Dissenting opinion of Judge ad hoc Ajibola

Document Number
094-19980611-JUD-01-08-EN
Parent Document Number
094-19980611-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE AJIBOLA

Introduction: Why the case concerning Right of Passageover Indian Terri-
tory should be revisited.

First preliminary objection - Why the Court should not reject it - Ques-
tions of reciprocity - Need to re-examine the requirements of Article 36 (2)
and (4) of the Statute - Contractual conceptof goodfaith - Element of sur-
prise and "unfriendly" act - Analysis and comparison of the Right of Passage
over Indian Territory case vis-à-vis this case - Differences and issue of
precedent - Other compelling considerations.
Third preliminary objection - Reason for disagreement with thedecision of
the Court - Competence of Lake Chad Basin Commission - Whether LCBC
is a regionalagency within themeaning of Article 52 of the Charter - Whether

LCBC is a tribunal within the meaning of Article 95 of the Charter.

Fourth preliminary objection and reasonfor votinginfavour.

Fifthpreliminary objection and reasonfor voting against thedecision of the
majority Members of the Court - Failure by the Court to address this objec-
tion as framed by Nigeria.
Sixth preliminary objection and reasonfor voting against thedecision of the
Court.

Seventh preliminary objection and reasonfor votinginfavour of upholding
the second part of Nigeria's objection - Application and interpretation of
Articles 74 and 83 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Eighth preliminary objectionand reasonfor voting against thedecisionof the
Court.
Reasons for voting infavour of the decision of the majority Members of the
Court on the secondpreliminary objectionand thejîrst part of the seventh pre-
liminary objection.
Conclusion: The needfor the Parties to come to Court by way of special

agreement - Need for caution.

The first preliminary objection of Nigeria, filed on 17 December 1995

in this case, gives the Court another opportunity once more to examine
criticallyits case-lawon the provision in Article 36 (2) of the Statute, and
more particularly Article 36 (4), which deals with the question of the
Optional Clause as it relates to the jurisdiction of the Court. Unfortu-

nately, the Court decided to follow its case-law in the Right of Passage
over Indian Territory case of 1957,which 1strongly disagree with; hence
my basic reason for appending this dissenting opinion to the Judgrnent of
the Court. But in addition to disagreeing with the Court with respect to
its decision on the first preliminary objection of Nigeria, in which thiscase-law - decided over 40 years ago - was reaffirmed, 1 also express

my disagreement with the decisionreached by the Court on sixother pre-
liminary objections raised by Nigeria.

The first preliminary objection of Nigeria is the most important objec-
tion addressed to the Court, and was extensivelyargued by both Parties.
In fact, if the objection had been accepted by the Court, it would have
disposed of the entirety of the Applications of Cameroon, filed on
29 March 1994and 6 June 1994respectively, and in my view the Court
ought to have dismissed the Applications on the basis of this objection.
It appears to me that this first preliminary objection is fundamental
and that it goes to the very root of Cameroon's Application. The objec-
tion essentially concerns the interpretation of the requirements of para-
graphs 2and 4 of Article 36of the Statute of the Court. In order to reach

a decision on whether this preliminary objection should be rejected or
upheld, some relevant issues raised by Nigeria and Cameroon in their
respective arguments and presentations require examination.
Among these issues are :
1. Reciprocity or coincidence as expressed in Article 36 (2) in the
phrase "in relation to any other State accepting the same obligation",
and the use of the word "reciprocity" in the Optional ClauseDeclaration

of Nigeria.
2. The question of good faith and the element of surprise.
3. The requirements contained in Article 36 (4) of the Statute of the
Court, namely :
"Such declarations shall be deposited with the Secretary-General
of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof to the
parties to theStatute and to the Registrar of the Court." (Emphasis

added.)
4. The Judgment in the case concerning Right of Passage overIndian
Territory (1C.J. Reports 1957, p. 125).

A. Reciprocity

The argument of Nigeria is that Cameroon, in lodging

"its Application on 29 March, acted prematurely and so failed to
satisfy the requirement of reciprocity as a condition to be met before
the jurisdiction of the Court can be invoked against Nigeria"
(CR9811,p. 29).

Cameroon lodged its Optional Clause Declaration on 3 March 1994
and filed its Application three weeks thereafter (Le., on 29 March 1994), whereas Nigeria had accepted the Court's jurisdiction under
Article 36 (2) of the Statute as far back as 14August 1965.

The argument of Cameroon is that this objection raised by Nigeria is
"untenable". Cameroon argues that :

"According to international law pertinent in the matter as well as
the firm jurisprudence of this Court, a State party to the system of
the Optional Clause may bring a case against another State party to
that systemimmediately after the deposit of its declaration of accept-
ance with the Secretary-General of the United Nations." (CR 9813,
p. 47, para. 54.)

It should be noted, in this preliminary objection, that there are two
aspects with regard to the use and application of the word "reciprocity" :
the "statutory reciprocity" embodied in Article 36 (2) of the Statute of
the Court (i.;., "inrelation to any other State acceptingthe same obliga-
tion") and the word "reciprocity" as used by Nigeria in its Optional
Clause Declaration, wherein Nigeria recognizes "as compulsory ipso
facto and without special agreement, in relation to any other State
acceptingthe same obligation, that is to Say,on the solecondition of reci-
procity . . ."(emphasis added). Therefore, in order for Cameroon to
invoke the jurisdiction of the Court against Nigeria it must clear the two
hurdles: (a) by satisfying the request for "reciprocity" indicated by
Nigeria and also (b) by satisfying the "statutory reciprocity" under
Article 36 (2) of the Statute.

A careful examination of Nigeria's Optional Clause Declaration has
been the subject of arguments by counsel on both sides and each has
given different interpretations to the use of the word "reciprocity".
However, if words are to be given their ordinary meaning, Nigeria's
Optional ClauseDeclaration contains a clear expression of reciprocity in
terms of coincidence,when it States, inter alia, "in relation to any other
State accepting the same obligation", and another requirement of reci-
procity when it declares "on the sole condition of reciprocity". The
former requirement isworded exactlyas in Article 36(2)of the Statute of
the Court. It is therefore not enough for Cameroon to have attempted to
satisfy the statutory requirement of reciprocity by filingits own Optional
Clause Declaration as Nigeria had done in 1965; it must also have
ensured that the same was done in good faith and not surreptitiously.

What is surreptitious about Cameroon's action? It is its failure to
notify Nigeria formally (perhaps by a diplomatic note) of its intention to

file this case before the Court. After all, both Parties are neighbours.
There are arguments on both sidesthat somehowNigeria knew about the
proposed action of Cameroon, that it was announced in the media and
discussed in some other forums like meetings of the Organization ofAfrican Unity. This appears to me to beg the question. Nigeria ought to
have been formally notified; in my view, this is an apparent prerequisite
which Cameroon cannot ignore and which will later be elaborated upon.

B. The Requirement of Article 36 (4) of the Statute of the Court

Article 36(4)makes it mandatory for any State filingits Declaration to
deposit the same with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The
Secretary-General shall in turn transmit copies thereof to the parties to
the Statute and to the Court's Registrar. This paragraph was added to
Article 36 during the deliberations stage in Committee IV11at the San
Francisco Conference.
Shabtai Rosenne, in The Law and Practiceof the International Court,
1920-1996, referred to the commentary of Hudson on this particular
point. Hudson considered, "that the insertion of this provision into the
Statute was a 'detail of housekeeping but one which, in view of uncer-
tainties which had arisen, might prove to be useful"' (Vol. II, p. 753).
Neither Party denies that such a declaration falls within the provision in
Article 102of the Charter of the United Nations, which also requiresthe
registration ofsuch documents with the Secretariat. The issue here is not
that Cameroon failed to register the Optional Clause Declaration with
the Secretary-General but that the Declaration was not transmitted to

Nigeria until nearly one year later. What then is the consequence of this
lapse, having regard to the fact that Nigeria demands reciprocity? Of
course, Nigeria's Optional Clause Declaration had since 1965been com-
municated to al1Members of the United Nations, including Cameroon,
and had been published since then. Reciprocity in this context requires
that Nigeria should have been informed about Cameroon's Optional
Clause Declaration before its Application was filed with the Court, to
avoid being surprised and to be assured that Cameroon had acted in
good faith.

C. The Contractual Concept

In its Judgment in the Right of Passage case in 1957, the Court
observed that by merely depositingits declaration of acceptance with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations, the accepting State automati-
cally becomes a party to the Optional Clause system in relation to any
other declarant State. The Court employed the word "contractual" and

stated that: "The contractual relation between the Parties and the com-
pulsoryjurisdiction of the Court resultingtherefrom are established .. ."
(Right of Passage overZndian Territory, Preliminary Objections,Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 146.)If, therefore, such a deposit of a dec-
laration of acceptance is considered to be an offer to Statesparties to the Statute which have not yet deposited their declarations, the important
question is when (ratione personae and ratione temporis) can it be said
that such an offer has been accepted by a new declarant State? The deci-
sion of the Court in 1957and in al1other similar cases, like the Temple of
Preah Vihearcase, is that such an offer is deemed to have been accepted

on the date of the deposit of the new acceptance declaration with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations.
The Court stated in this case that:

"The only formality required is the deposit of the acceptance with
the Secretary-General of the United Nations under paragraph 4 of
Article 36 of the Statute." (Temple of Preah Vihear, Preliminary

Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1961, p. 31 .)
Although the subject of formation of contracts by correspondence varies
from one domestic legal system to another, it is nevertheless indisputable
that an offer must be communicated to the offeree before a contract can
be considered binding. Judge Badawi, in his dissenting opinion in the
Right of Passage case, confirmed this view when he observed:

"Whatever that moment may be, the position in the present case is
that, in any event, and whatever criterion or moment may be adopted
with regard to the formation of a contract by correspondence, it was
prior to that moment. The present case is similar to one in which
there is an offer which has not yet been dispatched." (Right of Pas-
sage overIndian Territory, Preliminary Objections,Judgment, I. C.J.
Reports 1957, p. 157.)

Itis difficult to perceive of a situation whereby a contract is considered
as binding on a party when that party is unaware of the content and
terms of that contract. There is therefore a cardinal prerequisite condi-
tion that the other party be notified that itsffer had been accepted.This
is the obvious omission in this case. Nigeria was not informed about
Cameroon's Declaration before it (Cameroon) fileditsApplication before
the Court. Further, in his dissenting opinion, Judge Badawi concluded
that: "The offer by Portugal, contained in its Declaration and addressed
to the other States, had not been accepted by India or, indeed, commu-
nicated to India." (Ibid., p. 156.)

When the Court was called upon by India in 1957to decide on its pre-
liminary objections,two vital issues of substance (and not of procedure)
were invoked in interpreting the provision in Article 36 (4); both condi-
tions are patently mandatory because in both cases the word used in the
Article is "shall". On the first condition, the Court rightly decided that
the declaration must be deposited by the declarant State with the Secre-
tary-General of the United Nations. But the Court failed to require com-
pliance with the second prerequisitecondition, that is to "transmit copiesthereof to the parties to the Statute and to the Registrar of the Court".
This also is a condition precedent which the declarant State must comply
with before it can validly invoke the jurisdiction of this Court. There
is no other ordinary meaning or interpretation (in accordance with
Article 31 of the 1969Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties) that
would ensure that both conditions are given the same interpretation and
meaning. Such a transmission is the only valid and binding means of offi-
cial notification to other States parties, and in this case to Nigeria. To
enable Cameroon to file a proper application before the Court there is
essentially the need for Nigeria to have been notified of Cameroon's
Declaration, but which wasnot done until eleven-and-a-halfmonths there-

after, by which time Cameroon had filed its Application. Regrettably
the Court has consistently followed its 1957 decision for over forty years,
on the basis on this case-law in Right of Passage overIndian Territory.

The reasonine of the Court that the reauirement of transmission is
purely procedurvalwas based on the view that to state otherwise could
bring about uncertainty as to the moment when jurisdiction can be
invoked. But al1that is required of the declarant State is to ensure from
the Office ofthe Secretary-General of the United Nations that this condi-
tion of transmission has been met by the Secretariat before filing its
application, just as it should ensure that its instrument of declaration had

been properly deposited with the Secretary-General. A declarant State
which knows that the condition of transmission is a prerequisite, like the
de.osAt. would ascertain that both conditions have been fulfilledbefore
filingits application; in my view, the issue of uncertainty can thereby be
disposed of without much waste of time. If the requirement of transmis-
sion is made compulsory, the declarant State would nevertheless comply
with both conditions by making the necessary enquirywith the Secretary-
General of the United Nations.
One other point that could have persuaded the Court in 1957to decide
that the issue of transmission is merely procedural concerned the nature
of India's Declaration of Acceptance of 28 February 1940,in which it

accepted the jurisdiction of the Court for a specifiedperiod "from today's
date". This is the obvious difference between the case on Right of Pas-
sage over Indian Territory and the present case. Nigeria's Declaration is
based on reciprocityand as such it is essential that it be givendue notice
and effect.

D. GoodFaith and the Element of Surprise

It is Nigeria's argument that Cameroon's Application to the Court
came as a surprise and was perhaps filedin a clandestinemanner. Nigeria
further allegesthe absence of good faith on the part of Cameroon. Cam-

eroon denies al1these accusations and states that Nigeria was informedabout Cameroon's intention to bring the action before the Court. Cam-
eroon refers to an earlier meeting where it mentions arbitration as a
means of resolving the dispute.
Since 1957,when the Court decided the case on Right of Passage over
Indian Territory, the doctrine of good faith in international law has

further developed considerably.There is the Friendly Relations Declara-
tion of the General Assemblyof 1970(General Assemblyresolution 2625
(XXV)), which enjoins States to fulfil in goodfaith obligations assumed
by them in accordance with the Charter. Article 26 of the Vienna Con-
vention on the Law of Treaties of 1969also provides that "every treaty in
force is binding upon the parties to it and must beperfomed by them in
good faith". The Charter of the United Nations, in paragraph 2 of its
Article2, requires that Members shall fulfilin good faith their obligations
under the Charter. The Court has also made reference to the principle of
good faith in much of its case-law. In 1974, in the case concerning
Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), the Court observed that:

"One of the basic principles governingthe creation and perform-
ance of legal obligations, whatever their source, is the principle of
good faith. Trust and confidenceare inherent in internationalco-op-
eration, in particular in an age when this CO-operationin many fields
is becoming increasingly essential." (ZC..J. Reports 1974, p. 473,
para. 49.)

One issue of good faith that is very relevant to this particularelimi-
nary objection is the case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activi-
ties. In this case, the United States purported to act on 6 April 1984in
such a way as to modify its 1946Declaration, which in fact sufficiently
and immediately barred the Application filed by Nicaragua on 9 April
1984. (Nicaragua had filed its Optional Clause Declaration on 24 Sep-
tember 1929.)
In that case, the Court found that there was sufficientbasisfor itsjuris-
diction. In its Judgment, the Court observed as follows:

"But the right ofimrnediatetermination of declarations withindefi-
nite duration is far from established. It appears from the require-
ments of good faith that they should be treated, by analogy, accord-
ing to the law of treaties, which requires a reasonable time for
withdrawalfrom or termination of treaties that contain noprovision
regarding the duration of their validity. Since Nicaragua has in fact
not manifested any intention to withdraw its own declaration, the

question ofwhat reasonableperiod ofnoticewould legallyberequired
does not need to be further examined: it need only be observed that
from 6 to 9 April would not amount to a 'reasonable time'." (Mili-
tary and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicara-
gua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 420; emphasis added.) If therefore the Court has moved a step ahead since pronouncing its
Judgrnent in 1957in the Right of Passage case by acceptingthe require-
ment of good faith as a prerequisite for the termination of an Optional
Clause declaration, it stands to reason that it could now move further
and do the same in this case.
It is the view of the Court that the principle of good faith plays an
important role in Optional Clausedeclarations with regard to reciprocity.

The Court observed further in the same Nicaragua case that:

"In fact, the declarations, even though they are unilateral acts,
establish aseries of bilateral engagements with other States accept-
ing the same obligation of compulsoryjurisdiction, in which the con-

ditions, reservations and time-limit clauses areaken into considera-
tion. In the establishment of this network of engagements, which
constitutes the Optional Clause system, the principle of good faith
plays an important role; the Court has emphasized the need in inter-
national relationsfor respect for goodfaith and confidence in par-
ticulavly unambiguous terms ..." (Military and Paramilitary Activi-
ties in and against Nicaragua (Nigaragua v. United States of
America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1984, p. 418; emphasis added.)

If, ex hypothesi, Nigeria, being aware of the fact that Cameroon was
about to file its Application on 29 March 1994 had withdrawn its
Optional Clause Declaration, say on 26 March 1994,putting Cameroon
in a situation similar to that of Nicaragua, the Court would have decided
that Nigeria did not act in good faith and that such withdrawal would
not invalidate the Application of Cameroon. The Court is now being
asked to deal with "the other side of the coin" and, in my opinion, it
ought to give a "reciprocal judgrnent" by rejecting the Application of
Cameroon as an application filed malafide.
It has been strongly canvassed by Cameroon that instituting proceed-
ings before the Court cannot be considered an unfriendly act. However, it
is the practice among States that cases are addressed to the Court when
negotiation and agreement have failed. It is not unusual for States to con-
sider litigation as an unfriendly act especiallyin the absence of a Special
Agreement. A good example is found in the steps taken by Peru and

Colombia in the Asylum case of 1950, before the Application was
eventually filed by Colombia on 15 October 1949. The "Act of Lima"
agreement signed on 31 August 1949,which permits either of the parties
to file its application before the Court, states in its second paragraph
thus :

"The Plenipotentiaries of Peru and Colombia having been unable
to reach an agreement on the terms in which they might refer the
dispute jointly to the International Court of Justice, agree that pro- ceedingsbefore the recognizedjurisdiction of the Court may be insti-
tuted on the application of either of the Parties without this being
regarded as an unfriendly act toward the other, or as an act likely to
affect the good relations between the two countries. The Party exer-
cising this right shall, with reasonableadvance notice, announce in a
friendly way to the other Party the date on whichthe application is to

be made." (Asylum, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 268 ; empha-
sis added.)
It is thereforenot unusual for a State to consider an application filedwith
the Court as "unfriendly" when the same is done without notice from the
applicant or from other expected sources.

