Dissenting opinion of Judge Skotnikov

Document Number
118-20081118-JUD-01-08-EN
Parent Document Number
118-20081118-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

546

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SKOTNIKOV

1. In my view, the Court should have upheld the first preliminary
objection submitted by Serbia in so far as it relates to the capacity of the
Respondent to participate in the proceedings instituted by Croatia. There-
fore, I voted against paragraph 1 of the operative clause.

I disagree with the Court’s reasoning and its conclusion that Serbia’s
lack of jus standi at the time of institution of the proceedings has been
cured by its subsequent admission to the United Nations.

The Mavrommatis jurisprudence provides for an exception to the gen-

eral rule that the jurisdiction of the Court must be assessed on the date of
the institution of the proceedings. That jurisprudence deals exclusively
with defects related to consent of the parties (Mavrommatis Palestine
Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2) . Such
jurisdictional defects, if they can be easily cured by subsequent action of
the applicant (or a respondent who is willing to litigate), may be dis-

regarded by the Court on the grounds of judicial economy.

Nevertheless, the Judgment treats the Mavrommatis exception as appli-
cable to any defect, including the absence of the right of a party to
appear before the Court. That right, however, is not a matter of consent.

The question of the right of a party to appear before the Court precedes
the question of whether the Court has jurisdiction, which is a matter of
consent (see, for example, Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Mon-
tenegro v. Belgium), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2004 (I), pp. 298-299, para. 46).

Accordingly, the absence of a right to appear before the Court is not a
defect capable of being cured by applying the Mavrommatis jurispru-
dence.
2. I agree with the Court’s conclusion that Serbia was party to the
Genocide Convention at the time of filing of the Application. For that

reason I voted in favour of paragraph 2 of the operative clause.
3. However, this Convention, as the Court established in its Legality
of Use of Force Judgments, is not a treaty in force in the sense of Arti-
cle 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court (see, for example, ibid.,
pp. 323-324, paras. 113-114). Therefore it is not capable of giving access

to the Court to a party which is not a Member of the United Nations at
the time the proceedings are instituted. Accordingly, I voted against the
Court’s conclusion in paragraph 3 of the operative clause that it has juris-
diction to entertain this case.

138547 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION DISS. OP. SKOTNIKOV )

4. Even if I had shared the view taken by the Court in paragraph 3 of
the operative clause, I would have voted against paragraph 4.
Having found that the respondent State became a party to the Geno-

cide Convention as of 27 April 1992 (the date on which the FRY came
into existence), the Court has, in my opinion, erred in leaving open until
the merits stage the question raised by Serbia in its second preliminary
objection as to whether the Court has jurisdiction to examine facts or
events which occurred prior to that date.

In fact, Serbia, in its second preliminary objection, puts forward two
contentions. First, that the Court has no jurisdiction under Article IX of
the Genocide Convention with regard to the events that took place prior
to 27 April 1992. Second, that if there is jurisdiction, it cannot be exer-
cised in respect of the events which occurred prior to that date. The

Court notes in this connection that “[a] distinction between these two
kinds of objections [to jurisdiction and admissibility] is well recognized in
the practice of the Court” (Judgment, para. 120). The Court makes it
clear that an objection to admissibility “consists in the contention that

there exists a legal reason, even when there is jurisdiction, why the Court
should decline to hear the case” (ibid., para. 120). If the Court has no
jurisdiction, it is evident that the issue of the existence or non-existence of
a different legal reason not to hear the case becomes moot. Nevertheless,
defying its own reasoning and departing from its case law, the Court con-

cludes that the issue of jurisdiction in respect of events prior to 27 April
1992 is “inseparable” from the issue of admissibility, which, according to
the Court, involves questions of attribution to the Respondent of the
facts in the period preceding that date (ibid., para. 129).

However, the admissibility question raised by Serbia can become rele-
vant only if the Court has jurisdiction to examine these facts. The ques-
tion of jurisdiction must be answered by the Court first. Only if the
answer is in the affirmative can the Court, in the exercise of its jurisdic-
tion under Article IX of the Genocide Convention, decide whether it can

address the events occurring before the FRY came into existence, includ-
ing questions related to attribution of responsibility.

