Declaration of Judge Xue

Document Number
118-20150203-JUD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
118-20150203-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

381

DECLARATION OF JUDGE XUE

1. Much to my regret, I have voted against the operative paragraph 1

of the Judgment regarding the Court’s jurisdiction to entertain Croathia’s
claim in so far as it concerns acts prior to 27 April 1992. For the reasons
explained below, I reserve my position with regard to the Court’s fihnding
that in the context of the present case it could found its jurisdiction on the
basis of State succession to responsibility under Article IX of the Geno -

cide Convention. I maintain the view that Serbia’s second objection to
jurisdiction ratione temporis and admissibility should be upheld.

I. Issues Left over by the 2008 hJudgment

2. When the Court in the 18 November 2008 Judgment on Preliminary
Objections (Application of the Convention on the Prevention And Punish ‑
ment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objec ‑

tions, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008 , p. 412 (“the 2008 Judgment”)) drew
the conclusion that Serbia’s second jurisdictional objection did not hpos -
sess an exclusively preliminary character, it primarily addressed Croatiha’s
argument that Serbia as a State in statu nascendi was responsible for acts
carried out by its officials and organs or otherwise under its direction and

control before 27 April 1992. In that connection, the Court highlighted
“two inseparable issues” for it to determine at the merits stage : the appli-
cability of the obligations under the Genocide Convention to acts that
occurred before the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (“the FRY”) came
into existence as a separate State, and the question of attribution of shuch
acts to the FRY for invoking its international responsibility under gen -

eral international law (ibid., p. 460, para. 129). In identifying these “two
inseparable issues”, the Court apparently had in mind the rules as sthated
in the International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibilithy
(Annex to General Assembly resolution 56/83, 12 December 2001, “the
ILC Articles”).

3. Under the ILC Articles, two conditions must be satisfied before
international responsibility of a State can be invoked. First, there shohuld
be an internationally wrongful act in breach of international obligationhs
which were effective and binding on the State at the time when the act

occurred. Secondly, such act should be attributable to the State, constih -
tuting “an act of the State” (“Text of the Draft Articles with Commentar-
ies thereto, Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts :

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7 CIJ1077.indb 760 18/04/16 08:54 382 application of genochide convention (decl. xhue)

General Commentary”, Yearbook of the International Law Commission
(YILC), 2001, Vol. II, Part 2, UN doc. A/CN.4/SER.A/2001/Add.1,
Arts. 1, 2, 4-11, 13, pp. 32-59, at p. 39, para. 4). With regard to the first

condition, the ILC commentary on Article 2 states that reference to the
breach of an international obligation rather than a rule or a norm of inter-
national law underscores that for the purposes of State responsibility, hthe
relevant rule must be applicable to the responsible State in the specifihc
case (ibid., p. 36, para. 13; emphasis added). The commentary to Arti -

cle 13 further clarifies that no retroactive application is intended in maht-
ters of State responsibility (ibid., p.7).

4. In the present proceedings, with regard to Croatia’s claim that the

FRY was a State in statu nascendi at the time when the alleged genocidal
acts took place, the Court first set out to determine at which point ohf time
the FRY became bound by the Convention, and whether the obligations
to prevent and punish genocide under the Convention can be applied
retroactively to the FRY before it became a party to the Convention.

5. Having examined the travaux préparatoires and the text of the
Convention, the Court comes to the conclusion that, as is stated in the h
2008 Judgment, Serbia was bound by the Convention with effect only
from 27 April 1992. Even in respect of State responsibility, “the Conven -

tion is not retroactive”. It underlines that “[t]o hold otherwise hwould be
to disregard the rule expressed in Article 28 of the Vienna Convention on
the Law of Treaties. There is no basis for doing so in the text of the Chon-
vention or in its negotiating history.” (Judgment, para. 99.) With that
conclusion, the issue of attribution becomes moot. The Court therefore

does not see any need to further examine whether the FRY was or was
not a State in statu nascendi at the time of the occurrence of the alleged
acts, hence no question about the applicability of Article 10, paragraph 2,
of the ILC Articles to the present case.
6. This legal finding, in my view, is conclusive to the two inseparable
issues left over in the 2008 Judgment, therefore, Serbia’s second jurisdic -

tional objection should be upheld.

7. The Court’s treatment of State succession to responsibility as a sep -
arate heading for the consideration of jurisdiction ratione temporis, in my
opinion, is a questionable departure from the 2008 Judgment. Procedur-

ally Croatia’s alternative argument about the FRY’s succession to hthe
responsibility of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (“theh
SFRY”) does raise a new claim for jurisdiction, a claim that is basehd on
treaty obligations undertaken by a third party. When the Court has
already concluded in the Judgment that even in respect of State responsih -

bility the Convention is not retroactive, that claim is apparently relathed to
the question of succession rather than responsibility.

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8. Substantively, Croatia’s two arguments are built on two different
political premises, which are mutually exclusive in the context of the phres -
ent case. In other words, Serbia should be treated either as a successor or

as a continuator of the SFRY, but cannot be both at the same time, a
point to be further discussed later. As that political premise can only hbe
chosen one way or the other, once that premise is determined, one of
Croatia’s arguments would necessarily fall, so long as Serbia’s rehsponsi -
bility is concerned. To illustrate that point further, the “two insepharable

issues” as identified by the Court in the 2008 Judgment could be rehlevant
and meaningful for the case only provided that the FRY is taken as a
successor rather than a continuator of the SFRY. Of course, that is the h
position generally recognized, including by the Court and the Parties.
Croatia’s alternative argument, however, is presumably based on the chon -

tinuity between the SFRY and the FRY. Given the bulk of the alleged
acts concerned (most of them took place before 27 April 1992), this issue
is so crucial for the case that Croatia’s alternative argument shouldh be
dealt with at the same length as Croatia’s principal argument. Late ihnvo-
cation of that argument by Croatia indeed raises the issue of proceduralh

fairness for Serbia. As the Court stated in the Legality of Use of Force
case, “the invocation by a party of a new basis of jurisdiction . . . at this
late stage, when it is not accepted by the other party, seriously jeoparhdizes
the principle of procedural fairness and the sound administration of jush -
tice” (Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional Mea‑

sures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 139, para. 44).

II. Political Premise of Sehrbia’s Succession

9. The question of succession in the present case is a complicated issue.
From 1992 to 2000, the FRY remained in a sui generis status, which gave
rise to a series of legal questions regarding its standing, locus standi,
before the Court. The political premise of Serbia’s succession was muhch

dictated, in my view, by the fact that its 1992 declaration and Note simhul -
taneously sent to the Secretary-General of the United Nations were more
often treated with political expediency than given consistent legal intehr -
pretation under international law in the light of the factual situation.h
Croatia’s alternative argument in the present case once again brings the

issue to the fore.

10. In its 1992 declaration and Note, the FRY publicly stated that it
would “continue to fulfil all the rights conferred to, and obligations
assumed by, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in internationahl

relations . . .” (2008 Judgment, p. 447, para. 99). It is upon this FRY’s
self-claimed continuity that Croatia relies to argue in favour of the FRY’hs
succession to the responsibility of the SFRY.

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11. In the 2008 Judgment, the Court states that “[i]n the particular
context of the case, the Court is of the view that the 1992 declaration h
must be considered as having had the effects of a notification of succes -

sion to treaties, notwithstanding that its political premise was differenht”
(2008 Judgment, p. 451, para. 111), and

“from that date onwards the FRY would be bound by the obligations
of a party in respect of all the multilateral conventions to which the
SFRY had been a party at the time of its dissolution, subject of course h
to any reservations lawfully made by the SFRY limiting its obliga -
tions” (ibid., pp. 454-455, para. 117; emphasis added).

While upholding the validity of the FRY’s commitments to internationahl

obligations, the Court, however, does not indicate the legal consequences
that are necessarily derived from the change of that political premise.

12. Under international law, the implication of the new political prem -
ise is arguably three-fold for the FRY. First of all, the FRY, being one of

the successor States rather than the sole continuator of the SFRY, does h
not enjoy all the rights of its predecessor, nor does it continue to asshume
all of the SFRY’s international obligations and responsibility as the same
international personality. Secondly, such status will determine the con -
fines of the FRY’s treaty obligations in accordance with internatiohnal

law. Thirdly, its treaty relations with the other successor States will be
governed by their agreement as well as general rules of treaty law.

13. In the present case, Croatia advances two arguments for Serbia’s
succession to the responsibility of the SFRY. First, Croatia argues that

the armed forces of the SFRY which subsequently became the organs of
the FRY largely controlled and conducted the alleged acts of genocide
during the last year of the SFRY’s formal existence, which thereby justi -
fies the succession of the FRY to the responsibility of the SFRY. In that
regard, it refers to the Lighthouse Arbitration Award, where the tribunal
considered that whether there would be a succession to responsibility

would depend on the particular circumstances of each case (Lighthouses
Arbitration between France and Greece, Claims No. 11 and 4, 24 July 1956,
23 ILR 81, p. 92 ; United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral
Awards (UNRIAA), Vol. XII, p. 198 ; emphasis added). Secondly, Croa -
tia contends that Serbia’s international commitments made in the

1992 declaration and Note indicated not only that Serbia succeeded to
the treaty obligations of the SFRY, but also that it succeeded to the
responsibility incurred by the SFRY for the violation of those treaty obli -
gations. Both of Croatia’s arguments involve the political premise ofh Ser-
bia’s succession.

