Dissenting opinion of Judge ad hoc Vukas

Document Number
118-20150203-JUD-01-11-EN
Parent Document Number
118-20150203-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

445

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE AD HOC VUKAS

As I shared the Court’s conclusion in its Judgment of 18 Novem-

ber 2008, I attached only a separate opinion in order to make clear my
personal reasoning that led me to support the conclusions of the Court. h
However, in respect of the present Judgment, I have delivered a dissent -
ing opinion as I am against the Court’s rejection of Croatia’s claim con-
cerning the violations of the Convention on the Prevention and

Punishment of the Crime of Genocide by the Republic of Serbia against
members of the Croat ethnic group on the territory of the Republic of
Croatia.

I. Jurisdiction and Admisshibility

1. In its 2008 Judgment, the Court rejected two of Serbia’s prelimi -
nary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court. However, it concluded
that Serbia’s preliminary objections ratione temporis did not possess, in

the circumstances of the case, an exclusively preliminary character. Thehse
preliminary objections concerned the inadmissibility of the claims of the
Republic of Croatia, based on acts or omissions which took place before h
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia came into being (Application of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

(Croatia v. Serbia), PreliminaryObjections, Judgment,I.C.J. Reports 2008,
p. 419, para. 21 (point 2)). Therefore, the Court reserved the decision
thereon to the present phase of proceedings (ibid., p. 460, para. 130 and
p. 466, para. 146 (point 4)).
2. For the determination of the jurisdiction of the Court in respect of
Serbia, at that time the “Federal Republic of Yugoslavia” (FRY),h what is

very important is the declaration made by the FRY on 27 April 1992 (the
date on which the FRY was proclaimed a State) which stated that :

“The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, continuing the State, inter -
national legal and political personality of the Socialist Federal Repu-
lic of Yugoslavia, shall strictly abide by all the commitments that the h
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia assumed internationally.”
(United Nations doc. A/46/915, Ann. II, quoted in ibid., p. 446,

para. 98.)
The correct interpretation of the above statement concerning the con -

tinuation of the “international legal and political personality” ohf the
SFRY, means that the FRY succeeded also as to the responsibility for
acts committed by the SFRY. It follows from that general principle that h

446

7 CIJ1077.indb 888 18/04/16 08:54 446 application of genochide convention (diss. ohp. vukas)

the FRY also succeeded to the responsibility already incurred by the
SFRY for the alleged violations of the Genocide Convention before
27 April 1992.

In addition to this legal explanation of the responsibility of the FRY, hit
is useful to recall that the real leaders of the SFRY, in its last yearsh, were
the persons that formally proclaimed the establishment of the FRY on
27 April 1992.

II. Consideration of the Merhits of the Principal Clahim

3. On the basis of the analysis of the arguments/documents submitted

by the Parties,
“the Court considers it established that a large number of killings where

carried out by the JNA and Serb forces during the conflict in several h
localities in Eastern Slavonia, Banovina/Banija, Kordun, Lika and
Dalmatia. Furthermore, the evidence presented shows that a large
majority of the victims were members of the protected group, which
suggests that they may have been systematically targeted . . .The

Court thus finds that it has been proved by conclusive evidence that
killings of members of the protected group . . . were committed, and
that the actus reus of genocide specified in Article II (a) of the
Convention has therefore been established.” (Judgment, para. 295.)

Furthermore, the Court considers that

“during the conflict in a number of localities in Eastern Slavonia,h
Western Slavonia, and Dalmatia, the JNA and Serb forces injured
members of the protected group . . . and perpetrated acts of ill-treat -

ment, torture, sexual violence and rape. These acts caused such bod -
ily or mental harm as to contribute to the physical or biological
destruction of the protected group. The Court considers that the
actus reus of genocide within the meaning of Article II (b) of the

Convention has accordingly been established.” (Ibid., para. 360.)