E. The Case ConcerningRight of Passage over Indian Territory

Two points have to be considered under this heading:

(a) that the present case is easily distinguishablefrom the Right of Pas-
sage case;
(b) that, even if it is not distinguishablefrom the Right of Passage case,
the Court ought not to follow that precedent.

(a) The differences
First, it can be clearly observed that the issue of good faith was not
strongly canvassed by India, whereas in Nigeria's case absence of good

faith on the part of Cameroon was strongly argued on the basis of the
available facts and the law.
Secondly, on 28 February 1940,when India made its Optional Clause
Declaration, it accepted the jurisdiction of the Court for a specified
period "from today's date" (Rightof Passage overIndian Territory, Pre-
liminary Objections,Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 146).There is no
such provision in Nigeria's Declaration; on the contrary it demands reci-
procity from any declarant State.
The issue of reciprocity was not strongly canvassed by India, unlike
Nigeria, and as a result the Court did not put much emphasis on it. The
situation in the present case is differentfrom the situation in the Right of
Passage case, which concernedcertain enclavesin India, the right of pas-
sage to which Portugal claimed. In the present case Cameroon is seeking
a determination of al1 its land and maritime boundaries with Nigeria.

Again in the present case, third States' rights are involved. In the Lake
Chad area the interests of Chad and Niger are involved, and within the
maritime area the interests of Equatorial Guinea, SaoTomeand Principe,
and Gabon are involved.

(b) The issue of precedent
As a prelude to hisbook Precedent inthe World Court,JudgeMohamed
Shahabuddeen writes : "Decisions of the International Court of Justice are almost as
replete with references to precedent as are decisions of a common
law court. Even thoughprevious decisionsare not binding, the Court
relies upon them as authoritative expressions of its viewson decided
points of law." (Emphasis added.)

The principle of stare decisis does not apply in this Court and, that
being so, it has no rule of precedent. Article 59 of the Court's Statute
expressly Statesthat a decision of the Court is only binding between the
parties and in respect of that particular case.Article2of the Statute per-
mit~a State which considers that it has an interest of a legal nature which
may be affected by the decision of the Court in a particular case to filea
request to the Court for permission to intervene.
In practice, however, the Court in most cases relies upon and follows
its previous decisions.
While that practice is desirable in order to ensure some degree of cer-
tainty in the jurisprudence of the Court, there are occasions when it is
necessary for the Court, for one reason or the other, not to follow its
previous decisions. The present case is just such a case.

Thislatter practice isnot unknownin the Court and had been employed
in a fewcases: in the caseconcerning Interpretationof Peace Treatieswith
Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania the Court declined to follow the strict
rule which it had laid down in the Statusof Eastern Careliacase regard-
ing the rendering of an advisory opinion. Similarly, in the Barcelona
Traction case the Court did not follow its decisionin the Nottebohm case
on the issue of diplomatic protection.

Of recent, Shabtai Rosenne has taken a keen interest in cases con-
nected with Optional Clause declarations under Article 36 (4) vis-à-vis
the Right of Passage case. He observed in his recent publication, An
International Law Miscellany :

"In the present Court this litigation tactic has been followed in
five cases of high political implication:Nuclear Tests (Australia v.
France) case, the Aegean Sea Continental Shelf case, the Military
and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua case, and the
two cases Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971
Montreal Conventionarisingfrom the Aerial Incident ut Lockerbie.
What ismore, in al1of these casesthe phenomenon of the 'unwilling
respondent' (in the first and third, a permanent member of the Secu-
rity Council) was encountered, and in the first two of those cases,
that unwilling respondent refused to have any part in the proceed-
ings, al1adding to the difficultiesof jurisdiction and admissibility.

The existence of this well-establishedprocedure coupled with the

last five precedents raises serious doubts about the continued unchecked application of the doctrine accepted by the Court in the
Right of Passage case. Paragraph 4 was inserted into Article 36 of
the Statute at the San Francisco Conference almost as a matter of
routine, and like any text it is open to more than one interpretation.
Sincethen, important developmentshave taken place both asregards
the general law of the depositary of multilateral instruments, formu-
lated for the first time (as stated) in the Vienna Conventions, and in
State practice as exemplifiedin the cases mentioned." (P. 92.)

And finally he offered some suggestions, as follows:

"The question can be asked whether what has occurred since the
Right of Passage case does not justify a reconsideration of the doc-
trine of that case should an opportunityto do so present itself.At al1
events, it is to be hoped that should occasion arise for a revision of
the Statute, more attention will be paid to the implications of Ar-
ticle 36,paragraph 4, than was givenin 1945,and that a method will
be found to protect States which have accepted the jurisdiction
under paragraph 2 from the surprisedeposit of a declaration in New
York and the immediateinstitution of proceedings accompanied by
a request for the indication of interim measures of protection before
the respondent can be (not 'is')aware that the declaration has been
deposited; and that the provisions regarding the making of declara-
tions, their modification and their termination and other related
instruments, will be CO-ordinatedwith what is now established law
and practice regardingthe exerciseof the functions of the depositary
of multilateral treaties and other international instruments."
(Rosenne, op. cit., pp. 92-93.)

From al1that has been said and quoted above, it is clear that the deci-
sion in the case concerning Right of Passage overIndian Tevritovyshould
generally be revisited and to regard such case-lawas bad law, because the
decision failed to take into proper consideration the second mandatory
condition provided in Article 36 (4) of the Statute of the Court, namely
that States parties "shall" be notified beforejurisdiction can be invoked
by any declarant State. Both conditions, of "deposit" and "transmis-
sion", are mandatory, as set forth in that paragraph 4 of Article 36,
which provision must be complied with by any litigant State that intends
to fileits application.

F. Other Compelling Considevations
So many circumstances of this particular case are sufficientlycompel-
ling as to persuade the Court to accept the argument of Nigeria, even on

objective grounds. Firstly, Nigeria and Cameroon are neighbours and
willremain so for al1time, and it is therefore not in the interests of peace
and good neighbourliness in that region that one Party should be draggedto the Court against its wish. The record before the Court is that both
Parties are already involved in the settlement of some of the dispute.
Delimitation and demarcation have been effected in some areas and it
will be in bad faith that the matter is brought to the Court while other
means of settlement of the Parties' dispute is pending.

Moreover, many cases of delimitation in land and maritime disputes
have been instituted in this Court by way ofSpecial Agreement. A very

recent and successful example is the case concerningthe Territorial Dis-
pute (Libyan Arab JamahiriyalChad) , which was concluded and judg-
ment deliveredon 3 February 1994;by the end of May of that year Libya
had complied with the Judgrnent of the Court. There are ten other similar
cases :Minquiers and Ecrehos (United KingdomlFrance), I.C.J. Reports
1953, p. 47; Sovereignty over Certain Frontier Land (BelgiumlNether-
lands), I.C.J. Reports 1959, p. 209; North Sea Continental Shelf (Fed-
eral Republic of GermanylDenmark; Federal Republic of GermanylNeth-
erlands), I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 3; Continental Shelf (TunisialLibyan
Arab Jamahiriya), I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 18; Delimitation of the Mari-
time Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (CanadalUnited States of
America), I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 246; Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab
JamahiriyalMalta), I.C.J. Reports 1985,p. 13 ;FrontierDispute (Burkina
FasolRepublic of Mali), I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 554; Land, Island and
Maritime Frontier Dispute (El SalvadorlHonduras: Nicaragua interven-
ing), 1.C.J. Reports 1992, p. 351 ;and the pending territorial disputes
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatarand Bah-
rain and KasikililSedudu Island (BotswanalNamibia).

Three further caseswereinstituted by unilateral application: Temple of
Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 6 ;Aegean
Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), 1.C.J. Reports 1978,p. 3 ;and
Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen
(Denmark v. Norway), I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 38; however, these cases
deal either with maritime delimitation or with frontier disputes, but not
with both as in the present case.

It is a well-acceptedfundamental principle of international law that the
jurisdiction of the Court is based on consent of the States involved. The
Court echoed this view in the recent case of Maritime Delimitation and
Territorial Questions between Qatarand Bahrain:

"There is no doubtthat the Court's jurisdiction can only be estab-

lished on the basis of the will ofthe Parties, as evidencedby the rele-
vant texts."(Jurisdictionand Admissibility, Judgment, Z.C.J. Reports
1995, p. 23, para. 43.)Rosenne also comments as follows on this same established principle

"There exists an uncontroverted principle of generalinternational
law according to which no State is obliged to submit any dispute
with another Stateor to givean account of itselfto any international
tribunal. The agreement of the parties to the dispute is the pre-
requisite to adjudication on the merits." (The Law and Practice of
the International Court, 1920-1996,Vol. II, p. 563.)

With this consensual basis of jurisdiction, it can be strongly argued in
this case thatunless such consent is genuinely given, and not forced, the
Court should exercisejudicial caution in proceeding with the case on its
merits. Nigeria's objectionis premised on the argument that the Applica-
tion was a surprise and that Nigeria was not giventhe prerequisitenotice
either by Cameroon or by the Secretary-General of the United Nations
before the Application was filedby Cameroon.

In a similar vein it is also important for the Court tosider the issue
of justice underpinning this preliminary objection, and ask whether a
jurisdiction forced on Nigeria, as an unwilling Respondent, would pro-
mote peace and good neighbourliness between the Parties and in that
region. This concept of justice is not abstract; it is to be defined and
determined in accordance with the provision in Article 2, paragraph 3, of

the Charter. Jurisdiction is defined by Rosenne as follows:

"Broadly speaking the expression jurisdiction refers to the power
of the Court to 'do justice' between the litigating States, toecide
the case before it with final and binding force on those States. The
expression 'do justice' has been used by the Court several times,
notably in the UNAT advisory opinion." (The Law and Practice of
the International Court, 1920-1996,Vol. II, p. 536.)

Itis for al1the reasons stated above that 1feltconvinced that the Court
ought to uphold the first preliminary objection of Nigeria and, therefore,
dismiss the Applications of Cameroon.

II. THETHIRDPRELIMINAR OYBJECTION

The third preliminary objection of Nigeria is that "the settlement of
boundary disputes within the Lake Chad region is subject to the exclusive
competence of the Lake Chad Basin Commission" (CR9815, p. 64).
Nigeria argues that the provisions of theStatute of the Lake Chad Basin
Commission, annexed to an agreement dated 22 May 1964,are binding
on the four States which are signatories to that agreement, includingCameroon. It argues further that the provisions of the Statute coupled
with the agreements and other understandings between the four States
parties to the Agreement are binding on them, and thus Cameroon can-
not file its Application under Article 36 (2) of the Statute of the Court.
The two other members of the Commission are Chad and Niger. Cam-
eroon denies the meaning that Nigeria attaches to the function and
power of the Commission. Both Parties refer to the Statute of the Com-
mission as well as the assignments given to it by the four member States

of the Commission.
A careful examination of the duties of the Commission is more than
sufficientto confer on it the task of dealing with al1the requests that are
now being submitted by Cameroon to this Court. These assignments can
be viewedin two parts: those that are contained in the Statute, i.e., under
Article IX, paragraphs
"(c) to maintain the liaison between the High Contracting parties
with a viewto themost effectiveutilization of the waters of the
Basin ;

(d) to follow the progress of the execution of surveysand work in
the Chad Basin as envisaged in the present Convention, and
to keep the Member States informed at least once [a] year
thereon, through systematic and periodic reports which each
State shall submit to it;
.............................
(g) to examine complaints and to promote the settlement of dis-
putes and the resolution of differences" (emphasis added),

and those that are assigned to the Commission by the authority of the
member States. As evidence of this, two sub-commissions of experts
were, inter alia, assigned to carry out the demarcation and delimitation
of borders in the Lake Chad area, having as their working documents
various conventions and agreements concluded between the former colo-
nial Powers. It is important to emphasize that the sub-commissionswere
assigned the duty not only to delimit boundaries but also to demarcate
the same. This exercise wascarried out between 1989and 1990; by 1994
the assignment had been fully completed and awaited the signing and
ratification of the pertinent document by individual Heads of State.
Although the document was ratified by Cameroon last year (after this
case had been filed in the Court), Nigeria did not respond accordingly,
presumably because of the Application of Cameroon pending in the
Court.
One important and convincing argument in favour of upholding this
preliminary objection is the fact that the Commissionhad already carried
out and completed the work that the Court is now calledupon by Cam-

eroon to carry out. The four member States are not disputing the final
work of the Commissionand al1that isleft to be done isthe ratification of
the resulting instrument. Apart from the fact that it is difficult,under the
circumstances, to establish a case of any dispute between Nigeria andCameroon within the Lake Chad Basin (except for Darak and adjacent
islands),it can be concludedthat the Parties, having submitted their claims
to the Commission, are bound by its decision. The enigma, or the confu-
sion, that might arise in this regard is the apparent bifurcation ofjudicial
authority within the Lake Chad Basin which could occur if al1the four
member States agreed to ratify the Commission'sinstrument in the future.
In its further argument Nigeria refers to Article 52 of the United

Nations Charter, and considers the Commission's assignment as being
within the framework of regional arrangements "or agencies for dealing
with such matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and
security as are appropriate for regional action ...". The question here is
whether the Lake Chad Basin Commission can be regarded as a regional
organization. In my view,the Commission can be so regarded and there-
fore qualifies as coming under Article 52 of the Charter. The reason for
this is not far-fetched: as already mentioned, paragraph IX (g) of the
Commission'sStatute empowers the Commission to examine complaints,
promote settlement of disputes and resolve differences.The maintenance
of international peace and security, as stipulated in Article 52 (1) of the
Charter, is in accord with the assignmentsconferred on the Commission
by this regional group of States.
Another point raised by Nigeria during its argument in the oral
proceedings concerns Article 95 of the United Nations Charter, which
provides that :

"Nothing in the present Charter shall prevent Members of the
United Nations from entrusting the solution of their differences to
other tribunals by virtue of agreements already in existenceor which
may be concluded in the future."

The crucialquestion here is whether the Lake Chad Basin Commission is
a tribunal. To my mind it is, because it isvested with al1the powers, func-
tions and duties of a tribunal and it is competent to act as one. The word
"tribunal" is a generic term that encompasses various dispute settlement
jurisdictions. In Law Terminology, a document of the United Nations,
the word "tribunal" isdefinedas "person or body exercisingadjudicatory
functions outside the regular judicial system, i.e. exercisingquasi-judicial
functions" : tribunals are referred to as:

"often established by statutory authority, in which case they are
sometimes called statutory tribunals. Although outside the regular
judicial system they are nevertheless subject to the supervisoryjuris-
diction of the High Court of Justice by the process ofjudicial review.

They may be called tribunal, board, commission,committee or coun-
cil and are divided into three categories: administrative tribunal,
domestic tribunal, tribunal of enquiry . . .(Emphasis added.)After all, the assignment of the Commission includes not only the delimi-
tation and demarcation of boundaries within the Lake Chad Basin; it
also includes the function of dispute settlement and it therefore qualifies
as an arbitral or administrative tribunal, as the case may be. Hence
Nigeria rightly invokes the provision in Article 95 of the Charter. An

examination of Article 94 of the Charter, which deals with the issue of
compliance "with the decision of the International Court of Justice",
clearly distinguishes this Court from the establishment ofch a tribunal
as that envisagedin Article 95 as an alternative body that could be set up
instead of an application being filed with the Court.
One point is therefore clear with regard to this preliminary objection:
that the Commission had been assigned and is still seised of the duty to
delimit and demarcate the boundary between both Parties in the Lake
Chad Basin, and the subsequent assignment of the same work to the
Court is, therefore, inadmissible. Hence my conclusion that the Court
lacks jurisdiction. Furthermore, the Commission's assignment, carried
out for and on behalf of the four member States, is a joint affair,ar-
ently indivisible.Both Parties in the present case are therefore obliged to
recognize and abide by the exclusivecompetence of the Lake Chad Basin
Commission.

Finally on this preliminary objection, there is need for a note of

caution: that the Court should not be called upon to carry out what
has already been accomplished by the Parties through the Commission.
For al1these reasons it is my view that the third preliminaryobjection
of Nigeria should be upheld.