14. In regard to the first argument, the particular facts of the present
case identified by the Court are as follows : the FRY is not a continuator

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but one of the successor States of the SFRY. It succeeded to the Geno -
cide Convention on the date of its proclamation and was, therefore,
bound by it only with effect from 27 April 1992. Succession matters

among the newly independent States that succeeded to the SFRY are
governed by the Agreement on Succession Issues of 29 June 2001 (done in
Vienna, entered into force on 2 June 2004 United Nations, Treaty Series
(UNTS), Vol. 2262, No. 40296, pp. 251-337). These matters are accepted
by the successor States either through judicial decisions or by agreemenht,

despite the factual continuity that purportedly existed between the FRY h
and the SFRY. It is against this factual background on the basis of the h
aforesaid political premise that the Court is called to interpret ArticlheIX
of the Genocide Convention so as to determine whether there is any legalh
ground in international law for the Court to found its jurisdiction withh

regard to acts that occurred before 27 April 1992.

15. As to Croatia’s second argument with respect to Serbia’s interna -
tional commitments made in 1992, Croatia seems to forget the fact that iht
has refused to recognize the FRY as a continuator of the SFRY. More -

over, when Serbia eventually yielded to the position of the internationahl
community as well as that of the other successor States that it only suc -
ceeded to the SFRY and deposited its instrument of accession to the
Genocide Convention to the United Nations Secretary -General with a
reservation to Article IX of the Convention on 6 March 2001, Croatia

objected to it on the ground that the FRY “is already bound by the Cohn-
vention since its emergence as one of the five equal successor States” of
the former SFRY (2008 Judgment, p. 445, para. 94). This fact shows that
the political premise of Serbia’s declaration and Note directly bearsh on
the treaty relations between the Parties, particularly in relation to thhe

Genocide Convention ; upon that political premise, Serbia’s declaration
and Note means that its treaty relations with Croatia started from
27 April 1992.

III. Interpretation of ArtihcleIX
of the Genocide Conventhion

16. In the Judgment the Court concludes that “[i]n the present case,
any jurisdiction which the Court possesses is derived from Article IX of

the Genocide Convention and is therefore confined to obligations arisihng
under the Convention itself”. In that regard, the meaning of the termh
“including those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocihde” in
Article IX is apparently decisive for the Court to determine whether or
not, on Croatia’s alternative argument, it has jurisdiction over the halleged

acts in question.
17. The Court first rejects Serbia’s contention that Croatia’s claimh for
State succession is a new claim. It decides that since the essential subhject-

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matter of the dispute concerns Serbia’s responsibility and Croatia’hs stand -
ing to invoke that responsibility, the dispute between the Parties in thhe
present case falls squarely within the terms of Article IX (Judgment,
para. 90). In the reasoning, it emphasizes that “[t]he question whether

Serbia is responsible for such alleged violations must be distinguished h
from the manner in which that responsibility is said to be established”h. In
its view, to invoke responsibility by direct attribution or to invoke rehspon
sibility on the basis of succession is just a difference in “manner”. What
the Court, however, fails to mention is that each of such “manners”h con-

cerns a matter of law that has to be initially decided by the Court for
founding its jurisdiction. That is to say, the Court has to first detehrmine
whether State succession to responsibility falls within the terms of Arthi -
cleIX and, if so, in the context of the present case, whether or not Serbiah
should succeed to the responsibility of the SFRY. Only when these issuesh
are settled, does the Court have the jurisdiction to address the merits hof

the case, but not the other way round.

18. The Court, instead of going through the travaux préparatoires and
the text of the Convention, as it does previously, simply gives a ratherh
general interpretation to the term of State responsibility in Article IX. A

quick perusal of the drafting history of the Convention can tell that thhe
State parties did not intend to give the term such a broad meaning. For h
example, the delegate of the United States stated that if the responsibihlity
in Article IX “referred to treaty violations, the United States delegation
must emphasize that the word [responsibility] added nothing to the mean -
ing of the article” (“Continuation of the Consideration of the Drhaft Con-

vention on Genocide” [E/794] : Report of the Economic and Social
Council [A/633], Third Session of the General Assembly, Part I, Legal
Questions, Sixth Committee, Summary of Records of Meetings,
United Nations General Assembly Sixth Committee Third Session, Hun -
dred and Thirty-First Meeting, 1 December 1948, UN doc. A/C.6/SR.131,
p. 690). There is no record showing that that understanding was not

accepted or was opposed to by the other State parties.

19. Moreover, it is difficult to establish, either from the drafting his -
tory or the substantive provisions of the Convention, that the term of
State responsibility in ArticleIX also includes State succession to respon-

sibility. As is pointed out in the Judgment, nothing in the text of the
Genocide Convention or the travaux préparatoires suggests that the Con-
vention can be applied retroactively ; it was only intended to apply to acts
taking place in the future and not to be applicable to those which had
occurred during the Second World War or at other times in the past
(Judgment, para. 97). When the State parties unequivocally precluded

retroactive effect to the Convention and remained dubious about State
responsibility for violations of the Convention, it would be much more
unlikely that they would agree to import State succession to responsibility
into the terms of Article IX.

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20. Under Article IX of the Convention, the Court is not called to
settle any dispute that concerns interpretation, application and fulfilment
of the Convention, but a dispute that should directly relate to the righhts

and obligations of the parties. It always has to first ascertain whoseh obli-
gations are allegedly breached and who has the right to invoke interna -
tional responsibility for that breach. In the judicial settlement proceshs
that is the condition of locus standi, regardless of the nature of the obliga-

tions, synallagmatic or erga omnes. Likewise, the Court is not called to
settle any dispute that concerns State responsibility, but a dispute thaht
may engage the responsibility of the parties to the dispute. The conditihons
for entailing State responsibility are governed by general internationalh
law. Unless and until such conditions are satisfied, no State responsibility

can be invoked.

21. As is stated previously, one of the conditions for invoking State res-onh
sibility is that international obligations concerned must exist as validh between
the parties at the time when the alleged acts occurred. This principle ihs re-af

firmed in the recent Judgment of the Court, where the Court stated thaht its
jurisdictionratione temporisis limited only to acts that occurred subsequent
to the entry into force of the relevant treaty between the parties (Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), pp.457-458, paras.100-105). This ruling

dictates that in the present case the Court’s jurisdiction based on ArticleX
should not extend to acts that occurred before the Convention was appli -
cable between Croatia and Serbia as two States parties, a point that is con-
firmed by the Court in its consideration of Croatia’s principal arghument.
22. When the Court sets out to determine whether the alleged acts of

genocide relied on by Croatia against Serbia were attributable to the
SFRY and thus engaged its responsibility, its consideration, regardless hof
the ultimate finding, is necessarily based on the presumption in favouhr of
succession to responsibility and the presumption that Serbia may succeedh

to the responsibility of the SFRY for the latter’s violation of the ohbliga -
tions under the Convention. Thus, the Convention is actually applied
retroactively to Serbia.
23. Although the rules of State responsibility have developed consider-
ably since the adoption of the Genocide Convention, little can be found h

about State succession to responsibility in the field of general interhna -
tional law. As is observed,

“State succession is an area of uncertainty and controversy. Much
of the practice is equivocal and could be explained on the basis of
special agreement or of rules distinct from the concept of legal suc -
cession. Indeed, it is possible to take the view that not many settled

rules have yet emerged.” (James Crawford, Brownlie’s Principles of
Public International Law, 8th edition, Oxford University Press, 2013,
p. 424.)

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To date, in none of the codified rules of general international law onh treaty
succession and State responsibility, State succession to responsibility hwas
ever contemplated (see YILC, 1963, Vol. II, Working Paper submitted by

Mr. Lachs, p.298 ibid., 2001, Vol.I, Comments by Mr.Tomka, Chairman
of the Drafting Committee, p. 101, para. 101, Comments by Mr. Pellet,
p. 120, para. 52 ; Art. 39, Vienna Convention on Succession of States in
Respect of Treaties of 23 August 1978, entered into force on 6 Novem-
ber 1996, UNTS, Vol. 1946, No. 33356, pp. 3-29). Rules of State responsi-

bility in the event of succession remain to be developed.