Summing up the two above-mentioned conclusions, the Court found that
in the mentioned localities in Croatia the JNA and Serb forces perpe -
trated against members of the protected group acts falling within sub -
paragraphs (a) and (b) of Article II of the Convention, and that the
actus reus of genocide has been established (ibid., para. 401).

4. However, in respect of its final conclusion concerning the relation ofh
the acts committed against the Croat population in the mentioned areas
and the Convention, the Court decided

“to compare the size of the targeted part of the protected group withh
the number of Croat victims, in order to determine whether the JNA

447

7 CIJ1077.indb 890 18/04/16 08:54 447 application of genochide convention (diss. ohp. vukas)

and Serb forces availed themselves of opportunities to destroy that
part of the group. In this connection, Croatia put forward a figure ofh

12,500 Croat deaths, which is contested by Serbia. The Court notes
that, even assuming that this figure is correct — an issue on which it
will make no ruling — the number of victims alleged by Croatia is
small in relation to the size of the targeted part of the group.

The Court concludes from the foregoing that Croatia has failed to
show that the perpetrators of the acts which form the subject of the
principal claim availed themselves of opportunities to destroy a sub -
stantial part of the protected group.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thus, in the opinion of the Court, Croatia has not established that
the only reasonable inference that can be drawn from the pattern of
conduct it relied upon was the intent to destroy, in whole or in part,

the Croat group. The acts constituting the actus reus of genocide
within the meaning of Article II (a) and (b) of the Convention were
not committed with the specific intent required for them to be char -
acterized as acts of genocide.” (Judgment, paras. 437 and 440.)

5. However, the quoted conclusion of the Court has not taken into
account two important elements related to the acts committed against theh
Croat group. The first has already been mentioned in its own text : it has

not taken into account the number of Croatian victims of acts specified in
Article II (b) of the Convention. The second is the fact that the promi -
nence of the victims within a national group cannot be interpreted in a h
restricted manner as in the Court’s text (ibid., para. 437). Namely, “prom-
inent”, “significant” or “substantial” can have varioush meanings. Accord-

ing to the latest, and one of the best books on the Convention on
Genocide, published in 2014 by C. Tams, L. Berster and B. Schiffbauer,
“substantial” can mean “a number of circumstantial aspects likeh the stra-
tegic importance of the group -members’ area of settlement” . This inter-

pretation is especially important in respect of the acts of the JNA and h
Serb forces in Croatia. Namely, the geographical map of Croatia (repro -
duced in the main Judgment) confirms that almost all the genocide acths
mentioned in the documents and statements of Croatia were committed
in two regions most important for the establishment of a Greater Serbia:

the Eastern Slavonia border of Croatia with Serbia, and in Lika and Dal -
matia. The first area was most important in preventing the extension ohf
the Republic of Serbia to the eastern area of the Republic of Croatia, ahnd
the second was dangerous for the existence of the so -called “Repub -
lika Srpska Krajina”. For that reason, as I mentioned in the course of the

deliberations of the Court, I cannot agree with the conclusion that “hCro-

1 Christian J. Tams, Lars Berster and Björn Schiffbauer, Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide : A Commentary, C. H. Beck/Hart/Nomos, 2014,
p. 149, para. 133.

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7 CIJ1077.indb 892 18/04/16 08:54 448 application of genochide convention (diss. ohp. vukas)

atia has failed to show that the perpetrators of the acts which form theh
subject of the principal claim availed themselves of opportunities to
destroy a substantial part of the protected group” (Judgment, para. 437)

and that “Croatia has failed to substantiate its allegation that genohcide
was committed” (ibid., para. 441).

6. In conformity with my conviction concerning the commission of

genocide on the territory of the Republic of Croatia against members of h
the Croat ethnic group, I am of the opinion that the Court had to confihrm
Croatia’s claims related to the commission of that crime. The Applicahtion
of Croatia requested the Respondent to take immediate and effective
measures against everybody who was included in the commission of acts

of genocide. Extremely important is also the requirement of the Republich
of Croatia that Serbia should provide to the Applicant all information
within its possession or control as to the whereabouts of Croatian citizhens
who are missing as a result of the genocide acts for which it is responshible.