III. THE FOURTH PRELIMINAR OBJECTION

The Court rejects the fourth preliminary objection of Nigeria that:

"The Court should not in these proceedings determinethe bound-
ary in Lake Chad to the extent that that boundary constitutes or is
constituted by the tripoint in the Lake." (PreliminaryObjections of
Nigeria, Vol. 1, p. 84, para. 4.12.)
However, 1hold a contrary view. The reason for so doing is that, having
regard to the position of the tripoint, it is difficult if not impossible to

entertain the request of Cameroon.
Cameroon disagrees with this preliminary objection and argues that
the case-lawof the Court does not support the argument of Nigeria. Both
Parties made mention of the Frontier Dispute (Burkina FasolRepublicof
Mali)w ,here the Chamber of the Court conceded that it had jurisdiction
to adjudicate on the case notwithstanding the fact that theendpoint of
the frontier lieson the frontier of another, third State. The view of
eroon is that the Frontier Dispute case, as well as the case of the Terri-torial Dispute (Libyan Arab JamahiriyalChad), are case-lawthat cannot
be distinguished from this present case as claimed by Nigeria.
As 1 have mentioned earlier in this opinion, a case of this nature

requiresthe unequivocal consensus of both Parties to enable the Court to
be seisedof the matter. For example, both the Frontier Dispute and Ter-
ritorial Disputecases were brought before the Court by Special Agree-
ment. Another important factor in favour of Nigeria's argument is the
fact that its interests andose of Chad and Niger are interwoven within
the Lake Chad Basin, in respect of which the Commission has performed
its obligations of demarcation and delimitation.
But the position of Chad with regard to the tripoint ismore relevant in
this case when compared to the cases of Frontier Dispute and Territorial
Dispute. Mention has been made of earlier clashes between Nigeria and
Chad in the same area which might or might not affect the tripoint. It can
therefore be said that the interests of Chad and to some extent those of
Niger constitute the subject-matter of this case which, to my mind, can-
not be heard on the merits without Chad intervening as a party. Of
coursethe immediate answer on this could be the invocation of Article 59
of the Statute, in that the decision of the Court is binding only on the
parties. However, this is a case which is in line with the cases of East
Timor (Portugal v. Australia) and Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru
(Nauru v. Australia). The earlier case of Monetary Gold Removedfrom

Rome is also relevant here. The point has been made by Cameroon that
its Applications relate only to the issue of the boundary between it and
Nigeria. The issue here is not what Cameroon files or says but what,
practically, is on the ground as to the position of the tripoint between
Chad and the Parties. Quite definitely, the frontier between Cameroon
and Nigeria will affect the frontier between Cameroon and Chad by vir-
tue of the tripoint. A desirablesituation that would certainlyconfer juris-
diction on the Court would be the seisingof the Court by way of special
agreement between Cameroon, Nigeria and Chad. For al1these reasons
my conclusion is that the fourth preliminary objection of Nigeria ought
to be upheld.

IV. THEFIFTHPRELIMINAR OYBJECTION

In my view, the Court ought to uphold the fifth preliminary objection
as framed by Nigeria which regrettably it rejected, hence my disagree-

ment with the decision of the Court. There are two important reasons
which underlie my decision to take a contrary viewto that of the Court:
in effect the Court has failed to respond to the preliminary objection as
framed and presented by Nigeria, and further the conclusions reached by
the Court are contradictory in terms.
Nigeria in its fifth preliminaryobjectionmaintains that thereis no dis-
pute between it and Cameroon "concerning boundary delimitation assuch throughout the whole length of the boundary from the tripoint in
Lake Chad to the sea". It maintains that there simply is no evidence of
such a dispute, either in Cameroon's originalApplication or in its Addi-
tional Application filed on 6 June 1994.It went further to particularize
the objection as follows:

"(1) there is no dispute in respect of the boundary delimitation as
such within Lake Chad, subject to the question of title to
Darak and adjacent islands inhabited by Nigerians;

(2) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as
such from the tripoint in Lake Chad to Mount Kombon;

(3) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as
such between Boundary Pillar 64 on the Gamana River and
Mount Kombon; and
(4) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as
such between Boundary Pillar 64on the Gamana River and the
sea" (PreliminaryObjections of Nigeria, Vol. 1,p. 87).

Cameroon denies the assertion of Nigeria and argues that in fact there
are not only disputes within the Lake Chad Basin area and on the fron-
tier to the sea but that there are also maritime delimitation disputes. The
question put to Nigeria by the Court was not limited to the land bound-
ary but speaks of the whole boundary. Consequently, in the conclusion
reached by the Court, its finding is that there is a dispute between the

Parties concerning the "boundary as a whole". It is thus clear that,
strictly speaking, the fifth preliminary objection of Nigeria as put before
the Court has not been specificallyaddressed. The Court ought to have
limited itselfto the preliminaryobjectionas framed by Nigeria and there-
fore it cannot be said that the fifth preliminary objection of Nigeria has
been properly dealt with.
As claimed by Nigeria there has been partial demarcation of the
boundary. In fact, Nigeria points out that "something a little over 200
miles of the present boundary has been clearly demarcated by the erec-
tion of boundary pillars" (CR9812, p. 21). This is not denied by Cam-
eroon. Nigeria goes further to state:

"Even taking a generous view of the extent of the boun-
dary affected by these local incidents (say1/4of a mile of boundary
for each 'incident') theyconcern, even if al1of them were relevant
(which they are not), perhaps some 10 or a dozen miles of
its length. That cannot be taken as representing doubt or dispute
as to the whole length of that 1,000-mile boundary." (CR9812,
p. 25.)

Thus it may be concluded that, contrary to the claim of Cameroon, the
area in dispute can be considered as relatively minor or even negligible.In any case, at least it is clear from the alleged facts of the incidentsand
disputes presented by the Parties that there is no question of the entire
length of the boundary from Lake Chad to the sea being in dispute.

Another aspect of Nigeria's fifth preliminary objection concerns the
legal and geographical scope of the boundary dispute. It appears that, in
the view of the Court, Nigeria has not definitivelymade its position clear
regarding the course of the boundary, or at least does not agree with the
claim of Cameroon. Equally,the Court cannot ascertain from the answer
given byNigeria (based on the question put to it as already referred to)
what is its own view ofthe legal scope of the dispute either now or in the
future. SinceNigeria has not filed its Counter-Memorial, it is not bound
to disclose its line of defence at this stage of the procedure. Hence, as
concluded by the Court, "the exact scope of this dispute cannot be deter-
mined at present" (Judgment, para. 93). Yet the Court still concluded
that "a dispute nevertheless exists between the two Parties, at least as
regards the legal bases of the boundary" (ibid.). In my view, these are
contradictory statements which 1do not agree with. In fact, Cameroon's

claim in its Application ought to have been restricted to the disputed
boundary locations and area of incidents, which amount to less than
5 per cent of the entire boundary.

Again, the Court ought to have restricted its Judgment to the prelimi-
nary objection as framed by Nigeria, and amplified therein under the
enumerated four points. Based on this view, the Court initially and
rightly concluded that: "On the basis of these criteria, there can be no
doubt about the existenceof disputes with respect to Darak and adjacent
islands,Tipsan, as wellas the Peninsula of Bakassi." (Paragraph 87of the
Judgment.)
The Court should therefore have concerned and indeed limited itself
exclusively to this clear area of boundary disputes, undenied by both
Parties. This view is further confirmed by the Court when it observes:

"Al1of these disputes concern the boundary between Cameroon
and Nigeria. However, given the great length of that boundary,
which runs over more than 1,600km from Lake Chad to the sea, it
cannot be said that these disputes in themselves concern so large a
portion of the boundary that they would necessarilyconstitute a dis-
pute concerning the whole of the boundary." (Para. 88.)

In effect, the Court on this preliminary objectionconsideredthe entire
area from Lake Chad to the sea as being in dispute rather than the loca-
tions referred to by Nigeria.
The Court's failure to limit itsdecision to the preliminaryobjection of
Nigeria as framed calls into question its Judgment in view of the nonultrapetita rule. The Court addressed a similar matter in submissions in
the Asylum case (I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 402). It is not for the Court to

expand or enlarge the scope of the preliminary objection as framed and
presented by an applicant, nor is the Court called upon to modify it suo
motu; the objectionmust be considered and decided upon as put fonvard
by the Applicant in its preliminary objection.

For example, France and the United Kingdom, in their SpecialAgree-
ment in the Minquiers and Ecrehoscase, asked the Court to decidewhich
of the parties owns these group of islands.The Court might perhaps have
decided that the islands had the status of "res nullius" or of "condo-
minium" (I.C.J. Reports 1953, p. 52), but it was obliged to restrict itself
to determining "which of the Parties has produced the more convincing
proof of title to one or the other of these groups, or to both of them"
(ibid.).
Rosenne, in The Law and Practice of the International Court, 1920-

1996, is of the opinion that,
"in principle it is the duty of the Court, in deciding on the basis of
international law the disputes that are submitted to it, to limit itself
to the terms of its remit- the specialagreement,the submissions,or
the question put for an advisoryopinion, as the case may be. This -
the non ultra petita rule - gives the parties the last word in the
ability of the Court to settle their dispute." (Vol. 1,p. 173.)

In conclusion, had the Court followed this principle and restricted
itself to the content of the fifth preliminary objection, as formulated and
argued by Nigeria, it might have arrived at a decision different from the
one reached in regard to this objection.
It is foral1these reasons that 1have voted against the decision of the
Court.

1voted against the decision on the sixth preliminaryobjection because
1am convinced that Nigeria isjustified in its objection that the Applica-
tion filed byCameroon does not meet the required standard of adequacy
as to the facts on which its Application is based, particularly in relation
to the dates, circumstancesand precise locations of the allegedincursions
and incidents by Nigeria, in alleged breach of its international responsi-
bility. A careful perusal of Cameroon's Applications reveals incongrui-
ties, irregularities, imprecision and mistakes.

Some of these incongruities are patent from the Applications as filed

on 29 March 1994and 6 June 1994.With reference to the requirement to
be satisfiedby Cameroon, its Applications must specify, "as far as possible the legal grounds upon which the jurisdiction of
the Court is said to be based; it shall also specijy theprecise nature
of the.claim, together with n succinct staternent of the facts and
grounds on which the claim is based" (Art. 38 (2) of the Rules;

emphasis added).
While it is true that Cameroon sufficiently specifiedthe legal grounds
upon which its Applications are based, it has, however, failed to specify
adequately the precisenature of the claim or toprovide a "succinct state-
ment of the facts and grounds on which the claim is based".
For Cameroon to invoke Nigeria's international responsibility and
consequentobligation to make reparation, it isnot enough for Cameroon
to make general and unsubstantiated statements about incidents. Cam-
eroon must supply full particulars of the place, the time and the nature of
the alleged incidents, and also make it clear precisely how these were

serious enough to cal1into question Nigeria's international responsibility
as recognized by international law.

It is true, as the Court stated, that "succinct" does not mean "com-
plete", but it connotes conciseness,and that is a requirement whichCam-
eroon failed to satisfy in its Applications. In its oral argument Nigeria
contended that
"the respondent State, and the Court, need, as a minimum, to know
four things - the essential facts about what is alleged to have
occurred, when it is supposed to have taken place, precisely whereit

is supposed to have taken place (especiallyin relation to any relevant
boundary), and why the Respondent is thought to bear international
responsibility for the incident" (CR812,p. 28).

In its pleadings Cameroon stated that, in order to establish Nigeria's
responsibility, its Applications were only indicative of the nature ofch
responsibility and that the allegationscontained therein would be ampli-
fied when the matter reached the merits stage.
However "indicative" such a statement may be, it must be sufficiently

clear as to the nature of Nigeria's responsibility. And since Cameroon
fails in this regard, the Court ought not to reject Nigeria's sixth prelimi-
nary objection.

VI. THESEVENTP HRELIMINAR OYBJECTION

The seventh preliminary objection of Nigeria contends that there is
"no legal dispute concerning delimitation of the maritime boundary
between the two Parties which is at the present time appropriatefor reso-
lution by the Court" (Preliminary Objections of Nigeria, Vol. 1,p. 113).
In support of this contention Nigeria gave two reasons: "(1) In the first place, no determination of a maritime boundary is

possible prior to the determination of title in respect of the
Bakassi Peninsula.
(2) Secondly, at the juncture when there is a determination of the
question of title over the Bakassi Peninsula, the issues of mari-
time delimitation will not be admissible in the absence of suf-
ficientaction by the Parties, on a footing of equality, to effecta
delimitation 'by agreement on the basis of international law'."
(PreliminaryObjections of Nigeria, Vol. 1,p. 113.)

On the first reason, 1 agree with the conclusion reached by the Court
that this is simply a question of method. It is true that the Court deter-
minesitsprocedure and could easilyarrange its own adjudicatory process
so as to ensure that the land disputes are dealt with first, before embark-
ing on the maritime dispute. As a matter of fact, this does not appear to
me as an issue of preliminary objection and as such it has been rightly
rejected.
However, 1 hold a contrary view to the conclusion reached by the
Court on the second strand of Nigeria's seventhpreliminary objection.
Here the issueis an important one under international law, as it relates to
the provisions of the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention of 1982.
What Nigeria contends here is that the issue of maritime delimitation is
inadmissible in the absence of negotiation and agreement by the Parties
on a footing of equality to effect a delimitation. In other words, Nigeria
allegesthat Cameroon failed to seekfirst an attempt for a delimitation by

agreement based on international law under the principles and provisions
of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982.The
relevant provisions are Articles 74and 83.Article 74,paragraphs 1and 2,
provides as follows :

"1. The delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between
States with opposite or adjacent coasts shall be effected by agree-
ment on the basis of international law, as referred to in Article 38 of
the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in order to achieve
an equitable solution.
2. If no agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of
time, the States concerned shall resort to the procedures provided
for in Part XV." (Emphasisadded.)

Article 83, paragraphs 1 and 2, provides as follows:

"1. The delimitation of the continental shelf between States with
opposite or adjacent coasts shall be effected by agreement on the
basis of international law, as referred to in Article 38 of the Statute
of the International Court of Justice, in order to achievean equitable
solution.
2. If no agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of time, the States concerned shall resort to the procedures provided

for in Part XV." (Emphasis added.)
As quoted above, the provisions of the two Articles are similar, but
while one deals with the exclusive economic zone (Art. 74), the other
deals with the issue of the continental shelf (Art. 83). Furthermore, both
Parties are signatories to the Convention, which they have also ratified.
The question now is whether these provisions are binding on both of
them; in my view, there is no doubt about that. Before instituting an
application in this Court, it is a condition precedent that both Parties

ought to attempt genuinely to agree on the settlement of their maritime
boundary dispute, failing which such a matter could be brought before
the Court. These are mandatorv ~rovisions for both Parties. Cameroon.
for its part,contends that the; kas no compelling reason to negotiaté
nor reach an agreement before filingan application before the Court, and
went further to state that attempts were made to reach an agreement but
failed. While it may be true toSaythat there was an attempt to negotiate
and agree on their maritime boundary delimitation up to point G, there
is however no evidence to indicate that there was any attempt to reach
such an agreement regarding their maritime disputes beyond that point.
To institute therefore an action in the Court without compliance with the
~rovisionsset out above. under the Law of the SeaConvention. is a fatal
;mission which makes skch an application inadmissible. In an; case, the
Court, pursuant to Article 38of the Statute, must apply international law
and "international conventions, whether general or particular . . ."
(para. 1 (a)). This has always been the position under general interna-
tional law and it was first affirmedby the Court in 1969in the North Sea
Continental Shelfcases, which emphasize the need for parties to be given
the opportunity to negotiate, when it held that

"the parties areunder an obligation to enter into negotiations with a
view to arriving at an agreement, and not merely to go through a
forma1 process of negotiation as a sort of prior condition for the
automatic application of a certain method of delimitation in the
absence of agreement; they are under an obligation so to conduct
themselves that the negotiations are meaningful . . ." (North Sea
Continental ShelJ; Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 47).

A clear guideline was expressed in the Gulfof Maine Chamber case that
first an agreement must be sought, followingnegotiations whichshould be
conducted in good faith with a clear and honest intention of achieving a
successfulresult. And the Chamber went on to state in its Judgment that:

"Where, however, such agreement cannot be achieved, delimita-
tion should be effected by recourse to a third party possessing the
necessary competence." (Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in
the Gulfof Maine Area, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 299.)It is therefore immaterial to determinewhether this is a procedural or a
substantive issue. What is clear is that the process of negotiation and
attempt to reach an agreement in good faith must precede any reference

to a third-party adjudication. In any event, 1 strongly believe that with-
out complying with the prerequisitecondition of negotiation and attempt
to reach an agreement,Cameroon failed to comply with a requirement of
substanceand not just a merely procedural one. This is not a question of
jurisdictionunder Article 36 (2) of the Statute, but one of admissibility.
My conclusion is that the Applications of Cameroon are not admissible
as regards a dispute over the maritime boundary.

VII. THEEIGHTH PRELIMINAR OYBJECTION

The last preliminary objection of Nigeria appears to me to be a sound
one, which ought to be upheld by the Court. Unfortunately the Court
also rejects it. Here, Nigeria argues"that the question of maritime delimi-
tation necessarilyinvolvesthe rights and interests of third Statesand is to
that effect inadmissible" (Preliminary Objections of Nigeria, Vol. 1,
p. 133).It Statesthat there are fiveStates involved within the Gulf, which

is "distinctly concave".These States are Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao
Tome and Principe,and the two Parties in the present case. Nigeria, in its
argument, tries to distinguish and differentiate the situation of this par-
ticular case from other cases like those of the Frontier Dispute, the Con-
tinental Shelf (Libyan Arab JamahiriyalMalta) as well as the Continen-
tal Shelf (TunisialLibyan Arab Jamahiriya). Cameroon, on its part,
argues to the contrary, that al1these cases are relevant and that they
should be followed in the present case. Besides, it invokes the provision
of Article 59 to the effect that a judgment in this case would be binding
on no other States than the Parties.

The subject-matter of this preliminary objection concerns maritime
delimitation beyond point G, which relates to the exclusive economic
zone. Agreed, that a delimitation exercise between the Parties may not
affect the interests of third Statesasuch, but, in this particular case, it is
difficultto effect any maritime delimitation beyond point G without call-
ing into question the interests of other States, particularly Equatorial
Guinea and Sao Tome and Principe. In accordance with the jurispru-

dence of the Court, it cannot decide a dispute between two parties with-
out the consent of those States whose interests are directly affected,
unless they intervenein such a matter.
It isfor al1these reasons that the Court ought to refuse the Application
of Cameroon based on maritime delimitation of the area beyond point G
and uphold the eighth preliminary objection of Nigeria. VIII. THESECOND PRELIMINAR OYBJECTIO ANND THE FIRST
PART OF THE SEVENTP HRELIMINAR OYBJECTION

However, 1agree with the decision of the Court in rejecting the second
preliminary objection of Nigeria, whereby it maintains that for a period
of 24years prior to the filingof Cameroon's Application both Partieshad
accepted a duty to settle al1 boundary disputes through "the existing
boundary machinery" and that this constitutes an implied agreement and
that Cameroon is thereby estopped from invoking the jurisdiction of the
Court. 1 believe that, having regard to al1the facts presented by both
Parties in this case,Cameroon is not estopped from invokingtheurisdic-
tion of the Court and that this duty cannot override the provision in
Article 33 of the Charter which permits parties to seek the settlement of
their disputes by "negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitra-
tion, judicial settlement.or other peaceful means of their own choice".
In addition, Nigeria referred its grievance concerningthe armed incident

of 1981to the Organization of African Unity. In the circumstance,it is
difficultto agree with Nigeria that thisa case ofpacta suntservandaor
estoppel.