24. Lastly, in response to Serbia’s argument on the basis of the Judg -
ments in Monetary Gold and East Timor, the Court rejects the applicabil -
ity of the Monetary Gold rule that the Court cannot decide a dispute

between States without the consent of those States to jurisdiction to thhe
present case (Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France,
United Kingdom and United States of America), Preliminary Question,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 32 ; East Timor (Portugal v. Australia),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 101, para. 26).It states that the ratio-

nale behind the Monetary Gold rule has no application to a State which
ceases to exist, no longer possessing any rights, thus by its nature, inhca -
pable of giving or withholding consent to the jurisdiction of the Court.h
25. In light of the overall context of the case, this reasoning seems a
convenient way to address the issue. When a State ceases to exist, it dohes

not necessarily mean that all its rights and obligations simultaneously h
cease to exist. In the present case, the SFRY’s status to treaties wahs indeed
succeeded by the FRY, as the Court states in the 2008 Judgment that

“the FRY would be bound by the obligations of a party in respect of
allthe multilateral conventions to which the SFRY had been a party
at the time of its dissolution, subject of course to any reservations

lawfully made by the SFRY limiting its obligations” (2008 Judgment,
pp. 454-455, para. 117 ; emphasis added).
Therefore, the question in the present situation is not whether the SFRYh

is capable or not of giving its consent to the jurisdiction of the Courth.
Rather, the relevant question should be whether or not Article IX of the
Convention provides a legal basis for the Court to exercise jurisdictionh on
disputes concerning State succession to responsibility. If not, there ish no
consent, on the part of the SFRY, the FRY, and indeed any State party

to the jurisdiction of the Court, both ratione materiae and ratione tempo ‑
ris, on such disputes. In that regard, it is the principle of consent under
the Statute of the Court that should come into play.
26. In conclusion, notwithstanding the caution given in the Judgment,
the approach taken by the Court in resolving the current dispute may, inh

my view, create serious implications that the Court does not intend to
have for future treaty interpretation.

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IV. “Time Gap” in the Protechtion

27. Before I close my remarks on the question of jurisdiction, I wish to

add one word on Croatia’s argument about the “time gap” in the hprotec-
tion. Croatia claims that a decision to limit jurisdiction to events afther
27 April 1992 would create a “time gap” in the protection afforded by the
Convention. From the viewpoint of human rights protection, that argu -
ment is obviously very strong and appealing. However, when Croatia

seeks legal protection from the Court on the basis of Article IX of the
Convention and invokes Serbia’s responsibility under the Convention, h
the jurisdiction of the Court has to be “confined to obligations arising
under the Convention itself”, and has to be confined to those that hare
undertaken by Serbia. This kind of “time gap”, if any, could occurh not

only in the event of State succession, but also with any State before it
becomes a party to the Convention. That is the limit of treaty régimeh.

28. That said, it should also be emphasized that the jurisdiction of the

Court is just one of the means available for the fulfilment of the Conhven-
tion. Moreover, when a State opts out of the clause of Article IX when it
ratifies or accedes to the Convention, it does not mean that the peoplhe of
that State party will not obtain the protection of the Convention. Oblighed
under the Convention, the State parties should, first and foremost, enhact

national legislation for the prevention and punishment of genocide and
other acts enumerated in Article III of the Convention at the national
level. Ultimately, it is these national measures that will play the majohr role
in preventing genocide and punishing perpetrators of genocidal crimes.
29. At the international level, in the situation related to the present

case,an ad hoc criminal tribunal, i.e., the International Criminal Tribunal
for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established to bring to justice
those responsible for crimes committed during the course of the SFRY’hs
dissolution process, despite the fact that the SFRY had ceased to exist.h
Although individual criminal responsibility and State responsibility areh
distinct, protection and justice thus accorded are equally important.

Whether Serbia should be held responsible for the SFRY’s alleged breahch
of its international obligations under the Convention can only be adjudghed
in accordance with international law.

(Signed) Xue Hanqin.

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Bilingual Content

381

DECLARATION OF JUDGE XUE

1. Much to my regret, I have voted against the operative paragraph 1

of the Judgment regarding the Court’s jurisdiction to entertain Croathia’s
claim in so far as it concerns acts prior to 27 April 1992. For the reasons
explained below, I reserve my position with regard to the Court’s fihnding
that in the context of the present case it could found its jurisdiction on the
basis of State succession to responsibility under Article IX of the Geno -

cide Convention. I maintain the view that Serbia’s second objection to
jurisdiction ratione temporis and admissibility should be upheld.

I. Issues Left over by the 2008 hJudgment

2. When the Court in the 18 November 2008 Judgment on Preliminary
Objections (Application of the Convention on the Prevention And Punish ‑
ment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objec ‑

tions, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008 , p. 412 (“the 2008 Judgment”)) drew
the conclusion that Serbia’s second jurisdictional objection did not hpos -
sess an exclusively preliminary character, it primarily addressed Croatiha’s
argument that Serbia as a State in statu nascendi was responsible for acts
carried out by its officials and organs or otherwise under its direction and

control before 27 April 1992. In that connection, the Court highlighted
“two inseparable issues” for it to determine at the merits stage : the appli-
cability of the obligations under the Genocide Convention to acts that
occurred before the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (“the FRY”) came
into existence as a separate State, and the question of attribution of shuch
acts to the FRY for invoking its international responsibility under gen -

eral international law (ibid., p. 460, para. 129). In identifying these “two
inseparable issues”, the Court apparently had in mind the rules as sthated
in the International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibilithy
(Annex to General Assembly resolution 56/83, 12 December 2001, “the
ILC Articles”).

3. Under the ILC Articles, two conditions must be satisfied before
international responsibility of a State can be invoked. First, there shohuld
be an internationally wrongful act in breach of international obligationhs
which were effective and binding on the State at the time when the act

occurred. Secondly, such act should be attributable to the State, constih -
tuting “an act of the State” (“Text of the Draft Articles with Commentar-
ies thereto, Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts :

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7 CIJ1077.indb 760 18/04/16 08:54 381

me
DÉCLARATION DE M LA JUGE XUE

[Traduction]

1. A mon grand regret, j’ai dû voter contre le point 1 du dispositif de

l’arrêt, relatif à la compétence de la Cour pour connaîtrhe de la demande
de la Croatie concernant les actes antérieurs au 27 avril 1992. Pour les
raisons exposées ci -après, je réserve ma position au sujet de la conclusion
de la Cour selon laquelle elle pouvait, dans la présente affaire, fondher sa
compétence au titre de l’article IX de la convention sur le génocide sur la

notion de succession d’Etats à la responsabilité. Je reste d’havis que la deu -
xième exception d’incompétence ratione temporis et d’irrecevabilité soule -
vée par la Serbie aurait dû être retenue.

I. Questions laissées enh suspens dans l’arrêth de 2008

2. Lorsque, dans son arrêt du 18 novembre 2008 sur les exceptions pré -
liminaires (Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression
du crime de génocide (Croatie c. Serbie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,

C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 412 («l’arrêt de 2008 »)), la Cour avait conclu que
la deuxième exception d’incompétence soulevée par la Serbie hn’avait pas
un caractère exclusivement préliminaire, elle s’était surtout penchée sur
l’argument de la Croatie selon lequel la Serbie, en tant qu’Etat in statu
nascendi, était responsable d’actes commis avant le 27 avril 1992 par ses

agents et organes, ou d’une autre manière, sous sa direction et sohn contrôle.
A ce sujet, la Cour a indiqué les « deux questions indissociables » qu’elle
devrait trancher au stade du fond: l’applicabilité des obligations découlant
de la convention sur le génocide aux actes survenus avant que la Réhpu -
blique fédérale de Yougoslavie («la RFY») ne commence à exister en tant
qu’Etat distinct, et la question de l’attribution de ces actes àh la RFY selon

les règles du droit international général relatives à la reshponsabilité inter-
nationale (ibid., p.460, par. 129). Lorsqu’elle a relevé ces «deux questions
indissociables », la Cour avait apparemment à l’esprit les règles énoncéhes
dans les Articles de la Commission du droit international sur la responsha -
bilité de l’Etat (annexe de la résolution 56/83 de l’Assemblée générale des

Nations Unies, 12 décembre 2001 (« les Articles de la CDI »)).
3. Aux termes des Articles de la CDI, deux conditions doivent être
remplies pour que puisse être invoquée la responsabilité internhationale de
l’Etat. Premièrement, il doit exister un fait internationalement ihllicite,
c’est-à-dire un fait constituant une violation d’obligations internationales h

auxquelles l’Etat est tenu au moment où le fait se produit. Deuxièhme -
ment, ce fait doit être attribuable à l’Etat, et constituer «hn fait de l’Etat»
(« Texte du projet d’articles et commentaire, Responsabilité de l’hEtat pour

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7 CIJ1077.indb 761 18/04/16 08:54 382 application of genochide convention (decl. xhue)

General Commentary”, Yearbook of the International Law Commission
(YILC), 2001, Vol. II, Part 2, UN doc. A/CN.4/SER.A/2001/Add.1,
Arts. 1, 2, 4-11, 13, pp. 32-59, at p. 39, para. 4). With regard to the first

condition, the ILC commentary on Article 2 states that reference to the
breach of an international obligation rather than a rule or a norm of inter-
national law underscores that for the purposes of State responsibility, hthe
relevant rule must be applicable to the responsible State in the specifihc
case (ibid., p. 36, para. 13; emphasis added). The commentary to Arti -

cle 13 further clarifies that no retroactive application is intended in maht-
ters of State responsibility (ibid., p.7).

4. In the present proceedings, with regard to Croatia’s claim that the

FRY was a State in statu nascendi at the time when the alleged genocidal
acts took place, the Court first set out to determine at which point ohf time
the FRY became bound by the Convention, and whether the obligations
to prevent and punish genocide under the Convention can be applied
retroactively to the FRY before it became a party to the Convention.

