Dissenting opinion of Judge Ranjeva

Document Number
118-20081118-JUD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
118-20081118-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

482

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE RANJEVA

[Translation]

Arbitral jurisdiction and judicial jurisdiction — The International Court of
Justice and its role as a catalyst for scientific development of international
law — Authority of jurisprudence — Solution of continuity and State succession
and continuity of the jurisdictional solution — Transposal of Mavrommatis
solution and reversal in case law — Consent to jurisdiction and status of the
Respondent — Non-fulfilment of conditions for filing Application — Difference
in treatment between Respondent and Applicant — Article 35 of the Statute:
right to institute contentious proceedings — Article 34 of the Statute: limitation
of access to States alone and definition of the legal status or position of States
in proceedings: Applicant or Respondent — Principle of sovereign equality of

parties to a dispute — No special treatment for Respondent — Consensual basis
of jurisdiction — Difference vis-à-vis system of statutorily conferred jurisdic-
tion — Jurisdiction ratione materiae — Argumentation strategies independent
of proceedings — Declaration of succession by FRY — Croatian objection to
claimed succession — Distinction between continuity of treaty obligations and
discontinuity of legal personality of SFRY/FRY — Effect of this distinction on
Article IX — Systemic links between 1948 Convention and United Nations sys-
tem — Legally established consent to jurisdiction by Serbia lacking — Histori-
cal circumstances of Mavrommatis case jurisprudence — Specifics of mecha-
nisms instituted by 1919 Peace Treaties — Law of resolving political crises.

1. Rendering justice under the law in a judicial institution having uni-
versal jurisdiction is a particularly difficult exercise. The consistency of
justice over the course of time can bring surprises. An arbitral court, un-
constrained in its decisions, is responsible for its judgment only to the
parties which have consented to its jurisdiction. A court of law, on the

other hand, acts within the context of a concept of legal policy; it has a
heritage to uphold embodied in its jurisprudence, which helps promote
legal certainty and the consistency of the law. As one of the principal
organs of the United Nations, the International Court of Justice enjoys
operational autonomy while sharing in the objectives of the Organiza-
tion, inter alia, through the practice of presenting an Annual Report on

the Court’s activities to the General Assembly. Moreover, the Court is
recognized as having a specific mission, and one which is willingly attrib-
uted to it: to be a catalyst for the scientific development of international
law. However, there are instances where, for scientific reasons or techni-
cal legal or judicial reasons, observers and commentators may note some

inconsistency vis-à-vis a previous decision without there actually having
been a reversal of any precedents. Reasons linked to various factors, par-
ticularly the conduct of the parties (subject-matter of claims, basic strat-
egy, argumentation strategy, etc.) in the corresponding proceedings, can

74 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS. OP. RANJEVA ) 483

lead to different solutions being devised. Such is the situation in the
present case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) vis-à-vis

the case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia
and Montenegro) (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I) , p. 43): transpos-
ing the solution chosen in the case concerning Application of the Conven-
tion on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia

and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) (ibid., hereinafter BHY)s i
impossible from the legal standpoint because it challenges the whole
underlying logic of the basis of the jurisdiction of the International Court of
Justice: consent.

* * *

2. As far as the first preliminary objection relating to the Court’s juris-
diction to adjudicate Croatia’s claim is concerned, I regretfully cannot

accept the decision of the majority. I must emphasize, however, that this
does not mean that I believe that Serbia has any ground not to answer
for violations of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide under international law, in so far as such viola-
tions may be established. It is that the submission of the case to the Court

by Croatia was inappropriate.
3. So far as the international legal status of Serbia in relation to the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) is concerned, the Court
has adopted the solution of continuity in order to accept the continuity of
the Court’s solution in the BHY case. By basing itself upon the principle

of State succession in order to justify the continuity of the treaty obliga-
tion under the 1948 Convention, the Court has accepted the solution of
continuity, which means a break in the continuity of the legal personality
from the SFRY to Serbia. That choice, however, ignores the solution in
the BHY case, which, on the contrary, was based on the continuity of the

legal personality from the SFRY to Serbia. This contradiction prompted
the majority to rely, in error, on the jurisprudence of the Mavrommatis
case (Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2) , and thus ignore
the golden rule that the jurisprudence of the Court is based on consent.

4. The present Judgment will elicit a wide range of comments: it con-
stitutes a reversal of case law regarding conditions of access to the Court.
Thus, as the Judgment recalls, it is at the date when an application is filed
that the jurisdictional capacity of the Court is assessed; at that critical
date, all the conditions necessary for the exercise of its jurisdiction must

be fulfilled in all respects. For the sake of the sound administration of
justice, the present Judgment, in referring to the jurisprudence of the
Mavrommatis case calls that firmly established rule into question. In
other words, failure to fulfil all the conditions of jurisdiction no longer
leads inevitably to the Court’s lack of jurisdiction. Such situations are not

unknown underforum prorogatum whereby a State accepts jurisdiction

75 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS. OP. RANJEVA ) 484

after an application has been submitted to the Court; the absence of consent
constitutes a defect which can be overcome by potestative initiative,
that is to say, at the discretion of the respondent State. Considerations

concerning the sound administration of justice (explicit indication of con-
sent to jurisdiction by the party which had not initially indicated such consent
and procedural efficiency) explain why this open solution has been
upheld in forum prorogatum case law.

5. However, in the present instance, the circumstances are entirely dif-
ferent, since what is missing is not the consent which can be confirmed in
a potestative manner, but the capacity itself of the State (that of Serbia in
this instance), not to access the Court as an applicant, but to be brought
before it as a respondent. On two occasions, the Court has refused to

grant the Federal Republic of Serbia and Montenegro (Yugoslavia) the
right to be a party to a dispute before the Court (see the cases concerning
Legality of Use of Force in 2004 (I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I, II, III) ,
pp. 279-1450) and the case concerningApplication for Revision of the Judg-

ment of 11 July 1996 (I.C.J. Reports 2003, p. 7)). Its admission to the
United Nations did not have a retroactive effect; it could not rectify its
sui generis status following the break-up of the Socialist Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) and prior to its admission in 2000 as a new
State. In addition to judicial revisionism on the link between the status of

State party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice and mem-
bership of the United Nations, the present Judgment calls into question
the very conditions in which the Court exercises its jurisdiction.

6. Although strictly speaking we cannot talk about res judicata, the

present Judgment favours the continuity of the jurisprudence of the
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro)
case, which is supported by an extensive body of decisions on both pro-
cedural issues and the legal merits, in order to dismiss the solution

adopted in the Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996,
Preliminary Objections case in 2003 and the Legality of Use of Force
cases in 2004. As a result, there is a lack of consistency and clarity in the
work of the Court and a misunderstanding of the nature of the jurisdic-

tional function within the United Nations system. I must therefore regret-
fully express my dissent from the decision of the majority in the present
case.
7. As far as the facts and the conduct of the legal actors in the present
proceedings are concerned, the Judgment should have emphasized the

specific elements which differentiate the present case from the case con-
cerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish-
ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and
Montenegro). First, prior to its admission to the United Nations, the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia claimed unequivocally its continuity

from the SFRY, whereas it now objects to the Court’s jurisdiction on the

76 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS.OP .RANJEVA ) 485

ground that its admission as a new State had no retroactive effect. Leav-
ing aside any ethical or moral considerations, where two separate cases
are concerned, is there any obligation in law for a State to be consistent

in or faithful to its arguments? Second, unlike Application of the Conven-
tion on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia
and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia) (Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II) , p. 595) (hereinafter the Bosnia case), the Court
could not overlook or set aside the protest by Croatia in 1994 whereby it

challenged the claims to continuity made by the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia. Indeed, in a letter dated 16 February 1994 addressed to the
Secretary-General by its Permanent Representative, Croatia stated that
it:

“strongly objects to the pretention of the Federal Republic of Yugo-

slavia (Serbia and Montenegro) to continue the state, international,
legal and political personality of the former Socialist Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia.
.............................

[I]f the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . . . expressed its intention
to be considered, in respect of its territory, a party, by virtue of suc-
cession to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, to treaties of

the predecessor State, with effect from 27 April, . . . as a new
State, . . . the Republic of Croatia would fully respect that notifica-
tion of succession.” (Doc. S/1994/198, 19 February 1994.)

In 1996, in the Bosnia case, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia did not

raise as a preliminary objection the issue of the sui generis Member State
status that had been attributed to it. Lastly, does the link between its
status as a Member of the United Nations or as a State party to the Stat-
ute of the International Court of Justice and its access to the Court as a
respondent correspond to the pursuit of the sound administration of jus-

tice?
8. The Court’s decisions of 2003 and 2004 in the Legality of Use of
Force and Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 cases
constitute the expression of the most recent state of the law concerning the

relationship between the status of Member State of the United Nations
and access to the Court in the event of a dispute. They were not called
into question directly or indirectly by the latest judgment dating from
2007, when the final finding regarding the Court’s lack of jurisdiction was
supported unanimously by the Members of the Court; but the difference

in their views, on the other hand, had to do with the area on which the
Court’s decision was made: a question more of appropriateness than of
legality. Unlike ad hoc arbitral courts, it is considered imperative for the
Court to abide by its own case law to assure certainty in legal relation-
ships between States. The issue in the present proceedings concerns the

distinction to be drawn between access as an applicant, which has been

77 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS.OP .RANJEVA ) 486

the subject of past decisions, and the bringing of a respondent before the
Court, on which no previous decisions have been rendered.
9. The first aspect of this problem lies in the difference in treatment

which the present decision attributes to the Respondent vis-à-vis the
Applicant. A State may be brought before the Court, notwithstanding a
complete failure to fulfil the conditions for locus standi at the critical date
when the Application was filed. This difference in treatment affects the
principle of equality of the parties in regard to the rules of procedure and

the application of identical basic rules. As for the equality of the parties
in regard to the rules of procedure, they have the right to be judged in the
same conditions: that is to say, that they must fulfil the same conditions
of access to the Court (in this case, to be the Respondent) and must com-
ply with the same rules of procedure, irrespective of their status as appli-

cant or respondent. As far as equality in the application of identical basic
rules for the proceedings is concerned, the question is whether, under the
law respecting States before the International Court of Justice, the act of
refusing to be called as respondent following a unilateral application con-

stitutes an injustice.
10. On closer examination, the difference in treatment between the
applicant and the respondent may lack any direct basis, inasmuch as it
concerns a general principle of procedural law. It is difficult not to link
the principle of the equality of rights and conditions of the applicant and

the respondent to the provisions of Article 34 of the Statute of the Court,
the terms of which must be considered in comparison with those of Arti-
cle 35. Article 34 stipulates, “Only States may be parties in cases before
the Court.” The provisions recalled in Articles 35 and 34 in the French
version of the Statute — which is the original text, as was noted in the