Furthermore, 1 agree with the decision of the Court, as already men-
tioned above, that the first part of Nigeria's seventhpreliminary objec-
tion deals with the matter of methodology and as such the objection,
which in my opinion is unconvincing, has been rightly rejected by the
Court.

The general conclusion 1have reached with regard to the eight prelimi-
nary objections filed byNigeria is that, whereas 1agree generallywith the

decisionsof the Court on the second and the first part of the seventh
liminary objections, 1do however disagree with the decisions reached by
the Court on the first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and the second part of the
seventh and the eighth preliminary objections respectively.

As already mentioned, the most important objection raised by Nigeria
is the first one, which deals with Article 36 of thete, particularly its
paragraphs 2 and 4. Needless to Saythat there would have been no need
for the Court to consider the remaining seven preliminary objections if
the first one had been upheld.
1am also of the view that the Right of Passage over Indian Territory
case is no longer good case-law. In 1957,when the Court had the first
opportunity of interpreting the provision in Article 36 (4), the decision,
while positively and effectively asserting the legal position as to the

deposit of the declaration of acceptance as a condition precedent to
invoking the jurisdiction of the Court, failed to do the same with regardto the second prerequisite condition: that copies of such instruments
must be transmitted to al1 member States. That precisely is what the
Court is called upon to regularize in this case, which it failed to do. This
is a unique opportunity for the Court to do so, in order not to drag an

unwilling Respondent to Court without its real consent. To do so may
not be in the interests of peace within that enclave. Most cases of this
nature that have come to the Court have come by way of Special Agree-
ment and it would have been better for the Parties to be ~ersuaded bv the
Court to bring the case in this manner. That would not be a unique
attempt, having regard to what happened in the case concerning the
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatarand Bah-
rain.There are other considerations of a compellingnature to warrant an
exerciseof caution on the part of the Court. If one considersthe fact that
Cameroon is seeking the delimitation of the entire maritime and land
boundary between it and Nigeria, the fact that there had been allegations
and counter-allegations of border incidents and the fact that the Parties
have on the ground various commissions to effectdemarcation, delimita-
tion and pacific settlement of disputes - al1 these facts are cogent

reasons why the Parties should be enjoined to come to Court by way
of SpecialAgreement.

Furthermore, it is essential that the Court should handle this matter
with care to ensure that peace will reign within that region at the end of
this litigation. In this regard there is also need for caution to ensure
that thejurisdiction of the Court will not be an exercisein futility if, for
example, what is required of the Court is ultimately accomplished by the
Lake Chad Boundary Commission.

Finally, in dealing with cases between States, adherence to the general
principles of international law as expressed in Article2, paragraph 1, of
the Charter (regarding the principle of the sovereign equality of Mem-
bers) must be observed. As stated above, the jurisdiction of the Court is

based on genuine consent of the parties and nothing should be done to
derogate from this basic principle. As observed in the dissenting opinion
of Judge Chagla in the Right of Passage overIndian Territory case:

"1 should like to make one general observation with regard to the
question of thejurisdiction of the Court. It has beensaid that a good
judge extends hisjurisdiction. This dictum may be true of a judge in
a municipal court; it is certainlynot true of the International Court.
The very basis of thejurisdiction of this Court is the willof the State,
and that willmust clearly demonstrate that it has accepted the juris-
diction of the Court with regard to any dispute or category of dis-
putes. Therefore, whereas a municipal court may liberally construe
provisions of the law which conferjurisdiction upon it, the Interna-

tional Court on the other hand must strictlyconstrue the provisionsof the Statute and the Rules and the instruments executed by the
States inorder to determine whether the State objecting to its juris-
diction has in fact accepted it." (1C.J. Reports 1957, p. 180.)

(Signed B)ola AJIBOLA.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE AJIBOLA

Introduction: Why the case concerning Right of Passageover Indian Terri-
tory should be revisited.

First preliminary objection - Why the Court should not reject it - Ques-
tions of reciprocity - Need to re-examine the requirements of Article 36 (2)
and (4) of the Statute - Contractual conceptof goodfaith - Element of sur-
prise and "unfriendly" act - Analysis and comparison of the Right of Passage
over Indian Territory case vis-à-vis this case - Differences and issue of
precedent - Other compelling considerations.
Third preliminary objection - Reason for disagreement with thedecision of
the Court - Competence of Lake Chad Basin Commission - Whether LCBC
is a regionalagency within themeaning of Article 52 of the Charter - Whether

LCBC is a tribunal within the meaning of Article 95 of the Charter.

Fourth preliminary objection and reasonfor votinginfavour.

Fifthpreliminary objection and reasonfor voting against thedecision of the
majority Members of the Court - Failure by the Court to address this objec-
tion as framed by Nigeria.
Sixth preliminary objection and reasonfor voting against thedecision of the
Court.

Seventh preliminary objection and reasonfor votinginfavour of upholding
the second part of Nigeria's objection - Application and interpretation of
Articles 74 and 83 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Eighth preliminary objectionand reasonfor voting against thedecisionof the
Court.
Reasons for voting infavour of the decision of the majority Members of the
Court on the secondpreliminary objectionand thejîrst part of the seventh pre-
liminary objection.
Conclusion: The needfor the Parties to come to Court by way of special

agreement - Need for caution.

The first preliminary objection of Nigeria, filed on 17 December 1995

in this case, gives the Court another opportunity once more to examine
criticallyits case-lawon the provision in Article 36 (2) of the Statute, and
more particularly Article 36 (4), which deals with the question of the
Optional Clause as it relates to the jurisdiction of the Court. Unfortu-

nately, the Court decided to follow its case-law in the Right of Passage
over Indian Territory case of 1957,which 1strongly disagree with; hence
my basic reason for appending this dissenting opinion to the Judgrnent of
the Court. But in addition to disagreeing with the Court with respect to
its decision on the first preliminary objection of Nigeria, in which this OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. AJIBOLA

[Traduction]

Introduction: Pourquoi l'affaire du Droit de passage sur territoire indien
devrait êtrereconsidérée.
Première exception préliminaire - Pourquoi la Cour n'aurait pas dû la
rejeter - Questions de réciprocité - Nécessitéde réexaminerlesprescriptions

desparagraphes2 et 4 de l'article36 du Statut - Conception contractuellede
la bonnefoi - Elémentde surpriseet acte «inamical» - Analyse comparative
de l'affaire duDroit depassagesurterritoireindien et de laprésente instance -
Différenceset question des précédent s Autres considérations déterminantes.
Troisième exceptionpréliminaire - Raison du désaccordavec la décision de
la Cour - Compétencede lacommissiondu bassindu lac Tchad - Question de
savoir si la commission du bassin du lac Tchad est une institution régionaleau
sens del'article52 de la Charte - Questionde savoirsi la commissiondu bassin
du lac Tchad est un tribunal au sens de l'article 95de la Charte.
Quatrième exceptionpréliminaireet raisonpour laquellej'ai votéenfaveur de

cette exception.
Cinquièmeexception préliminaireet raison pour laquellej'ai votécontre la
décisionde la majoritédes membres de la Cour - Absence d'examenpar la
Cour decette exception telle qu'elle avaitété présentée par leNigéria.
Sixième exceptionpréliminaireet raisonpour laquellej'ai voté contre ladéci-
sion de la Cour.
Septième exceptionpréliminaireet raisonpour laquellej'ai votéenfaveur de
la deuxièmepartie de l'exception duNigéria - Application et interprétationdes
articles 74 et 83 de laconvention des Nations Uniessur le droit de la mer.
Huitième exceptionpréliminaireet raison pour laquellej'ai voté contrela
décision dela Cour.

Raisonspour lesquellesj'ai votéenfaveur de la décisionde la majoritédes
membresde la Coursur la deuxième exceptionpréliminaireet lapremière partie
de la septièmeexceptionpréliminaire.
Conclusion:Nécessité pour les Parties de saisirla Courau moyen d'uncom-
promis - Nécessité d'êtp reudent.

La première exception préliminaire du Nigéria, soulevéedans la pré-
sente instance le 17décembre1995,offre à la Cour une nouvelle possibi-
lité d'évaluerde façon critique sa jurisprudence relative aux dispositions
du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36du Statut et plus particulièrement cellesde

son paragraphe 4, qui traite de la question de la clause facultative en ce
qui concerne la compétence de la Cour. Malheureusement, la Cour a
décidé des'en tenir à sa jurisprudence dans l'affaire du Droit de passage
sur territoire indien de 1957,ce queje désapprouvevigoureusement. C'est
fondamentalement pour cette raison que je joins à l'arrêtde la Cour

l'exposéde la présenteopinion dissidente. Outre mon désaccord avec lacase-law - decided over 40 years ago - was reaffirmed, 1 also express

my disagreement with the decisionreached by the Court on sixother pre-
liminary objections raised by Nigeria.

The first preliminary objection of Nigeria is the most important objec-
tion addressed to the Court, and was extensivelyargued by both Parties.
In fact, if the objection had been accepted by the Court, it would have
disposed of the entirety of the Applications of Cameroon, filed on
29 March 1994and 6 June 1994respectively, and in my view the Court
ought to have dismissed the Applications on the basis of this objection.
It appears to me that this first preliminary objection is fundamental
and that it goes to the very root of Cameroon's Application. The objec-
tion essentially concerns the interpretation of the requirements of para-
graphs 2and 4 of Article 36of the Statute of the Court. In order to reach

a decision on whether this preliminary objection should be rejected or
upheld, some relevant issues raised by Nigeria and Cameroon in their
respective arguments and presentations require examination.
Among these issues are :
1. Reciprocity or coincidence as expressed in Article 36 (2) in the
phrase "in relation to any other State accepting the same obligation",
and the use of the word "reciprocity" in the Optional ClauseDeclaration

of Nigeria.
2. The question of good faith and the element of surprise.
3. The requirements contained in Article 36 (4) of the Statute of the
Court, namely :
"Such declarations shall be deposited with the Secretary-General
of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof to the
parties to theStatute and to the Registrar of the Court." (Emphasis

added.)
4. The Judgment in the case concerning Right of Passage overIndian
Territory (1C.J. Reports 1957, p. 125).

A. Reciprocity

The argument of Nigeria is that Cameroon, in lodging

"its Application on 29 March, acted prematurely and so failed to
satisfy the requirement of reciprocity as a condition to be met before
the jurisdiction of the Court can be invoked against Nigeria"
(CR9811,p. 29).

Cameroon lodged its Optional Clause Declaration on 3 March 1994
and filed its Application three weeks thereafter (Le., on 29 March FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (OP.DISS.AJIBOLA) 393

décisionde la Cour concernant la première exceptionpréliminaire, dans

laquelle ellea réaffirmécettejurisprudence établieily a plus de quarante
ans,je ne souscrispas à la décisionàlaquelle la Cour est parvenue sur six
autres exceptions préliminairessoulevéespar le Nigéria.

La première exceptionpréliminaire du Nigéria estla plus importante
des exceptions soumises à la Cour et elle a étélonguement débattue par
les deux Parties. De fait, si la Cour avait retenu cette exception, elle
aurait ainsi décidé dela suitequi devaitêtre donnée aux deuxrequêtesdu
Cameroun, introduites le 29mars et le 6juin 1994,respectivement, et, à
mon avis, elleaurait dû rejeter cesrequêtessurla base de cette exception.
Il me semble que cette première exception préliminaire estfondamen-
tale et qu'elle est à la base mêmede la requêtedu Cameroun. Elle
concerne essentiellement l'interprétation des prescriptions énoncéesaux
paragraphes 2 et 4 de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour. Afin de décidersi

cette exception préliminairedoit êtrerejetéeou retenue, il y a lieu d'exa-
miner certainesquestionspertinentes soulevéespar le Nigéria etle Came-
roun dans leurs arguments et exposésrespectifs.
Ces questions sont notamment les suivantes :
1. La réciprocité,ou lacoïncidence,telle qu'expriméeau paragraphe 2
de l'article 36 dans le membre de phrase «à l'égard detout autre Etat

acceptant la mêmeobligation)),et dans la déclaration faitepar le Nigéria
en vertu de la clause facultative, qui emploie le mot ((réciprocité)).
2. La bonne foi et l'élémend te surprise.
3. Les exigencesénoncées au paragraphe 4 de l'article 36 du Statut de
la Cour, à savoir:
«Ces déclarationsserontremisesau Secrétairegénéradles Nations
Unies qui en transmettra copie aux parties au présentStatut ainsi

qu'au Greffier de laCour.)) (Les italiques sont de moi.)

4. L'arrêt rendu dansl'affairedu Droit depassage surterritoire indien
(C.I.J. Recueil 1957, p. 125).

A. La réciprocité
Selon le Nigéria,

«Le Cameroun, en déposantsa requêtele 29mars 1994,a agi pré-
maturémentet, ce faisant, n'a pas satisfaitla condition de récipro-
cité, qui doit êtreremplie avant que la juridiction de la Cour puisse
être invoquée contrele Nigéria. » (CR 9811,p. 29.)

Le Cameroun a déposésa déclaration d'acceptation de la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour le 3 mars 1994et sa requête troissemaines plus 1994), whereas Nigeria had accepted the Court's jurisdiction under
Article 36 (2) of the Statute as far back as 14August 1965.

The argument of Cameroon is that this objection raised by Nigeria is
"untenable". Cameroon argues that :

"According to international law pertinent in the matter as well as
the firm jurisprudence of this Court, a State party to the system of
the Optional Clause may bring a case against another State party to
that systemimmediately after the deposit of its declaration of accept-
ance with the Secretary-General of the United Nations." (CR 9813,
p. 47, para. 54.)

It should be noted, in this preliminary objection, that there are two
aspects with regard to the use and application of the word "reciprocity" :
the "statutory reciprocity" embodied in Article 36 (2) of the Statute of
the Court (i.;., "inrelation to any other State acceptingthe same obliga-
tion") and the word "reciprocity" as used by Nigeria in its Optional
Clause Declaration, wherein Nigeria recognizes "as compulsory ipso
facto and without special agreement, in relation to any other State
acceptingthe same obligation, that is to Say,on the solecondition of reci-
procity . . ."(emphasis added). Therefore, in order for Cameroon to
invoke the jurisdiction of the Court against Nigeria it must clear the two
hurdles: (a) by satisfying the request for "reciprocity" indicated by
Nigeria and also (b) by satisfying the "statutory reciprocity" under
Article 36 (2) of the Statute.

A careful examination of Nigeria's Optional Clause Declaration has
been the subject of arguments by counsel on both sides and each has
given different interpretations to the use of the word "reciprocity".
However, if words are to be given their ordinary meaning, Nigeria's
Optional ClauseDeclaration contains a clear expression of reciprocity in
terms of coincidence,when it States, inter alia, "in relation to any other
State accepting the same obligation", and another requirement of reci-
procity when it declares "on the sole condition of reciprocity". The
former requirement isworded exactlyas in Article 36(2)of the Statute of
the Court. It is therefore not enough for Cameroon to have attempted to
satisfy the statutory requirement of reciprocity by filingits own Optional
Clause Declaration as Nigeria had done in 1965; it must also have
ensured that the same was done in good faith and not surreptitiously.

What is surreptitious about Cameroon's action? It is its failure to
notify Nigeria formally (perhaps by a diplomatic note) of its intention to

file this case before the Court. After all, both Parties are neighbours.
There are arguments on both sidesthat somehowNigeria knew about the
proposed action of Cameroon, that it was announced in the media and
discussed in some other forums like meetings of the Organization oftard (soit le 29 mars 1994), alors que le Nigériaavait acceptéla com-
pétence dela Cour selon les modalitésprévuesau paragraphe 2 de l'ar-
ticle 36 du Statut dèsle 14août 1965.
D'après le Cameroun, l'exception ainsi soulevéepar le Nigéria ne
résistepas à l'examen. Selonlui:
«En vertu des règlesdu droit international pertinentes en cette

affaire, ainsi que de la jurisprudence solidement établie de la Cour,
un Etat partie au systèmede la clause facultativepeut introduire une
instance contre un autre Etat partie à ce systèmeaussitôt après le
dépôtde sa déclaration d'acceptation auprès duSecrétaire général
de l'organisation des Nations Unies. » (CR 9813,p. 47, par. 54.)
Il y a lieu de relever que cette exception préliminaire présente deux
aspects relatifsà l'emploi et à l'application du mot ((réciprocité)): la

((réciprocitéstatutaire)) consacréeau paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Sta-
tut de la Cour (voir le membre de phrase «à l'égardde tout autre Etat
acceptant la mêmeobligation))) et la «réciprocité»au sens où l'entend le
Nigériadans sa déclaration d'acceptation dela clause facultative, ou il
reconnaît la juridiction de la Cour«comme obligatoire de plein droit et
sans convention spéciale, àl'égard detout autre Etat acceptant la même
obligation, c'est-à-dire sous la seule condition deéciprocit..» (les ita-
liques sont demoi). Ainsi, pour que le Cameroun puisseinvoquer la com-
pétence dela Cour à l'égarddu Nigéria,il doit surmonter deux obstacles:
a) satisfaireà l'exigencede ((réciprocité))oséepar le Nigériaet égale-
ment b) satisfairà la ((réciprocistatutaire)) prévueau paragraphe 2 de
l'article 36 du Statut.
Les conseils des deux Parties se sont livrésune analyse détaillée dela
déclaration faite par le Nigériaen vertu de la clause facultative et ont
donnédes interprétations différentesdu mot ((réciprocité)).