It would also be correct to make reparation to Croatia and its citizens h
for the damages caused by the Respondent as well as returning to the
Applicant all remaining items of cultural property within the jurisdiction
of the Respondent, which were seized in the genocide acts for which it ihs
responsible (ibid., para. 51).

III. Consideration of the Merhits of the Counter-Claimh

7. Establishing its independence, Croatia has tried — individually and

with international support — to unite its entire population, which has
been a difficult and important historical task. However, part of its pohpu -
lation of Serb nationality did not accept the independence of Croatia and
gradually established its own quasi State — the Republika Srpska Krajina
(RSK) inside Croatia !

For five years the Government of the Republic of Croatia tried to pre -
vent the establishment of Krajina as a part of the Belgrade Republic of h
Serbia. As all the peaceful efforts of Croatia were rejected by Krajina, the
leaders of the Republic of Croatia decided at the beginning of August1995
to use force in order to eliminate the Republic of Serb Krajina from the

natural and peaceful development of the Republic of Croatia. As the
RSK had not enough support from Belgrade, in five days the Croatian
forces eliminated the Krajina armed forces from Croatia. As in all armedh
conflicts, there were victims on both sides. Not only among the memberhs
of the armies, but also on the side of the civilian population.

Many civilians left Croatia, but they are now returning to their homes. h
The Government of the Republic of Croatia does everything possible in

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the present difficult economic situation to enable the Serbs from Croathia
to return to their cities, villages and homes.

(Signed) Budislav Vukas.

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7 CIJ1077.indb 896 18/04/16 08:54

Bilingual Content

445

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE AD HOC VUKAS

As I shared the Court’s conclusion in its Judgment of 18 Novem-

ber 2008, I attached only a separate opinion in order to make clear my
personal reasoning that led me to support the conclusions of the Court. h
However, in respect of the present Judgment, I have delivered a dissent -
ing opinion as I am against the Court’s rejection of Croatia’s claim con-
cerning the violations of the Convention on the Prevention and

Punishment of the Crime of Genocide by the Republic of Serbia against
members of the Croat ethnic group on the territory of the Republic of
Croatia.

I. Jurisdiction and Admisshibility

1. In its 2008 Judgment, the Court rejected two of Serbia’s prelimi -
nary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court. However, it concluded
that Serbia’s preliminary objections ratione temporis did not possess, in

the circumstances of the case, an exclusively preliminary character. Thehse
preliminary objections concerned the inadmissibility of the claims of the
Republic of Croatia, based on acts or omissions which took place before h
the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia came into being (Application of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

(Croatia v. Serbia), PreliminaryObjections, Judgment,I.C.J. Reports 2008,
p. 419, para. 21 (point 2)). Therefore, the Court reserved the decision
thereon to the present phase of proceedings (ibid., p. 460, para. 130 and
p. 466, para. 146 (point 4)).
2. For the determination of the jurisdiction of the Court in respect of
Serbia, at that time the “Federal Republic of Yugoslavia” (FRY),h what is

very important is the declaration made by the FRY on 27 April 1992 (the
date on which the FRY was proclaimed a State) which stated that :

“The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, continuing the State, inter -
national legal and political personality of the Socialist Federal Repu-
lic of Yugoslavia, shall strictly abide by all the commitments that the h
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia assumed internationally.”
(United Nations doc. A/46/915, Ann. II, quoted in ibid., p. 446,

para. 98.)
The correct interpretation of the above statement concerning the con -

tinuation of the “international legal and political personality” ohf the
SFRY, means that the FRY succeeded also as to the responsibility for
acts committed by the SFRY. It follows from that general principle that h