Judgment in the LaGrand case (“It might however be argued, having
regard to the fact that in 1920 the French text was the original version . . .”
(I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 502, para. 100)) — make a distinction between
“La Cour est ouverte aux Etats parties au présent Statut” (“The Court
shall be open to the States parties to the present Statute”) (Article 35)

and “Seuls les Etats ont qualité pour se présenter devant la Cour” (“Only
States may be parties in cases before the Court”) (Article 34). The differ-
ence between the Court being open and the right to be a party lies in the
fact that the first provision concerns the authorization or faculty to bring

a case before the Court or to initiate contentious proceedings, whereas
the second concerns the condition or capacity in which a State may be
involved in contentious proceedings. Article 35 only addresses the issue
of the access of a State to the forum of the Court: that is its capacity to
bring a case and act within specific proceedings. A State which comes

before the Court as an applicant must establish that it has a right, vis-à-
vis the respondent, with respect to its claim. Article 34, for its part,
addresses two issues: first, limiting access to the Court to States and
excluding other rights holders under international law which are not
States and, second, by use of the word “qualité” the Statute considers the

capacity or function of the rights holder accessing the Court: that is, the

78 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS.OP .RANJEVA ) 487

legal condition of States in proceedings as applicant or respondent as the
case may be. The combined interpretation of these two points leads to
compliance with the principle of the sovereign equality of States and a

differentiation of their legal circumstances depending on the capacity in
which they appear in the case, as respondent or applicant, such being the
function that entitles them to take part in the proceedings. The inescap-
able consequences of this are, first, equality of standing in respect of
access and, second, exclusion of any specific, different treatment that

would place the respondent at a disadvantage.
11. The lack of any specific provisions concerning the respondent,
which would be the counterpart of Article 35, can be explained by the
consensual nature of the basis of the Court’s jurisdiction. In a system of
statutorily conferred jurisdiction, justice must be conducted in such a

way that all potential litigants can find a court to resolve their dispute;
the statutes and functioning of the court régime provide for the right to
justice to be exercised. The dispute is put before the court with jurisdic-
tion at the applicant’s initiative, thereby making it necessary for his

adversary to take part in proceedings; the legal bonds between the two
parties cannot then be set within a contractual or consensual framework.
In other words, in the framework of legal relationships within which the
powers and obligations of the parties to the case are defined, one of the
parties is obliged to appear before the court without any requirement for

his prior consent.
12. On the other hand, in a system based on consent to jurisdiction,
such as that established under Article 36 of the Statute, a State is entitled
to refuse to be brought before the International Court of Justice without
its consent. This principle accounts for the importance of objections

regarding jurisdiction and admissibility in the conduct of proceedings. As
far as the law of procedure on merits is concerned, this principle explains
the lack of provisions on abuse of process and frivolity. Similarly, this is
why there is no counterpart to Article 35 of the Statute concerning the
respondent. Once the same conditions as those required of the applicant

have been fulfilled, it is for the participants to establish consent to juris-
diction, in particular the consent of the respondent. In view of the impor-
tance of the respondent’s consent for the connection between the parties
in dispute to be established, Article 34 and, in particular, its first para-

graph are linked to the issue of jurisdiction ratione personae, an interpre-
tation which we can note is borne out by the travaux préparatoires of the
Advisory Committee of Jurists (see B. Schenk von Stauffenberg, Statut et
Règlement de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale: éléments
d’interprétation, Carl Heymanns Verlag, Berlin, 1934, pp. 217 et seq.).

13. Despite these considerations, the Judgment has chosen to interpret
the silence of previous decisions in a very specific way: to safeguard and
justify the case law of the Judgment of the 2007 case against critics.
Indeed the Judgment engages in a justification of the 2007 case law in a
surreal context: defending the implausible from the real facts. As the

judges present at the time of the 1996 Judgment and still sitting in 2007

79 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS.OP. RANJEVA ) 488

stated in their joint opinion, nothing can be deduced from the silence of
the 1996 Judgment on capacity to appear before the Court. The unease is
further heightened when, for lack of objective arguments, the Judgment

turns as a last resort to an ipse dixit justifying the possibility for the
Court to refrain from furnishing any explanation on a point which can be
raised ex officio, even if that point calls into question the very foundation
of contentious proceedings before the Court since it is preliminary to
even the preliminary proceedings! This was an irrelevant and, in any

event, inconclusive debate on the issue addressed in the course of the
present case.
14. One must wonder if the Judgment in the present case has not
arrived at the same conclusions as the arbitral tribunals of the Interna-
tional Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) in the

Southern Pacific Properties (Middle East) Limited v. Arab Republic of
Egypt (1985) and Asian Agricultural Products Limited (AAP) v. Sri
Lanka (1990) cases. The arbitral tribunals referred to the condition
linked to the consent of the two parties for putting the dispute before the

ICSID and interpreted their acceptance of ICSID dispute settlement
methods in broad terms. The arbitral tribunals did not have to be overly
strict because there was evidence of an incipient indication of consent;
one cannot then talk of a simple logical legal conclusion.

15. The consensual nature of the basis of jurisdiction means that juris-
diction must always be debated and established by means of a judicial
procedure. It cannot be solely “scientific”, that is, justified by logical con-
siderations. This is a precautionary principle. Jurisdiction must not be
established by attributing a greater meaning to the relevant elements of

fact and law than they possess.
16. For these reasons, the Judgment is mistaken in the difference in
treatment it attributes to the conditions for a State to be a party before
the Court depending on whether that State is the applicant or the respon-
dent.

* * *

17. The jurisdiction ratione materiae raises the issue of the history of

the status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia vis-à-vis the United
Nations and the consequences thereof on the sui generis position of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and on the status of Serbia with respect
to Article IX of the Genocide Convention. In the circumstances of the
present case, unlike the solution chosen in the Bosnia case, the Judg-

ment’s approach is open to criticism because it lacks a basis in order to
be credible.
18. Quite properly, the Judgment has sought to ensure consistency by
transposing vertically the solution from the precedent of the Bosnia pro-
ceedings on the merits. However, by avoiding a careful examination of

the particular or specific aspects of the present case, the Judgment is

80 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION DISS. OP.RANJEVA ) 489

lacking in rigour, given the axiom that each case is unique in facts and in
law.
19. To one preliminary question the Judgment brings no answer. Can

a party which has been a respondent in previous proceedings submit new
arguments contrary to those it has put forward in the past? Examination
of the present case reveals that the dispute concerns the same question of
law: violation of the Genocide Convention. It also relates to similar
facts: the after-effects of the break-up of the SFRY. As for what is at

issue in the case, the Applicant’s claims seek the same redress as those
submitted in the Bosnia case. The dispute following the break-up of the
SFRY fed upon itself. In the circumstances of the present case, a joinder
of the proceedings under the terms of Article 47 of the Rules of Court
might have been an option for the Court, since it is not inconceivable

even without the consent of the parties. When the Croatian Application
was filed the Bosnia case was still pending and the Court would not have
been obliged to deliver largely identical judgments, when the context in
this instance is complex. The distinct and independent approaches to the

cases concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia
and Montenegro) and Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), along with
the lack of a decision to join the proceedings, give the Parties to the sec-

ond case full control over their strategies of argumentation regarding
their own status. For its part, the Court can draw no advantage from the
decision in the case concerning Application of the Convention on the Pre-
vention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herze-
govina v. Serbia and Montenegro) in adjudicating the case concerning

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) as to the rights of the Parties
which can submit their own claims and support their own arguments of
fact and law. The Court must, in particular, provide substantive reasons
for its findings on the specific arguments advanced in the present case.

20. Three acts punctuating the evolving understanding of the legal
status of Serbia from 1992 should have given rise to a more detailed
examination: first, the declaration of continuity made by the Federal

Republic of Yugoslavia; second, the Croat objection in 1994 to the
continuity claimed by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; and finally,
the admission of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to the United
Nations as a new Member State after the suspension of its participation
in the United Nations General Assembly. The combined effect of those

three acts has prompted the Court, since 1992, to talk of a sui generis
situation, more out of linguistic convenience than by reference to a pre-
established legal category. Consequently, there is reason to supplement
the Judgment’s analysis, even if it means arriving at different con-
clusions.

21. The declaration of continuity made by the Federal Republic of

81 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION DISS. OP.RANJEVA ) 490

Yugoslavia actually represents a notification of succession and falls within
the framework of the requirements of the Convention on Succession of
States in respect of Treaties; it is binding upon it. This aspect is of no
interest in the present case. As for the Convention on the Prevention and

Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, the erga omnes nature of the obli-
gations which it lays down is acknowledged as the consequence of the
basis of those provisions in customary law.
22. The crux of the problem concerns the scope of Croatia’s 1994
objection to the continuity claimed by the Federal Republic of Yugosla-

via on the fate of Article IX in the jurisdictional relationship between the
two Parties in dispute. The Court cannot regard these unilateral acts as
mere scraps of paper and must attribute legal consequences to them.

23. In relations between Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugo-

slavia the difficulty stems from the letter from the Permanent Representa-
tive of Croatia to the United Nations dated 16 February 1994. This
official document was mistakenly not taken into consideration in the
Judgment as a basis for the decision on the issue of State succession that
arose in the litigious relationship between the Parties. As stated in that

document,
“if the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)

expressed its intention to be considered, in respect of its territory, a
party, by virtue of succession, to the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia, to treaties of the predecessor State, with effect from
27 April 1992, the date on which the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(Serbia and Montenegro), as a new State, assumed responsibility for

its international relations, the Republic of Croatia would fully respect
that notification of succession” (doc. S/1994/198 (1994)).

24. The subject-matter of the letter was a protest against the declara-
tion of 27 April 1992 by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It consti-
tuted an objection entering a reservation to the claim of continuity.
On closer analysis, various aspects must be emphasized: first, a rejection

of the continuity of the personality of the SFRY by the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia; next an acceptance of the continuity of the treaty
obligations ratione loci : that is the applicability to the territory of
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia of treaty obligations for which a
succession had taken place; and, lastly, a formal notice to the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia to accept Croatia’s offer. The Croat letter

means that, having been informed of the declaration of succession of
April 1992, the Republic of Croatia considered that, with respect to
treaty ties between the Croats and the Serbs, the letter is binding upon
it vis-à-vis the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia within the terms which
Croatia established therein: a continuity of treaty obligations

combined with a clause of territorial applicability. However, any
notion of the continuity of the personality of the State is ruled out, par-

82 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS.OP. RANJEVA ) 491

ticularly as far as the organic and institutional dimensions vis-à-vis the
United Nations are concerned.
25. It is in this specific and unqualified context that the issue of the

fate of the dispute settlement clause in Article IX lies. An initial conclu-
sion cannot be avoided: the declaration in question is binding upon its
author and lays down the legal framework of its relationship with Serbia
within the context of the present case. Furthermore, as the dispute set-
tlement clause is severable from the system of obligations of the Geno-

cide Convention, it must be addressed independently inasmuch as there is
reason to apply specific rules to the indication of consent to jurisdiction,
which must be established explicitly and not implicitly, that is, based on
logical conclusions. In the present case, a doubt about continuity is jus-
tified given, on the one hand, the systemic ties which the Judgment itself

recalls between the 1948 Convention and participation in the United
Nations system — irrespective of the continuity of the substantive ties of
obligation under multilateral treaties — and, on the other hand, the
organic link between the Court and the United Nations system. In view

of the distinction drawn by Croatia in its 1994 letter in response to the
1992 declaration by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, it is not dem-
onstrated that Croatia accepted the jurisdictional clause with respect to
the other Party or that it can be binding upon Croatia in the jurisdic-
tional context of the present case. This possibly surprising conclusion

must be drawn because of the consensual nature of the basis of jurisdic-
tion, since the International Court of Justice is not a court of statutorily
conferred jurisdiction, whose sphere of competence can be interpreted
broadly.
26. For these reasons Article IX does not fall within the scope of suc-

cession in relations between Croatia and Serbia.

*
* *
27. In the present case, the extension of the jurisprudence of the Mav-

rommatis case with respect to the Respondent is open to criticism since,
at the date when the Application was filed, the Respondent did not fulfil
the conditions required to appear before the Court. It is not unknown for
applications instituting proceedings to be validated after they have been

filed, as the Judgment rightly recalls: forum prorogatum, for example,
corresponds to just such a situation, serving as the underlying basis for
jurisdiction. This occurs when a State accepts the jurisdiction of the ICJ
after the case has been brought. The reasons for this practice were
explained by the Court in the case concerning Certain Questions of

Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France).
28. In the present instance the problem lies in the fact that at the date
of filing of the Application, the Respondent did not fulfil the conditions
required of a State in order to appear before the Court. The Judgment, in
transposing the infans conceptus pro nato habetur principle in the sense

that the proceedings are regarded as having been instituted according to

83 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS.OP. RANJEVA ) 492

the rules providing that the applicant fulfilled all of the conditions
required, has held that for reasons relating to the sound administration
of justice the subsequent admission of Serbia to the United Nations vali-

dated the circumstances and conditions of the filing of the Application.
Evidently, for reasons of procedural economy and with a not very for-
malistic view of the law of international disputes, nothing is said to stand
in the way of the fulfilment of the conditions for submitting a case to the
Court being assessed at the date when all of those conditions have been

met. In the present instance, the admission of Serbia and Montenegro to
the United Nations in 2000 represented the solution. The important thing
was not to oblige the Applicant to file a new Application once again in
the same case, with the same subject-matter, the same claim, the same
reason and against the same State. However, the Court’s finding on the

first preliminary objection can be criticized, even if we were to assume
that the Court had jurisdiction. For this reason, the Judgment relies on
the jurisprudence of the Mavrommatis case.
29. The content of the Mavrommatis principle has been abundantly

discussed in the Judgment. However, the conclusion at which that deci-
sion arrived cannot be accepted owing to the lack of a rigorous analysis
of the Mavrommatis ruling and the subsequent judgments referred to.
30. An analysis should have been made of the passage quoted in para-
graph 82 rather than a simple recollection of the finding of the Permanent

Court of International Justice. The overall procedural economy is justi-
fied by a number of points which are put forward:

— the condition that was missing, which concerned the incomplete
nature of the international obligation under Article 11 of the Man-
date for Palestine: it had been established but had not at that point
entered into force. On reading the Judgment, nothing suggests that
that obligation might have been of an irreversible nature;

— the discretionary or potestative nature of the Applicant’s initiative to
submit its Application again;
— insufficient grounds for dismissing the initial Application.