Toutefois, sil'on doit accorder aux mots leur sensordinaire, la déclara-
tion faite par le Nigériaen vertu de la clause facultative exprime claire-
ment la notion de réciprocité en termes de coïncidence,notamment dans
le membre de phrase «à l'égardde tout autre Etat acceptant la même
obligation)),et cette exigencede réciprocité est reprisedans l'expression
«sous la seulecondition de réciprocité)).Lapremièrede cesexigences est
formuléeexactement dans les mêmestermes que le paragraphe 2 de l'ar-
ticle 36 du Statut de la Cour.Il ne suffit donc pas que le Cameroun ait
essayéde satisfaire à l'exigencestatutaire de réciprocitéen déposant sa
propre déclaration en vertu de la clause facultative comme le Nigéria
l'avait faiten 1965.On doit égalements'assurer qu'ila agi de bonne foi et
non de façon subreptice.
En quoi le Cameroun a-t-il agi subrepticement?En s'abstenant de noti-
fier officiellementau Nigéria(peut-êtrepar une note diplomatique) son

intention d'introduire une instancedevant la Cour. En tout étatde cause,
lesdeux Parties sont des Etats voisins. Des arguments ont étéavancéd ses
deux côtés pour faire valoir que, d'une façon ou d'une autre, le Nigéria
connaissait l'intention du Cameroun, et que celle-ci avait été annoncéeAfrican Unity. This appears to me to beg the question. Nigeria ought to
have been formally notified; in my view, this is an apparent prerequisite
which Cameroon cannot ignore and which will later be elaborated upon.

B. The Requirement of Article 36 (4) of the Statute of the Court

Article 36(4)makes it mandatory for any State filingits Declaration to
deposit the same with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The
Secretary-General shall in turn transmit copies thereof to the parties to
the Statute and to the Court's Registrar. This paragraph was added to
Article 36 during the deliberations stage in Committee IV11at the San
Francisco Conference.
Shabtai Rosenne, in The Law and Practiceof the International Court,
1920-1996, referred to the commentary of Hudson on this particular
point. Hudson considered, "that the insertion of this provision into the
Statute was a 'detail of housekeeping but one which, in view of uncer-
tainties which had arisen, might prove to be useful"' (Vol. II, p. 753).
Neither Party denies that such a declaration falls within the provision in
Article 102of the Charter of the United Nations, which also requiresthe
registration ofsuch documents with the Secretariat. The issue here is not
that Cameroon failed to register the Optional Clause Declaration with
the Secretary-General but that the Declaration was not transmitted to

Nigeria until nearly one year later. What then is the consequence of this
lapse, having regard to the fact that Nigeria demands reciprocity? Of
course, Nigeria's Optional Clause Declaration had since 1965been com-
municated to al1Members of the United Nations, including Cameroon,
and had been published since then. Reciprocity in this context requires
that Nigeria should have been informed about Cameroon's Optional
Clause Declaration before its Application was filed with the Court, to
avoid being surprised and to be assured that Cameroon had acted in
good faith.

C. The Contractual Concept

In its Judgment in the Right of Passage case in 1957, the Court
observed that by merely depositingits declaration of acceptance with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations, the accepting State automati-
cally becomes a party to the Optional Clause system in relation to any
other declarant State. The Court employed the word "contractual" and

stated that: "The contractual relation between the Parties and the com-
pulsoryjurisdiction of the Court resultingtherefrom are established .. ."
(Right of Passage overZndian Territory, Preliminary Objections,Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 146.)If, therefore, such a deposit of a dec-
laration of acceptance is considered to be an offer to Statesparties to thedans les médiaset évoquéedans d'autres instances, notamment lors de
réunionsde l'Organisation de l'unité africaine. me sembleque c'estélu-
der la question. Le Nigériaaurait dû recevoirune notification officielle.A
mon avis, c'estmanifestement une condition préalable que le Cameroun
ne saurait ignorer et j'y reviendrai plus en détail.

B. L'exigenceénoncéa euparagraphe4 de l'article36 du Statut de la Cour

Aux termes du paragraphe 4 de l'article 36 du Statut, tout Etat qui
dépose une déclaration doit la remettreau Secrétairegénéral de l'Orga-
nisation des Nations Unies, qui, à son tour, en transmettra copie aux
parties au Statut ainsi qu'au greffier de la Cour. Ce paragraphe a été
ajouté à l'article 36 lors de la phase des délibérationsau sein de la com-
mission IV11 à la conférence de SanFrancisco.

Dans son ouvrage intitulé The Law and Practice of the International
Court, 1920-1996, Shabtai Rosenne a citéle commentaire qu'avait fait
Hudson sur ce point: ((l'insertionde cette dispositiondans le Statut était
un «détail d'intendancemais un détailqui, compte tenu des incertitudes
qui s'étaient manifestéesé, tait de natureà se révélerutile»» (vol. II,
p. 753).Aucune des deux Parties ne contestequ'une telledéclarationentre
dans les prévisions de l'article102 de la Charte des Nations Unies, qui
exigelui aussil'enregistrementde cesdocumentsauprès du Secrétariat.Le
problèmeen l'occurrencen'est pas que le Cameroun a omis d'enregistrer
la déclaration qu'il a faite en vertu de la clause facultative auprès du
Secrétairegénéral, mais quceette déclarationn'aété transmise au Nigéria
que près d'unan plus tard. Quelle esten cecas la conséquencedece délai,
étant donnéque le Nigériaexige la réciprocité? De touteévidence,la
déclaration faite par le Nigériaen vertu de la clause facultative avait été

depuis 1965communiquée à tous lesEtats Membres de l'organisation des
Nations Unies, y compris au Cameroun, et avait été publiéeD . ans ce
contexte, la réciprocitéexigeque le Nigériaait étéinforméde l'existence
de la déclaration faitepar le Cameroun en vertu de la clause facultative
avant que celui-ci ne dépose sa requête auprès de la Cour, pour éviter
l'élémend te surpriseet pour s'assurer que le Cameroun a agi de bonne foi.

C. Le concept contractuel

Dans l'arrêtqu'ellea rendu en 1957dans l'affairedu Droit depassage,
la Cour a observéque le simplefait de déposerune déclaration d'accepta-
tion de lajuridiction obligatoire de la Cour auprèsdu Secrétairegénéral
de l'organisation des Nations Unies conférait automatiquement à 1'Etat
auteur de cette déclaration la qualitéde partie au systèmede la clause

facultativeà l'égardde tout autre Etat ayant fait une déclaration de
mêmetype. La Cour a employéle mot «contractuel» et a déclaréque:
«Le rapport contractuel entre lesParties et lajuridiction obligatoire de la
Cour qui en découle sont établis...)) (Droit de passage sur territoire
indien, exceptions préliminaires,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1957, p. 146.) En Statute which have not yet deposited their declarations, the important
question is when (ratione personae and ratione temporis) can it be said
that such an offer has been accepted by a new declarant State? The deci-
sion of the Court in 1957and in al1other similar cases, like the Temple of
Preah Vihearcase, is that such an offer is deemed to have been accepted

on the date of the deposit of the new acceptance declaration with the
Secretary-General of the United Nations.
The Court stated in this case that:

"The only formality required is the deposit of the acceptance with
the Secretary-General of the United Nations under paragraph 4 of
Article 36 of the Statute." (Temple of Preah Vihear, Preliminary

Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1961, p. 31 .)
Although the subject of formation of contracts by correspondence varies
from one domestic legal system to another, it is nevertheless indisputable
that an offer must be communicated to the offeree before a contract can
be considered binding. Judge Badawi, in his dissenting opinion in the
Right of Passage case, confirmed this view when he observed:

"Whatever that moment may be, the position in the present case is
that, in any event, and whatever criterion or moment may be adopted
with regard to the formation of a contract by correspondence, it was
prior to that moment. The present case is similar to one in which
there is an offer which has not yet been dispatched." (Right of Pas-
sage overIndian Territory, Preliminary Objections,Judgment, I. C.J.
Reports 1957, p. 157.)

Itis difficult to perceive of a situation whereby a contract is considered
as binding on a party when that party is unaware of the content and
terms of that contract. There is therefore a cardinal prerequisite condi-
tion that the other party be notified that itsffer had been accepted.This
is the obvious omission in this case. Nigeria was not informed about
Cameroon's Declaration before it (Cameroon) fileditsApplication before
the Court. Further, in his dissenting opinion, Judge Badawi concluded
that: "The offer by Portugal, contained in its Declaration and addressed
to the other States, had not been accepted by India or, indeed, commu-
nicated to India." (Ibid., p. 156.)

When the Court was called upon by India in 1957to decide on its pre-
liminary objections,two vital issues of substance (and not of procedure)
were invoked in interpreting the provision in Article 36 (4); both condi-
tions are patently mandatory because in both cases the word used in the
Article is "shall". On the first condition, the Court rightly decided that
the declaration must be deposited by the declarant State with the Secre-
tary-General of the United Nations. But the Court failed to require com-
pliance with the second prerequisitecondition, that is to "transmit copiesconséquence,si l'on considèreque le dépôt d'une déclaration d'accepta-
tion est une offre faite aux Etats parties au Statut qui n'ont pas encore
déposé leurdéclaration, la question importante est de savoir quand
(rationepersonae et ratione temporis)on peut considérerque cette offre a
étéacceptéepar un Etat qui dépose par la suite une déclaration. D'après
la décisionque la Cour a rendue en 1957et dans toutes les autres affaires
de mêmeordre, comme celle du Temple de PréahVihéar,on considère
que l'offre a été acceptéeà la date du dépôtde la nouvelle déclaration
d'acceptation auprèsdu Secrétairegénérad l e l'organisation des Nations
Unies. Dans cette dernière affaire, la Cour a déclaré:

«La seule formalité prescrite est la remise de l'acceptation au
Secrétaire général desNations Unies, conformément au para-
graphe 4 de l'article 36du Statut. »(Temple de PréahVihéar,excep-
tionspréliminaires,arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1961, p. 3.)

Bien que la formation des contrats par correspondance soit une notion
qui varie d'un systèmejuridique national à un autre, il est néanmoins
indiscutable qu'une offre doit avoir été communiquée à son destinataire
avant qu'un contrat puisse être considéré comme liant les parties. Dans
l'opinion dissidente qu'il ajointel'arrêt rendu dans l'affairedu Droit de
passage, M. Badawi a confirméce point de vue lorsqu'il a fait observer:

«Quel que soit ce moment, nous nous trouvons, en l'espèce,dans
une situation qui, en tout état de cause et quel que soit le critèreou
le moment que l'on adopte relativement à la formation du contrat
par correspondance, est manifestement antérieure audit moment. Le
cas se limiteraitune offre non encore expédiée ». (Droit depassage
sur territoire indien, exceptions préliminaires,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil
1957, p. 156-157.)

On a du mal à concevoir une situation dans laquelle un contrat serait
considérécomme obligatoire pour une partie alors que celle-ci n'a pas
connaissancede sateneur et de sesconditions. Que l'autre partie soit aver-
tie que son offrea été acceptée estonc une condition préalableessentielle.
Or, de toute évidence,cettecondition n'estpas remplie enl'espèce,puisque
le Nigérian'a pas étéaviséde la déclaration du Cameroun avant que ce
dernier (le Cameroun) ne déposesa requêteauprèsde la Cour. En outre,
dans son opinion dissidente,M. Badawi a conclu que: ((L'offredu Portu-
gal, contenue dans sa déclarationetadresséeaux autres Etats, n'avait pas
étéacceptéepar l'Inde, nimêmecommuniquée à l'Inde.» (Ibid., p. 156.)
Lorsque l'Inde a priéla Cour, en 1957, de se prononcer sur ses ex-

ceptions préliminaires, deuxquestions de fond (et non de procédure)
essentielles ont étéinvoquéesaux fins d'interpréter les dispositions du
paragraphe 4 de l'article36.Ces deux conditionssont manifestement obli-
gatoires puisque, dans les deux cas, le terme employéen anglais dans
l'article esthall». Concernant la premièrecondition, la Cour a, àjuste
titre, décidéque la déclaration devait êtredéposéepar 1'Etat déclarant
auprèsdu Secrétairegénéral de l'Organisation des Nations Unies. Mais lathereof to the parties to the Statute and to the Registrar of the Court".
This also is a condition precedent which the declarant State must comply
with before it can validly invoke the jurisdiction of this Court. There
is no other ordinary meaning or interpretation (in accordance with
Article 31 of the 1969Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties) that
would ensure that both conditions are given the same interpretation and
meaning. Such a transmission is the only valid and binding means of offi-
cial notification to other States parties, and in this case to Nigeria. To
enable Cameroon to file a proper application before the Court there is
essentially the need for Nigeria to have been notified of Cameroon's
Declaration, but which wasnot done until eleven-and-a-halfmonths there-

after, by which time Cameroon had filed its Application. Regrettably
the Court has consistently followed its 1957 decision for over forty years,
on the basis on this case-law in Right of Passage overIndian Territory.

The reasonine of the Court that the reauirement of transmission is
purely procedurvalwas based on the view that to state otherwise could
bring about uncertainty as to the moment when jurisdiction can be
invoked. But al1that is required of the declarant State is to ensure from
the Office ofthe Secretary-General of the United Nations that this condi-
tion of transmission has been met by the Secretariat before filing its
application, just as it should ensure that its instrument of declaration had

been properly deposited with the Secretary-General. A declarant State
which knows that the condition of transmission is a prerequisite, like the
de.osAt. would ascertain that both conditions have been fulfilledbefore
filingits application; in my view, the issue of uncertainty can thereby be
disposed of without much waste of time. If the requirement of transmis-
sion is made compulsory, the declarant State would nevertheless comply
with both conditions by making the necessary enquirywith the Secretary-
General of the United Nations.
One other point that could have persuaded the Court in 1957to decide
that the issue of transmission is merely procedural concerned the nature
of India's Declaration of Acceptance of 28 February 1940,in which it

accepted the jurisdiction of the Court for a specifiedperiod "from today's
date". This is the obvious difference between the case on Right of Pas-
sage over Indian Territory and the present case. Nigeria's Declaration is
based on reciprocityand as such it is essential that it be givendue notice
and effect.

D. GoodFaith and the Element of Surprise

It is Nigeria's argument that Cameroon's Application to the Court
came as a surprise and was perhaps filedin a clandestinemanner. Nigeria
further allegesthe absence of good faith on the part of Cameroon. Cam-

eroon denies al1these accusations and states that Nigeria was informed FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (OP.DISSA . JIBOLA) 397

Cour a omis d'exiger le respect de la deuxièmecondition préalable, à
savoir la transmission par le Secrétairegénéral d'une «copie aux parties
au présentStatut ainsi qu'au Greffier de la Cour». Or il s'agitlà d'une
autre condition préalable, queSEtat déclarantdoit remplir avant de pou-
voir valablement invoquer la compétencede la Cour. Seuls ce sens ordi-
naire et cette interprétation (conformes l'article 31de la convention de
Vienne de 1969sur le droit des traités) permettent de conférer ces deux
conditionsun senset une interprétation identiques.Cette transmission est
la seulemodalité valableet obligatoirede notification officielleauxautres
Etats parties, et en l'occurrenceau Nigéria. Pour quele Cameroun puisse
valablement déposerune requête devant laCour, il est essentiel que le
Nigériaait été averti de la déclarationdu Cameroun mais il n'en a été
informéque onze mois et demi après sa remise, alors que le Cameroun
avait déjàdéposé sarequête. Il est regrettable que la Cour ait constam-

ment suivipendant plus de quarante ans lajurisprudence découlant de sa
décisionde 1957dans l'affaire du Droit depassage surterritoire indien.
La Cour a dit que cette exigencede transmission était d'ordrepurement
procédural, estimant qu'une décisiondifférenteaurait pu entraîner des
incertitudesquant au moment où sa compétencepeut êtreinvoquée.Mais
tout ce qui est exigédeEtatdéclarantest qu'il s'assureauprèsdu cabinet
du Secrétaire généra dle l'organisation des Nations Unies, avant de dépo-
ser sa requête, que cettecondition préalablede transmission a étremplie
par le Secrétariat,de mêmequ'il devrait s'assurer que son instrument de
déclaration aété déposc omme il convient auprès du Secrétaire général.
Un Etat déclarant qui sait que la condition de transmission est une condi-
tion préalable,tout comme le dépôtde sa déclaration,s'assurerait avant
de déposer sarequêteque ces deux conditions ont été remplies. A mon
avis, il n'est pasbesoin de s'attarder davantage sur la question deincer-

titude. Si l'on rend obligatoire l'exigencede la transmission, 1'Etatdécla-
rant n'en rempliraitpas moins les deux conditionsen s'informant dûment
auprès du Secrétaire généra dle l'organisation des Nations Unies.
La nature de la déclaration indienne d'acceptation de la juridiction
obligatoirede la Cour du 28 février1940,dans laquelle l'Inde reconnais-
sait comme obligatoire la juridiction de la Cour pour une période déter-
minée «à compter de ce jour», est peut-être uneautre raison qui a per-
suadéla Cour de décideren 1957que la question de la transmission était
d'ordre purement procédural. C'est là une différencemanifeste entre
l'affaire duDroit depassage surterritoire indien et la présente instance.
La déclarationdu Nigériase fonde sur la réciprocitéet, de ce fait, il était
essentiel qu'elleait été dûmentnotifiéeet ait produit tous ses effets.