446

7 CIJ1077.indb 888 18/04/16 08:54 445

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. LE JUGE AD HOC VUKAS

[Traduction]

Etant donné que je partageais les conclusions auxquelles était parhvenue

la Cour dans son arrêt du 18 novembre 2008, je n’avais joint à celui -ci
qu’une opinion individuelle pour exposer clairement le raisonnement per -
sonnel qui m’avait conduit à y souscrire. C’est en revanche uneh opinion
dissidente que je joins au présent arrêt, parce que je suis contreh le rejet par
la Cour de la demande de la Croatie concernant les violations de la

convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génohcide com -
mises par la République de Serbie à l’encontre de membres du grhoupe
ethnique croate sur le territoire de la République de Croatie.

I. Compétence et recevabhilité

1. Dans son arrêt de 2008, la Cour a rejeté deux des exceptions préli -
minaires d’incompétence soulevées par la Serbie. Elle a cependant conclu
que les exceptions ratione temporis de la Serbie ne possédaient pas, dans

les circonstances de l’espèce, un caractère exclusivement préliminaire. Ces
exceptions préliminaires concernaient l’irrecevabilité des demahndes de la
République de Croatie invoquant des actes ou omissions antérieurs hà la
création de la République fédérale de Yougoslavie (Application de la
convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Croatie

c. Serbie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 419,
par. 21 (deuxième point des conclusions de la Serbie)). En conséquence, la
Cour a réservé sa décision sur ce point pour le stade actuel deh la procé -
dure (ibid., p. 460, par. 130, et p. 466, par. 146 (point 4)).
2. Pour déterminer la compétence de la Cour à l’égard de la hSerbie,
appelée à l’époque «République fédérale de Yougoslavie» («la RFY»), un

élément très important était la déclaration faite par la hRFY le 27 avril 1992
(date de la proclamation de la RFY en tant qu’Etat), qui était ainsi libellée:

«La République fédérale de Yougoslavie, assurant la continuitéh
de l’Etat et de la personnalité juridique et politique internationale de
la République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslavie, respectera hstricte -
ment tous les engagements que la République fédérative socialishte
de Yougoslavie a pris à l’échelon international. » (Nations Unies,

doc. A/46/915, annexe II, cité en ibid., p. 446, par. 98.)
La juste interprétation de cette déclaration sur la continuité de la « per-

sonnalité juridique et politique internationale » de la République fédéra -
tive socialiste de Yougoslavie (« la RFSY ») est que la RFY a également
succédé à sa devancière en ce qui concerne la responsabilitéh des actes

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7 CIJ1077.indb 889 18/04/16 08:54 446 application of genochide convention (diss. ohp. vukas)

the FRY also succeeded to the responsibility already incurred by the
SFRY for the alleged violations of the Genocide Convention before
27 April 1992.

In addition to this legal explanation of the responsibility of the FRY, hit
is useful to recall that the real leaders of the SFRY, in its last yearsh, were
the persons that formally proclaimed the establishment of the FRY on
27 April 1992.

II. Consideration of the Merhits of the Principal Clahim

3. On the basis of the analysis of the arguments/documents submitted

by the Parties,
“the Court considers it established that a large number of killings where

carried out by the JNA and Serb forces during the conflict in several h
localities in Eastern Slavonia, Banovina/Banija, Kordun, Lika and
Dalmatia. Furthermore, the evidence presented shows that a large
majority of the victims were members of the protected group, which
suggests that they may have been systematically targeted . . .The

Court thus finds that it has been proved by conclusive evidence that
killings of members of the protected group . . . were committed, and
that the actus reus of genocide specified in Article II (a) of the
Convention has therefore been established.” (Judgment, para. 295.)

Furthermore, the Court considers that

“during the conflict in a number of localities in Eastern Slavonia,h
Western Slavonia, and Dalmatia, the JNA and Serb forces injured
members of the protected group . . . and perpetrated acts of ill-treat -

ment, torture, sexual violence and rape. These acts caused such bod -
ily or mental harm as to contribute to the physical or biological
destruction of the protected group. The Court considers that the
actus reus of genocide within the meaning of Article II (b) of the

Convention has accordingly been established.” (Ibid., para. 360.)