5. Having examined the travaux préparatoires and the text of the
Convention, the Court comes to the conclusion that, as is stated in the h
2008 Judgment, Serbia was bound by the Convention with effect only
from 27 April 1992. Even in respect of State responsibility, “the Conven -

tion is not retroactive”. It underlines that “[t]o hold otherwise hwould be
to disregard the rule expressed in Article 28 of the Vienna Convention on
the Law of Treaties. There is no basis for doing so in the text of the Chon-
vention or in its negotiating history.” (Judgment, para. 99.) With that
conclusion, the issue of attribution becomes moot. The Court therefore

does not see any need to further examine whether the FRY was or was
not a State in statu nascendi at the time of the occurrence of the alleged
acts, hence no question about the applicability of Article 10, paragraph 2,
of the ILC Articles to the present case.
6. This legal finding, in my view, is conclusive to the two inseparable
issues left over in the 2008 Judgment, therefore, Serbia’s second jurisdic -

tional objection should be upheld.

7. The Court’s treatment of State succession to responsibility as a sep -
arate heading for the consideration of jurisdiction ratione temporis, in my
opinion, is a questionable departure from the 2008 Judgment. Procedur-

ally Croatia’s alternative argument about the FRY’s succession to hthe
responsibility of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (“theh
SFRY”) does raise a new claim for jurisdiction, a claim that is basehd on
treaty obligations undertaken by a third party. When the Court has
already concluded in the Judgment that even in respect of State responsih -

bility the Convention is not retroactive, that claim is apparently relathed to
the question of succession rather than responsibility.

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7 CIJ1077.indb 762 18/04/16 08:54 application de convehntion génocide (décl. xhue) 382

fait internationalement illicite : commentaire général », Nations Unies,
Annuaire de la Commission du droit international (ACDI), 2001, vol. II,
deuxième partie, doc. A/CN.4/SER.A/2001/Add.1, art. 1, 2, 4-11, 13,
p. 33-62, voir p. 38, par. 4). S’agissant de la première condition, il est dit

dans le commentaire de la CDI sur l’article 2 que l’emploi des termes
«violation d’une obligation internationale » plutôt que « violation d’une
règle ou d’une norme de droit international » a pour but de souligner que,
aux fins de la responsabilité de l’Etat, la règle dont il y ah eu violation doit
être applicable dans le cas considéré à l’Etat dont la rehsponsabilité est

invoquée ( ibid., p. 37, par. 13; les italiques sont de moi). Le commentaire
de l’article 13 précise en outre qu’il n’est pas prévu de rétroactivithé en
matière de responsabilité de l’Etat (ibid., p. 61).
4. Dans la présente instance, au sujet de l’affirmation de la Croatihe
selon laquelle la RFY était un Etat in statu nascendi au moment où les
actes génocidaires allégués se seraient produits, la Cour a d’abord entre -

pris de déterminer à quel moment la RFY avait commencé à être liée par
la Convention et si les obligations de prévention et de répressionh du géno -
cide prévues par celle -ci pouvaient s’appliquer rétroactivement à la RFY
pour des faits survenus avant qu’elle ne devienne partie à la Convhention.
5. Après avoir examiné les travaux préparatoires et le texte de lah Conv -en

tion, la Cour conclut que, comme elle l’avait dit dans son arrêt dhe 2008, la
Serbie n’est liée par la Convention que depuis le 27 avril 1992. Elle note
que, même du point de vue de la responsabilité de l’Etat, « la Convention
n’est pas rétroactive». La Cour souligne que «[s]outenir le contraire revien-
drait à ne tenir aucun compte de la règle énoncée à l’harticle8 de la conven-
tion de Vienne sur le droit des traités. Rien ne le permet, que ce sohit dans le

texte de la Convention ou dans l’historique des négociations de celle -ci »
(arrêt, par. 99). Compte tenu de cette conclusion, la question de l’attribu -
tion devient sans objet. La Cour ne voit donc pas la nécessité d’examiner
plus avant si la RFY était ou non un Etat in statu nascendi à l’époque des
actes allégués, et la question de l’applicabilité du paragraphe 2 de l’ar-
ticle10 des Articles de la CDI à la présente affaire ne se pose donc pash.

6. Cette conclusion de droit apporte, à mon avis, une réponse défihni -
tive aux deux questions indissociables laissées en suspens dans l’harrêt
de 2008 et, par conséquent, la deuxième exception d’incompétenche soule-
vée par la Serbie aurait dû être retenue.
7. En traitant la succession de l’Etat à la responsabilité comme uhne qu -es

tion distincte pour l’examen de sa compétence ratione temporis, la Cour
s’est, selon moi, écartée de manière contestable de son arrêht de 2008. Du
point de vue de la procédure, le moyen subsidiaire de la Croatie selohn lequel
la RFY aurait succédé à la responsabilité de la Républiquhe fédérative so- cia
liste de Yougoslavie (« la RFSY») soulève effectivement une nouvelle
demande relative à la compétence, demande qui invoque des obligatihons

conventionnelles contractées par une tierce partie. La Cour ayant déhjà
conclu dans l’arrêt que, même du point de vue de la responsabilhité de l’Etat,
la Convention n’est pas rétroactive, cette demande a apparemment thrait à
la question de la succession plutôt qu’à celle de la responsabihlité.

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7 CIJ1077.indb 763 18/04/16 08:54 383 application of genochide convention (decl. xhue)

8. Substantively, Croatia’s two arguments are built on two different
political premises, which are mutually exclusive in the context of the phres -
ent case. In other words, Serbia should be treated either as a successor or

as a continuator of the SFRY, but cannot be both at the same time, a
point to be further discussed later. As that political premise can only hbe
chosen one way or the other, once that premise is determined, one of
Croatia’s arguments would necessarily fall, so long as Serbia’s rehsponsi -
bility is concerned. To illustrate that point further, the “two insepharable

issues” as identified by the Court in the 2008 Judgment could be rehlevant
and meaningful for the case only provided that the FRY is taken as a
successor rather than a continuator of the SFRY. Of course, that is the h
position generally recognized, including by the Court and the Parties.
Croatia’s alternative argument, however, is presumably based on the chon -

tinuity between the SFRY and the FRY. Given the bulk of the alleged
acts concerned (most of them took place before 27 April 1992), this issue
is so crucial for the case that Croatia’s alternative argument shouldh be
dealt with at the same length as Croatia’s principal argument. Late ihnvo-
cation of that argument by Croatia indeed raises the issue of proceduralh

fairness for Serbia. As the Court stated in the Legality of Use of Force
case, “the invocation by a party of a new basis of jurisdiction . . . at this
late stage, when it is not accepted by the other party, seriously jeoparhdizes
the principle of procedural fairness and the sound administration of jush -
tice” (Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional Mea‑

sures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 139, para. 44).

II. Political Premise of Sehrbia’s Succession

9. The question of succession in the present case is a complicated issue.
From 1992 to 2000, the FRY remained in a sui generis status, which gave
rise to a series of legal questions regarding its standing, locus standi,
before the Court. The political premise of Serbia’s succession was muhch

dictated, in my view, by the fact that its 1992 declaration and Note simhul -
taneously sent to the Secretary-General of the United Nations were more
often treated with political expediency than given consistent legal intehr -
pretation under international law in the light of the factual situation.h
Croatia’s alternative argument in the present case once again brings the

issue to the fore.

10. In its 1992 declaration and Note, the FRY publicly stated that it
would “continue to fulfil all the rights conferred to, and obligations
assumed by, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in internationahl

relations . . .” (2008 Judgment, p. 447, para. 99). It is upon this FRY’s
self-claimed continuity that Croatia relies to argue in favour of the FRY’hs
succession to the responsibility of the SFRY.

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7 CIJ1077.indb 764 18/04/16 08:54 application de convehntion génocide (décl. xhue) 383

8. Sur le fond, les deux arguments de la Croatie reposent sur deux pré -
misses d’intention politique différentes, qui s’excluent mutuellhement dans la
présente affaire. En d’autres termes, la Serbie doit être traitéhe soit comme

successeur, soit comme continuateur de la RFSY, mais elle ne saurait êhtre
les deux à la fois, point sur lequel je reviendrai. Etant donné quh’il faut ch-oi
sir entre ces deux prémisses d’intention politique, une fois le chhoix opéré,
l’un des deux arguments de la Croatie tombe nécessairement, pour che qui
concerne la responsabilité de la Serbie. Plus explicitement, j’ajohuterai que les

« deux questions indissociables» relevées par la Cour dans l’arrêt de 2008 ne
sont pertinentes et importantes pour l’affaire que si la RFY est consihdérée
comme successeur plutôt que continuateur de la RFSY. Bien entendu, c’est
là la position généralement admise, y compris par la Cour et pahr les Parties.
Le moyen subsidiaire de la Croatie, en revanche, est sans doute fondéh sur la

thèse de la continuité entre la RFSY et la RFY. Compte tenu du nomhbre
des actes en cause (dont la plupart seraient survenus avant le 27 avril 1992),
cette question est si cruciale pour l’affaire que le moyen subsidiaireh de la
Croatie aurait dû être traité aussi longuement que son moyen prhincipal.
L’invocation tardive de ce moyen par la Croatie soulève en effet la question

de l’équité de la procédure à l’égard de la Serbie.h Comme la Cour l’a dit
dans l’affaire de la Licéité de l’emploi de la forcel’invocation par une partie
d’une nouvelle base de juridiction… [par] une démarche aussi tardive, lors -
qu’elle n’est pas acceptée par l’autre partie, met gravementh en péril le pri-n
cipe du contradictoire et la bonne administration de la justice » (Licéité de

l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie c. Belgique), mesures conservatoires, ordon ‑
nance du 2 juin 1999, C.I.J.Recueil 1999 (I), p. 139, par. 44).