D. La bonnefoi et l'élément dlea surprise

Le Nigéria soutient queledépôtpar le Cameroun d'une requête auprès
de la Cour l'a pris par surprise et que cette requête a peut-être ntro-
duite à la dérobée.En outre, le Nigéria faitvaloir que le Cameroun n'a
pas fait preuve de bonne foi. Le Cameroun rejette toutes ces accusationsabout Cameroon's intention to bring the action before the Court. Cam-
eroon refers to an earlier meeting where it mentions arbitration as a
means of resolving the dispute.
Since 1957,when the Court decided the case on Right of Passage over
Indian Territory, the doctrine of good faith in international law has

further developed considerably.There is the Friendly Relations Declara-
tion of the General Assemblyof 1970(General Assemblyresolution 2625
(XXV)), which enjoins States to fulfil in goodfaith obligations assumed
by them in accordance with the Charter. Article 26 of the Vienna Con-
vention on the Law of Treaties of 1969also provides that "every treaty in
force is binding upon the parties to it and must beperfomed by them in
good faith". The Charter of the United Nations, in paragraph 2 of its
Article2, requires that Members shall fulfilin good faith their obligations
under the Charter. The Court has also made reference to the principle of
good faith in much of its case-law. In 1974, in the case concerning
Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), the Court observed that:

"One of the basic principles governingthe creation and perform-
ance of legal obligations, whatever their source, is the principle of
good faith. Trust and confidenceare inherent in internationalco-op-
eration, in particular in an age when this CO-operationin many fields
is becoming increasingly essential." (ZC..J. Reports 1974, p. 473,
para. 49.)

One issue of good faith that is very relevant to this particularelimi-
nary objection is the case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activi-
ties. In this case, the United States purported to act on 6 April 1984in
such a way as to modify its 1946Declaration, which in fact sufficiently
and immediately barred the Application filed by Nicaragua on 9 April
1984. (Nicaragua had filed its Optional Clause Declaration on 24 Sep-
tember 1929.)
In that case, the Court found that there was sufficientbasisfor itsjuris-
diction. In its Judgment, the Court observed as follows:

"But the right ofimrnediatetermination of declarations withindefi-
nite duration is far from established. It appears from the require-
ments of good faith that they should be treated, by analogy, accord-
ing to the law of treaties, which requires a reasonable time for
withdrawalfrom or termination of treaties that contain noprovision
regarding the duration of their validity. Since Nicaragua has in fact
not manifested any intention to withdraw its own declaration, the

question ofwhat reasonableperiod ofnoticewould legallyberequired
does not need to be further examined: it need only be observed that
from 6 to 9 April would not amount to a 'reasonable time'." (Mili-
tary and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicara-
gua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 420; emphasis added.)et prétendque le Nigéria était informé de son intention d'introduireune

instance devant la Cour. Le Cameroun évoqueune réunion où il avait
mentionné l'arbitragecomme un moyen de réglerle différend.
Depuis 1957,lorsque la Cour a tranché l'affaire du Droit de passage
sur territoire indien,e principe de la bonne foi en droit international a
connu de nouveaux développements trèsimportants. Il existe une décla-
ration de l'Assembléegénérale de1970 sur les relations amicales entre
Etats (résolutionde l'Assembléegénérale2625 (XXV), qui prescrit aux
Etats de remplir de bonnefoi les obligations qu'ils ont souscritesconfor-
mément à la Charte. Aux termes de l'article 26 de la convention de
Vienne de 1969 sur le droit des traités, «tout traité en vigueur lie les
parties et doit êtreexécutépar elles de bonne foi». Le paragraphe 2 de
l'article 2 de la Charte des Nations Unies dispose que tous les Etats
Membres doivent remplir de bonne foi lesobligationsqu'ils ont assumées
aux termes de la Charte. La Cour s'est également référéaueprincipe de la

bonne foi dans de nombreusesaffaires. En 1974,dans l'affaire des Essais
nucléaires(Nouvelle-Zélandec. France), elle a relevéque:
«L'un des principes de base qui président à la créationetà l'exé-
cution d'obligations juridiques, quelle qu'en soit la source, est celui

de la bonne foi. La confiance réciproqueest une condition inhérente
de la coopération internationale, surtoutune époque où, dansbien
des domaines, cette coopération est de plus en plus indispensable.))
(C.1.J. Recueil 1974, p. 473, par. 49.)

L'affaire desActivitésmilitaires et paramilitaires illustre avec une per-
tinence toute particulière, s'agissant de l'exceptionpréliminaireconsidé-
rée,la question de la bonne foi. Dans cette affaire, les Etats-Unis avaient
voulu agir pour modifier, le 6 avril 1984, leur déclaration de 1946, de
façon à contrecarrer suffisamment et immédiatementla requêtedéposée
par le Nicaragua le 9 avril 1984. (LeNicaragua avait déposésa déclara-
tion en vertu de la clause facultative le 24 septembre 1929.)
En l'espèce,la Cour a estiméqu'il existaitune base suffisante sa com-
pétence.Dans son arrêt,elle a fait observer que:

«le droit de mettre fin immédiatement à des déclarationsde durée
indéfinieestloin d'être établ.'exigencede bonne foi paraît imposer
de leur appliquer par analogie le traitement prévupar le droit des
traités,uiprescrit undélairaisonnable pourle retrait ou la dénon-
ciation de traités ne renfermantaucune clause de durée. Puisque le
Nicaragua n'a manifesté enfait aucune intention de retirer sa propre
déclarationla question de savoir quel délairaisonnable devrait être
respecté n'apas à êtreapprofondie: il suffira d'observer que le laps
de temps du 6 au 9 avril ne constitue pas un ((délairaisonnable.))

(Activitésmilitaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contrecelui-ci
(Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique),conzpétenceet recevabilité,
arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 420; les italiques sont de moi.) If therefore the Court has moved a step ahead since pronouncing its
Judgrnent in 1957in the Right of Passage case by acceptingthe require-
ment of good faith as a prerequisite for the termination of an Optional
Clause declaration, it stands to reason that it could now move further
and do the same in this case.
It is the view of the Court that the principle of good faith plays an
important role in Optional Clausedeclarations with regard to reciprocity.

The Court observed further in the same Nicaragua case that:

"In fact, the declarations, even though they are unilateral acts,
establish aseries of bilateral engagements with other States accept-
ing the same obligation of compulsoryjurisdiction, in which the con-

ditions, reservations and time-limit clauses areaken into considera-
tion. In the establishment of this network of engagements, which
constitutes the Optional Clause system, the principle of good faith
plays an important role; the Court has emphasized the need in inter-
national relationsfor respect for goodfaith and confidence in par-
ticulavly unambiguous terms ..." (Military and Paramilitary Activi-
ties in and against Nicaragua (Nigaragua v. United States of
America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1984, p. 418; emphasis added.)

If, ex hypothesi, Nigeria, being aware of the fact that Cameroon was
about to file its Application on 29 March 1994 had withdrawn its
Optional Clause Declaration, say on 26 March 1994,putting Cameroon
in a situation similar to that of Nicaragua, the Court would have decided
that Nigeria did not act in good faith and that such withdrawal would
not invalidate the Application of Cameroon. The Court is now being
asked to deal with "the other side of the coin" and, in my opinion, it
ought to give a "reciprocal judgrnent" by rejecting the Application of
Cameroon as an application filed malafide.
It has been strongly canvassed by Cameroon that instituting proceed-
ings before the Court cannot be considered an unfriendly act. However, it
is the practice among States that cases are addressed to the Court when
negotiation and agreement have failed. It is not unusual for States to con-
sider litigation as an unfriendly act especiallyin the absence of a Special
Agreement. A good example is found in the steps taken by Peru and

Colombia in the Asylum case of 1950, before the Application was
eventually filed by Colombia on 15 October 1949. The "Act of Lima"
agreement signed on 31 August 1949,which permits either of the parties
to file its application before the Court, states in its second paragraph
thus :

"The Plenipotentiaries of Peru and Colombia having been unable
to reach an agreement on the terms in which they might refer the
dispute jointly to the International Court of Justice, agree that pro- En conséquence,si la Cour a franchi une nouvelle étapedepuis l'arrêt
qu'ellea rendu en 1957dans l'affairedu Droit depassage,estimant qu'une
déclarationfaite en vertu de la clause facultative ne saurait prendre fin

en l'absence de l'élément dle a bonne foi, il va de soi qu'elle pourrait
procéderde la mêmemanièreen l'espèceen franchissant un nouveau pas.
De l'avisde la Cour, le principe de la bonne foijoue un rôle important
en matièrede déclarationsfaites en vertu de la clause facultativepour ce
qui est de la réciprocité.
Toujours dans l'affaire des Activités militaires et paramilitaires, la
Cour a égalementremarqué que :

«En fait les déclarations,bien qu'étantdes actes unilatéraux, éta-
blissent une sériede liens bilatérauxavec les autres Etats qui accep-
tent la mêmeobligation par rapport à la juridiction obligatoire, en
prenant en considérationles conditions, réserveset stipulations de
durée.Dans l'établissement de ce réseaud'engagementsque constitue
le systèmede la clausefacultative, leprincipe de la bonnefoi joue un
rôle essentiel: et la Couraouli~néla nécessité de resoecter.dans les
relationsinteinutionales, les rè&s de la bonnefoi etxdela confiance
en des termes particulièrementnets ..» (Activitésmilitaires et para-
militaires au Nicaraguaet contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis
d'Amérique),compétenceet recevabilité,arrêt,C.I. J. Recueil 1984,

p. 418; les italiques sont de moi.)
Si, à titre d'hypothèse,le Nigéria, conscientque le Cameroun s'apprê-
taità déposer sa requête le 29mars 1994,avait retiré sadéclarationen
vertu de la clause facultative,par exemple,le 26 mars 1994,plaçant ainsi

le Cameroun dans une situation similaire à celle du Nicaragua, la Cour
aurait décidéque le Nigérian'avait pas agi de bonne foi et qu'un tel
retrait ne saurait faire obstacle la requête du Cameroun. La Cour est
maintenant priéede s'intéresserau ((reversde la médaille))et,à mon avis,
elle devrait rendre un ((jugementréciproque)), en rejetant la requêtedu
Cameroun comme ayant été déposé de mauvaise foi.
Le Cameroun a vigoureusement fait valoir que l'introduction d'une
instance devant la Cour ne peut êtreconsidérée comme un acte inamical.
Toutefois, les Etats ont pour pratique de porter des affaires devant la
Cour lorsque la négociationet les tentativesd'accord ont échoué. Il n'est
pas inhabituel que des Etats considèrent l'introduction d'une instance
comme un acte inamical, notamment en l'absencede compromis. C'estce
qu'illustrent les mesures prises par le Pérouet la Colombie dans l'affaire
du Droit d'asile,en 1950, avant que la Colombie ne dépose finalement
une requêtele 15 octobre 1949. L'acte de Lima du 31 août 1949, qui

autorise l'une ou l'autre partieà déposer sa requêteauprès de la Cour,
dispose ce qui suit dans son deuxièmeparagraphe:
«Que, vu l'impossibilitépour les plénipotentiairesdu Pérouet de
la Colombie de parvenir àun accord sur les termes dans lesquels ils

pourraient soumettre conjointement à la Cour internationale de Jus- ceedingsbefore the recognizedjurisdiction of the Court may be insti-
tuted on the application of either of the Parties without this being
regarded as an unfriendly act toward the other, or as an act likely to
affect the good relations between the two countries. The Party exer-
cising this right shall, with reasonableadvance notice, announce in a
friendly way to the other Party the date on whichthe application is to

be made." (Asylum, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 268 ; empha-
sis added.)
It is thereforenot unusual for a State to consider an application filedwith
the Court as "unfriendly" when the same is done without notice from the
applicant or from other expected sources.

E. The Case ConcerningRight of Passage over Indian Territory

Two points have to be considered under this heading:

(a) that the present case is easily distinguishablefrom the Right of Pas-
sage case;
(b) that, even if it is not distinguishablefrom the Right of Passage case,
the Court ought not to follow that precedent.

(a) The differences
First, it can be clearly observed that the issue of good faith was not
strongly canvassed by India, whereas in Nigeria's case absence of good

faith on the part of Cameroon was strongly argued on the basis of the
available facts and the law.
Secondly, on 28 February 1940,when India made its Optional Clause
Declaration, it accepted the jurisdiction of the Court for a specified
period "from today's date" (Rightof Passage overIndian Territory, Pre-
liminary Objections,Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 146).There is no
such provision in Nigeria's Declaration; on the contrary it demands reci-
procity from any declarant State.
The issue of reciprocity was not strongly canvassed by India, unlike
Nigeria, and as a result the Court did not put much emphasis on it. The
situation in the present case is differentfrom the situation in the Right of
Passage case, which concernedcertain enclavesin India, the right of pas-
sage to which Portugal claimed. In the present case Cameroon is seeking
a determination of al1 its land and maritime boundaries with Nigeria.

Again in the present case, third States' rights are involved. In the Lake
Chad area the interests of Chad and Niger are involved, and within the
maritime area the interests of Equatorial Guinea, SaoTomeand Principe,
and Gabon are involved.

(b) The issue of precedent
As a prelude to hisbook Precedent inthe World Court,JudgeMohamed
Shahabuddeen writes : tice le cas en discussion, ils conviennent que la procédure devant la
juridiction reconnue de la Cour pourra êtreengagée a la demandede
l'une quelconque des deux Parties, sans que cela constitue un acte

inamical envers l'autre Partie ou unacte de nature à porter atteinte
aux bons rapports entre lesdeux pays. La Partie exerçant ce droit
annoncera amicalement à l'autre, avec un préavis raisonnable, la
date du dépôtde sa requête.)) (Droitd'asile, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1950, p. 268; les italiques sont de moi.)
Il n'est donc pas inhabituel pour un Etat de considérer l'introduction
d'une requête devantla Cour comme «inamicale» lorsque cetteintroduc-
tion a lieu sans préavisdu requérant ou d'autres sources auxquelles on

s'attend.

E. L'affaire du Droit de passage sur territoire indien
Sous cet intitulé,deux points sont à examiner:

a) la présenteinstance se distingue très aisémentde l'affaire du Droit de
passage ;
b) mêmesi on ne peut la distinguer de l'affaire du Droit de passage, la
Cour ne devrait pas suivre ce précédent.

a) Les différences

Premièrement,l'Inden'a manifestementpas beaucoup insistésur l'élé-
ment de la bonne foi, alors que le Nigériaa plaidé avecvigueur l'absence
de bonne foi de la part du Cameroun, sur la base des éléments defait et
de droit pertinents.
Deuxièmement,le 28 février1940,lorsque l'Inde a déposé sadéclara-
tion en vertu de la clause facultative, elle a reconnu la juridiction de la
Cour pour une période déterminée «à compter de cejour» (Droit depas-
sage sur territoire indien, exceptions préliminaires,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil
1957,p. 146).Or la déclarationdu Nigériane contient aucune disposition
de ce genre; au contraire, elle exigela réciprocité dtout Etat déclarant.
L'Inde n'ayant pas davantage beaucoup insisté surla question de la
réciprocité, contrairementau Nigéria, la Cour ne s'y est pas non plus
attardée. La situation en l'espèce estdifférente decellequi prévalait dans
l'affaire duDroit de passage, qui concernait certaines enclaves en Inde,

sur lesquellesle Portugal revendiquaitun droit de passage. En l'espèce,le
Cameroun demande qu'une décision soit priseau sujet de la totalité desa
frontière terrestre et maritime avec le Nigéria. De plus, en l'espèce,les
droitsd'Etats tiers sont enjeu. Dans la zone du lac Tchad, lesintérêts du
Tchad et du Niger sont en cause et, dans la zone maritime, ce sont ceux
de la Guinée équatoriale,de Sao Tomé-et-Principeet du Gabon.

b) La question duprécédent
Au début de son ouvrage intitulé Precedent in the World Court,

M. Mohamed Shahabuddeen écrit: "Decisions of the International Court of Justice are almost as
replete with references to precedent as are decisions of a common
law court. Even thoughprevious decisionsare not binding, the Court
relies upon them as authoritative expressions of its viewson decided
points of law." (Emphasis added.)

The principle of stare decisis does not apply in this Court and, that
being so, it has no rule of precedent. Article 59 of the Court's Statute
expressly Statesthat a decision of the Court is only binding between the
parties and in respect of that particular case.Article2of the Statute per-
mit~a State which considers that it has an interest of a legal nature which
may be affected by the decision of the Court in a particular case to filea
request to the Court for permission to intervene.
In practice, however, the Court in most cases relies upon and follows
its previous decisions.
While that practice is desirable in order to ensure some degree of cer-
tainty in the jurisprudence of the Court, there are occasions when it is
necessary for the Court, for one reason or the other, not to follow its
previous decisions. The present case is just such a case.

Thislatter practice isnot unknownin the Court and had been employed
in a fewcases: in the caseconcerning Interpretationof Peace Treatieswith
Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania the Court declined to follow the strict
rule which it had laid down in the Statusof Eastern Careliacase regard-
ing the rendering of an advisory opinion. Similarly, in the Barcelona
Traction case the Court did not follow its decisionin the Nottebohm case
on the issue of diplomatic protection.

Of recent, Shabtai Rosenne has taken a keen interest in cases con-
nected with Optional Clause declarations under Article 36 (4) vis-à-vis
the Right of Passage case. He observed in his recent publication, An
International Law Miscellany :

"In the present Court this litigation tactic has been followed in
five cases of high political implication:Nuclear Tests (Australia v.
France) case, the Aegean Sea Continental Shelf case, the Military
and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua case, and the
two cases Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971
Montreal Conventionarisingfrom the Aerial Incident ut Lockerbie.
What ismore, in al1of these casesthe phenomenon of the 'unwilling
respondent' (in the first and third, a permanent member of the Secu-
rity Council) was encountered, and in the first two of those cases,
that unwilling respondent refused to have any part in the proceed-
ings, al1adding to the difficultiesof jurisdiction and admissibility.