The Court explains its reluctance to tackle the issue of jurisdiction as a

preliminary one by stating that “[i]n order to be in a position to make any
findings on each of these issues [jurisdiction and admissibility], the Court
will need to have more elements before it” (ibid., para. 129). I fail to see
what element is lacking in respect of the issue of jurisdiction. The Court
has found that the respondent State acquired the status of party to the

Genocide Convention, by a process that is to be regarded as succession
(ibid., paras. 110 to 117), on 27 April 1992, the date on which it came into
existence. It follows that the Court has no jurisdiction to examine any
facts or events which occurred prior to the date on which the obligations
of the Convention became binding on the Respondent.

The Court’s insistence that the issues of jurisdiction and admissibility

139548 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION DISS. OP. SKOTNIKOV )

are “inseparable” suggests that the issue of attribution of responsibility
could be considered together with the issue of jurisdiction and influence
the Court’s decision on the latter. But responsibility under the general

rules of State responsibility, even if established, cannot mutate into the
jurisdiction of the Court, which, unlike State responsibility, is based on
consent.

5. I voted against paragraph 5 of the operative clause, since I do not
agree with the Court’s conclusion that it has jurisdiction to entertain this
case.

(Signed) Leonid S KOTNIKOV .

140

Bilingual Content

546

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SKOTNIKOV

1. In my view, the Court should have upheld the first preliminary
objection submitted by Serbia in so far as it relates to the capacity of the
Respondent to participate in the proceedings instituted by Croatia. There-
fore, I voted against paragraph 1 of the operative clause.

I disagree with the Court’s reasoning and its conclusion that Serbia’s
lack of jus standi at the time of institution of the proceedings has been
cured by its subsequent admission to the United Nations.

The Mavrommatis jurisprudence provides for an exception to the gen-

eral rule that the jurisdiction of the Court must be assessed on the date of
the institution of the proceedings. That jurisprudence deals exclusively
with defects related to consent of the parties (Mavrommatis Palestine
Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2) . Such
jurisdictional defects, if they can be easily cured by subsequent action of
the applicant (or a respondent who is willing to litigate), may be dis-

regarded by the Court on the grounds of judicial economy.

Nevertheless, the Judgment treats the Mavrommatis exception as appli-
cable to any defect, including the absence of the right of a party to
appear before the Court. That right, however, is not a matter of consent.

The question of the right of a party to appear before the Court precedes
the question of whether the Court has jurisdiction, which is a matter of
consent (see, for example, Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Mon-
tenegro v. Belgium), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2004 (I), pp. 298-299, para. 46).

Accordingly, the absence of a right to appear before the Court is not a
defect capable of being cured by applying the Mavrommatis jurispru-
dence.
2. I agree with the Court’s conclusion that Serbia was party to the
Genocide Convention at the time of filing of the Application. For that

reason I voted in favour of paragraph 2 of the operative clause.
3. However, this Convention, as the Court established in its Legality
of Use of Force Judgments, is not a treaty in force in the sense of Arti-
cle 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court (see, for example, ibid.,
pp. 323-324, paras. 113-114). Therefore it is not capable of giving access

to the Court to a party which is not a Member of the United Nations at
the time the proceedings are instituted. Accordingly, I voted against the
Court’s conclusion in paragraph 3 of the operative clause that it has juris-
diction to entertain this case.

138 546

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. LE JUGE SKOTNIKOV

[Traduction]

1. De mon point de vue, la Cour aurait dû faire droit à la première
exception préliminaire soulevée par la Serbie dans la mesure où elle porte

sur la capacité du défendeur de participer à l’instance introduite par la
Croatie. J’ai donc voté contre le paragraphe 1 du dispositif.
Je ne partage ni le raisonnement de la Cour, ni sa conclusion selon
laquelle le fait que la Serbie a ultérieurement été admise à l’Organisation
des Nations Unies remédie à son défaut de qualité pour ester devant la

Cour à la date de l’introduction de l’instance par la Croatie.
La jurisprudence Mavrommatis prévoit une exception à la règle géné-
rale selon laquelle la compétence de la Cour s’apprécie à la date d’intro-
duction de l’instance. Cette jurisprudence concerne exclusivement les
défauts liés au consentement des parties (Concessions Mavrommatis en
o o
Palestine, arrêt n 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A n 2). Les défauts de com-
pétence de ce type, s’ils peuvent être aisément couverts par un acte sub-
séquent du demandeur (ou d’un défendeur qui accepte de participer à la
procédure), peuvent être écartés par la Cour au nom de l’économie judi-
ciaire.