II. L’intention politiquhe associée à la succehssion

de la Serbie à la RFSY

9. La question de la succession est, en l’espèce, fort complexe. De 1992
à 2000, la RFY a conservé un statut sui generis qui a soulevé toute une
série de questions juridiques concernant sa qualité pour agir devant la
Cour. Selon moi, l’intention politique sous -tendant la succession de la

Serbie à la RFSY était déterminée dans une large mesure par le fait que
la déclaration et la note de 1992, adressées simultanément au Shecrétaire
général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, ont le plus souvent été inter-
prétées en fonction de considérations politiques au lieu de faihre l’objet
d’une interprétation juridique cohérente, conforme au droit inthernational

et tenant compte des réalités de la situation. Le moyen subsidiairhe avancé
par la Croatie remet cette question sur le tapis.
10. Par sa déclaration et sa note de 1992, la RFY a proclamé qu’ellhe
«continuer[ait] à exercer tous les droits conférés à la Réhpublique fédérative
socialiste de Yougoslavie et à s’acquitter de toutes les obligatiohns assumées

par cette dernière dans les relations internationales… » (arrêt de 2008,
p. 447, par.99). C’est cette continuité autoproclamée que la Croatie invoqhue
pour soutenir que la RFY a succédé à la responsabilité de lah RFSY.

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7 CIJ1077.indb 765 18/04/16 08:54 384 application of genochide convention (decl. xhue)

11. In the 2008 Judgment, the Court states that “[i]n the particular
context of the case, the Court is of the view that the 1992 declaration h
must be considered as having had the effects of a notification of succes -

sion to treaties, notwithstanding that its political premise was differenht”
(2008 Judgment, p. 451, para. 111), and

“from that date onwards the FRY would be bound by the obligations
of a party in respect of all the multilateral conventions to which the
SFRY had been a party at the time of its dissolution, subject of course h
to any reservations lawfully made by the SFRY limiting its obliga -
tions” (ibid., pp. 454-455, para. 117; emphasis added).

While upholding the validity of the FRY’s commitments to internationahl

obligations, the Court, however, does not indicate the legal consequences
that are necessarily derived from the change of that political premise.

12. Under international law, the implication of the new political prem -
ise is arguably three-fold for the FRY. First of all, the FRY, being one of

the successor States rather than the sole continuator of the SFRY, does h
not enjoy all the rights of its predecessor, nor does it continue to asshume
all of the SFRY’s international obligations and responsibility as the same
international personality. Secondly, such status will determine the con -
fines of the FRY’s treaty obligations in accordance with internatiohnal

law. Thirdly, its treaty relations with the other successor States will be
governed by their agreement as well as general rules of treaty law.

13. In the present case, Croatia advances two arguments for Serbia’s
succession to the responsibility of the SFRY. First, Croatia argues that

the armed forces of the SFRY which subsequently became the organs of
the FRY largely controlled and conducted the alleged acts of genocide
during the last year of the SFRY’s formal existence, which thereby justi -
fies the succession of the FRY to the responsibility of the SFRY. In that
regard, it refers to the Lighthouse Arbitration Award, where the tribunal
considered that whether there would be a succession to responsibility

would depend on the particular circumstances of each case (Lighthouses
Arbitration between France and Greece, Claims No. 11 and 4, 24 July 1956,
23 ILR 81, p. 92 ; United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral
Awards (UNRIAA), Vol. XII, p. 198 ; emphasis added). Secondly, Croa -
tia contends that Serbia’s international commitments made in the

1992 declaration and Note indicated not only that Serbia succeeded to
the treaty obligations of the SFRY, but also that it succeeded to the
responsibility incurred by the SFRY for the violation of those treaty obli -
gations. Both of Croatia’s arguments involve the political premise ofh Ser-
bia’s succession.

14. In regard to the first argument, the particular facts of the present
case identified by the Court are as follows : the FRY is not a continuator

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7 CIJ1077.indb 766 18/04/16 08:54 application de convehntion génocide (décl. xhue) 384

11. Dans l’arrêt de 2008, la Cour dit que, « [d]ans le contexte particu -
lier de l’affaire, la Cour estime que la déclaration de 1992 doit être consi-
dérée comme ayant eu les effets d’une notification de successihon à des

traités et ce, bien que l’intention politique qui la sous -tendait ait été diffé-
rente » (arrêt de 2008, p. 451, par. 111) et que,

« à compter de cette date, la RFY serait liée, en tant que partie, par
les obligations découlant de toutes les conventions multilatérales
auxquelles la RFSY était partie au moment de sa dissolution, à
moins, bien sûr, que celle -ci n’eût formulé de manière régulière des
réserves limitant ses obligations » (ibid., p. 454-455, par. 117 ; les ita

liques sont de moi).
Tout en confirmant la validité des engagements pris par la RFY àh l’égard

des obligations internationales, la Cour n’indique cependant pas les h
conséquences juridiques qui découlent nécessairement de cette mhodifica-
tion de l’intention politique.
12. Au regard du droit international, il peut être soutenu que les conséh -
quences pour la RFY de cette nouvelle intention politique revêtent trhois

aspects. Tout d’abord, la RFY, qui n’est que l’un des Etats successeurs et
non l’unique continuateur de la RFSY, ne jouit pas de tous les droitsh de
l’Etat prédécesseur et n’assume pas l’ensemble des obligahtions internatio -
nales ni la responsabilité de la RFSY, en conservant sa personnalité inter-
nationale. Deuxièmement, ce statut détermine les limites des oblighations

conventionnelles de la RFY selon le droit international. Troisièmemenht,
ses relations conventionnelles avec les autres Etats successeurs sont réhgies
par accord entre eux ainsi que par les règles générales du droiht des traités.
13. En l’espèce, la Croatie fait valoir deux arguments pour invoquer la
succession de la Serbie à la responsabilité de la RFSY. Premièrhement, elle

soutient que les forces armées de la RFSY, devenues ultérieurementh des
organes de la RFY, contrôlaient et dirigeaient dans une large mesure hles
actes de génocide qui auraient été commis au cours de la dernièhre année
d’existence formelle de la RFSY, ce qui justifierait que la RFY soiht consi -
dérée comme ayant succédé à la responsabilité de la RFhSY. A cet égard, la
Croatie invoque la sentence arbitrale rendue en l’ Affaire des phares, dans

laquelle le tribunal a jugé que la succession à la responsabilitéh dépendait des
circonstances particulières de chaque affaire (Affaire relative à la concession
des phares de l’Empire ottoman (Grèce, France), réclamations n ▯ os11 et 4,
24juillet1956, International Law Report, vol2 . 3, n81, p.92; NationsUnies,
Recueil des sentences arbitrales (RSA), vol.XII, p.198 ; les italiques sont de

moi). Deuxièmement, la Croatie soutient que les engagements internathio-
naux pris par la Serbie dans la déclaration et la note de 1992 indiquent
qu’elle a succédé non seulement aux obligations conventionnellehs de la
RFSY, mais également à la responsabilité revenant à cette dernière à raison
de ses manquements à ces obligations. Les deux arguments de la Croatie

supposent, du point de vue politique, que la Serbie était un Etat successeur.
14. S’agissant du premier argument, la Cour a établi dans la présenhte
affaire les faits suivants : la RFY est non pas le continuateur, mais l’un

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7 CIJ1077.indb 767 18/04/16 08:54 385 application of genochide convention (decl. xhue)

but one of the successor States of the SFRY. It succeeded to the Geno -
cide Convention on the date of its proclamation and was, therefore,
bound by it only with effect from 27 April 1992. Succession matters

among the newly independent States that succeeded to the SFRY are
governed by the Agreement on Succession Issues of 29 June 2001 (done in
Vienna, entered into force on 2 June 2004 United Nations, Treaty Series
(UNTS), Vol. 2262, No. 40296, pp. 251-337). These matters are accepted
by the successor States either through judicial decisions or by agreemenht,

despite the factual continuity that purportedly existed between the FRY h
and the SFRY. It is against this factual background on the basis of the h
aforesaid political premise that the Court is called to interpret ArticlheIX
of the Genocide Convention so as to determine whether there is any legalh
ground in international law for the Court to found its jurisdiction withh

regard to acts that occurred before 27 April 1992.

15. As to Croatia’s second argument with respect to Serbia’s interna -
tional commitments made in 1992, Croatia seems to forget the fact that iht
has refused to recognize the FRY as a continuator of the SFRY. More -

over, when Serbia eventually yielded to the position of the internationahl
community as well as that of the other successor States that it only suc -
ceeded to the SFRY and deposited its instrument of accession to the
Genocide Convention to the United Nations Secretary -General with a
reservation to Article IX of the Convention on 6 March 2001, Croatia

objected to it on the ground that the FRY “is already bound by the Cohn-
vention since its emergence as one of the five equal successor States” of
the former SFRY (2008 Judgment, p. 445, para. 94). This fact shows that
the political premise of Serbia’s declaration and Note directly bearsh on
the treaty relations between the Parties, particularly in relation to thhe

Genocide Convention ; upon that political premise, Serbia’s declaration
and Note means that its treaty relations with Croatia started from
27 April 1992.