The existence of this well-establishedprocedure coupled with the

last five precedents raises serious doubts about the continued «Les décisionsde la Cour internationale de Justice sont presque
aussi riches de renvois aux précédentsque les décisions d'une ins-
tance judiciaire decommon law. Mêmesi ses précédents ne la lient

pas, la Cour si réfèrecomme exprimant avec autoritéses vuessur
lespoints de droit tranchés. (Les italiques sont de moi.)
Le principestare decisisne s'applique pas àla Cour et la règledu pré-
cédentne s'impose donc pas. L'article 59 du Statut de la Cour dispose
expressémentqu'une décisionde la Cour n'est obligatoire que pour les
parties et dans l'affaire dont il s'agit. L'articleu Statut permet à un

Etat, lorsqu'il estime que, dans un différend,un intérêt d'ordre juridique
estpour lui encause,d'adresser à la Cour une requête,à find'intervention.

En pratique, toutefois, la Cour se fonde le plus souvent sur ses précé-
dents, qu'ellesuit.
Si cette pratique est souhaitable afin de garantir un certain degréde
prévisibilitdans la jurisprudence de la Cour, il y a des cas où la Cour,
pour une raison ou pour une autre, ne doit pas s'entenirà sesprécédents.
La présenteinstance nous en fournit un exemple.
Cettedernièrepratique n'est d'ailleurs pasinconnue de la Cour, qui l'a
suivie dans plusieurs affaires, comme celle de l'Interprétationdes traités
depaix conclus avecla Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie ou la Cour
a refuséde s'en tenir à la règlestricte qu'elle avait énoncéeau sujet du
Statut de la Carélieorientale s'agissant de rendre un avis consultatif.

De même,dans l'affaire de la Barcelona Traction, la Cour n'a pas suivi
le précédentde l'affaireNottebohm sur la question de la protection diplo-
matique.
Récemment, M. Shabtai Rosenne s'est intéresséde près aux affaires
relatives aux déclarationsfaitesen vertu de la clause facultative du para-
graphe 4 de l'article 36 du Statut au regard de l'affaire du Droit de pas-
sage. Dans son récent ouvrageintituléAn International Law Miscellany,
il a fait observer:

«Devant la Cour actuelle,cette tactique judiciaire a été suieans
cinq affaires d'une grande importance politique exceptionnelle:
l'affairedesEssais nucléaires(Australie c. France), l'affaire du Pla-
teau continental de la mer Egée, l'affaire des Activitésmilitaires et
paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui-ci, et les deux affaires
relativesà des Questions d'interprétation et d'application de la
conventionde Montréalde 1971 résultantde l'incidentaérien deLoc-
kerbie. En outre, il y avait dans toutes ces affaires «un défendeur
contre son gré»(dans la première et la troisième,un membre per-
manent du Conseil de sécurité) etdans les deux premières,le défen-
deur contre son gréa refuséde prendre une part quelconque à la
procédure, ne faisant que rendre plus complexes les questions de
compétence etde recevabilité.

L'existencede cetteprocédurebien établie,alliéeaux cinq derniers
précédents, suscitede graves doutes quant au maintien de i'applica- unchecked application of the doctrine accepted by the Court in the
Right of Passage case. Paragraph 4 was inserted into Article 36 of
the Statute at the San Francisco Conference almost as a matter of
routine, and like any text it is open to more than one interpretation.
Sincethen, important developmentshave taken place both asregards
the general law of the depositary of multilateral instruments, formu-
lated for the first time (as stated) in the Vienna Conventions, and in
State practice as exemplifiedin the cases mentioned." (P. 92.)

And finally he offered some suggestions, as follows:

"The question can be asked whether what has occurred since the
Right of Passage case does not justify a reconsideration of the doc-
trine of that case should an opportunityto do so present itself.At al1
events, it is to be hoped that should occasion arise for a revision of
the Statute, more attention will be paid to the implications of Ar-
ticle 36,paragraph 4, than was givenin 1945,and that a method will
be found to protect States which have accepted the jurisdiction
under paragraph 2 from the surprisedeposit of a declaration in New
York and the immediateinstitution of proceedings accompanied by
a request for the indication of interim measures of protection before
the respondent can be (not 'is')aware that the declaration has been
deposited; and that the provisions regarding the making of declara-
tions, their modification and their termination and other related
instruments, will be CO-ordinatedwith what is now established law
and practice regardingthe exerciseof the functions of the depositary
of multilateral treaties and other international instruments."
(Rosenne, op. cit., pp. 92-93.)

From al1that has been said and quoted above, it is clear that the deci-
sion in the case concerning Right of Passage overIndian Tevritovyshould
generally be revisited and to regard such case-lawas bad law, because the
decision failed to take into proper consideration the second mandatory
condition provided in Article 36 (4) of the Statute of the Court, namely
that States parties "shall" be notified beforejurisdiction can be invoked
by any declarant State. Both conditions, of "deposit" and "transmis-
sion", are mandatory, as set forth in that paragraph 4 of Article 36,
which provision must be complied with by any litigant State that intends
to fileits application.

F. Other Compelling Considevations
So many circumstances of this particular case are sufficientlycompel-
ling as to persuade the Court to accept the argument of Nigeria, even on

objective grounds. Firstly, Nigeria and Cameroon are neighbours and
willremain so for al1time, and it is therefore not in the interests of peace
and good neighbourliness in that region that one Party should be dragged tion automatique du principe que la Cour a admis dans l'affaire du
Droit de passage. Le paragraphe 4 a été presqueautomatiquement
insérédans l'article 36 du Statut lors de la conférencede San Fran-
cisco et, comme tout autre texte, il se prête plusieurs interpréta-
tions. Depuis lors, une évolutionimportante a eu lieu la fois en ce
qui concerne le droit général relatif auxdépositaires d'instruments
multilatéraux, formulé pour la première fois (tel qu'il est énoncé)
dans les conventions de Vienne, et dans la pratique étatique telle
qu'elle ressort des affaires mentionnées.)) (P.92.)

Enfin, il a avancéles quelques suggestions suivantes:
«On peut se demander si l'évolution postérieureà l'affaire du
Droit depassage ne justifie pas un réexamendu principe posédans
cette affaire si l'occasion devait se présenter.En tout étatde cause,
on peut espérerque, si I'occasion s'offrait de réviserle Statut, on

prêterait davantage attention aux conséquencesdu paragraphe 4 de
I'article36 qu'on ne'a fait en 1945,et qu'on trouverait le moyen de
protégerlesEtats qui ont accepté la compétencede la Cour en appli-
cation du paragraphe 2 du dépôt par surprise d'une déclaration à
New York et de l'introduction immédiated'une instance accompa-
gnéed'une demande en indication de mesures conservatoires avant
que le défendeurpuisse être(et non «soit») au courant du dépôt de
la déclaration; et que les décisions relatives la formulation des
déclarations,àleur révisionetà leur dénonciationet aux autres ins-
truments connexes seraient alignéessur ce qui est aujourd'hui le
droit et la pratique établisrelatifsexercicedes fonctions du dépo-
sitaire de traitésmultilatérauxet autresinstrumentsinternationaux. »
(Rosenne, op. cit., p. 92-93.)

Il ressort nettement des propos et citations ci-dessusque la décisionren-
due dans l'affaire du Droit de passage surterritoire indien devrait, de
manière générale ê, trereconsidéréeour donner à la Cour la possibilitéde
constater queceprécédent n'esptas heureux dupoint devuedu droit, parce
que cette décisionn'a pas dûment tenu compte de la deuxièmecondition
obligatoire prévueau paragraphe 4 de l'article36 du Statut de la Cour,
savoir que les Etats parties «recevront» notification avant que tout Etat
déclarantpuisse invoquer la compétencede la Cour. Les deux conditions,
cellede la«remise» et cellede la ((transmission»sont obligatoires,comme

il est énoncéau paragraphe 4 de l'article36, dont les dispositions doivent
êtrerespectéespar tout Etat en litigequi entend déposerune requête.

F. Autres considérationsdéterminantes

De nombreuses circonstances de la présenteaffaire sont suffisamment
déterminantespour persuader la Cour de retenir l'argument du Nigéria,
mêmepour des raisons objectives. Premièrement,le Nigéria etle Came-
roun sont des Etats voisinset le resteront indéfinimentetil n'estdonc pas
dans l'intérêdte la paix et des relations de bon voisinage dans la régionto the Court against its wish. The record before the Court is that both
Parties are already involved in the settlement of some of the dispute.
Delimitation and demarcation have been effected in some areas and it
will be in bad faith that the matter is brought to the Court while other
means of settlement of the Parties' dispute is pending.

Moreover, many cases of delimitation in land and maritime disputes
have been instituted in this Court by way ofSpecial Agreement. A very

recent and successful example is the case concerningthe Territorial Dis-
pute (Libyan Arab JamahiriyalChad) , which was concluded and judg-
ment deliveredon 3 February 1994;by the end of May of that year Libya
had complied with the Judgrnent of the Court. There are ten other similar
cases :Minquiers and Ecrehos (United KingdomlFrance), I.C.J. Reports
1953, p. 47; Sovereignty over Certain Frontier Land (BelgiumlNether-
lands), I.C.J. Reports 1959, p. 209; North Sea Continental Shelf (Fed-
eral Republic of GermanylDenmark; Federal Republic of GermanylNeth-
erlands), I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 3; Continental Shelf (TunisialLibyan
Arab Jamahiriya), I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 18; Delimitation of the Mari-
time Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (CanadalUnited States of
America), I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 246; Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab
JamahiriyalMalta), I.C.J. Reports 1985,p. 13 ;FrontierDispute (Burkina
FasolRepublic of Mali), I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 554; Land, Island and
Maritime Frontier Dispute (El SalvadorlHonduras: Nicaragua interven-
ing), 1.C.J. Reports 1992, p. 351 ;and the pending territorial disputes
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatarand Bah-
rain and KasikililSedudu Island (BotswanalNamibia).

Three further caseswereinstituted by unilateral application: Temple of
Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 6 ;Aegean
Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), 1.C.J. Reports 1978,p. 3 ;and
Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen
(Denmark v. Norway), I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 38; however, these cases
deal either with maritime delimitation or with frontier disputes, but not
with both as in the present case.

It is a well-acceptedfundamental principle of international law that the
jurisdiction of the Court is based on consent of the States involved. The
Court echoed this view in the recent case of Maritime Delimitation and
Territorial Questions between Qatarand Bahrain:

"There is no doubtthat the Court's jurisdiction can only be estab-

lished on the basis of the will ofthe Parties, as evidencedby the rele-
vant texts."(Jurisdictionand Admissibility, Judgment, Z.C.J. Reports
1995, p. 23, para. 43.)que l'une des Parties puisse être traduite devant la Cour contre sa

volonté. Il ressort du dossier soumisà la Cour que les deux Parties sont
déjàengagéesdans un processus de règlementd'une partie du différend.
Il a été procédé à une délimitationet à une démarcation dans certaines
zones et c'estfaire preuve de mauvaise foi que de porter l'affaire devant
la Cour alors que d'autres voies de règlement du différend entre les
Parties sont à l'étude.
En outre, de nombreuses affaires de délimitation dans des différends
terrestres et maritimes ont étéintroduites devant la Cour par voie de
compromis. Tout récemment, l'affairedu Différend territorial(Jamahi-
riya arabe IibyennelTchad) en a offert un bon exemple.Cetteaffaire a été
tranchée, l'arrêta étérendu le 3 février1994et, à la fin de mai de cette
mêmeannée,la Libye s'était conformée à l'arrêt de la Cour.Il existe dix
autres affaires du mêmeordre: Minquiers et Ecréhous(FrancelRoyaume-
Uni), C.Z.J. Recueil 1953, p. 47; Souverainetésur certaines parcelles

frontalières (BelgiquelPays-Bas), C.I.J. Recueil 1959, p. 209; Plateau
continental de la mer du Nord (Républiquefédérale d'AllemagnelDane-
mark; Républiquefédérale d'AllemagnelPays-Bas), C.I.J. Recueil 1969,
p. 3 ; Plateau continental (TunisielJamahiriya arabe libyenne), C.I.J.
Recueil 1982, p. 18;Délimitation delafrontière maritime dans la région
du golfe du Maine (CanadalEtats- Unisd'Amérique),C.I.J. Recueil 1984,
p. 246; Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe IibyenneIMalte), C.1J.
Recueil 1985, p. 13; Différend frontalier (Burkina FasolRépubliquedu
Mali), C.Z.J. Recueil 1986, p. 554; Différend frontalier terrestre,insu-
laire etmaritime (El SalvadorlHonduras; Nicaragua intervenant)), C.Z.J.
Recueil 1992, p. 351; et les affaires suivantes relativàsdes différends
territoriaux qui sont pendantes devant la Cour: Délimitationmaritime et
questions territoriales entre Qatar et Bahreïn et Ile de KasikililSedudu
(BotswanalNamibie) .

Trois autres affaires ont étéintroduites par voie d'une requêteunilaté-
rale: Temple de PréahVihéar(Cambodge c. Thaïlande), C.I.J. Recueil
1962, p. 6; Plateau continental de la mer Egée(Grècec.Turquie), C.I.J.
Recueil 1978, p. 3, et Délimitationmaritime dans la régionsituée entrele
Groenlandet Jan Mayen (Danemark c. Norvège), C.I.J. Recueil 1993,
p. 38. Toutefois, ces affaires concernaientsoit une délimitationmaritime
soit des différendsfrontaliers, mais non pas les deux comme dans la pré-
sente instance.
Selon un principe fondamental et tout à fait admis du droit internatio-
nal, la compétence de la Cour repose sur le consentement des Etats
concernés.La Cour a de nouveau expriméce point de vue dans l'affaire
récentede Délimitation maritime et questions territoriales entre Qatar
et Bahreïn:

((11ne fait pas de doute que la compétencede la Cour ne peut être
établie qu'en recherchantla volontédes Parties, telle qu'elle résulte
des textes pertinents.» (Compétence et recevabilité, arrêt,C.I.J.
Recueil 1995, p. 23, par. 43.)Rosenne also comments as follows on this same established principle

"There exists an uncontroverted principle of generalinternational
law according to which no State is obliged to submit any dispute
with another Stateor to givean account of itselfto any international
tribunal. The agreement of the parties to the dispute is the pre-
requisite to adjudication on the merits." (The Law and Practice of
the International Court, 1920-1996,Vol. II, p. 563.)

With this consensual basis of jurisdiction, it can be strongly argued in
this case thatunless such consent is genuinely given, and not forced, the
Court should exercisejudicial caution in proceeding with the case on its
merits. Nigeria's objectionis premised on the argument that the Applica-
tion was a surprise and that Nigeria was not giventhe prerequisitenotice
either by Cameroon or by the Secretary-General of the United Nations
before the Application was filedby Cameroon.

In a similar vein it is also important for the Court tosider the issue
of justice underpinning this preliminary objection, and ask whether a
jurisdiction forced on Nigeria, as an unwilling Respondent, would pro-
mote peace and good neighbourliness between the Parties and in that
region. This concept of justice is not abstract; it is to be defined and
determined in accordance with the provision in Article 2, paragraph 3, of

the Charter. Jurisdiction is defined by Rosenne as follows:

"Broadly speaking the expression jurisdiction refers to the power
of the Court to 'do justice' between the litigating States, toecide
the case before it with final and binding force on those States. The
expression 'do justice' has been used by the Court several times,
notably in the UNAT advisory opinion." (The Law and Practice of
the International Court, 1920-1996,Vol. II, p. 536.)

Itis for al1the reasons stated above that 1feltconvinced that the Court
ought to uphold the first preliminary objection of Nigeria and, therefore,
dismiss the Applications of Cameroon.

II. THETHIRDPRELIMINAR OYBJECTION

The third preliminary objection of Nigeria is that "the settlement of
boundary disputes within the Lake Chad region is subject to the exclusive
competence of the Lake Chad Basin Commission" (CR9815, p. 64).
Nigeria argues that the provisions of theStatute of the Lake Chad Basin
Commission, annexed to an agreement dated 22 May 1964,are binding
on the four States which are signatories to that agreement, includingSurcemême principebienétabli,M.Rosennea fait lecommentaire suivant :

((11 existe un principe de droit international général incon-
testé selon lequel aucun Etat n'est tenu de soumettre un quel-
conque différend avec unautre Etat ou de rendre compte de ses ac-
tionsà un tribunal international. L'accord desparties au différend
est une condition préalable au règlement du différendau fond.»
(The Law and Practice of the International Court, 1920-1996,vol. II,
p. 563.)

Ce fondement de la juridiction de la Cour étant consensuel, on pourrait
fairevaloir avec force en l'instance qu'à moins qu'un tel consentement ne
soit donnéen pleine connaissancede cause, et ne soit pas imposé,la Cour
devrait faire preuve de prudence judiciaire s'agissant d'examinerl'affaire
au fond. Le Nigériaa soulevécette exception, en faisant valoir que la
requête aété déposé pear surpriseet qu'il n'avait étédûment averti i par
le Cameroun ni par le Secrétairegénéral del'organisation des Nations
Unies avant le dépôt de la requêtepar le Cameroun.
Dans le mêmeordre d'idée,il importe égalementque la Cour examine

la question de la justice qui sous-tend cette exception préliminaire et
qu'elle se demande si une compétence imposéeau Nigéria, qui est un
défendeurcontre son gré,serait de nature à promouvoir la paix et les
relations de bon voisinage entre les Parties et dans la région concernée.
Ce concept de justice n'est pas abstrait, il doit êtredéfiniet déterminé
conformément aux dispositions du paragraphe 3 de l'article 2 de la
Charte. Rosenne définit commesuit la compétence:

«Au sens large, on entend par compétence lepouvoir de la Cour
de ((rendre la justice)) entre les Etats en litige, de trancher l'affaire
portée devant elle de façon définitiveet obligatoire pour ces Etats.
L'expression ((rendrela justice)) a étéutiliséepar la Cour plusieurs
fois, notamment dans son avis consultatif rendu sur la demande de
réformation d'un jugement du Tribunal administratif des Nations
Unies.»(The Law andPractice of the International Court of Justice,
1920-1996,vol. II, p. 536.)