Summing up the two above-mentioned conclusions, the Court found that
in the mentioned localities in Croatia the JNA and Serb forces perpe -
trated against members of the protected group acts falling within sub -
paragraphs (a) and (b) of Article II of the Convention, and that the
actus reus of genocide has been established (ibid., para. 401).

4. However, in respect of its final conclusion concerning the relation ofh
the acts committed against the Croat population in the mentioned areas
and the Convention, the Court decided

“to compare the size of the targeted part of the protected group withh
the number of Croat victims, in order to determine whether the JNA

447

7 CIJ1077.indb 890 18/04/16 08:54 application de convehntion génocide (op. dishs. vukas) 446

commis par elle. Il découle de ce principe général que la RFY ah aussi
succédé à la responsabilité de la RFSY à l’égard dehs violations alléguées
de la convention sur le génocide commises avant le 27 avril 1992.

Outre cette explication juridique de la responsabilité de la RFY, il hest
utile de rappeler que les véritables dirigeants de la RFSY, pendant shes
dernières années d’existence, étaient les personnes qui ont hofficiellement
proclamé la création de la RFY le 27 avril 1992.

II. Examen au fond de la demahnde principale

3. Sur la base de l’analyse des arguments avancés et des documents

produits par les Parties,
« la Cour considère comme établi qu’un grand nombre de meurtres

ont été perpétrés par la JNA et des forces serbes au cours dhu conflit
dans plusieurs localités de Slavonie orientale, de Banovina/Banija, dhe
Kordun, de Lika et de Dalmatie. En outre, les éléments de preuve qui
ont été présentés démontrent que les victimes étaient hdans leur grande
majorité des membres du groupe protégé, ce qui conduit à penhser

qu’elles ont pu être prises pour cible de manière systématiqhue… La
Cour estime donc qu’il a été démontré par des élémehnts de preuve
concluants que des meurtres de membres du groupe protégé … ont
été commis et que l’élément matériel, tel que défini au litt. a) de l’ar-
ticleII de la Convention, est par conséquent établi.» (Arrêt, par. 295.)

En outre, la Cour considère que

« la JNA et des forces serbes ont, au cours du conflit, infligé desh bles-
sures à des membres du groupe protégé … dans plusieurs localités de
Slavonie orientale, de Slavonie occidentale et de Dalmatie, et s’y sohnt

rendues coupables d’actes de mauvais traitements, de torture, de vio -
lence sexuelle et de viol. Ces actes ont causé à l’intégritéh physique ou
mentale des atteintes telles qu’elles ont pu contribuer à la destrhuction
physique ou biologique du groupe protégé. La Cour estime que l’hélé -

ment matériel du génocide, au sens du litt. b) de l’article II de la
Convention, est par conséquent établi. » (Ibid., par. 360.)

Si l’on résume les deux conclusions ci-dessus, la Cour a jugé qhue, dans les
localités mentionnées de la Croatie, la JNA et des forces serbes ohnt com -
mis à l’encontre de membres du groupe protégé des actes viséhs aux litt. a)
et b) de l’article II de la Convention et que l’élément matériel (actus reus)
du génocide était établi (ibid., par. 401).

4. Cependant, pour arrêter sa conclusion finale sur la mesure dans
laquelle les actes dont la population croate a été victime dans les régions
mentionnées relevaient de la Convention, la Cour a décidé

«de comparer la taille de la partie visée du groupe protégé avech le
nombre de victimes croates afin de déterminer si la JNA et des forches

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7 CIJ1077.indb 891 18/04/16 08:54 447 application of genochide convention (diss. ohp. vukas)

and Serb forces availed themselves of opportunities to destroy that
part of the group. In this connection, Croatia put forward a figure ofh

12,500 Croat deaths, which is contested by Serbia. The Court notes
that, even assuming that this figure is correct — an issue on which it
will make no ruling — the number of victims alleged by Croatia is
small in relation to the size of the targeted part of the group.