31. An analysis of the jurisprudence of the Mavrommatis case prompts
the following comments. First, the case was brought before the Perma-
nent Court of International Justice by way of a special agreement. Such a

consensual means of submitting a case presumes a lack of absolute
defects of a kind that would call into question the choice of court made
by common agreement. Second, the corrective initiative lay within the
powers of the Applicant. This aspect was repeated in the subsequent deci-
sions mentioned in the present Judgment. Thus in the Certain German

Interests in Polish Upper Silesia case (Jurisdiction, Judgment No. 6,
1925, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 6) , the Judgment talks of unilateral action
on the part of the applicant Party. Lastly, the defect marring the regu-
larity of the submission of the case to the Court lay within the exclusive
responsibility of the party concerned, that is, the Applicant.

32. A conclusion can be drawn: the conditions indicated by the Mav-

84 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS.OP .RANJEVA ) 493

rommatis Judgment do not exist in the present case. First, the question
does not concern the jurisdiction ratione personae of the Court, but an
issue preliminary to jurisdiction: the right or obligation to be able to be

brought before the Court as a respondent. This is a preliminary point of
law. Indeed, if the condition governing appearance before the Court is
not fulfilled, there is ultimately no dispute capable of judicial resolution.
Second, the defect noted when the Application was filed concerned the
status of the Respondent in the proceedings, a matter beyond the power

of the Applicant. Lastly, the initiative to fulfil the missing condition lies
outside the powers of the Applicant; control over that which is prelimi-
nary to the preliminary issue of jurisdiction comes under a different order
of authority, one which is beyond both the Court and the parties. For
these reasons, transposing the principles of the jurisprudence in the Mav-

rommatis case constitutes an error of fact and of law.
33. Finally, it is not without interest to recall the reasons of judicial
and jurisprudential policy underlying the Mavrommatis Judgment.
34. Particular attention must be paid to the limitation of the obliga-

tion of declaration to the Applicant. It is on the basis of the travaux
préparatoires of 1920 and the jurisprudence of the S.S. “Wimbledon”
case (Judgments, 1923, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 1) that we can envisage
the limitation of the provisions of the first paragraph to the Applicant,
without there being corresponding rules for the Respondent. How, in the

absence of a valid dispute settlement clause, can a State be brought
before the Court on the sole basis that the Applicant fulfils all the con-
ditions laid down by the Statute? The interpretation of the provisions of
Article 35 in terms of limiting the conditions of access to applicant States
parties flows from the overall structure of the Versailles Peace Treaties.

The travaux préparatoires amply demonstrated that paragraphs 1 and 2
viewed as a whole were aimed specifically at the former Central Powers,
the defeated States, which could not, particularly in 1919-1920, seek to
claim equal rights with the victors. To restate the remarks made by Sir
Cecil Hurst and the commentary by von Stauffenberg, as well as the

travaux préparatoires of the Statute, within the general context of the
1919 Peace Treaties, two considerations must be emphasized. First, there
was greater likelihood of the defeated States (Germany and the other
Central Powers) appearing before the Court as respondents. Second,

within the context of those treaties, it was difficult to confer upon the
defeated States a right to claim equal rights with the victors; so far as the
defeated States were concerned, it was not absurd to regard the Perma-
nent Court of International Justice as possessing something similar to
statutorily conferred jurisdiction within the system of the 1919 Peace

Treaties. In the context of the United Nations Charter, the fundamental
principle of the sovereign equality of States renders any departure from
such equality contrary to the principles of the new world order. One
might thus wonder if, from the perspective of a solution to a crisis falling
under Chapter VII of the Charter, Serbia has been treated as a defeated

State, comparable to Germany in 1919. The Court should have resolved

85 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS. OP. RANJEVA ) 494

this question of law. These considerations explain the limits of a very nar-

row interpretation of Article 35 with a view to its general application.
35. As far as the S.S. “Wimbledon” case is concerned, it will be
recalled that it was brought before the Permanent Court of International
Justice pursuant to Article 386 of the Treaty of Versailles. Germany,

which had yet to become a Member of the League of Nations at that
point, was the Respondent. A declaration was not considered necessary
for two reasons: (1) the special reservation in Article 35, paragraph 2,
specifically concerns the provisions of the Peace Treaty (see the drafting

history of the article); (2) the article only mentions applicant parties,
whereas Germany was the Respondent, a possibility which had not been
foreseen at Versailles.
36. The link between the Versailles Peace Treaties of 1919 and the

mechanism established by the provisions of Articles 34 and 35 of the
Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, carried over in
the Statute of the present Court, reveals the political dimension of the
project: the judicial rights of defeated States are not treated on a basis of

equality with those of other States.

(Signed) Raymond R ANJEVA .

86

Bilingual Content

482

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. LE JUGE RANJEVA

Juridiction arbitrale et juridiction judiciaire — Cour internationale de Justice
et fonction de catalyse du développement scientifique du droit international —
Autorité de la jurisprudence — Solution de continuité et succession d’Etats et
continuité de la solution juridictionnelle — Transposition de la solution Mavrom-
matis et revirement de la jurisprudence — Consentement juridictionnel et qua-
lité d’Etat défendeur — Irrégularité des conditions de dépôt de la requête
— Différence du traitement entre défendeur et demandeur — Article 35 du Sta-
tut: droit d’engager une action contentieuse — Article 34 du Statut: limitation
de l’accès aux seuls Etats et définition de la qualité ou condition juridique des
Etats dans l’instance: demandeur ou défendeur — Principe de l’égalité souve-

raine des Parties litigantes — Exclusion d’un traitement particulier du défen-
deur — Base consensuelle de la compétence — Différence avec le système de
juridiction d’attribution — Compétence ratione materiae — Autonomie des ins-
tances et de la stratégie d’argumentation — Déclaration de succession de la
RFY — Objection croate à la succession revendiquée — Distinction entre conti-
nuité des obligations conventionnelles et discontinuité de la personnalité juri-
dique RSFY/RFY — Portée de la distinction sur l’article IX — Liens systémiques
entre la convention de 1948 et le système des Nations Unies — Absence d’éta-
blissement par voie judiciaire du consentement juridictionnel de la Serbie — Cir-
constances historiques de la jurisprudence Mavrommatis — Particularités des
mécanismes des traités de paix de 1919 — Droit de sortie de crises politiques.

1. Rendre la justice sur la base du droit au sein d’une institution judi-
ciaire à vocation universelle est un exercice particulièrement difficile. La
lisibilité de la justice sur le cours du temps peut amener des surprises. Une
juridiction arbitrale, maître de sa décision, est responsable de son juge-
ment devant les parties qui ont consenti à sa compétence uniquement.

Une juridiction judiciaire, de son côté, relève d’une conception de poli-
tique juridique; elle est le conservateur du patrimoine que représente sa
jurisprudence, qui contribue à la sécurité juridique et à la lisibilité du
droit. Organe principal des Nations Unies, la Cour internationale de Jus-
tice jouit de l’autonomie fonctionnelle tout en participant aux objectifs de
l’Organisation, notamment avec la pratique de la présentation du Rap-

port annuel des activités de la Cour à l’Assemblée générale. Par ailleurs,
elle se voit reconnaître une mission particulière qu’on se plaît à lui recon-
naître: le catalyseur du développement scientifique du droit international.
Mais il est des cas où, pour des raisons scientifiques ou des raisons de
technique juridique ou judiciaire, une incohérence par rapport à une déci-

sion antérieure peut être décelée par les observateurs et commentateurs,
sans qu’on puisse réellement parler de revirement de jurisprudence.
Des raisons liées à divers facteurs, notamment le comportement des
parties (objet des demandes, stratégie d’argumentation ou de base

74 482

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE RANJEVA

[Translation]

Arbitral jurisdiction and judicial jurisdiction — The International Court of
Justice and its role as a catalyst for scientific development of international
law — Authority of jurisprudence — Solution of continuity and State succession
and continuity of the jurisdictional solution — Transposal of Mavrommatis
solution and reversal in case law — Consent to jurisdiction and status of the
Respondent — Non-fulfilment of conditions for filing Application — Difference
in treatment between Respondent and Applicant — Article 35 of the Statute:
right to institute contentious proceedings — Article 34 of the Statute: limitation
of access to States alone and definition of the legal status or position of States
in proceedings: Applicant or Respondent — Principle of sovereign equality of

parties to a dispute — No special treatment for Respondent — Consensual basis
of jurisdiction — Difference vis-à-vis system of statutorily conferred jurisdic-
tion — Jurisdiction ratione materiae — Argumentation strategies independent
of proceedings — Declaration of succession by FRY — Croatian objection to
claimed succession — Distinction between continuity of treaty obligations and
discontinuity of legal personality of SFRY/FRY — Effect of this distinction on
Article IX — Systemic links between 1948 Convention and United Nations sys-
tem — Legally established consent to jurisdiction by Serbia lacking — Histori-
cal circumstances of Mavrommatis case jurisprudence — Specifics of mecha-
nisms instituted by 1919 Peace Treaties — Law of resolving political crises.

1. Rendering justice under the law in a judicial institution having uni-
versal jurisdiction is a particularly difficult exercise. The consistency of
justice over the course of time can bring surprises. An arbitral court, un-
constrained in its decisions, is responsible for its judgment only to the
parties which have consented to its jurisdiction. A court of law, on the

other hand, acts within the context of a concept of legal policy; it has a
heritage to uphold embodied in its jurisprudence, which helps promote
legal certainty and the consistency of the law. As one of the principal
organs of the United Nations, the International Court of Justice enjoys
operational autonomy while sharing in the objectives of the Organiza-
tion, inter alia, through the practice of presenting an Annual Report on

the Court’s activities to the General Assembly. Moreover, the Court is
recognized as having a specific mission, and one which is willingly attrib-
uted to it: to be a catalyst for the scientific development of international
law. However, there are instances where, for scientific reasons or techni-
cal legal or judicial reasons, observers and commentators may note some

inconsistency vis-à-vis a previous decision without there actually having
been a reversal of any precedents. Reasons linked to various factors, par-
ticularly the conduct of the parties (subject-matter of claims, basic strat-
egy, argumentation strategy, etc.) in the corresponding proceedings, can

74483 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP.DISS. RANJEVA )

invoquée...) dans les instances respectives, peuvent amener à concevoir
des solutions différentes. Tel est le cas dans la présente affaire relative à
l’Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime

de génocide (Croatie c. Serbie) , par rapport à l’affaire relative à l’Appli-
cation de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de
génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Serbie-et-Monténégro) (arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2007 (I), p. 43): une transposition de la solution retenue en
l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention pour la prévention et la

répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Serbie-et-
Monténégro) (ibid., ci-après «BHY») est impossible sur le plan juridique,
car elle remet en cause l’économie fondamentale de la base de la compé-
tence de la Cour internationale de Justice: le consentement.

