a déclaré à l’époque:
«Un fait illicite ou une infraction est fréquemment précédée d’actes

préparatoires qui ne sauraient être confondus avec le fait ou l’infrac-
tion eux-mêmes. Il convient de distinguer entre la réalisation même
d’un fait illicite (que celui-ci soit instantané ou continu) et le com-
portement antérieur à ce fait qui présente un caractère préparatoire
et «qui ne saurait être traité comme un fait illicite».» (Arrêt,

C.I.J. Recueil 1997, p. 54, par. 79.)
98. En effet, certains faits reprochés à l’Uruguay par l’arrêt — en ce

qui concerne le projet CMB (ENCE) ainsi que le projet Orion (Bot-
nia) — ont un caractère «préparatoire» par rapport aux travaux de cons-
truction d’usine comme tels. C’est le cas, par exemple, de l’autorisation
de défrichement et de travaux de terrassement d’ENCE (plan de gestion
de l’environnement (PGA) du 28 novembre 2005), qui est la seule auto-

risation délivrée par l’Uruguay à ENCE dans la période considérée et qui
fut modifiée après la fin du GTAN, le 22 mars 2006. Dans le cas de Bot-
nia, il s’agit, avant le GTAN, du défrichage et des travaux de terrasse-
ment (PGA du 12 avril 2005) et, pendant le GTAN, de la construction

des fondations de béton et de la cheminée d’évacuation d’émissions (PGA
du 22 août 2005). En outre, il y a la résolution datée du 5 juillet 2005 par

253those relating to the dispute over the construction of the CMB and Orion
mills and those concerning the dispute over the construction of the Bot-

nia port, which are said to be taking place “since the date hereof”, that is,
14 December 2005, the date of the diplomatic Note. This was confirmed
on 12 February 2006 by Argentina’s Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Taiana, when he explained to the Foreign Affairs Committee of the
Argentine Chamber of Deputies that:

“in relation with the port construction project, the purpose of the

note [of 14 December 2005] was to determine [that] the day of presen-
tation to Uruguay would be the start date from which to compute
the period in which to carry out direct negotiations” (Argentina’s
Application instituting proceedings, Ann. III, p. 19 (Spanish text)

and p. 17 (English text)).
97. My second observation concerns the substantive scope of the obli-

gation. I do not agree with the findings of the Court on this matter,
because the Judgment does not distinguish between the various categories
of “administrative acts granting environmental authorization of a work”
and “the authorizations or plans for the construction of the work itself”,
which is essential in my view. On the other hand, the Judgment treats

activities or works of “a preparatory character” to the work as though
they were the “construction works” prohibited by the obligation. I am
disappointed that the sound legal rule on the subject which the Court
identified in the case concerningGabc ˇíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/
Slovakia) was not applied to the present case: as the Court stated at

the time:
“A wrongful act or offence is frequently preceded by preparatory

actions which are not to be confused with the act or offence itself. It
is as well to distinguish between the actual commission of a wrongful
act (whether instantaneous or continuous) and the conduct prior to
that act which is of a preparatory character and which ‘does not
qualify as a wrongful act’.” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1997 ,p.54,

para. 79.)
98. In fact, some of Uruguay’s actions condemned in the Judgment

relating to the CMB (ENCE) and Orion (Botnia) projects are of a “pre-
paratory” character, as opposed to the actual construction works for the
mills. This is true, for example, of the removal of vegetation and earth
moving for ENCE (Environmental Management Plan (PGA) of
28 November 2005), which is the only authorization granted by Uruguay

to ENCE during the period in question and which was modified after the
GTAN had come to an end, on 22 March 2006. In the case of Botnia,
there is the removal of vegetation and earth moving (PGA of
12 April 2005) before the GTAN, and the construction of concrete foun-

dations and the chimney (PGA of 22 August 2005) during the GTAN. In
addition, there is the resolution dated 5 July 2005, with which the com-

253laquelle les autorités compétentes de l’Uruguay autorisaient Botnia à
faire usage du lit du fleuve pour construire un port adjacent à l’usine

Orion pour l’usage exclusif de l’usine, ainsi qu’un PGA relatif à l’appro-
bation du «Plan de Gestión Ambiental de las Obras Civiles Terrestres
Planta de Celulosa Botnia Fray Bentos PGAV Version» daté du 18 jan-
vier 2006, c’est-à-dire à une date postérieure à la note diplomatique de
l’Argentine du 14 décembre 2005 citée au paragraphe 95 ci-dessus.