The Court concludes from the foregoing that Croatia has failed to
show that the perpetrators of the acts which form the subject of the
principal claim availed themselves of opportunities to destroy a sub -
stantial part of the protected group.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thus, in the opinion of the Court, Croatia has not established that
the only reasonable inference that can be drawn from the pattern of
conduct it relied upon was the intent to destroy, in whole or in part,

the Croat group. The acts constituting the actus reus of genocide
within the meaning of Article II (a) and (b) of the Convention were
not committed with the specific intent required for them to be char -
acterized as acts of genocide.” (Judgment, paras. 437 and 440.)

5. However, the quoted conclusion of the Court has not taken into
account two important elements related to the acts committed against theh
Croat group. The first has already been mentioned in its own text : it has

not taken into account the number of Croatian victims of acts specified in
Article II (b) of the Convention. The second is the fact that the promi -
nence of the victims within a national group cannot be interpreted in a h
restricted manner as in the Court’s text (ibid., para. 437). Namely, “prom-
inent”, “significant” or “substantial” can have varioush meanings. Accord-

ing to the latest, and one of the best books on the Convention on
Genocide, published in 2014 by C. Tams, L. Berster and B. Schiffbauer,
“substantial” can mean “a number of circumstantial aspects likeh the stra-
tegic importance of the group -members’ area of settlement” . This inter-

pretation is especially important in respect of the acts of the JNA and h
Serb forces in Croatia. Namely, the geographical map of Croatia (repro -
duced in the main Judgment) confirms that almost all the genocide acths
mentioned in the documents and statements of Croatia were committed
in two regions most important for the establishment of a Greater Serbia:

the Eastern Slavonia border of Croatia with Serbia, and in Lika and Dal -
matia. The first area was most important in preventing the extension ohf
the Republic of Serbia to the eastern area of the Republic of Croatia, ahnd
the second was dangerous for the existence of the so -called “Repub -
lika Srpska Krajina”. For that reason, as I mentioned in the course of the

deliberations of the Court, I cannot agree with the conclusion that “hCro-

1 Christian J. Tams, Lars Berster and Björn Schiffbauer, Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide : A Commentary, C. H. Beck/Hart/Nomos, 2014,
p. 149, para. 133.

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serbes ont saisi les opportunités qui s’offraient à elles de déhtruire
ladite partie du groupe. A cet égard, la Croatie a avancé le chiffrhe de

12 500 morts croates, ce qui est contesté par la Serbie. La Cour
note que, même à supposer que ce chiffre soit correct, point sur
lequel elle ne se prononce pas, le nombre de victimes alléguées par la
Croatie est peu élevé par rapport à la taille de la partie visée du
groupe.

La Cour conclut de ce qui précède que la Croatie n’a pas démhontré
que les auteurs des actes faisant l’objet de la demande principale ont
saisi les opportunités qui se présentaient à eux de détruireh une partie
substantielle du groupe protégé.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ainsi, selon la Cour, la Croatie n’a pas établi que la seule déhduc -
tion raisonnable qui puisse être faite de la ligne de conduite qu’helle a
invoquée était l’intention de détruire, en tout ou en partieh, le groupe

des Croates. Les actes constituant l’élément matériel du génocide, au
sens des litt.a) et b) de l’article II de la Convention, n’ont pas été
commis dans l’intention spécifique requise pour être qualifihés d’actes
de génocide.» (Arrêt, par. 437 et 440.)