* * *

2. En ce qui concerne la première exception préliminaire relative à la
compétence de la Cour, pour statuer sur la demande de la Croatie, je suis

au regret de ne pas pouvoir accepter la décision de la majorité. Je tiens
toutefois à souligner que je n’estime pas pour autant que la Serbie soit
fondée à ne pas répondre en droit international des violations de la
convention sur la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide, pour
autant qu’elles aient été établies. Mais la saisine de la Cour dans laquelle la

Croatie s’est engagée n’était pas appropriée.
3. La Cour a consacré la solution de continuité, s’agissant du statut
juridique international de la Serbie, par rapport à la République fédéra-
tive socialiste de Yougoslavie (RFSY), pour accepter la continuité de la
solution jurisprudentielle BHY. En se fondant sur le principe de la suc-

cession d’Etats intervenue pour justifier la continuité du lien convention-
nel, par rapport à la convention de 1948, la Cour a accepté la solution de
continuité ou la rupture de personnalité entre la RFSY et la Serbie. Le
choix méconnaît toutefois la solution BHY, fondée au contraire sur la
continuité de personnalité juridique entre la RFSY et la Serbie. Cette

contradiction a amené la majorité à invoquer, à tort, la jurisprudence
Mavrommatis (arrêt n° 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A n° 2) et, partant, à
méconnaître la règle d’airain qu’est la base consensuelle de compétence
de la Cour.

4. Le présent arrêt fera l’objet des commentaires les plus variés: il
représente un revirement de jurisprudence sur les conditions d’accès à la
Cour. Ainsi que l’arrêt le rappelle, c’est à la date du dépôt de la requête
que la compétence juridictionnelle de la Cour est appréciée; à cette date
critique, toutes les conditions requises pour l’exercice de la compétence

doivent être satisfaites sous tous les aspects. Le présent arrêt, en se
référant à la jurisprudence Mavrommatis, apporte, au nom d’une
bonne administration de la justice, une remise en cause de cette norme
bien établie. En d’autres termes, le non-respect de toutes les conditions
de la compétence n’entraîne plus inéluctablement l’incompétence de la

Cour. Ce cas de figure n’est pas inédit avec le forum prorogatum, qui

75 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS. OP. RANJEVA ) 483

lead to different solutions being devised. Such is the situation in the
present case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) vis-à-vis

the case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia
and Montenegro) (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I) , p. 43): transpos-
ing the solution chosen in the case concerning Application of the Conven-
tion on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia

and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) (ibid., hereinafter BHY)s i
impossible from the legal standpoint because it challenges the whole
underlying logic of the basis of the jurisdiction of the International Court of
Justice: consent.

* * *

2. As far as the first preliminary objection relating to the Court’s juris-
diction to adjudicate Croatia’s claim is concerned, I regretfully cannot

accept the decision of the majority. I must emphasize, however, that this
does not mean that I believe that Serbia has any ground not to answer
for violations of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide under international law, in so far as such viola-
tions may be established. It is that the submission of the case to the Court

by Croatia was inappropriate.
3. So far as the international legal status of Serbia in relation to the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) is concerned, the Court
has adopted the solution of continuity in order to accept the continuity of
the Court’s solution in the BHY case. By basing itself upon the principle

of State succession in order to justify the continuity of the treaty obliga-
tion under the 1948 Convention, the Court has accepted the solution of
continuity, which means a break in the continuity of the legal personality
from the SFRY to Serbia. That choice, however, ignores the solution in
the BHY case, which, on the contrary, was based on the continuity of the

legal personality from the SFRY to Serbia. This contradiction prompted
the majority to rely, in error, on the jurisprudence of the Mavrommatis
case (Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2) , and thus ignore
the golden rule that the jurisprudence of the Court is based on consent.

4. The present Judgment will elicit a wide range of comments: it con-
stitutes a reversal of case law regarding conditions of access to the Court.
Thus, as the Judgment recalls, it is at the date when an application is filed
that the jurisdictional capacity of the Court is assessed; at that critical
date, all the conditions necessary for the exercise of its jurisdiction must

be fulfilled in all respects. For the sake of the sound administration of
justice, the present Judgment, in referring to the jurisprudence of the
Mavrommatis case calls that firmly established rule into question. In
other words, failure to fulfil all the conditions of jurisdiction no longer
leads inevitably to the Court’s lack of jurisdiction. Such situations are not

unknown underforum prorogatum whereby a State accepts jurisdiction

75484 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE OP .DISS. RANJEVA )

est le fait qu’un Etat accepte la compétence juridictionnelle postérieure-
ment à la saisine de la Cour; le défaut de consentement représente un
vice dont la purge relève de l’initiative potestative, c’est-à-dire discré-

tionnaire, de l’Etat défendeur. Les considérations liées à une bonne
administration de la justice (manifestation explicite du consentement
juridictionnel de la partie initialement défaillante et de l’économie pro-
cédurale) expliquant la solution ouverte retenue dans la jurisprudence
du forum prorogatum.

5. Mais, en l’espèce, les problèmes se posent en des termes totalement
différents car la carence affecte non pas le consentement qui peut faire
l’objet d’une confirmation de manière potestative, mais la qualité même
d’un Etat (en l’occurrence la Serbie), non pas pour accéder comme
demandeur mais à être attrait devant la Cour comme défendeur. A deux

reprises, la Cour a refusé à la République fédérale de Serbie-et-Monténégro
(la Yougoslavie) le droit d’être partie à un différend devant la Cour
(cf. affaires de la Licéité de l’emploi de la force en 2004 (C.I.J.
Recueil 2004 (I, II, III) , p. 279-1450) et affaire de la Demande en revision

de l’arrêt du 11 juillet 1996 (C.I.J. Recueil 2003, p. 7)). L’admission à
l’Organisation des Nations Unies n’avait pas une portée rétroactive; elle
ne pouvait pas rectifier le statut sui generis consécutif à la dissolution de
la République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslavie (RFSY) et antérieur à
l’admission en 2000 en tant qu’Etat nouveau. En plus du révisionnisme

judiciaire sur les relations entre la qualité d’Etat partie au Statut de la
Cour internationale de Justice et l’appartenance à l’Organisation des
Nations Unies, le présent arrêt remet en cause les conditions mêmes de
l’exercice de sa compétence par la Cour.
6. Bien qu’il ne faille pas parler stricto sensu de res judicata, le présent

arrêt privilégie la continuité de la jurisprudence de l’affaire relative à
l’Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime
de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Serbie-et-Monténégro) , qui dispose
d’un corpus élaboré, tant sur le plan procédural que sur celui du fond du
droit, pour répudier la solution retenue dans la Demande en revision de

l’arrêt du 11 juillet 1996, exceptions préliminaires, en 2003 et les affaires
relatives à la Licéité de l’emploi de la force en 2004. Il en résulte un
manque de lisibilité ou de clarté et de cohérence de l’Œuvre de la Cour
ainsi qu’une méprise sur l’intelligence afférant à la nature de la fonction

juridictionnelle dans le système des Nations Unies. Aussi suis-je au regret
de manifester mon désaccord vis-à-vis de la décision de la majorité en
l’espèce.
7. S’agissant des faits et du comportement des acteurs juridiques dans
la présente instance, l’arrêt aurait dû insister sur les aspects particuliers

qui différencient la présente affaire de l’affaire relative à l’Application de
la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Serbie-et-Monténégro) . En premier lieu, avant
son admission aux Nations Unies, la République fédérale de Yougoslavie
revendiquait, de manière non équivoque, sa continuité avec la RFSY,

alors qu’elle oppose maintenant à la compétence de la Cour l’absence

76 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS. OP. RANJEVA ) 484

after an application has been submitted to the Court; the absence of consent
constitutes a defect which can be overcome by potestative initiative,
that is to say, at the discretion of the respondent State. Considerations

concerning the sound administration of justice (explicit indication of con-
sent to jurisdiction by the party which had not initially indicated such consent
and procedural efficiency) explain why this open solution has been
upheld in forum prorogatum case law.

5. However, in the present instance, the circumstances are entirely dif-
ferent, since what is missing is not the consent which can be confirmed in
a potestative manner, but the capacity itself of the State (that of Serbia in
this instance), not to access the Court as an applicant, but to be brought
before it as a respondent. On two occasions, the Court has refused to

grant the Federal Republic of Serbia and Montenegro (Yugoslavia) the
right to be a party to a dispute before the Court (see the cases concerning
Legality of Use of Force in 2004 (I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I, II, III) ,
pp. 279-1450) and the case concerningApplication for Revision of the Judg-

ment of 11 July 1996 (I.C.J. Reports 2003, p. 7)). Its admission to the
United Nations did not have a retroactive effect; it could not rectify its
sui generis status following the break-up of the Socialist Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) and prior to its admission in 2000 as a new
State. In addition to judicial revisionism on the link between the status of

State party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice and mem-
bership of the United Nations, the present Judgment calls into question
the very conditions in which the Court exercises its jurisdiction.

6. Although strictly speaking we cannot talk about res judicata, the

present Judgment favours the continuity of the jurisprudence of the
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro)
case, which is supported by an extensive body of decisions on both pro-
cedural issues and the legal merits, in order to dismiss the solution

adopted in the Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996,
Preliminary Objections case in 2003 and the Legality of Use of Force
cases in 2004. As a result, there is a lack of consistency and clarity in the
work of the Court and a misunderstanding of the nature of the jurisdic-

tional function within the United Nations system. I must therefore regret-
fully express my dissent from the decision of the majority in the present
case.
7. As far as the facts and the conduct of the legal actors in the present
proceedings are concerned, the Judgment should have emphasized the

specific elements which differentiate the present case from the case con-
cerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish-
ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and
Montenegro). First, prior to its admission to the United Nations, the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia claimed unequivocally its continuity

from the SFRY, whereas it now objects to the Court’s jurisdiction on the

76485 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP. DISS.RANJEVA )

d’effet rétroactif à son admission comme Etat nouveau. Hors toute consi-
dération d’éthique ou de morale, dans le cas de deux affaires différentes,
y a-t-il, en droit pour un même Etat, une obligation de cohérence et de

fidélité à une thèse? En deuxième lieu, à la différence de l’affaire relative
à’l Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du
crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie) (exceptions pré-
liminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II) , p. 595) (ci-après l’affaire de
«Bosnie»), la Cour ne pouvait pas ignorer ou mettre de côté la protesta-

tion de la Croatie de 1994, par laquelle elle contestait la continuité reven-
diquée par la République fédérale de Yougoslavie. En effet, dans la lettre
datée du 16 février 1994, adressée au Secrétaire général par le représen-
tant permanent, la Croatie

«s’élève énergiquement contre le fait que la République fédérative

de Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro) prétend assurer la continuité
de l’Etat et de la personnalité juridique et politique internationale
de l’ex-République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslavie.
.............................

[S]i la République fédérative de Yougoslavie ... notifiait son inten-
tion, en ce qui concerne son territoire, d’être considérée partie, en
vertu de sa succession à la République fédérative socialiste de You-

goslavie, aux traités conclus par l’Etat prédécesseur à compter du
27 avril..., en sa qualité de nouvel Etat..., la République de Croatie
honorerait pleinement cette notification de succession.» (Doc. S/1994/
198 du 19 février 1994.)

En 1996, dans l’affaire de Bosnie, la République fédérale de Yougoslavie

n’avait pas opposé comme exception préliminaire le statut d’Etat Membre
sui generis qui lui était attribué. En dernier lieu, le lien entre la qualité
de Membre de l’Organisation des Nations Unies ou d’Etat partie au
Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice et l’accès à la Cour en qualité
de défendeur relève-t-il de l’aménagement d’une bonne administration de

la Justice?
8. Les décisions rendues en 2003 et 2004 par la Cour dans les affaires de
la Licéité de l’emploi de la force et de la Demande en revision de l’arrêt du
11 juillet 1996 représentent l’expression du dernier état du droit, s’agis-

sant des rapports entre la qualité d’Etat Membre de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies et l’accès à la Cour à l’occasion d’un contentieux. Elles
n’ont pas fait l’objet d’une remise en cause directe ou indirecte dans le
dernier arrêt datant de 2007, alors que la conclusion finale relative à
l’incompétence de la Cour avait été acquise à l’unanimité des membres,

mais la différence des vues des membres de la Cour portait en revanche
sur le terrain sur lequel la Cour statuait: une question plus d’opportunité
que de légalité. A la différence des juridictions arbitrales ad hoc et pour
la sécurité des rapports de droit entre Etats, la fidélité de la Cour à sa
propre jurisprudence est considérée comme impérative. La question dans

la présente instance porte sur le problème de la distinction à établir entre

77 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS.OP .RANJEVA ) 485

ground that its admission as a new State had no retroactive effect. Leav-
ing aside any ethical or moral considerations, where two separate cases
are concerned, is there any obligation in law for a State to be consistent

in or faithful to its arguments? Second, unlike Application of the Conven-
tion on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia
and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia) (Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II) , p. 595) (hereinafter the Bosnia case), the Court
could not overlook or set aside the protest by Croatia in 1994 whereby it

challenged the claims to continuity made by the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia. Indeed, in a letter dated 16 February 1994 addressed to the
Secretary-General by its Permanent Representative, Croatia stated that
it:

“strongly objects to the pretention of the Federal Republic of Yugo-

slavia (Serbia and Montenegro) to continue the state, international,
legal and political personality of the former Socialist Federal Repub-
lic of Yugoslavia.
.............................