III. Interpretation of ArtihcleIX
of the Genocide Conventhion

16. In the Judgment the Court concludes that “[i]n the present case,
any jurisdiction which the Court possesses is derived from Article IX of

the Genocide Convention and is therefore confined to obligations arisihng
under the Convention itself”. In that regard, the meaning of the termh
“including those relating to the responsibility of a State for genocihde” in
Article IX is apparently decisive for the Court to determine whether or
not, on Croatia’s alternative argument, it has jurisdiction over the halleged

acts in question.
17. The Court first rejects Serbia’s contention that Croatia’s claimh for
State succession is a new claim. It decides that since the essential subhject-

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7 CIJ1077.indb 768 18/04/16 08:54 application de convehntion génocide (décl. xhue) 385

des Etats successeurs de la RFSY. Elle a succédé à celle -ci en tant que
partie à la convention sur le génocide le jour de sa proclamation et n’est
donc liée par la Convention que depuis le 27 avril 1992. Le règlement des

questions de succession qui se posaient entre les nouveaux Etats indéhpen-
dants successeurs de la RFSY est régi par l’accord sur les questiohns de
succession du 29 juin 2001 (fait à Vienne, entré en vigueur le 2 juin 2004 ;
Recueil des traités des Nations Unies (RTNU) , vol. 2262, n o 40296,
p. 251-337). Selon cet accord, les Etats successeurs manifestent leur assen-

timent au règlement de ces questions soit en acceptant des décisiohns judi-
ciaires, soit par voie d’accord, nonobstant la continuité de fait hqui aurait
prétendument existé entre la RFY et la RFSY. C’est sur cette tohile de
fond factuelle, fondée sur l’intention politique déjà évoquée, que la Cour
était appelée à interpréter l’article IX de la convention sur le génocide

pour dire si, sur la base du droit international, elle avait compétenhce pour
connaître d’actes antérieurs au 27 avril 1992.
15. Quant à son second argument, concernant les engagements inter -
nationaux pris par la Serbie en 1992, la Croatie semble oublier qu’elhle a
refusé de reconnaître la RFY comme continuateur de la RFSY. De plus,

lorsque la Serbie, se résolvant finalement à accepter la positiohn qui était
celle de la communauté internationale aussi bien que des autres Etatsh suc -
cesseurs, à savoir qu’elle n’était que successeur de la RFSYh, a déposé
auprès du Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nationhs Unies, le
6 mars 2001, son instrument d’adhésion à la convention sur le génochide —

assorti d’une réserve à l’application de l’article IX —, la Croatie s’y est
opposée au motif que la RFY « [était] déjà liée par la Convention depuis
qu’elle [était] devenue l’un des cinq Etats successeurs égaux»de l’ex-RFSY
(arrêt de 2008, p. 445, par. 94). Ce fait montre que l’intention politique
associée à la déclaration et à la note de la Serbie a une incidence directe

sur les relations conventionnelles entre les Parties, particulièremenht en ce
qui concerne la convention sur le génocide ; selon cette intention poli -
tique, la déclaration et la note de la Serbie signifient que ses rehlations
conventionnelles avec la Croatie ont commencé le 27 avril 1992.

III. L’interprétation de lh’articleIX
de la convention sur lhe génocide

16. Dans son présent arrêt, la Cour conclut que, « [e]n l’espèce, la com-
pétence de la Cour repose exclusivement sur l’article IX de la convention

sur le génocide et est en conséquence limitée aux obligations ihmposées par
la Convention elle-même». A cet égard, le sens des mots « y compris ceux
relatifs à la responsabilité d’un Etat en matière de génohcide » figurant à
l’articleIX a été apparemment décisif pour la Cour au moment de déterh -
miner si elle était compétente pour connaître des faits alléhgués, par la

Croatie à l’appui de son argument subsidiaire.
17. La Cour commence dans son arrêt par rejeter l’affirmation de la
Serbie selon laquelle la demande de la Croatie relative à la successihon de

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7 CIJ1077.indb 769 18/04/16 08:54 386 application of genochide convention (decl. xhue)

matter of the dispute concerns Serbia’s responsibility and Croatia’hs stand -
ing to invoke that responsibility, the dispute between the Parties in thhe
present case falls squarely within the terms of Article IX (Judgment,
para. 90). In the reasoning, it emphasizes that “[t]he question whether

Serbia is responsible for such alleged violations must be distinguished h
from the manner in which that responsibility is said to be established”h. In
its view, to invoke responsibility by direct attribution or to invoke rehspon
sibility on the basis of succession is just a difference in “manner”. What
the Court, however, fails to mention is that each of such “manners”h con-

cerns a matter of law that has to be initially decided by the Court for
founding its jurisdiction. That is to say, the Court has to first detehrmine
whether State succession to responsibility falls within the terms of Arthi -
cleIX and, if so, in the context of the present case, whether or not Serbiah
should succeed to the responsibility of the SFRY. Only when these issuesh
are settled, does the Court have the jurisdiction to address the merits hof

the case, but not the other way round.

18. The Court, instead of going through the travaux préparatoires and
the text of the Convention, as it does previously, simply gives a ratherh
general interpretation to the term of State responsibility in Article IX. A

quick perusal of the drafting history of the Convention can tell that thhe
State parties did not intend to give the term such a broad meaning. For h
example, the delegate of the United States stated that if the responsibihlity
in Article IX “referred to treaty violations, the United States delegation
must emphasize that the word [responsibility] added nothing to the mean -
ing of the article” (“Continuation of the Consideration of the Drhaft Con-

vention on Genocide” [E/794] : Report of the Economic and Social
Council [A/633], Third Session of the General Assembly, Part I, Legal
Questions, Sixth Committee, Summary of Records of Meetings,
United Nations General Assembly Sixth Committee Third Session, Hun -
dred and Thirty-First Meeting, 1 December 1948, UN doc. A/C.6/SR.131,
p. 690). There is no record showing that that understanding was not

accepted or was opposed to by the other State parties.

19. Moreover, it is difficult to establish, either from the drafting his -
tory or the substantive provisions of the Convention, that the term of
State responsibility in ArticleIX also includes State succession to respon-

sibility. As is pointed out in the Judgment, nothing in the text of the
Genocide Convention or the travaux préparatoires suggests that the Con-
vention can be applied retroactively ; it was only intended to apply to acts
taking place in the future and not to be applicable to those which had
occurred during the Second World War or at other times in the past
(Judgment, para. 97). When the State parties unequivocally precluded

retroactive effect to the Convention and remained dubious about State
responsibility for violations of the Convention, it would be much more
unlikely that they would agree to import State succession to responsibility
into the terms of Article IX.

387

7 CIJ1077.indb 770 18/04/16 08:54 application de convehntion génocide (décl. xhue) 386

l’Etat est une nouvelle demande. Elle décide que, l’objet princhipal du dif-
férend étant la responsabilité de la Serbie et la qualité deh la Croatie pour
invoquer cette responsabilité, ce différend relève pleinement deh l’article IX

(arrêt, par. 90). Dans son raisonnement, la Cour souligne que « [l]a ques-
tion de savoir si la Serbie était responsable de violations de la conhvention
sur le génocide … doit être distinguée de la manière dont cette responsa -
bilité est censée avoir été engagée ». Pour elle, invoquer la responsabilité
par attribution directe ou invoquer la responsabilité sur la base de hla suc-

cession n’est qu’une différence de « manière». Ce que la Cour omet cepen-
dant de mentionner, c’est que chacune de ces « manières» soulève une
question de droit qu’elle doit d’abord trancher pour fonder sa comhpé -
tence. En d’autres termes, la Cour doit déterminer en premier lieuh si la
succession de l’Etat à la responsabilité relève de l’articleIX et, dans l’af-

firmative, si, en la présente espèce, la Serbie doit ou non êhtre considérée
comme ayant succédé à la responsabilité de la RFSY. Ce n’hest qu’après
avoir statué sur ces questions que la Cour peut se déclarer compéhtente
pour connaître du fond de l’affaire, et non l’inverse.
18. Au lieu d’examiner les travaux préparatoires et le texte de la Conhven -

tion comme elle l’avait fait auparavant, la Cour se contente de fournhir une
interprétation assez générale de l’expression « responsabilité de l’Etat » au
sens de l’article IX. Or, une lecture rapide de l’histoire de la rédaction de la
Convention montre que les Etats contractants n’avaient pas l’intenhtion de
donner à cette expression une signification aussi large. Par exemplhe, le

représentant des Etats -Unis a déclaré que, si l’on entendait par le mot « res-
ponsabilité» employé à l’article IX « une violation de traité, la délégation
des Etats-Unis soulign[ait] que le mot en question n’ajout[ait] rien au sens
même de l’article» («Suite de l’examen du projet de convention sur le géno -
cide» [E/794]: Rapport du Conseil économique et social [A/633], Nations

Unies, Assemblée générale, troisième session, première pahrtie, Questions
juridiques, Sixième Commission, comptes rendus analytiques de séances,
Nations Unies, Assemblée générale, Sixième Commission, troisième ses -
sion, Cent trente et unième séance, 1 erdécembre 1948, doc A/C.6/SR.131,
p. 690). Selon les archives, rien n’indique que cette interprétationh n’ait pas
été acceptée ou que les autres Etats contractants s’y soienth opposés.