5. Toutefois, dans la conclusion que je viens de citer, la Cour néglige h
deux aspects importants des actes commis contre le groupe des Croates.
Le premier est mentionné dans l’arrêt même : la Cour n’a pas pris en

compte le nombre de victimes croates des actes visés au litt. b) de l’ar
ticleII de la Convention. Le second aspect est que l’on ne saurait inter -
préter de manière restrictive, comme l’a fait la Cour (ibid., par. 437), la
place occupée par les victimes au sein du groupe national. Autrement hdit,
que les mots « important», « significatif» ou « substantiel» peuvent avoir

des sens différents. Selon le plus récent ouvrage — et l’un des meilleurs —
sur la convention sur le génocide, publié en 2014 par C. Tams, L. Berster
et B. Schiffbauer, le terme « substantiel» peut qualifier « différents aspects
liés aux circonstances, par exemple l’importance stratégique deh la région
1
habitée par les membres du groupe » . Cette interprétation est particuliè -
rement importante à l’égard des actes de la JNA et des forces sherbes en
Croatie. En effet, la carte de la Croatie (reproduite dans l’arrêt principal)
confirme que presque tous les actes de génocide mentionnés dans hles écri-
tures et les déclarations de la Croatie ont été commis dans deuhx régions

d’une haute importance pour la création d’une Grande Serbie : larégion
proche de la frontière entre la Croatie et la Serbie en Slavonie orientale,
et la Lika et la Dalmatie. La première région était d’une importance
cruciale pour empêcher la République de Serbie d’étendre sonh territoire
à la partie orientale de la République de Croatie, et la seconde étahit

dangereuse pour l’existence de la prétendue «Republika Srpska Krajina».

1 Christian J. Tams, Lars Berrster et Björn Schiffbauer, Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide : A Commentary, C. H. Beck/Hart/Nomos, 2014,
p. 149, par. 133.

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atia has failed to show that the perpetrators of the acts which form theh
subject of the principal claim availed themselves of opportunities to
destroy a substantial part of the protected group” (Judgment, para. 437)

and that “Croatia has failed to substantiate its allegation that genohcide
was committed” (ibid., para. 441).

6. In conformity with my conviction concerning the commission of

genocide on the territory of the Republic of Croatia against members of h
the Croat ethnic group, I am of the opinion that the Court had to confihrm
Croatia’s claims related to the commission of that crime. The Applicahtion
of Croatia requested the Respondent to take immediate and effective
measures against everybody who was included in the commission of acts

of genocide. Extremely important is also the requirement of the Republich
of Croatia that Serbia should provide to the Applicant all information
within its possession or control as to the whereabouts of Croatian citizhens
who are missing as a result of the genocide acts for which it is responshible.

It would also be correct to make reparation to Croatia and its citizens h
for the damages caused by the Respondent as well as returning to the
Applicant all remaining items of cultural property within the jurisdiction
of the Respondent, which were seized in the genocide acts for which it ihs
responsible (ibid., para. 51).

III. Consideration of the Merhits of the Counter-Claimh

7. Establishing its independence, Croatia has tried — individually and

with international support — to unite its entire population, which has
been a difficult and important historical task. However, part of its pohpu -
lation of Serb nationality did not accept the independence of Croatia and
gradually established its own quasi State — the Republika Srpska Krajina
(RSK) inside Croatia !

For five years the Government of the Republic of Croatia tried to pre -
vent the establishment of Krajina as a part of the Belgrade Republic of h
Serbia. As all the peaceful efforts of Croatia were rejected by Krajina, the
leaders of the Republic of Croatia decided at the beginning of August1995
to use force in order to eliminate the Republic of Serb Krajina from the

natural and peaceful development of the Republic of Croatia. As the
RSK had not enough support from Belgrade, in five days the Croatian
forces eliminated the Krajina armed forces from Croatia. As in all armedh
conflicts, there were victims on both sides. Not only among the memberhs
of the armies, but also on the side of the civilian population.