[I]f the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . . . expressed its intention
to be considered, in respect of its territory, a party, by virtue of suc-
cession to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, to treaties of

the predecessor State, with effect from 27 April, . . . as a new
State, . . . the Republic of Croatia would fully respect that notifica-
tion of succession.” (Doc. S/1994/198, 19 February 1994.)

In 1996, in the Bosnia case, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia did not

raise as a preliminary objection the issue of the sui generis Member State
status that had been attributed to it. Lastly, does the link between its
status as a Member of the United Nations or as a State party to the Stat-
ute of the International Court of Justice and its access to the Court as a
respondent correspond to the pursuit of the sound administration of jus-

tice?
8. The Court’s decisions of 2003 and 2004 in the Legality of Use of
Force and Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 cases
constitute the expression of the most recent state of the law concerning the

relationship between the status of Member State of the United Nations
and access to the Court in the event of a dispute. They were not called
into question directly or indirectly by the latest judgment dating from
2007, when the final finding regarding the Court’s lack of jurisdiction was
supported unanimously by the Members of the Court; but the difference

in their views, on the other hand, had to do with the area on which the
Court’s decision was made: a question more of appropriateness than of
legality. Unlike ad hoc arbitral courts, it is considered imperative for the
Court to abide by its own case law to assure certainty in legal relation-
ships between States. The issue in the present proceedings concerns the

distinction to be drawn between access as an applicant, which has been

77486 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP. DISS.RANJEVA )

l’accès comme demandeur ayant fait l’objet des décisions antérieures et
l’attrait comme défendeur, qui n’a pas fait l’objet de décision antérieure.
9. Le problème réside d’abord dans la différence du traitement que la

présente décision réserve au défendeur par rapport au demandeur. Un
Etat peut être attrait devant la Cour nonobstant le non-respect intégral
des conditions requises pour le locus standi à la date critique du dépôt de
la requête. Cette différence de traitement affecte le principe de l’égalité
des parties s’agissant des règles de procédure et de l’identité des règles de

fond. Sur le terrain de l’égalité des parties vis-à-vis des règles de procé-
dure, les parties ont droit à être jugées dans les mêmes conditions: c’est-
à-dire qu’elles doivent satisfaire aux mêmes conditions pour accéder au
prétoire (ici: être défendeur) et se soumettre aux mêmes règles procédu-
rales, indépendamment de leur qualité de demandeur ou de défendeur.

S’agissant de l’égalité de l’identité de la règle de fond de la procédure, la
question est de savoir si, au regard du droit des Etats devant la Cour
internationale de Justice, le fait de refuser d’être attrait comme défendeur
à la suite d’une requête unilatérale représente une iniquité.

10. A l’examen, la différence de traitement entre le demandeur et le
défendeur pourrait manquer de base directe, en ce sens qu’il s’agit d’un
principe général de droit procédural. Il est difficile de ne pas rattacher le
principe de l’égalité des droits et des conditions du demandeur et du

défendeur aux dispositions de l’article 34 du Statut de la Cour, dont la
rédaction doit être envisagée de manière comparative avec celle de l’ar-
ticle 35 lui-même. L’article 34 dispose que «Seuls les Etats ont qualité pour
se présenter devant la Cour». Les dispositions rappelées des articles 35
et 34, dans la version française qui est le texte original, ainsi que l’a relevé

l’arrêt dans l’affaire LaGrand («On pourrait cependant faire valoir,
compte tenu du fait que la version française a été en 1920 la version
originelle...» (C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 502, par. 100)), font la distinction
entre «La Cour est ouverte aux Etats parties au présent Statut» (art. 35)
et «Seuls les Etats ont qualité pour se présenter devant la Cour» (art. 34).

La différence entre l’ouverture de la Cour et le droit de se présenter tient
au fait que la première vise l’autorisation ou la faculté de saisir la Cour
ou d’engager une action contentieuse, tandis que le second concerne la
condition ou le titre sous lequel un Etat figure dans une instance conten-

tieuse. L’article 35 ne traite que de l’accès d’un Etat au prétoire de la
Cour: c’est-à-dire de la qualité pour saisir la juridiction et pour agir dans
une instance déterminée. L’Etat qui se présente en tant que demandeur
doit établir qu’il a, vis-à-vis du défendeur, un droit au regard de la
demande. L’article 34, de son côté, vise deux questions: en premier lieu,

la limitation de l’accès à la Cour aux Etats et l’exclusion des sujets
de droit international autres que les Etats du prétoire; en second lieu,
avec l’usage du mot qualité, le Statut envisage le titre ou la fonction qui
caractérise le sujet de droit qui accède à la Cour, c’est-à-dire la condition
juridique des Etats dans l’instance: être demandeur ou défendeur, selon le

cas. L’interprétation combinée de ces deux objets amène au respect du

78 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS.OP .RANJEVA ) 486

the subject of past decisions, and the bringing of a respondent before the
Court, on which no previous decisions have been rendered.
9. The first aspect of this problem lies in the difference in treatment

which the present decision attributes to the Respondent vis-à-vis the
Applicant. A State may be brought before the Court, notwithstanding a
complete failure to fulfil the conditions for locus standi at the critical date
when the Application was filed. This difference in treatment affects the
principle of equality of the parties in regard to the rules of procedure and

the application of identical basic rules. As for the equality of the parties
in regard to the rules of procedure, they have the right to be judged in the
same conditions: that is to say, that they must fulfil the same conditions
of access to the Court (in this case, to be the Respondent) and must com-
ply with the same rules of procedure, irrespective of their status as appli-

cant or respondent. As far as equality in the application of identical basic
rules for the proceedings is concerned, the question is whether, under the
law respecting States before the International Court of Justice, the act of
refusing to be called as respondent following a unilateral application con-

stitutes an injustice.
10. On closer examination, the difference in treatment between the
applicant and the respondent may lack any direct basis, inasmuch as it
concerns a general principle of procedural law. It is difficult not to link
the principle of the equality of rights and conditions of the applicant and

the respondent to the provisions of Article 34 of the Statute of the Court,
the terms of which must be considered in comparison with those of Arti-
cle 35. Article 34 stipulates, “Only States may be parties in cases before
the Court.” The provisions recalled in Articles 35 and 34 in the French
version of the Statute — which is the original text, as was noted in the

Judgment in the LaGrand case (“It might however be argued, having
regard to the fact that in 1920 the French text was the original version . . .”
(I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 502, para. 100)) — make a distinction between
“La Cour est ouverte aux Etats parties au présent Statut” (“The Court
shall be open to the States parties to the present Statute”) (Article 35)

and “Seuls les Etats ont qualité pour se présenter devant la Cour” (“Only
States may be parties in cases before the Court”) (Article 34). The differ-
ence between the Court being open and the right to be a party lies in the
fact that the first provision concerns the authorization or faculty to bring

a case before the Court or to initiate contentious proceedings, whereas
the second concerns the condition or capacity in which a State may be
involved in contentious proceedings. Article 35 only addresses the issue
of the access of a State to the forum of the Court: that is its capacity to
bring a case and act within specific proceedings. A State which comes

before the Court as an applicant must establish that it has a right, vis-à-
vis the respondent, with respect to its claim. Article 34, for its part,
addresses two issues: first, limiting access to the Court to States and
excluding other rights holders under international law which are not
States and, second, by use of the word “qualité” the Statute considers the

capacity or function of the rights holder accessing the Court: that is, the

78487 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP. DISS.RANJEVA )

principe de l’égalité souveraine des Etats et à la différenciation de la
condition juridique, selon la qualité dont chaque partie se pare dans l’ins-
tance: défendeur ou demandeur, titre qui confère le droit de participer à

la procédure. La conséquence inéluctable est, d’une part, l’égalité de
condition quant à l’accès et, d’autre part, l’exclusion d’un traitement par-
ticulier différend au détriment du défendeur.

11. L’absence de dispositions spécifiques relatives au défendeur qui
serait le pendant de l’article 35 s’explique en raison du caractère consen-
suel de la base de compétence de la Cour. Dans un système de juridiction
d’attribution, la justice doit être assurée de façon que chaque justi-

ciable puisse trouver un juge pour résoudre les différends juridiques; le
statut et le régime de l’organisation judiciaire aménagent l’exercice du
droit à la justice. Le juge compétent est saisi du désaccord à l’initiative du
requérant qui impose un procès à son adversaire; les liens de droit entre

les deux parties ne peuvent alors se situer dans un cadre contractuel ou
consensuel. En d’autres termes, dans le cadre de relations légales au sein
desquelles les pouvoirs et les devoirs des participants sont définis à l’ins-
tance, un sujet est tenu de se présenter devant le juge sans que son
consentement préalable soit nécessaire.

12. Dans le système à base consensuelle de compétence, qui est celui de
l’article 36 du Statut, au contraire, un Etat a le droit de refuser d’être
attrait devant la Cour internationale de Justice sans son consentement.
Ce principe justifie la place des exceptions d’incompétence et de receva-

bilité dans la conduite de l’instance. Sur le droit de la procédure au fond,
ce principe explique l’absence de dispositions sur l’abus de procédure ou
les procédures téméraires. Dans cet ordre d’idées s’inscrit l’absence de dis-
positions pendantes à l’article 35 du Statut s’agissant du défendeur. Une
fois les conditions identiques à celles requises du demandeur satisfaites, il

revient aux participants d’établir le consentement juridictionnel, notam-
ment celui du défendeur. En raison de l’importance du consentement du
défendeur pour que le lien se noue entre les parties litigantes, l’article 34
et, en particulier, son premier paragraphe sont rattachés au problème de

la compétence ratione personae ; on peut constater que les travaux pré-
paratoires du Comité consultatif des juristes confirment cette interpréta-
tion (cf. B. Schenk von Stauffenberg, Statut et Règlement de la Cour
permanente de Justice internationale: éléments d’interprétation , Carl Hey-
manns Verlag, Berlin, 1934, p. 217 et suiv.).

13. Malgré ces considérations, l’arrêt a préféré interpréter le silence
des décisions antérieures dans un sens bien déterminé: sauvegarder et jus-
tifier la jurisprudence de l’arrêt dans l’affaire de 2007 face aux critiques.
L’arrêt se livre en effet à une justification de la jurisprudence de 2007
dans un cadre surréaliste: défendre l’invraisemblable contre la réalité des

faits. Ainsi que les juges présents lors de l’arrêt de 1996 et siégeant en

79 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS.OP .RANJEVA ) 487

legal condition of States in proceedings as applicant or respondent as the
case may be. The combined interpretation of these two points leads to
compliance with the principle of the sovereign equality of States and a

differentiation of their legal circumstances depending on the capacity in
which they appear in the case, as respondent or applicant, such being the
function that entitles them to take part in the proceedings. The inescap-
able consequences of this are, first, equality of standing in respect of
access and, second, exclusion of any specific, different treatment that

would place the respondent at a disadvantage.
11. The lack of any specific provisions concerning the respondent,
which would be the counterpart of Article 35, can be explained by the
consensual nature of the basis of the Court’s jurisdiction. In a system of
statutorily conferred jurisdiction, justice must be conducted in such a

way that all potential litigants can find a court to resolve their dispute;
the statutes and functioning of the court régime provide for the right to
justice to be exercised. The dispute is put before the court with jurisdic-
tion at the applicant’s initiative, thereby making it necessary for his

adversary to take part in proceedings; the legal bonds between the two
parties cannot then be set within a contractual or consensual framework.
In other words, in the framework of legal relationships within which the
powers and obligations of the parties to the case are defined, one of the
parties is obliged to appear before the court without any requirement for

his prior consent.
12. On the other hand, in a system based on consent to jurisdiction,
such as that established under Article 36 of the Statute, a State is entitled
to refuse to be brought before the International Court of Justice without
its consent. This principle accounts for the importance of objections

regarding jurisdiction and admissibility in the conduct of proceedings. As
far as the law of procedure on merits is concerned, this principle explains
the lack of provisions on abuse of process and frivolity. Similarly, this is
why there is no counterpart to Article 35 of the Statute concerning the
respondent. Once the same conditions as those required of the applicant

have been fulfilled, it is for the participants to establish consent to juris-
diction, in particular the consent of the respondent. In view of the impor-
tance of the respondent’s consent for the connection between the parties
in dispute to be established, Article 34 and, in particular, its first para-

graph are linked to the issue of jurisdiction ratione personae, an interpre-
tation which we can note is borne out by the travaux préparatoires of the
Advisory Committee of Jurists (see B. Schenk von Stauffenberg, Statut et
Règlement de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale: éléments
d’interprétation, Carl Heymanns Verlag, Berlin, 1934, pp. 217 et seq.).