Cependant, dans son arrêt, la Cour fait comme si l’exception Mavrom-
matis était applicable à n’importe quel défaut, y compris l’absence du
droit d’une partie de se présenter devant la Cour, alors que ce droit ne
relève pas du consentement des parties. La question de savoir si une par-
tie a le droit de comparaître devant la Cour prend le pas sur celle de

savoir si la Cour a compétence, laquelle relève du consentement (voir, par
exemple, Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Serbie-et-Monténégro c. Bel-
gique), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2004 (I) , p. 298-
299, par. 46).
En conséquence, l’absence du droit d’ester devant la Cour n’est pas

un défaut qui puisse être couvert par application de la jurisprudence
Mavrommatis.
2. Je souscris à la conclusion de la Cour selon laquelle la Serbie était
partie à la convention sur le génocide au moment du dépôt de la requête.
Pour cette raison, j’ai voté pour le paragraphe 2 du dispositif.
3. Cependant, cette convention, ainsi que la Cour l’a établi dans ses

arrêts sur la Licéité de l’emploi de la force , n’est pas un traité en vigueur
au sens du paragraphe 2 de l’article 35 du Statut de la Cour (voir par
exemple ibid., p. 323-324, par. 113-114). Elle ne saurait donc ouvrir
l’accès à la Cour à une partie qui n’est pas membre de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies à la date à laquelle l’instance est introduite. J’ai donc voté

contre la conclusion du paragraphe 3 du dispositif, aux termes duquel la
Cour aurait compétence pour connaître de la présente affaire.

138547 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION DISS. OP. SKOTNIKOV )

4. Even if I had shared the view taken by the Court in paragraph 3 of
the operative clause, I would have voted against paragraph 4.
Having found that the respondent State became a party to the Geno-

cide Convention as of 27 April 1992 (the date on which the FRY came
into existence), the Court has, in my opinion, erred in leaving open until
the merits stage the question raised by Serbia in its second preliminary
objection as to whether the Court has jurisdiction to examine facts or
events which occurred prior to that date.

In fact, Serbia, in its second preliminary objection, puts forward two
contentions. First, that the Court has no jurisdiction under Article IX of
the Genocide Convention with regard to the events that took place prior
to 27 April 1992. Second, that if there is jurisdiction, it cannot be exer-
cised in respect of the events which occurred prior to that date. The

Court notes in this connection that “[a] distinction between these two
kinds of objections [to jurisdiction and admissibility] is well recognized in
the practice of the Court” (Judgment, para. 120). The Court makes it
clear that an objection to admissibility “consists in the contention that

there exists a legal reason, even when there is jurisdiction, why the Court
should decline to hear the case” (ibid., para. 120). If the Court has no
jurisdiction, it is evident that the issue of the existence or non-existence of
a different legal reason not to hear the case becomes moot. Nevertheless,
defying its own reasoning and departing from its case law, the Court con-

cludes that the issue of jurisdiction in respect of events prior to 27 April
1992 is “inseparable” from the issue of admissibility, which, according to
the Court, involves questions of attribution to the Respondent of the
facts in the period preceding that date (ibid., para. 129).

However, the admissibility question raised by Serbia can become rele-
vant only if the Court has jurisdiction to examine these facts. The ques-
tion of jurisdiction must be answered by the Court first. Only if the
answer is in the affirmative can the Court, in the exercise of its jurisdic-
tion under Article IX of the Genocide Convention, decide whether it can

address the events occurring before the FRY came into existence, includ-
ing questions related to attribution of responsibility.

The Court explains its reluctance to tackle the issue of jurisdiction as a

preliminary one by stating that “[i]n order to be in a position to make any
findings on each of these issues [jurisdiction and admissibility], the Court
will need to have more elements before it” (ibid., para. 129). I fail to see
what element is lacking in respect of the issue of jurisdiction. The Court
has found that the respondent State acquired the status of party to the

Genocide Convention, by a process that is to be regarded as succession
(ibid., paras. 110 to 117), on 27 April 1992, the date on which it came into
existence. It follows that the Court has no jurisdiction to examine any
facts or events which occurred prior to the date on which the obligations
of the Convention became binding on the Respondent.

The Court’s insistence that the issues of jurisdiction and admissibility

139 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP .DISS.SKOTNIKOV ) 547

4. Et même si j’avais partagé le point de vue adopté par la Cour au
paragraphe 3 du dispositif, j’aurais voté contre le paragraphe 4.
Ayant jugé que l’Etat défendeur était devenu partie à la convention sur

le génocide à compter du 27 avril 1992 (date à laquelle la RFY vit le
jour), la Cour a, selon moi, eu tort de reporter au stade du fond l’examen
de la question soulevée par la Serbie dans sa deuxième exception préli-
minaire — celle de savoir si la Cour avait compétence pour examiner des
faits ou événements antérieurs à cette date.