19. En outre, il est difficile d’établir, que ce soit à partir de hl’histoire de
larédaction ou des dispositions de fond de la Convention, que l’expres -
sion « responsabilité de l’Etat » figurant à l’article IX englobe la succes -
sion de l’Etat à la responsabilité. Comme le dit l’arrêt,h rien dans le texte
de la convention sur le génocide ni dans ses travaux préparatoiresh ne per-

met de penser que la Convention peut s’appliquer rétroactivement ; elle
était censée valoir pour l’avenir et non pour les actes commis hau cours de
la seconde guerre mondiale ou à d’autres époques révolues (arrêt, par.97).
Les parties contractantes ayant clairement exclu de donner un effet
rétroactif à la Convention et s’étant montrées sceptiquesh quant à la res -

ponsabilité de l’Etat à raison de violations de cet instrument,h il serait
d’autant plus improbable qu’elles fussent convenues de faire entrehr la su-c
cession à la responsabilité dans les prévisions de l’articlehIX.

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7 CIJ1077.indb 771 18/04/16 08:54 387 application of genochide convention (decl. xhue)

20. Under Article IX of the Convention, the Court is not called to
settle any dispute that concerns interpretation, application and fulfilment
of the Convention, but a dispute that should directly relate to the righhts

and obligations of the parties. It always has to first ascertain whoseh obli-
gations are allegedly breached and who has the right to invoke interna -
tional responsibility for that breach. In the judicial settlement proceshs
that is the condition of locus standi, regardless of the nature of the obliga-

tions, synallagmatic or erga omnes. Likewise, the Court is not called to
settle any dispute that concerns State responsibility, but a dispute thaht
may engage the responsibility of the parties to the dispute. The conditihons
for entailing State responsibility are governed by general internationalh
law. Unless and until such conditions are satisfied, no State responsibility

can be invoked.

21. As is stated previously, one of the conditions for invoking State res-onh
sibility is that international obligations concerned must exist as validh between
the parties at the time when the alleged acts occurred. This principle ihs re-af

firmed in the recent Judgment of the Court, where the Court stated thaht its
jurisdictionratione temporisis limited only to acts that occurred subsequent
to the entry into force of the relevant treaty between the parties (Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), pp.457-458, paras.100-105). This ruling

dictates that in the present case the Court’s jurisdiction based on ArticleX
should not extend to acts that occurred before the Convention was appli -
cable between Croatia and Serbia as two States parties, a point that is con-
firmed by the Court in its consideration of Croatia’s principal arghument.
22. When the Court sets out to determine whether the alleged acts of

genocide relied on by Croatia against Serbia were attributable to the
SFRY and thus engaged its responsibility, its consideration, regardless hof
the ultimate finding, is necessarily based on the presumption in favouhr of
succession to responsibility and the presumption that Serbia may succeedh

to the responsibility of the SFRY for the latter’s violation of the ohbliga -
tions under the Convention. Thus, the Convention is actually applied
retroactively to Serbia.
23. Although the rules of State responsibility have developed consider-
ably since the adoption of the Genocide Convention, little can be found h

about State succession to responsibility in the field of general interhna -
tional law. As is observed,

“State succession is an area of uncertainty and controversy. Much
of the practice is equivocal and could be explained on the basis of
special agreement or of rules distinct from the concept of legal suc -
cession. Indeed, it is possible to take the view that not many settled

rules have yet emerged.” (James Crawford, Brownlie’s Principles of
Public International Law, 8th edition, Oxford University Press, 2013,
p. 424.)

388

7 CIJ1077.indb 772 18/04/16 08:54 application de convehntion génocide (décl. xhue) 387

20. Aux termes de l’article IX de la Convention, la Cour est appelée à
trancher non pas tout différend concernant l’interprétation, l’application
ou l’exécution de la Convention, mais seulement les différends dhirectement

liés aux droits et aux obligations des parties. Elle doit toujours déterminer
d’abord à laquelle des parties incombent les obligations prétenhdument vio -
lées et à laquelle revient le droit d’invoquer la responsabilithé internationale
pour cette violation. Telle est, dans le processus de règlement judiciaire, la

condition nécessaire de la qualité pour agir (locus standi), que les obliga-
tions en cause soient synallagmatiques ou erga omnes. De même, la Cour
est appelée à régler non pas tout différend concernant la reshponsabilité de
l’Etat, mais seulement ceux qui peuvent engager la responsabilité des par -
ties. Les conditions de la mise en cause de la responsabilité de l’hEtat sont

régiespar le droit international général. Tant que ces conditions ne sont
pas remplies, la responsabilité de l’Etat ne peut être invoquéhe.
21. Ainsi qu’il a déjà été dit, l’une des conditions qui doivent être remplies
pour invoquer la responsabilité de l’Etat est l’existence d’hobligations inter-a
tionales valides entre les parties à l’époque des faits alléhgués. Ce principe est

réaffirmé dans un arrêt récent de la Cour, où celle-ci déclare que sa compé-
tence ratione temporisse limite aux actes postérieurs àl’entrée en vigueur du
traité pertinent entre les parties (Questions concernant l’obligation de pour‑
suivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II),
p. 457-458, par. 100-105). Il découle de cette affirmation que, dans la pré -

sente affaire, la compétence de la Cour fondée sur l’article IX ne doit pas
s’étendre à des actes survenus avant que la Convention ne deviehnne appl-i
cable entre la Croatie et la Serbie en tant qu’Etats parties, point chonfirmé
par la Cour dans son examen du moyen principal de la Croatie.
22. Dès lors que la Cour cherche à déterminer si les prétendus actes de

génocide invoqués par la Croatie à l’encontre de la Serbie éhtaient attri -
buables à la RFSY et engageaient donc sa responsabilité, son examehn
— quelle que soit sa conclusion finale — repose nécessairement sur le pos-
tulat qu’il y a succession à la responsabilité et que la Serbieh peut avoir

succédé à la responsabilité de la RFSY à raison des manquements de cette
dernière aux obligations qui lui incombaient au titre de la Conventiohn. De
fait, la Convention est donc appliquée rétroactivement à la Serhbie.
23. Bien que les règles relatives à la responsabilité de l’Etat hse soient
considérablement développées depuis l’adoption de la conventhion sur le

génocide, le droit international général ne livre que peu d’héléments concer -
nant la succession d’Etats en matière de responsabilité. Comme hl’a fait
observer James Crawford,

«[l]a succession de l’Etat est un domaine où règnent l’incerthitude et
la controverse. La pratique est souvent équivoque et peut s’expliquer
par des accords spéciaux ou des règles étrangères à la nohtion juri -
dique de succession. De fait, il est possible d’affirmer que peu de

règles nettes se sont fait jour jusqu’à présent. » (Jamee Crawford,
Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law , 8 éd., Oxford
University Press, 2013, p. 424.)

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7 CIJ1077.indb 773 18/04/16 08:54 388 application of genochide convention (decl. xhue)

To date, in none of the codified rules of general international law onh treaty
succession and State responsibility, State succession to responsibility hwas
ever contemplated (see YILC, 1963, Vol. II, Working Paper submitted by

Mr. Lachs, p.298 ibid., 2001, Vol.I, Comments by Mr.Tomka, Chairman
of the Drafting Committee, p. 101, para. 101, Comments by Mr. Pellet,
p. 120, para. 52 ; Art. 39, Vienna Convention on Succession of States in
Respect of Treaties of 23 August 1978, entered into force on 6 Novem-
ber 1996, UNTS, Vol. 1946, No. 33356, pp. 3-29). Rules of State responsi-

bility in the event of succession remain to be developed.

24. Lastly, in response to Serbia’s argument on the basis of the Judg -
ments in Monetary Gold and East Timor, the Court rejects the applicabil -
ity of the Monetary Gold rule that the Court cannot decide a dispute

between States without the consent of those States to jurisdiction to thhe
present case (Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France,
United Kingdom and United States of America), Preliminary Question,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 32 ; East Timor (Portugal v. Australia),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 101, para. 26).It states that the ratio-

nale behind the Monetary Gold rule has no application to a State which
ceases to exist, no longer possessing any rights, thus by its nature, inhca -
pable of giving or withholding consent to the jurisdiction of the Court.h
25. In light of the overall context of the case, this reasoning seems a
convenient way to address the issue. When a State ceases to exist, it dohes

not necessarily mean that all its rights and obligations simultaneously h
cease to exist. In the present case, the SFRY’s status to treaties wahs indeed
succeeded by the FRY, as the Court states in the 2008 Judgment that

“the FRY would be bound by the obligations of a party in respect of
allthe multilateral conventions to which the SFRY had been a party
at the time of its dissolution, subject of course to any reservations

lawfully made by the SFRY limiting its obligations” (2008 Judgment,
pp. 454-455, para. 117 ; emphasis added).
Therefore, the question in the present situation is not whether the SFRYh

is capable or not of giving its consent to the jurisdiction of the Courth.
Rather, the relevant question should be whether or not Article IX of the
Convention provides a legal basis for the Court to exercise jurisdictionh on
disputes concerning State succession to responsibility. If not, there ish no
consent, on the part of the SFRY, the FRY, and indeed any State party

to the jurisdiction of the Court, both ratione materiae and ratione tempo ‑
ris, on such disputes. In that regard, it is the principle of consent under
the Statute of the Court that should come into play.
26. In conclusion, notwithstanding the caution given in the Judgment,
the approach taken by the Court in resolving the current dispute may, inh

my view, create serious implications that the Court does not intend to
have for future treaty interpretation.