99. Il ne reste donc que la question de l’autorisation de la construction
du port de Botnia. Elle mérite que l’on s’y arrête un instant car, dans ce
cas, c’est l’Argentine et non l’Uruguay qui a empêché la CARU d’exercer
le rôle que lui attribue le statut de 1975. Il est vrai que l’autorisation envi-

ronnementale préalable (AAP) pour l’usine Orion (Botnia) du 14 fé-
vrier 2005 a été concédée par l’Uruguay à la fois pour l’usine de produc-
tion de pâte à papier et pour son terminal portuaire et, également, que la
résolution uruguayenne du 5 juillet 2005 mentionnée ci-dessus a autorisé
Botnia à faire usage du lit du fleuve pour construire ledit terminal. Mais,

un mois environ après cette résolution, le 3 août 2005, les délégations de
l’Argentine et de l’Uruguay sont convenues lors de la première séance du
GTAN de renvoyer sans conditions le projet de terminal portuaire de
Botnia à la CARU pour examen sommaire conformément à l’article 7,
paragraphe 1, du statut.

100. Suite à cette entente, l’Uruguay a transmis la résolution uru-
guayenne du 5 juillet 2005 sur le projet portuaire de Botnia à la CARU
par note diplomatique du 15 août 2005, du président de la délégation
uruguayenne à la CARU au président de la délégation argentine à la
CARU, conformément à l’article 7 du statut («en cumplimiento del

Art. 7 del Estatuto» dans l’original espagnol). Par la suite, le 13 octobre
2005, l’Uruguay a fourni à la CARU des informations complémentaires
sur le projet portuaire demandées par la délégation argentine. Ainsi, le
projet de terminal portuaire de Botnia ne fit pas l’objet, par convention
des Parties, des «négociations directes» du GTAN. Mais il n’a pas été

non plus examiné par la CARU aux fins de l’article 7 du statut, car
l’Argentine a bloqué l’examen sommaire par la commission du projet sur
la base du refus de l’Uruguay de suspendre les travaux de construction du
port. Cette position de l’Argentine a été communiquée à la séance de la
CARU du 14 octobre 2005 et, encore une fois, dans une note du 17 novem-

bre 2005 adressée au président de la délégation uruguayenne à la CARU.
101. Il s’ensuit que la controverse concernant le terminal portuaire de
l’usine Orion (Botnia) qui, en effet, fait partie de la requête du deman-
deur du 4 mai 2006, ne nous semble pas recevable car elle n’a pas suivi les
étapes des articles 7 et suivants du statut, et n’a pas non plus été l’objet de

«négociations directes», au sein du GTAN ou ailleurs, condition exigée
par l’article 60 du statut pour pouvoir saisir la Cour d’une controverse
quelconque concernant l’interprétation ou l’application du statut du
fleuve Uruguay. En outre, la période de cent quatre-vingts jours que

l’article 12 du statut réserve aux «négociations directes» n’a pas été non
plus respectée car, en effet, entre la note diplomatique argentine du

254petent Uruguayan authorities authorized Botnia to make use of the river
bed for the construction of a port adjacent to the Orion mill for the

exclusive use of the mill, as well as a PGA relating to the approval of the
“Plan de Gestión Ambiental de las Obras Civiles Terrestres Planta de
Celulosa Botnia Fray Bentos PGAV Version”, dated 18 January 2006,
that is, after Argentina’s diplomatic Note of 14 December 2005 cited in
paragraph 95 above.