Many civilians left Croatia, but they are now returning to their homes. h
The Government of the Republic of Croatia does everything possible in

449

7 CIJ1077.indb 894 18/04/16 08:54 application de convehntion génocide (op. dishs. vukas) 448

Pour cette raison, comme je l’ai dit pendant le délibéré de hla Cour, je ne
saurais souscrire à la conclusion selon laquelle «la Croatie n’a pas démon-
tré que les auteurs des actes faisant l’objet de la demande princihpale ont

saisi les opportunités qui se présentaient à eux de détruireh une partie sub -
stantielle du groupe protégé » (arrêt, par. 437) et « la Croatie n’a pas
démontré son allégation selon laquelle un génocide a étéh commis » (ibid.,
par. 441).
6. Ayant la conviction qu’un génocide visant les membres du groupe

ethnique croate a bien été commis sur le territoire de la République de
Croatie, je suis d’avis que la Cour aurait dû faire droit à la hdemande de la
Croatie concernant la commission de ce crime. Dans sa requête, la Croha -
tie demandait au défendeur de prendre sans délai des mesures effihcaces à
l’encontre de toute personne ayant participé à la commission d’hactes de

génocide. Une autre demande extrêmement importante de la Républhique
de Croatie était que la Serbie communique sans délai au demandeur h
toutes les informations en sa possession ou sous son contrôle sur le hsort
des ressortissants croates portés disparus à la suite des actes deh génocide
dont elle porte la responsabilité.

Il aurait également été juste que le défendeur ait à versher des répara -
tions à la Croatie et à ses citoyens à raison des dommages qu’hil a causés
et restitue sans délai au demandeur tous les biens culturels se trouvhant
toujours sous sa juridiction après avoir été saisis dans le cadhre des actes
de génocide dont il porte la responsabilité ( ibid., par. 51).

III. Examen au fond de la demhande reconventionnelhle

7. Lorsqu’elle a acquis son indépendance, la Croatie s’est efforcéhe

— par ses propres moyens et avec le soutien de la communauté interna -
tionale — d’unir l’ensemble de sa population, entreprise historique diffih-
cile et importante. Toutefois, une partie de sa population de nationalithé
serbe n’a pas accepté l’indépendance de la Croatie et a gradhuellement créé
son propre quasi -Etat —la Republika Srpska Krajina (République serbe
de Krajina (« la RSK»)) à l’intérieur de la Croatie !

Durant cinq ans, le Gouvernement de la République de Croatie a
essayé d’empêcher l’intégration de la Krajina à la République de Serbie
de Belgrade. La Krajina ayant rejeté les efforts pacifiques de la Crhoatie,
les dirigeants de la République de Croatie ont décidé au débhut d’août 1995
d’employer la force pour écarter la République serbe de Krajinah du dével -

oppement naturel et pacifique de la République de Croatie. La RSK
n’ayant pas reçu de Belgrade un soutien suffisant, cinq jours ont suffi aux
forces croates pour bouter les forces armées de la Krajina hors du tehrri -
toire croate. Comme dans tous les conflits armés, il y a eu des vichtimes des
deux côtés, non seulement parmi les membres des forces armées, hmais

également parmi les civils.
Un grand nombre de civils ont alors quitté la Croatie, mais ils reviehn -
nent maintenant chez eux. Le Gouvernement de la République de Croatieh

449

7 CIJ1077.indb 895 18/04/16 08:54 449 application of genochide convention (diss. ohp. vukas)

the present difficult economic situation to enable the Serbs from Croathia
to return to their cities, villages and homes.

(Signed) Budislav Vukas.

450

7 CIJ1077.indb 896 18/04/16 08:54 application de convehntion génocide (op. dishs. vukas) 449

fait tout ce qui est en son pouvoir dans la situation économique difficile
qui règne actuellement pour permettre aux Serbes de Croatie de revenihr
dans leurs villes, leurs villages et leurs foyers.

(Signé) Budislav Vukas.

450

7 CIJ1077.indb 897 18/04/16 08:54

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Judge ad hoc Vukas

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