13. Despite these considerations, the Judgment has chosen to interpret
the silence of previous decisions in a very specific way: to safeguard and
justify the case law of the Judgment of the 2007 case against critics.
Indeed the Judgment engages in a justification of the 2007 case law in a
surreal context: defending the implausible from the real facts. As the

judges present at the time of the 1996 Judgment and still sitting in 2007

79488 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP. DISS.RANJEVA )

2007 l’ont attesté dans leur opinion conjointe, on ne peut supputer quoi
que ce soit du silence de l’arrêt de 1996 sur la qualité à se présenter
devant la Cour. L’inconfort atteint son sommet quand, faute d’argu-

ments objectifs, l’arrêt utilise comme ultime recours un argument d’auto-
rité en justifiant la possibilité pour la Cour de s’abstenir de toute explica-
tion sur un point qui peut être soulevé d’office, même si celui-ci met en
cause l’ordre public de la procédure contentieuse devant la Cour, car il
est préalable même aux procédures préliminaires! Un débat hors sujet, et

en tout cas non concluant, sur la question débattue au cours de la pré-
sente instance.
14. On doit se demander si l’arrêt n’a pas dans la présente affaire
abouti aux mêmes conclusions que les tribunaux arbitraux du Centre
international de règlement des différends relatifs à l’investissement

(CIRDI) dans les affaires Southern Pacific Properties (Middle East)
c. République arabe d’Egypte (1985) et Asian Agricultural Products
Limited (AAP) c. Sri Lanka (1990). La juridiction arbitrale s’est référée
à la condition liée au consentement des deux parties pour la saisine du

CIRDI et a interprété de manière extensive l’expression de l’acceptation
du mode CIRDI de règlement des différends. La juridiction arbitrale
pouvait ne pas faire preuve de rigueur excessive car il y avait, à la base,
un commencement de manifestation du consentement; on n’a pas à faire,
alors, à une simple conclusion logique judiciaire.

15. Le caractère consensuel de la base de compétence signifie que la
compétence doit toujours être discutée et établie selon un processus judi-
ciaire. Elle ne peut être uniquement scientifique, c’est-à-dire justifiée par
des considérations logiques. C’est un principe de prudence. Il ne faut
l’établir en faisant dire plus que les éléments de fait et de droit pertinent

signifient.
16. Pour ces raisons, c’est à tort que l’arrêt a traité différemment les
conditions d’un Etat à être partie devant la Cour, selon la qualité de
demandeur ou de défendeur.

* * *

17. La compétence ratione materiae pose le problème de l’historique

du statut de la République fédérale de Yougoslavie vis-à-vis de l’Organi-
sation des Nations Unies et de ses conséquences sur le caractère sui gene-
ris de la République fédérale de Yougoslavie et sur le statut de la Serbie
vis-à-vis de l’article IX de la convention sur le génocide. Dans les circon-
stances de la présente affaire, contrairement à la solution retenue dans

l’affaire de Bosnie, la démarche de l’arrêt est critiquable car elle manque
de base pour être crédible.
18. A juste titre, l’arrêt a tenu à assurer la cohérence de sa jurispru-
dence en transposant la solution de la jurisprudence au fond de l’affaire
de Bosnie de manière verticale. Mais, en évitant d’examiner avec soin les

aspects particuliers ou spécifiques de la présente affaire, l’arrêt a manqué

80 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS.OP. RANJEVA ) 488

stated in their joint opinion, nothing can be deduced from the silence of
the 1996 Judgment on capacity to appear before the Court. The unease is
further heightened when, for lack of objective arguments, the Judgment

turns as a last resort to an ipse dixit justifying the possibility for the
Court to refrain from furnishing any explanation on a point which can be
raised ex officio, even if that point calls into question the very foundation
of contentious proceedings before the Court since it is preliminary to
even the preliminary proceedings! This was an irrelevant and, in any

event, inconclusive debate on the issue addressed in the course of the
present case.
14. One must wonder if the Judgment in the present case has not
arrived at the same conclusions as the arbitral tribunals of the Interna-
tional Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) in the

Southern Pacific Properties (Middle East) Limited v. Arab Republic of
Egypt (1985) and Asian Agricultural Products Limited (AAP) v. Sri
Lanka (1990) cases. The arbitral tribunals referred to the condition
linked to the consent of the two parties for putting the dispute before the

ICSID and interpreted their acceptance of ICSID dispute settlement
methods in broad terms. The arbitral tribunals did not have to be overly
strict because there was evidence of an incipient indication of consent;
one cannot then talk of a simple logical legal conclusion.

15. The consensual nature of the basis of jurisdiction means that juris-
diction must always be debated and established by means of a judicial
procedure. It cannot be solely “scientific”, that is, justified by logical con-
siderations. This is a precautionary principle. Jurisdiction must not be
established by attributing a greater meaning to the relevant elements of

fact and law than they possess.
16. For these reasons, the Judgment is mistaken in the difference in
treatment it attributes to the conditions for a State to be a party before
the Court depending on whether that State is the applicant or the respon-
dent.

* * *

17. The jurisdiction ratione materiae raises the issue of the history of

the status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia vis-à-vis the United
Nations and the consequences thereof on the sui generis position of the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and on the status of Serbia with respect
to Article IX of the Genocide Convention. In the circumstances of the
present case, unlike the solution chosen in the Bosnia case, the Judg-

ment’s approach is open to criticism because it lacks a basis in order to
be credible.
18. Quite properly, the Judgment has sought to ensure consistency by
transposing vertically the solution from the precedent of the Bosnia pro-
ceedings on the merits. However, by avoiding a careful examination of

the particular or specific aspects of the present case, the Judgment is

80489 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP. DISS.RANJEVA )

de rigueur, tant est vraie l’affirmation selon laquelle toute affaire est unique
en fait et en droit.
19. A une question préalable, l’arrêt n’apporte pas de réponse. Un

défendeur dans une instance antérieure peut-il soutenir une argumenta-
tion nouvelle et contraire à celle qu’il a exposée auparavant? L’examen
de la présente affaire établit que le différend porte sur le même droit: la
violation de la convention sur le génocide; et, relativement à des faits
similaires, les séquelles de la dissolution de la RFSY. S’agissant de la

cause de l’instance, les revendications du demandeur tendent aux mêmes
fins que celles soumises dans l’affaire de Bosnie. Le différend consécutif
à la dissolution de la RFSY s’est nourri de lui-même. Dans les circon-
stances de l’espèce, la jonction d’instance, aux termes des dispositions
de l’article 47 du Règlement, aurait pu faire l’objet d’une démarche de la

part de la Cour car, même en l’absence du consentement des Parties, elle
n’est pas inconcevable. Au moment du dépôt de la requête croate, l’affaire
de Bosnie était encore pendante et la Cour n’aurait pas eu à rendre des
arrêts quasi identiques, alors que le cadre est ici compliqué. Le mode de

traitement distinct et autonome des affaires relatives à l’Application de la
convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-
Herzégovine c. Serbie-et-Monténégro) e tà’l Application de la conven-
tion pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Croatie
c. Serbie), ainsi que l’absence d’une décision de jonction d’instance, lais-

sent aux parties dans la seconde affaire la maîtrise de leur stratégie
d’argumentation relative à leur propre statut. De son côté, la Cour
ne peut se prévaloir de la décision dans l’affaire relative à l’Application
de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Bosnie-Herzégovine c. Serbie-et-Monténégro) pour statuer dans l’affaire

relative à l’Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression
du crime de génocide (Croatie c. Serbie) sur les droits des parties qui
peuvent former leur propre demande et soutenir leurs propres moyens
de fait et de droit. Elle doit en particulier motiver ses conclusions de ma-
nière substantielle sur les moyens spécifiques développés dans la présente

instance.
20. Trois actes jalonnant l’évolution de la compréhension du statut
juridique de la Serbie après 1992 auraient dû donner lieu à un examen
plus approfondi: en premier lieu, la déclaration de continuité effectuée

par la République fédérale de Yougoslavie; en deuxième lieu, l’objection
croate de 1994 à la continuité revendiquée par la République fédérale de
Yougoslavie; et enfin l’admission de la République fédérale de Yougo-
slavie à l’Organisation des Nations Unies comme Etat nouveau après la
suspension de sa participation à l’Assemblée générale de l’Organisation

des Nations Unies. L’application simultanée de ces trois actes a amené la
Cour à parler, depuis 1992, de situation sui generis, plus par commodité
de langage que par référence à une catégorie juridique préétablie. Aussi y
a-t-il lieu de compléter l’analyse de l’arrêt, quitte à aboutir à des conclu-
sions différentes.

21. La déclaration de continuation effectuée par la République fédé-

81 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION DISS. OP.RANJEVA ) 489

lacking in rigour, given the axiom that each case is unique in facts and in
law.
19. To one preliminary question the Judgment brings no answer. Can

a party which has been a respondent in previous proceedings submit new
arguments contrary to those it has put forward in the past? Examination
of the present case reveals that the dispute concerns the same question of
law: violation of the Genocide Convention. It also relates to similar
facts: the after-effects of the break-up of the SFRY. As for what is at

issue in the case, the Applicant’s claims seek the same redress as those
submitted in the Bosnia case. The dispute following the break-up of the
SFRY fed upon itself. In the circumstances of the present case, a joinder
of the proceedings under the terms of Article 47 of the Rules of Court
might have been an option for the Court, since it is not inconceivable

even without the consent of the parties. When the Croatian Application
was filed the Bosnia case was still pending and the Court would not have
been obliged to deliver largely identical judgments, when the context in
this instance is complex. The distinct and independent approaches to the

cases concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia
and Montenegro) and Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), along with
the lack of a decision to join the proceedings, give the Parties to the sec-

ond case full control over their strategies of argumentation regarding
their own status. For its part, the Court can draw no advantage from the
decision in the case concerning Application of the Convention on the Pre-
vention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herze-
govina v. Serbia and Montenegro) in adjudicating the case concerning

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) as to the rights of the Parties
which can submit their own claims and support their own arguments of
fact and law. The Court must, in particular, provide substantive reasons
for its findings on the specific arguments advanced in the present case.

20. Three acts punctuating the evolving understanding of the legal
status of Serbia from 1992 should have given rise to a more detailed
examination: first, the declaration of continuity made by the Federal

Republic of Yugoslavia; second, the Croat objection in 1994 to the
continuity claimed by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; and finally,
the admission of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to the United
Nations as a new Member State after the suspension of its participation
in the United Nations General Assembly. The combined effect of those

three acts has prompted the Court, since 1992, to talk of a sui generis
situation, more out of linguistic convenience than by reference to a pre-
established legal category. Consequently, there is reason to supplement
the Judgment’s analysis, even if it means arriving at different con-
clusions.