99. All that remains, therefore, is the issue of the authorization for the
construction of the Botnia port. This merits a moment’s attention because
it was Argentina and not Uruguay which prevented CARU from carry-
ing out the role attributed to it under the 1975 Statute in this case. It is

true that the initial environmental authorization (AAP) for the Orion
(Botnia) mill of 14 February 2005 granted by Uruguay was for both the
paper pulp mill and its port terminal, and also that the Uruguayan reso-
lution of 5 July 2005, mentioned earlier, authorized Botnia to make use
of the river bed for the construction of the terminal. However, approxi-

mately one month after this resolution, on 3 August 2005, the Argentine
and Uruguayan delegations agreed, at the first GTAN meeting, to refer
the Botnia port terminal project to CARU without condition for prelimi-
nary review pursuant to Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute.

100. Following this understanding, Uruguay transmitted the Uru-
guayan resolution of 5 July 2005 on the plans for the Botnia port to
CARU by diplomatic Note of 15 August 2005 from the President of the
Uruguayan delegation to CARU to the President of the Argentine del-
egation to CARU, in accordance with Article 7 of the Statute (“en

cumplimiento del Art. 7 del Estatuto” in the original Spanish). Then, on
13 October 2005, Uruguay supplied CARU with the additional informa-
tion on the project requested by the Argentine delegation. Thus, by
agreement of the Parties, the Botnia port terminal project was not the
subject of “direct negotiations” within the GTAN. Nor was it examined

by CARU for the purposes of Article 7 of the Statute, because Argentina
blocked the preliminary review of the project by the Commission on the
basis of Uruguay’s refusal to halt construction works on the port. Argen-
tina’s decision to do so was communicated at the CARU meeting of
14 October 2005 and reiterated in a Note of 17 November 2005 addressed

to the President of the Uruguayan delegation to CARU.
101. In my opinion, it follows that the dispute concerning the port
terminal of the Orion (Botnia) mill, which is in effect included in the
Application instituting proceedings of 4 May 2006, is inadmissible, because
the procedural steps set out in Articles 7 et seq. of the Statute were not

followed and because this dispute was not the subject of “direct
negotiations”, in the GTAN or elsewhere, a prerequisite under Article 60
of the Statute to be able to seise the Court of any dispute concerning the
interpretation or application of the Statute of the River Uruguay. Fur-

thermore, nor was the 180-day period, which Article 12 of the Statute
reserves for “direct negotiations”, respected; in point of fact, only some

25414 décembre 2005 et le 4 mai 2006, date du dépôt de la requête, il n’y a
que cent quarante et un jours (voir paragraphe 96 ci-dessus).

102. Quant au fond, il est à signaler qu’en 2001 l’Uruguay a informé la
CARU du projet de construction du port de M’Bopicuá, après la déli-
vrance de son AAP, sans que cela ait empêché les deux délégations de

conclure rapidement au sein de la CARU que le port en question, bien
plus grand que celui de Botnia, ne représentait aucune menace pour la
navigation, le régime du fleuve ou la qualité de ses eaux. Il ne semble
donc pas qu’il existe objectivement un différend entre les Parties sur la
viabilité environnementale du port de Botnia. En outre, entre 1979 et

2004, l’Argentine a autorisé la construction ou la réhabilitation de ports
de son côté du fleuve à Federación, Concordia, Puerto Yuqueri et Concep-
ción del Uruguay, sans en informer la CARU et sans le notifier à l’Uru-
guay et le consulter. En somme, le port de Botnia ne semble pas être un

ouvrage suffisamment important («de entidad suficiente») pour entrer
dans les prévisions de l’article 7 du statut.
103. Compte tenu des considérations précédentes, je ne partage pas les
conclusions de la Cour sur le manquement par l’Uruguay à son obliga-
tion de négocier conformément à l’article 12 du statut (paragraphe 149 de