En fait, la Serbie, dans sa deuxième exception préliminaire, avance
deux thèses: d’une part, que la Cour n’a pas compétence en vertu de
l’article IX de la convention sur le génocide pour connaître des événe-
ments antérieurs au 27 avril 1992; d’autre part que, même si elle avait
compétence, elle ne pourrait l’exercer en ce qui concerne les événements

antérieurs à cette date. La Cour fait observer à cet égard qu’«[une] dis-
tinction entre ces deux catégories d’exceptions [d’incompétence et d’irre-
cevabilité] est bien établie dans la pratique de la Cour» (arrêt, par. 120).
La Cour précise que les exceptions d’irrecevabilité «reviennent à affirmer

qu’il existe une raison juridique pour laquelle la Cour, même si elle a
compétence, devrait refuser de connaître de l’affaire» (ibid., par. 120). Si
la Cour n’a pas compétence, il est évident que la question de savoir s’il
existe ou non une autre raison juridique pour qu’elle ne connaisse pas de
l’affaire perd tout intérêt. Pourtant, faisant fi de sa propre logique et

s’écartant de sa jurisprudence, la Cour conclut que la question de la com-
pétence pour connaître d’événements antérieurs au 27 avril 1992 est
«indissociable» de la question de la recevabilité, laquelle, selon la Cour,
fait intervenir des aspects de l’attribution au défendeur des faits qui ont
eu lieu dans la période précédant cette date (ibid., par. 129).

Mais la question de la recevabilité soulevée par la Serbie ne peut deve-
nir pertinente que si la Cour a compétence pour examiner les faits. La
Cour doit donc d’abord répondre à la question de sa compétence. C’est
uniquement si sa réponse est affirmative que, exerçant sa compétence
en vertu de l’article IX de la convention sur le génocide, elle sera en

mesure de décider si elle peut examiner les événements antérieurs à la
naissance de la RFY, y compris les questions relatives à l’attribution de
la responsabilité.
La Cour explique son hésitation à traiter comme préliminaire la ques-

tion de la compétence en disant que, «[p]our ... [pouvoir] se prononcer
sur chacune de ces questions [compétence et recevabilité], elle devra dis-
poser de davantage d’éléments» (ibid., par. 129). Je ne vois pas quel élé-
ment lui manque encore en ce qui concerne la compétence. La Cour a
jugé que l’Etat défendeur avait acquis le statut de partie à la convention

sur le génocide — en vertu de ce qui doit être considéré comme un pro-
cessus de succession (ibid., par. 110 à 117) — le 27 avril 1992, date à
laquelle il vit le jour. Il en découle que la Cour n’a pas compétence pour
examiner des faits ou événements antérieurs à la date à laquelle les obli-
gations inscrites dans la convention ont pris effet pour le défendeur.

L’insistance de la Cour sur le caractère «indissociable» des questions

139548 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION DISS. OP. SKOTNIKOV )

are “inseparable” suggests that the issue of attribution of responsibility
could be considered together with the issue of jurisdiction and influence
the Court’s decision on the latter. But responsibility under the general

rules of State responsibility, even if established, cannot mutate into the
jurisdiction of the Court, which, unlike State responsibility, is based on
consent.

5. I voted against paragraph 5 of the operative clause, since I do not
agree with the Court’s conclusion that it has jurisdiction to entertain this
case.

(Signed) Leonid S KOTNIKOV .

140 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE OP .DISS. SKOTNIKOV ) 548

de compétence et de recevabilité donne à penser que la question de l’attri-
bution de la responsabilité pourrait être examinée conjointement avec
celle de la compétence et influer sur la décision de la Cour au sujet de
cette dernière. Mais la responsabilité découlant des règles générales de la

responsabilité de l’Etat, fût-elle établie, ne peut pas se métamorphoser en
compétence de la Cour, celle-ci reposant sur le consentement des parties,
à la différence de la responsabilité.
5. Enfin, j’ai voté contre le paragraphe 5 du dispositif puisque je ne

souscris pas à la conclusion de la Cour selon laquelle celle-ci a compé-
tence pour connaître de la présente affaire.

(Signé) Leonid S KOTNIKOV .

140

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