21. The declaration of continuity made by the Federal Republic of

81490 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP. DISS.RANJEVA )

rale de Yougoslavie représente en réalité une notification de succession et
s’inscrit dans le cadre des stipulations de la convention sur la succession
d’Etats en matière de traités; elle lui est opposable. Cet aspect est sans

intérêt pour la présente instance. S’agissant de la convention pour la pré-
vention et la suppression du crime de génocide, le caractère impératif des
obligations qu’elle stipule est reconnu comme la conséquence du fonde-
ment des prescriptions sur le droit coutumier.
22. Le cŒur du problème affecte la portée de l’objection croate de

1994 à l’égard de la continuation revendiquée par la République fédérale
de Yougoslavie sur le sort de l’article IX dans les relations juridiction-
nelles entre les deux Parties litigantes. La Cour ne peut considérer ces
actes unilatéraux comme de simples chiffons de papier et doit y attacher
des conséquences de droit.

23. Dans les relations entre la Croatie et la République fédérale de
Yougoslavie, la difficulté résulte de la lettre de la représentation perma-
nente de la Croatie auprès des Nations Unies datée du 16 février 1994. Ce
document officiel n’a pas été, à tort, pris en considération dans l’arrêt

pour fonder sa décision sur la question relative à la succession d’Etats
intervenue dans les rapports contentieux entre les deux Parties. Comme il
est dit dans ce document,

«si la République fédérative de Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro)
notifiait son intention, en ce qui concerne son territoire, d’être consi-
dérée partie, en vertu de sa succession à la République fédérative
socialiste de Yougoslavie, aux traités conclus par l’Etat prédécesseur

à compter du 27 avril 1992, date à laquelle la République fédérative
de Yougoslavie (Serbie et Monténégro), en sa qualité de nouvel Etat,
a assumé la responsabilité de ses relations internationales, la Répu-
blique de Croatie honorerait pleinement cette notification de succes-
sion» (doc. S/1994/198 (1994)).

24. L’objet de la lettre consistait en la contestation de la déclaration de
la République fédérale de Yougoslavie datée du 27 avril 1992. Elle consti-

tuait une objection constitutive d’une réserve à cette continuité revendi-
quée. A l’analyse, plusieurs aspects doivent être mis en évidence: d’abord
le rejet de la continuation de la personnalité de la RFSY par la Répu-
blique fédérale de Yougoslavie; ensuite l’acceptation de la continuité

des obligations conventionnellesratione loci, c’est-à-dire l’applicabilité
sur le territoire de la République fédérale de Yougoslavie des obligations
conventionnelles ayant fait l’objet d’une succession; et enfin la mise en
demeure de la République fédérale de Yougoslavie de répondre aux
offres de la Croatie. La lettre croate signifie que, informée de la décla-

ration de succession d’avril 1992, la République de Croatie considère
que, s’agissant des relations conventionnelles entre les Croates et les
Serbes, cette lettre lui est opposable à l’égard de la République fédérale
de Yougoslavie dans les termes que la Croatie a définis: continuité en
matière d’obligations conventionnelles et clause d’application territoriale.

En revanche, toute idée de continuité personnelle de l’Etat est exclue, en

82 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION DISS. OP.RANJEVA ) 490

Yugoslavia actually represents a notification of succession and falls within
the framework of the requirements of the Convention on Succession of
States in respect of Treaties; it is binding upon it. This aspect is of no
interest in the present case. As for the Convention on the Prevention and

Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, the erga omnes nature of the obli-
gations which it lays down is acknowledged as the consequence of the
basis of those provisions in customary law.
22. The crux of the problem concerns the scope of Croatia’s 1994
objection to the continuity claimed by the Federal Republic of Yugosla-

via on the fate of Article IX in the jurisdictional relationship between the
two Parties in dispute. The Court cannot regard these unilateral acts as
mere scraps of paper and must attribute legal consequences to them.

23. In relations between Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugo-

slavia the difficulty stems from the letter from the Permanent Representa-
tive of Croatia to the United Nations dated 16 February 1994. This
official document was mistakenly not taken into consideration in the
Judgment as a basis for the decision on the issue of State succession that
arose in the litigious relationship between the Parties. As stated in that

document,
“if the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro)

expressed its intention to be considered, in respect of its territory, a
party, by virtue of succession, to the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia, to treaties of the predecessor State, with effect from
27 April 1992, the date on which the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(Serbia and Montenegro), as a new State, assumed responsibility for

its international relations, the Republic of Croatia would fully respect
that notification of succession” (doc. S/1994/198 (1994)).

24. The subject-matter of the letter was a protest against the declara-
tion of 27 April 1992 by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It consti-
tuted an objection entering a reservation to the claim of continuity.
On closer analysis, various aspects must be emphasized: first, a rejection

of the continuity of the personality of the SFRY by the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia; next an acceptance of the continuity of the treaty
obligations ratione loci : that is the applicability to the territory of
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia of treaty obligations for which a
succession had taken place; and, lastly, a formal notice to the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia to accept Croatia’s offer. The Croat letter

means that, having been informed of the declaration of succession of
April 1992, the Republic of Croatia considered that, with respect to
treaty ties between the Croats and the Serbs, the letter is binding upon
it vis-à-vis the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia within the terms which
Croatia established therein: a continuity of treaty obligations

combined with a clause of territorial applicability. However, any
notion of the continuity of the personality of the State is ruled out, par-

82491 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE OP .DISS. RANJEVA )

particulier en ce qui concerne la dimension organique et institutionnelle
en rapport avec les Nations Unies.
25. Dans ce contexte innommé et particulier s’inscrit le problème du

sort de la clause compromissoire de l’article IX. Une première conclusion
s’impose: ladite déclaration est opposable à son auteur et définit le cadre
juridique de ses relations avec la Serbie dans le cadre de la présente
affaire. En outre, la clause compromissoire, étant détachable du système
d’obligations de la convention sur le génocide, doit être traitée de manière

autonome, en ce sens qu’il y a lieu de lui faire application des règles pro-
pres à l’expression du consentement juridictionnel, qui doit être établi de
manière explicite et non pas implicite, c’est-à-dire à partir de conclusions
logiques. En l’espèce, un doute sur la continuité se justifie compte tenu,
d’une part, des liens systémiques que l’arrêt lui-même rappelle entre la

convention de 1948, la participation au système des Nations Unies, et ce
indépendamment de la continuité des liens d’obligations conventionnelles
multilatérales au fond, et, d’autre part, du lien organique entre la Cour et
le système des Nations Unies. Face au distinguo établi par la Croatie

dans sa correspondance de 1994 en réponse à la déclaration de la Répu-
blique fédérale de Yougoslavie de 1992, il n’est pas établi que la Croatie
a accepté la clause juridictionnelle avec l’autre Partie, ni qu’elle soit
opposable à la Croatie dans les rapports juridictionnels en l’espèce. Cette
conclusion, peut-être surprenante, s’impose en raison du caractère consen-

suel de la base de compétence car la Cour internationale de Justice n’est
pas une juridiction d’attribution dont les compétences pourraient être
interprétées de manière extensive.

26. Pour ces raisons, l’article IX ne rentre pas dans le périmètre du

domaine de la succession dans les relations entre la Croatie et la Serbie.

*
* *
27. En l’espèce, l’extension de la jurisprudence Mavrommatis à l’égard

de l’Etat défendeur est critiquable, dès lors que, à la date du dépôt de la
requête, le défendeur ne satisfaisait pas aux conditions requises pour se
présenter devant la Cour. La régularisation des actes introductifs de la
requête n’est pas une pratique inconnue, comme le rappelle à juste titre

l’arrêt: ainsi, le forum prorogatum s’inscrit dans cette perspective, s’agis-
sant de la base fondamentale de la compétence. Il s’agit du fait pour un
Etat d’accepter la compétence de la CIJ postérieurement à la saisine. Les
raisons de cette pratique sont exposées par la Cour dans l’affaire relative
à Certaines questions concernant l’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale

(Djibouti c. France).
28. En l’espèce, le problème tient au fait que, à la date du dépôt de la
requête, le défendeur ne satisfaisait pas aux conditions requises d’un Etat
pour se présenter devant la Cour. L’arrêt, transposant le principe infans
conceptus pro nato habetur , en ce sens que la procédure est réputée régu-

lièrement engagée dès lors que le demandeur remplit toutes les conditions

83 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS.OP. RANJEVA ) 491

ticularly as far as the organic and institutional dimensions vis-à-vis the
United Nations are concerned.
25. It is in this specific and unqualified context that the issue of the

fate of the dispute settlement clause in Article IX lies. An initial conclu-
sion cannot be avoided: the declaration in question is binding upon its
author and lays down the legal framework of its relationship with Serbia
within the context of the present case. Furthermore, as the dispute set-
tlement clause is severable from the system of obligations of the Geno-

cide Convention, it must be addressed independently inasmuch as there is
reason to apply specific rules to the indication of consent to jurisdiction,
which must be established explicitly and not implicitly, that is, based on
logical conclusions. In the present case, a doubt about continuity is jus-
tified given, on the one hand, the systemic ties which the Judgment itself

recalls between the 1948 Convention and participation in the United
Nations system — irrespective of the continuity of the substantive ties of
obligation under multilateral treaties — and, on the other hand, the
organic link between the Court and the United Nations system. In view

of the distinction drawn by Croatia in its 1994 letter in response to the
1992 declaration by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, it is not dem-
onstrated that Croatia accepted the jurisdictional clause with respect to
the other Party or that it can be binding upon Croatia in the jurisdic-
tional context of the present case. This possibly surprising conclusion

must be drawn because of the consensual nature of the basis of jurisdic-
tion, since the International Court of Justice is not a court of statutorily
conferred jurisdiction, whose sphere of competence can be interpreted
broadly.
26. For these reasons Article IX does not fall within the scope of suc-

cession in relations between Croatia and Serbia.

*
* *
27. In the present case, the extension of the jurisprudence of the Mav-

rommatis case with respect to the Respondent is open to criticism since,
at the date when the Application was filed, the Respondent did not fulfil
the conditions required to appear before the Court. It is not unknown for
applications instituting proceedings to be validated after they have been

filed, as the Judgment rightly recalls: forum prorogatum, for example,
corresponds to just such a situation, serving as the underlying basis for
jurisdiction. This occurs when a State accepts the jurisdiction of the ICJ
after the case has been brought. The reasons for this practice were
explained by the Court in the case concerning Certain Questions of

Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France).
28. In the present instance the problem lies in the fact that at the date
of filing of the Application, the Respondent did not fulfil the conditions
required of a State in order to appear before the Court. The Judgment, in
transposing the infans conceptus pro nato habetur principle in the sense

that the proceedings are regarded as having been instituted according to

83492 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP. DISS.RANJEVA )

requises, a considéré que, pour des questions de bonne administration de
la justice, l’admission postérieure de la Serbie au sein des Nations Unies
a régularisé les circonstances et les conditions du dépôt de l’acte intro-

ductif. Apparemment, pour des raisons d’économie de procédure et dans
une conception peu formaliste du droit du contentieux international, rien
ne s’opposerait à ce que la réalisation des conditions de saisine fût appré-
ciée à la date à laquelle toutes les conditions sont satisfaites. En l’occur-
rence, l’admission de la Serbie-et-Monténégro aux Nations Unies en 2000

était la solution. Il importait de ne pas imposer à la Partie demanderesse
d’introduire à nouveau une nouvelle requête pour la même affaire, le
même objet, la même demande, la même cause et contre le même Etat.
Mais la conclusion de la Cour sur la première exception préliminaire est
critiquable, à supposer même que la Cour fût compétente. A cette fin,

l’arrêt s’appuie sur la jurisprudence Mavrommatis.

29. Le contenu du principe Mavrommatis a été exposé à suffisance

dans l’arrêt. En revanche, la conclusion à laquelle la décision a abouti ne
peut être acceptée, faute d’une analyse rigoureuse de la décision Mavrom-
matis et des décisions subséquentes invoquées.
30. Le commentaire exégétique du passage cité au paragraphe 82
s’imposait au lieu du simple rappel de la conclusion de la Cour perma-

nente de Justice internationale. L’économie de procédure est justifiée par
plusieurs facteurs qui sont mis en évidence:

— la condition qui faisait défaut portait sur le caractère inachevé de
l’obligation internationale de l’article 11 du mandat sur la Palestine:
elle était prescrite mais n’était pas encore en vigueur. A la lecture de
l’arrêt, rien ne permet de penser que cette obligation pût avoir un
caractère non irréversible;

— le caractère discrétionnaire ou potestatif de l’initiative de la Partie
demanderesse pour présenter à nouveau la requête;
— l’insuffisance de motif pour débouter la requête initiale.