l’arrêt). D’autant plus que, pour moi, les accords convenus entre les
Parties le 2 mars 2004 et le 5 mai 2005 avaient dérogé en l’espèce aux
obligations de l’Uruguay d’informer et de notifier conformément à l’ar-
ticle 7 du statut de 1975. En revanche, étant donné que les manquements

de l’Uruguay constatés par l’arrêt sont en eux-mêmes d’une nature pro-
cédurale et mineurs quant à leur gravité — dans le sens qu’aucun d’entre
eux n’équivaut à un «material breach» — je suis d’accord avec l’arrêt
lorsqu’il considère la «satisfaction» comme le remède de droit interna-
tional approprié.

C ONCLUSION GÉNÉRALE

104. Compte tenu de l’ensemble des considérations précédentes, je ne
peux m’associer aux conclusions de la Cour relatives à la violation par
l’Uruguay de ses obligations de nature procédurale vis-à-vis de l’Argen-
tine, objet de la présente instance. D’autant plus que, selon moi, les
accords convenus entre les Parties le 2 mars 2004 et le 5 mai 2005 ont

dérogé en l’espèce aux obligations de l’Uruguay d’informer et de notifier,
conformément à l’article 7 du statut de 1975, et que l’Uruguay n’a pas
non plus violé son obligation de négocier conformément à l’article 12
dudit statut. C’est la raison pour laquelle j’ai voté contre le point 1) du

dispositif de l’arrêt.

(Signé) Santiago T ORRES BERNÁRDEZ .

255141 days elapsed between Argentina’s diplomatic Note of 14 Decem-

ber 2005 and 4 May 2006, when it filed its Application instituting pro-
ceedings (see para. 96 above).
102. As for the substance, it should be pointed out that, in 2001, Uru-
guay informed CARU of the plan to build the M’Bopicuá port after its
AAP had been granted; the two delegations were nevertheless able to

come quickly to the conclusion, within the framework of CARU, that the
port in question, much larger than the Botnia port, did not represent a
threat to navigation, the régime of the river or the quality of its waters. It
would appear therefore that objectively there is no dispute between the

Parties on the environmental viability of the Botnia port. Also, between
1979 and 2004, Argentina authorized the construction and restoration of
ports on its bank of the river in Fédération, Concordia, Puerto Yuqueri
and Concepcion del Uruguay, without informing CARU and without

notifying or consulting Uruguay. In sum, the Botnia port is not of suffi-
cient scope (“de entidad suficiente”) to fall within the provisions of Arti-
cle 7 of the Statute.
103. In view of the foregoing, I do not share the findings of the Court

on Uruguay’s failure to comply with its obligation to negotiate laid down
by Article 12 of the Statute (paragraph 149 of the Judgment). All the
more so since it is my belief that in the present case the agreements
reached between the Parties on 2 March 2004 and 5 May 2005 derogated

from Uruguay’s obligations to inform and notify under Article 7 of the
1975 Statute. However, given that the breaches found in the Judgment to
have been committed by Uruguay are in themselves of a procedural
nature and minor in gravity — in the sense that not one constitutes a
“material breach” — I concur with the Judgment that “satisfaction” is

the appropriate redress under international law.

G ENERAL C ONCLUSION

104. Bearing in mind all the preceding considerations, I cannot endorse
the findings of the Court concerning the breach by Uruguay of its pro-

cedural obligations towards Argentina, which is the subject of the present
case. All the more so since it is my belief that in the present case the
agreements reached between the Parties on 2 March 2004 and 5 May 2005
derogated from Uruguay’s obligations to inform and notify under Arti-

cle 7 of the 1975 Statute; it is also my belief that Uruguay did not breach
its obligation to negotiate laid down by Article 12 of the Statute either.
That is why I voted against point 1 of the operative clause of the Judg-
ment.

(Signed) Santiago T ORRES BERNÁRDEZ .

255

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge ad hoc Torres Bernárdez

Links