389

7 CIJ1077.indb 774 18/04/16 08:54 application de convehntion génocide (décl. xhue) 388

A ce jour, la question de la succession de l’Etat à la responsabilhité n’a
encore jamais été envisagée dans aucune des règles codifiéhes du droit inter -
national général relatives à la succession en matière de trahités ou à la res-

ponsabilité de l’Etat (voir ACDI, 1963, vol. II, note de travail présentée par
M. Lachs, p. 308 ibid., 2001, vol. I, commentaires de M.Tomka, président
du comité de rédaction, p.106, par.101, commentaires de M.Pellet, p.127,
par. 52 ; article39 de la convention de Vienne sur la succession d’Etats en
matière de traités du 23 août 1978, entrée en vigueur le 6 novembre 1996 ;
o
RTNU, vol. 1946, n 33356, p. 3-29). Les règles relatives à la responsabilité
de l’Etat en cas de succession restent à élaborer.
24. Enfin, répondant à l’argument de la Serbie fondé sur les ahrrêts rendus
dans les affaires de l’Or monétaire et du Timor oriental, la Cour rejette l’ap -
plicabilité à la présente instance du principe énoncé danhs l’arrêt en l’affaire

de l’Or monétaire voulant que la Cour ne puisse régler un différend entre
Etats sans que ceux-ci aient d’abord consenti à sa compétence (Or monétaire
pris à Rome en 1943 (Italie c. France, Royaume‑Uni et Etats‑Unis d’Amé‑
rique), question préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J.Recueil1954, p. 32; Timor oriental
(Portugal c. Australie), arrêt, C.I.J.Recueil 1995, p. 101, par. 26). La Cour

déclare que l’argumentation sous-jacente au principe de l’Or monétaire ne
s’applique pas à un Etat qui a cessé d’exister, n’est plus titulaire d’aucun
droit et ne peut donc donner ou refuser son consentement à sa compétence.
25. Compte tenu du contexte général de la présente affaire, ce raisohn -
nement semble un moyen commode de régler la question. Or, quand un

Etat cesse d’exister, cela ne signifie pas nécessairement que tous ses
droits et obligations s’éteignent. En l’espèce, la RFY a effectivement
succédé à la RFSY en matière de traités, comme la Cour l’ha dit dans son
arrêt de 2008 :

«la RFY serait liée, en tant que partie, par les obligations découlhant
de toutes les conventions multilatérales auxquelles la RFSY était h
partie au moment de sa dissolution, à moins, bien sûr, que celle‑ci

n’eût formulé de manière régulière des réserves lim▯itant ses obliga
tions» (arrêt de 2008, p. 454-455, par. 117; les italiques sont de moi).
En conséquence, la question qui se posait en la présente instance hétait de

savoir non pas si la RFSY était capable ou non de donner son consentehment
à la compétence de la Cour, mais si l’article IX de la Convention fournissait
à la Cour une base juridique pour exercer sa compétence à l’hégard de diff -é
rends concernant la succession d’Etats à la responsabilité. Dans la négative,
il n’y a pas de consentement de la part de la RFSY, de la RFY ni, en hfait,

d’aucun Etat partie à la compétence de la Cour, aussi bien ratione materiae
que ratione temporis, à l’égard de tels différends. Dans ce domaine, c’est le
principe du consentement prévu par le Statut de la Cour qui entre en hjeu.
26. Pour conclure, je dirai que, en dépit de la mise en garde énoncéhe
dans l’arrêt, la démarche suivie par la Cour pour trancher le phrésent dif -

férend pourrait, à mon avis, avoir à l’avenir de sérieusehs conséquences en
ce qui concerne l’interprétation des traités, alors même queh telle n’était
pas l’intention de la Cour.

389

7 CIJ1077.indb 775 18/04/16 08:54 389 application of genochide convention (decl. xhue)

IV. “Time Gap” in the Protechtion

27. Before I close my remarks on the question of jurisdiction, I wish to

add one word on Croatia’s argument about the “time gap” in the hprotec-
tion. Croatia claims that a decision to limit jurisdiction to events afther
27 April 1992 would create a “time gap” in the protection afforded by the
Convention. From the viewpoint of human rights protection, that argu -
ment is obviously very strong and appealing. However, when Croatia

seeks legal protection from the Court on the basis of Article IX of the
Convention and invokes Serbia’s responsibility under the Convention, h
the jurisdiction of the Court has to be “confined to obligations arising
under the Convention itself”, and has to be confined to those that hare
undertaken by Serbia. This kind of “time gap”, if any, could occurh not

only in the event of State succession, but also with any State before it
becomes a party to the Convention. That is the limit of treaty régimeh.

28. That said, it should also be emphasized that the jurisdiction of the

Court is just one of the means available for the fulfilment of the Conhven-
tion. Moreover, when a State opts out of the clause of Article IX when it
ratifies or accedes to the Convention, it does not mean that the peoplhe of
that State party will not obtain the protection of the Convention. Oblighed
under the Convention, the State parties should, first and foremost, enhact

national legislation for the prevention and punishment of genocide and
other acts enumerated in Article III of the Convention at the national
level. Ultimately, it is these national measures that will play the majohr role
in preventing genocide and punishing perpetrators of genocidal crimes.
29. At the international level, in the situation related to the present

case,an ad hoc criminal tribunal, i.e., the International Criminal Tribunal
for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established to bring to justice
those responsible for crimes committed during the course of the SFRY’hs
dissolution process, despite the fact that the SFRY had ceased to exist.h
Although individual criminal responsibility and State responsibility areh
distinct, protection and justice thus accorded are equally important.

Whether Serbia should be held responsible for the SFRY’s alleged breahch
of its international obligations under the Convention can only be adjudghed
in accordance with international law.

(Signed) Xue Hanqin.

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7 CIJ1077.indb 776 18/04/16 08:54 application de convehntion génocide (décl. xhue) 389

IV. L’«interruption» de la protection

27. Avant de conclure sur la question de la compétence, je tiens à ajohu -

ter une observation sur l’argument de la Croatie concernant l’«h interrup-
tion » de la protection. Selon la Croatie, toute décision limitant la
compétence aux événements postérieurs au 27 avril 1992 risquait de créer
une «interruption» de la protection conférée par la Convention. Du point
de vue de la protection des droits de l’homme, cet argument est à hl’évi -

dence solide et séduisant. Toutefois, lorsque la Croatie demande à la
Cour une protection juridique sur la base de l’article IX de la Convention
et invoque la responsabilité de la Serbie en vertu de celle -ci, la compé -
tence de la Cour doit être « limitée aux obligations imposées par la
Convention elle-même » et contractées par la Serbie. Pareille « interrup-

tion », si elle existe, pourrait se produire non seulement dans le cas d’hune
succession d’Etats, mais également pour tout Etat avant qu’il nhe devienne
partie à la Convention. Telle est la limite imposée par tout réhgime conve-n
tionnel.
28. Cela dit, il faut également souligner que la compétence de la Courh

n’est que l’un des moyens d’exécution de la Convention. En ohutre, lors -
qu’un Etat se soustrait à l’article IX en ratifiant la Convention ou en y
adhérant, il ne suit pas que la population de cet Etat partie est prihvée de
la protection de la Convention. Celle-ci impose d’abord et avant tout aux
Etats parties l’obligation de légiférer pour prévenir et réprimer le géno -

cide et les autres actes énumérés à l’articleIII de la Convention sur le plan
national. Ce sont, en fin de compte, les mesures internes qui jouent lhe rôle
principal dans la prévention du génocide et la punition des auteurhs de ce
crime.
29. Sur le plan international, dans la situation liée à la présenteh affaire,

un tribunal pénal ad hoc, le Tribunal pénal international pour l’ex -
Yougoslavie (TPIY) a été créé pour que soient traduits en hjustice les res -
ponsables des crimes commis au cours de la dissolution de la RFSY, alorsh
que celle -ci avait cessé d’exister. Bien que la responsabilité pénale hindivi-
duelle et la responsabilité de l’Etat soient deux notions bien distinctes, la
protection et la justice accordées en faisant jouer l’une et l’hautre sont

d’égale importance. La question de savoir si la Serbie devait êhtre tenue
responsable de la violation alléguée par la RFSY de ses obligationhs inter -
nationales au titre de la Convention ne pouvait, quant à elle, êtrhe tran-
chée que conformément au droit international.

(Signé) Xue Hanqin.

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7 CIJ1077.indb 777 18/04/16 08:54

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Xue

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