31. L’analyse de la jurisprudence Mavrommatis amène à faire les
observations suivantes. En premier lieu, la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale avait été saisie par voie de compromis. Ce mode consen-

suel de saisine présume l’absence de vices dirimants de nature à remettre
en cause le mode juridictionnel choisi de commun accord. En deuxième
lieu, l’initiative de la correction relève de la compétence du demandeur.
Cette perspective a été reprise s’agissant des décisions subséquentes visées
dans le présent arrêt. Ainsi, dans l’affaire de Certains intérêts allemands

en Haute-Silésie (compétence, arrêt n° 6, 1925, C.P.J.I. série A n° 6) ,
l’arrêt parle d’acte unilatéral de la Partie demanderesse. En dernier
lieu, le vice qui entache la régularité de la saisine de la juridiction relève
de la responsabilité exclusive de la partie intéressée, c’est-à-dire la
demanderesse.

32. Une conclusion s’impose: les conditions indiquées par l’arrêt

84 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS.OP. RANJEVA ) 492

the rules providing that the applicant fulfilled all of the conditions
required, has held that for reasons relating to the sound administration
of justice the subsequent admission of Serbia to the United Nations vali-

dated the circumstances and conditions of the filing of the Application.
Evidently, for reasons of procedural economy and with a not very for-
malistic view of the law of international disputes, nothing is said to stand
in the way of the fulfilment of the conditions for submitting a case to the
Court being assessed at the date when all of those conditions have been

met. In the present instance, the admission of Serbia and Montenegro to
the United Nations in 2000 represented the solution. The important thing
was not to oblige the Applicant to file a new Application once again in
the same case, with the same subject-matter, the same claim, the same
reason and against the same State. However, the Court’s finding on the

first preliminary objection can be criticized, even if we were to assume
that the Court had jurisdiction. For this reason, the Judgment relies on
the jurisprudence of the Mavrommatis case.
29. The content of the Mavrommatis principle has been abundantly

discussed in the Judgment. However, the conclusion at which that deci-
sion arrived cannot be accepted owing to the lack of a rigorous analysis
of the Mavrommatis ruling and the subsequent judgments referred to.
30. An analysis should have been made of the passage quoted in para-
graph 82 rather than a simple recollection of the finding of the Permanent

Court of International Justice. The overall procedural economy is justi-
fied by a number of points which are put forward:

— the condition that was missing, which concerned the incomplete
nature of the international obligation under Article 11 of the Man-
date for Palestine: it had been established but had not at that point
entered into force. On reading the Judgment, nothing suggests that
that obligation might have been of an irreversible nature;

— the discretionary or potestative nature of the Applicant’s initiative to
submit its Application again;
— insufficient grounds for dismissing the initial Application.

31. An analysis of the jurisprudence of the Mavrommatis case prompts
the following comments. First, the case was brought before the Perma-
nent Court of International Justice by way of a special agreement. Such a

consensual means of submitting a case presumes a lack of absolute
defects of a kind that would call into question the choice of court made
by common agreement. Second, the corrective initiative lay within the
powers of the Applicant. This aspect was repeated in the subsequent deci-
sions mentioned in the present Judgment. Thus in the Certain German

Interests in Polish Upper Silesia case (Jurisdiction, Judgment No. 6,
1925, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 6) , the Judgment talks of unilateral action
on the part of the applicant Party. Lastly, the defect marring the regu-
larity of the submission of the case to the Court lay within the exclusive
responsibility of the party concerned, that is, the Applicant.

32. A conclusion can be drawn: the conditions indicated by the Mav-

84493 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE OP .DISS. RANJEVA )

Mavrommatis ne se retrouvent pas dans la présente affaire. En premier
lieu, la question concerne non pas la compétence ratione personae de la
Cour mais une question préalable à la compétence: le droit ou l’obliga-

tion de pouvoir être attrait devant la Cour. Il s’agit d’un point de droit
préalable. En effet, si la condition de se présenter devant la Cour n’est
pas satisfaite, il n’y a pas de différend justiciable à la limite. En deuxième
lieu, le défaut relevé lors du dépôt de la requête concerne le statut du
défendeur dans l’instance, question sur laquelle le demandeur n’a aucune

prise. En dernier lieu, dans la présente affaire, l’initiative de la régularisa-
tion de la condition échappe à l’initiative du demandeur; la maîtrise du
préalable à la question préliminaire de la compétence relève d’un autre
ordre de compétence qui est extérieur et à la Cour et aux Parties. Pour ces
raisons, transposer les principes de la jurisprudence Mavrommatis est

constitutif d’une erreur de fait et de droit.
33. Enfin, il n’est pas inutile de rappeler les raisons de politique judi-
ciaire et jurisprudentielle de la jurisprudence Mavrommatis.
34. La limitation de l’obligation de déclaration à la partie requérante

mérite un examen particulier. Ce serait sur la base des travaux prépara-
toires de 1920 et de la jurisprudence Wimbledon (arrêts, 1923, C.P.J.I.
série A n° 1) qu’on pourrait envisager la limitation des dispositions du
premier alinéa au demandeur, sans interface s’agissant du défendeur.
Comment, en l’absence d’une clause compromissoire valide, un Etat

peut-il être attrait devant la Cour du seul fait que le demandeur satisfait
aux conditions stipulées par le Statut? L’interprétation des dispositions de
l’article 35 en faveur de la limitation des conditions d’accès aux seuls
Etats parties demanderesses s’inscrit dans l’économie générale des traités
de paix de Versailles. Les travaux préparatoires ont montré à suffisance

que les alinéas 1 et 2 envisagés dans leur ensemble visaient le cas parti-
culier des Etats centraux, les puissances vaincues qui ne pouvaient pré-
tendre, particulièrement en 1919-1920, revendiquer une égalité de droits
avec les vainqueurs. Pour reprendre les propos de sir Cecil Hurst et le
commentaire de von Stauffenberg, ainsi que les travaux préparatoires du

Statut, dans l’économie générale des traités de paix de 1919, deux consi-
dérations devaient être mises en exergue. D’une part, les Etats vaincus
(l’Allemagne et les puissances centrales) avaient plus de chances de com-
paraître comme défendeurs devant la Cour. D’autre part, dans le cadre de

ces traités, il était difficile de reconnaître aux Etats vaincus un droit de
revendiquer l’égalité des droits avec les Etats vainqueurs; à leur égard, il
n’était pas aberrant de penser que la Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale avait le caractère d’une juridiction quasi d’attribution dans le
système des traités de paix de 1919. Dans le cadre de la Charte des

Nations Unies, le principe fondamental de l’égalité souveraine des Etats
rend toute rupture d’égalité contraire aux principes de ce nouvel ordre
mondial. On est amené à se demander si, dans une perspective de sortie
de crise dans le cadre du chapitre VII de la Charte, la Serbie n’avait pas
été traitée comme Etat vaincu comparable à l’Allemagne en 1919. La

Cour aurait dû ici trancher cette question de droit. Ces considérations

85 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS.OP .RANJEVA ) 493

rommatis Judgment do not exist in the present case. First, the question
does not concern the jurisdiction ratione personae of the Court, but an
issue preliminary to jurisdiction: the right or obligation to be able to be

brought before the Court as a respondent. This is a preliminary point of
law. Indeed, if the condition governing appearance before the Court is
not fulfilled, there is ultimately no dispute capable of judicial resolution.
Second, the defect noted when the Application was filed concerned the
status of the Respondent in the proceedings, a matter beyond the power

of the Applicant. Lastly, the initiative to fulfil the missing condition lies
outside the powers of the Applicant; control over that which is prelimi-
nary to the preliminary issue of jurisdiction comes under a different order
of authority, one which is beyond both the Court and the parties. For
these reasons, transposing the principles of the jurisprudence in the Mav-

rommatis case constitutes an error of fact and of law.
33. Finally, it is not without interest to recall the reasons of judicial
and jurisprudential policy underlying the Mavrommatis Judgment.
34. Particular attention must be paid to the limitation of the obliga-

tion of declaration to the Applicant. It is on the basis of the travaux
préparatoires of 1920 and the jurisprudence of the S.S. “Wimbledon”
case (Judgments, 1923, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 1) that we can envisage
the limitation of the provisions of the first paragraph to the Applicant,
without there being corresponding rules for the Respondent. How, in the

absence of a valid dispute settlement clause, can a State be brought
before the Court on the sole basis that the Applicant fulfils all the con-
ditions laid down by the Statute? The interpretation of the provisions of
Article 35 in terms of limiting the conditions of access to applicant States
parties flows from the overall structure of the Versailles Peace Treaties.

The travaux préparatoires amply demonstrated that paragraphs 1 and 2
viewed as a whole were aimed specifically at the former Central Powers,
the defeated States, which could not, particularly in 1919-1920, seek to
claim equal rights with the victors. To restate the remarks made by Sir
Cecil Hurst and the commentary by von Stauffenberg, as well as the

travaux préparatoires of the Statute, within the general context of the
1919 Peace Treaties, two considerations must be emphasized. First, there
was greater likelihood of the defeated States (Germany and the other
Central Powers) appearing before the Court as respondents. Second,

within the context of those treaties, it was difficult to confer upon the
defeated States a right to claim equal rights with the victors; so far as the
defeated States were concerned, it was not absurd to regard the Perma-
nent Court of International Justice as possessing something similar to
statutorily conferred jurisdiction within the system of the 1919 Peace

Treaties. In the context of the United Nations Charter, the fundamental
principle of the sovereign equality of States renders any departure from
such equality contrary to the principles of the new world order. One
might thus wonder if, from the perspective of a solution to a crisis falling
under Chapter VII of the Charter, Serbia has been treated as a defeated

State, comparable to Germany in 1919. The Court should have resolved

85494 APPLICATION DE CONVENTION GÉNOCIDE (OP. DISS.RANJEVA )

expliquent les limites d’une interprétation très stricte de l’article 35 dans

une perspective de son application générale.
35. En ce qui concerne l’affaire Wimbledon, on rappellera qu’elle a été
portée devant la Cour permanente de Justice internationale en vertu de
l’article 386 du traité de Versailles. L’Allemagne, n’étant pas encore

membre de la Société des Nations, était Partie défenderesse. Une déclara-
tion n’était pas considérée comme nécessaire pour deux raisons: 1) la
réserve spéciale de l’alinéa 2 de l’article 35 vise en particulier les disposi-
tions du traité de paix (cf. historique de l’article); 2) l’article vise seule-

ment les parties demanderesses alors que l’Allemagne était défenderesse,
une hypothèse non envisagée à Versailles.

36. Le lien entre les traités de paix de Versailles de 1919 et le méca-

nisme institué par les dispositions des articles 34 et 35 du Statut de la
Cour permanente de Justice internationale, reprises dans le Statut de la
Cour actuelle, montre la dimension politique du projet: les droits judi-
ciaires des Etats vaincus ne sont pas traités sur un pied d’égalité avec

ceux des autres Etats.

(Signé) Raymond R ANJEVA .

86 APPLICATION OF GENOCIDE CONVENTION (DISS. OP. RANJEVA ) 494

this question of law. These considerations explain the limits of a very nar-

row interpretation of Article 35 with a view to its general application.
35. As far as the S.S. “Wimbledon” case is concerned, it will be
recalled that it was brought before the Permanent Court of International
Justice pursuant to Article 386 of the Treaty of Versailles. Germany,

which had yet to become a Member of the League of Nations at that
point, was the Respondent. A declaration was not considered necessary
for two reasons: (1) the special reservation in Article 35, paragraph 2,
specifically concerns the provisions of the Peace Treaty (see the drafting

history of the article); (2) the article only mentions applicant parties,
whereas Germany was the Respondent, a possibility which had not been
foreseen at Versailles.
36. The link between the Versailles Peace Treaties of 1919 and the

mechanism established by the provisions of Articles 34 and 35 of the
Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, carried over in
the Statute of the present Court, reveals the political dimension of the
project: the judicial rights of defeated States are not treated on a basis of

equality with those of other States.

(Signed) Raymond R ANJEVA .

86

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Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Judge Ranjeva

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