C'est pour toutes les raisons exposées ci-dessusque je suis convaincu
que la Cour aurait dû retenir la première exception préliminairedu Nigé-
ria et par conséquentrejeter les requêtes du Cameroun.

II. LA TROISIÈME EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE

La troisième exceptionpréliminaire duNigéria est ainsiformulée:«le
règlement des différendsde frontière dans la régiondu lac Tchad est sou-
mis àla compétenceexclusivede la commission du bassin du lac Tchad))
(CR9815, p. 64). Le Nigéria soutient que les dispositions du statut de la
commission du bassin du lac Tchad, annexé à un accord du 22 mai 1964,

lient les quatre Etats signataires de cet accord,ompris le Cameroun. IlCameroon. It argues further that the provisions of the Statute coupled
with the agreements and other understandings between the four States
parties to the Agreement are binding on them, and thus Cameroon can-
not file its Application under Article 36 (2) of the Statute of the Court.
The two other members of the Commission are Chad and Niger. Cam-
eroon denies the meaning that Nigeria attaches to the function and
power of the Commission. Both Parties refer to the Statute of the Com-
mission as well as the assignments given to it by the four member States

of the Commission.
A careful examination of the duties of the Commission is more than
sufficientto confer on it the task of dealing with al1the requests that are
now being submitted by Cameroon to this Court. These assignments can
be viewedin two parts: those that are contained in the Statute, i.e., under
Article IX, paragraphs
"(c) to maintain the liaison between the High Contracting parties
with a viewto themost effectiveutilization of the waters of the
Basin ;

(d) to follow the progress of the execution of surveysand work in
the Chad Basin as envisaged in the present Convention, and
to keep the Member States informed at least once [a] year
thereon, through systematic and periodic reports which each
State shall submit to it;
.............................
(g) to examine complaints and to promote the settlement of dis-
putes and the resolution of differences" (emphasis added),

and those that are assigned to the Commission by the authority of the
member States. As evidence of this, two sub-commissions of experts
were, inter alia, assigned to carry out the demarcation and delimitation
of borders in the Lake Chad area, having as their working documents
various conventions and agreements concluded between the former colo-
nial Powers. It is important to emphasize that the sub-commissionswere
assigned the duty not only to delimit boundaries but also to demarcate
the same. This exercise wascarried out between 1989and 1990; by 1994
the assignment had been fully completed and awaited the signing and
ratification of the pertinent document by individual Heads of State.
Although the document was ratified by Cameroon last year (after this
case had been filed in the Court), Nigeria did not respond accordingly,
presumably because of the Application of Cameroon pending in the
Court.
One important and convincing argument in favour of upholding this
preliminary objection is the fact that the Commissionhad already carried
out and completed the work that the Court is now calledupon by Cam-

eroon to carry out. The four member States are not disputing the final
work of the Commissionand al1that isleft to be done isthe ratification of
the resulting instrument. Apart from the fact that it is difficult,under the
circumstances, to establish a case of any dispute between Nigeria andfait également valoir que les dispositions de ce statut, conjuguées aux
accords et autres ententes entre les quatre Etats partiesà l'accord, lient
ces Etats et que le Cameroun ne saurait donc déposer une requêteen
applicationdu paragraphe 2 de l'article36du Statut de la Cour. Les deux
autres Etats membres de la commission sont le Tchad et le Niger. Le
Cameroun conteste la manièredont le Nigériainterprète les fonctions et
lespouvoirs de cette commission. Les deux parties se sont référéeasu sta-
tut de la commission, de mêmequ'aux fonctionsqui lui ont étéassignées
par les quatre Etats membres de la commission.

Un examen attentif des devoirs de la commission est plus que suffisant
pour constater qu'il entre dans ses attributions d'examiner toutes les
demandes soumises àla Cour par le Cameroun. Ces attributions peuvent
êtreclassées endeux catégories:celles qui sont énoncéesdans le statut,
c'est-à-direà l'article IX, aux paragraphes

«c) de maintenir la liaison entre les Hautes Parties contractantes
en vue de l'utilisation la plus efficacedes eaux du bassin;

d) de suivre l'exécutiondes études etdes travaux dans le bassin
du Tchad relevant de la présenteconvention, et d'en tenir
informésles Etats membres au moins une fois par an, par
l'exploitation des comptes rendus systématiques et pério-
diques que chaque Etat s'engage a lui adresser;

g) d'examiner lesplaintes et de contribuer à la solution desdif-
férends))(les italiques sont de moi),
et celles qui ont été confiées à la commission par décisiondes Etats
membres.Deux sous-commissionsd'expertsont ainsiétéchargéen s,otam-
ment, de procéder à la démarcation et à la délimitationdes frontières

dans la zone du lac Tchad, en se fondant sur des documents de travail
constitués par différentsaccords et conventions conclus entre les an-
ciennes puissances coloniales.Il est important de souligner que les sous-
commissions ont été chargéen son seulement de délimiterles frontières
mais égalementde les démarquer.Ces opérationsont été menéesen 1989
et 1990: en 1994.21eDrocessusavait étéentièrementterminéet il ne man-
quait plus que la signature et la ratification du document pertinent par les
différentschefs d'Etats. Bien que le Cameroun ait ratifiéce document
l'année dernière(après l'introduction de la présenteinstance devant la
Cour), leNigérian'a pas suivison exemple,sansdoute parce quel'affaire

introduite par le Cameroun était pendante devant la Cour.
Le fait que la commissiona déjàmené et achevé lets ravaux quela Cour
est maintenant priéepar le Cameroun d'entreprendre est un argument
important et convaincant pour retenir cette exception préliminaire.Les
quatre Etats membres ne contestent pas l'issue destravaux de la commis-
sion et il ne reste qu'à ratifier l'instrument quien résulte.Outre qu'il est
difficile,dans ces circonstances, d'établirl'existenced'un quelconque dif-
férendentre leNigériaet le Cameroun dans le bassin du lac Tchad (sauf àCameroon within the Lake Chad Basin (except for Darak and adjacent
islands),it can be concludedthat the Parties, having submitted their claims
to the Commission, are bound by its decision. The enigma, or the confu-
sion, that might arise in this regard is the apparent bifurcation ofjudicial
authority within the Lake Chad Basin which could occur if al1the four
member States agreed to ratify the Commission'sinstrument in the future.
In its further argument Nigeria refers to Article 52 of the United

Nations Charter, and considers the Commission's assignment as being
within the framework of regional arrangements "or agencies for dealing
with such matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and
security as are appropriate for regional action ...". The question here is
whether the Lake Chad Basin Commission can be regarded as a regional
organization. In my view,the Commission can be so regarded and there-
fore qualifies as coming under Article 52 of the Charter. The reason for
this is not far-fetched: as already mentioned, paragraph IX (g) of the
Commission'sStatute empowers the Commission to examine complaints,
promote settlement of disputes and resolve differences.The maintenance
of international peace and security, as stipulated in Article 52 (1) of the
Charter, is in accord with the assignmentsconferred on the Commission
by this regional group of States.
Another point raised by Nigeria during its argument in the oral
proceedings concerns Article 95 of the United Nations Charter, which
provides that :

"Nothing in the present Charter shall prevent Members of the
United Nations from entrusting the solution of their differences to
other tribunals by virtue of agreements already in existenceor which
may be concluded in the future."

The crucialquestion here is whether the Lake Chad Basin Commission is
a tribunal. To my mind it is, because it isvested with al1the powers, func-
tions and duties of a tribunal and it is competent to act as one. The word
"tribunal" is a generic term that encompasses various dispute settlement
jurisdictions. In Law Terminology, a document of the United Nations,
the word "tribunal" isdefinedas "person or body exercisingadjudicatory
functions outside the regular judicial system, i.e. exercisingquasi-judicial
functions" : tribunals are referred to as:

"often established by statutory authority, in which case they are
sometimes called statutory tribunals. Although outside the regular
judicial system they are nevertheless subject to the supervisoryjuris-
diction of the High Court of Justice by the process ofjudicial review.

They may be called tribunal, board, commission,committee or coun-
cil and are divided into three categories: administrative tribunal,
domestic tribunal, tribunal of enquiry . . .(Emphasis added.)propos de Darak et des îlesadjacentes), on peut conclure que les Parties,
ayant présenté leurs revendications à la commission, sont liéespar les
décisionsde celle-ci. La dichotomie manifeste de l'autoritéjudiciaire
concernant le bassin du lac Tchad qui pourrait apparaître si les quatre
Etats membres acceptaient tous de ratifier à l'avenir l'instrument de la
commission serait peut-êtreune source de perplextité etde confusion.
Le Nigériaa également invoqué l'article52 de la Charte des Nations
Unies, et considèreque le mandat de la commission entre dans le cadre

d'accords «ou d'organismes régionaux destinés à réglerles affaires qui,
touchant au maintien de la paix et de la sécuritéinternationales, se prê-
tent à une action de caractère régional)). Il s'agit, en l'occurrence, de
savoir si l'on peut considérer la commission du bassin du lac Tchad
comme une organisation régionale.A mon sens, ellepeut êtreconsidérée
comme telle et remplit donc la condition requise par l'article 52 de la
Charte pour une raison très simple: comme on l'a déjà vu, le para-
graphe IX g) de son statut donne à la commission le pouvoir d'examiner
les plaintes et de contribuer réglerles différends età surmonter les dif-
férences.Le mandat qui a été confié à la commission par ce groupe régio-
nal d'Etats est en accord avec le maintien de la paix et de la sécurité
internationales, tel que prévuau paragraphe 1del'article 52de la Charte.

Au cours de sesplaidoiries, le Nigéria,a égalementinvoqué l'article95
de la Charte des Nations Unies, qui dispose que:

((Aucune disposition de la présente Charte n'empêche les

Membres de l'organisation de confier la solution de leurs diffé-
rends a d'autres tribunaux en vertu d'accords déjà existantsou qui
pourront êtreconclus à l'avenir))

La question cruciale en l'espèceest celle de savoir si la commission du
bassin du lac Tchad est un tribunal. A mon avis c'est le cas, parce que
tous lespouvoirs,fonctions et devoirsd'un tribunal lui ont été conféréset
qu'elle estcompétentepour agir en cette qualité.Le mot «tribunal» est
un terme génériqueq , ui s'applique diversesinstances chargéesde régler
des différends.Dans le document des Nations Unies intitulé Law Termi-
nology, le mot tribunal est défini comme«une personne ou un organe
exerçant une fonction juridictionnelle en dehors du systèmejudiciaire
ordinaire, c'est-à-dire exerçant des fonctions quasi judiciaires)). y est
égalementdit que les tribunaux

«sont souvent établis par l'autorité statutaireet sont alors parfois
appeléstribunaux statutaires. Bien qu'ilsse situent en dehors du sys-
tèmejudiciaire ordinaire, leurs décisionssont néanmoins soumises
au contrôle juridictionnel de la plus haute instance judiciaire. Ils
peuvent prendre le nom de tribunal, bureau, commission, comitéou

conseilet seclassent en trois catégories:lestribunaux administratifs,
les tribunaux nationaux et les tribunaux d'investigation..» (Les ita-
liques sont de moi.)After all, the assignment of the Commission includes not only the delimi-
tation and demarcation of boundaries within the Lake Chad Basin; it
also includes the function of dispute settlement and it therefore qualifies
as an arbitral or administrative tribunal, as the case may be. Hence
Nigeria rightly invokes the provision in Article 95 of the Charter. An

examination of Article 94 of the Charter, which deals with the issue of
compliance "with the decision of the International Court of Justice",
clearly distinguishes this Court from the establishment ofch a tribunal
as that envisagedin Article 95 as an alternative body that could be set up
instead of an application being filed with the Court.
One point is therefore clear with regard to this preliminary objection:
that the Commission had been assigned and is still seised of the duty to
delimit and demarcate the boundary between both Parties in the Lake
Chad Basin, and the subsequent assignment of the same work to the
Court is, therefore, inadmissible. Hence my conclusion that the Court
lacks jurisdiction. Furthermore, the Commission's assignment, carried
out for and on behalf of the four member States, is a joint affair,ar-
ently indivisible.Both Parties in the present case are therefore obliged to
recognize and abide by the exclusivecompetence of the Lake Chad Basin
Commission.

Finally on this preliminary objection, there is need for a note of

caution: that the Court should not be called upon to carry out what
has already been accomplished by the Parties through the Commission.
For al1these reasons it is my view that the third preliminaryobjection
of Nigeria should be upheld.

III. THE FOURTH PRELIMINAR OBJECTION

The Court rejects the fourth preliminary objection of Nigeria that:

"The Court should not in these proceedings determinethe bound-
ary in Lake Chad to the extent that that boundary constitutes or is
constituted by the tripoint in the Lake." (PreliminaryObjections of
Nigeria, Vol. 1, p. 84, para. 4.12.)
However, 1hold a contrary view. The reason for so doing is that, having
regard to the position of the tripoint, it is difficult if not impossible to

entertain the request of Cameroon.
Cameroon disagrees with this preliminary objection and argues that
the case-lawof the Court does not support the argument of Nigeria. Both
Parties made mention of the Frontier Dispute (Burkina FasolRepublicof
Mali)w ,here the Chamber of the Court conceded that it had jurisdiction
to adjudicate on the case notwithstanding the fact that theendpoint of
the frontier lieson the frontier of another, third State. The view of
eroon is that the Frontier Dispute case, as well as the case of the Terri-En tout état decause, le mandat de la commission ne comprend pas seu-
lement la délimitationet la démarcationdes frontièresdans le bassin du
lac Tchad, mais aussi le règlement desdifférends, etla commission peut
donc êtreconsidérée comme un tribunal administratifou arbitral, selonle
cas. C'est donc à bon escient que le Nigériainvoque les dispositionsde
l'article95 de la Charte. Un examen del'article94 de la Charte, qui traite
de la nécessitéde seconformer «à la décision dela Cour internationale de
Justice)), distingue manifestement cette Cour de tout tribunal qui pour-

rait être établionformément à l'article 95 en tant qu'organe juridiction-
nel de substitution au dépôtd'une requête auprèsde la Cour.
Une chose est donc claire concernant cette exception préliminaire: la
commission s'estvu confier la tâche, dont ellereste saisie, de délimiter et
de démarquer la frontière entre les deux Parties dans le bassin du lac
Tchad et il n'est donc pas admissible que la mêmetâche soit confiée àla
Cour. C'est pourquoi je conclus que la Cour n'est pas compétente.En
outre, la mission de la commission, accomplie au profit et au nom des
quatre Etats membres, est une affaire conjointe, manifestement indivi-
sible. Les deux Partiesà l'instance sont donc dans l'obligation de recon-
naître et de respecter la compétenceexclusivede la commission du bassin

du lac Tchad.

Enfin, une certaine prudence s'impose au sujet de cette exception pré-
liminaire: la Cour ne devrait pas êtreamenée à entreprendre ce que les
Parties ont déjà accomplipar l'intermédiairede la commission.
Pour toutes cesraisons,j'estime quela troisièmeexceptionpréliminaire
du Nigériaaurait dû êtreretenue.

III. LA QUATRIÈME EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE

La Cour rejette la quatrièmeexception préliminairedu Nigéria,qui est

ainsi formulée :
«La Cour ne devrait pas détermineren l'espècel'emplacement de
la frontièredans le lac Tchad dans la mesure où cette frontièrecons-
titue letripoint dans le lac ou est constituéepar celui-ci.» (Excep-
tions préliminairesdu Nigéria,vol. 1,p. 84, par. 4.12.)

Je suis toutefois en désaccordavec cette décision.En effet, compte tenu
de la position du tripoint, il est difficile,voireimpossible, de connaître de
la requêtedu Cameroun.
Le Cameroun conteste cette exception préliminaire etsoutient que la
jurisprudence de la Cour ne conforte pas la thèsedu Nigéria.Les deux
Parties se sont référéesà l'affaire du Différendfrontalier(Burkina Fasol

Républiquedu Mali), où la chambre de la Cour s'estdéclaréecompétente
pour connaître de l'affaire bien que le point terminal de la frontière était
situésur la frontière d'un autre Etat, tiersà l'instance. Selon le Came-
roun, l'affaireduDifférendfrontalier et celledu Différend territorial(Ja-torial Dispute (Libyan Arab JamahiriyalChad), are case-lawthat cannot
be distinguished from this present case as claimed by Nigeria.
As 1 have mentioned earlier in this opinion, a case of this nature

requiresthe unequivocal consensus of both Parties to enable the Court to
be seisedof the matter. For example, both the Frontier Dispute and Ter-
ritorial Disputecases were brought before the Court by Special Agree-
ment. Another important factor in favour of Nigeria's argument is the
fact that its interests andose of Chad and Niger are interwoven within
the Lake Chad Basin, in respect of which the Commission has performed
its obligations of demarcation and delimitation.
But the position of Chad with regard to the tripoint ismore relevant in
this case when compared to the cases of Frontier Dispute and Territorial
Dispute. Mention has been made of earlier clashes between Nigeria and
Chad in the same area which might or might not affect the tripoint. It can
therefore be said that the interests of Chad and to some extent those of
Niger constitute the subject-matter of this case which, to my mind, can-
not be heard on the merits without Chad intervening as a party. Of
coursethe immediate answer on this could be the invocation of Article 59
of the Statute, in that the decision of the Court is binding only on the
parties. However, this is a case which is in line with the cases of East
Timor (Portugal v. Australia) and Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru
(Nauru v. Australia). The earlier case of Monetary Gold Removedfrom

Rome is also relevant here. The point has been made by Cameroon that
its Applications relate only to the issue of the boundary between it and
Nigeria. The issue here is not what Cameroon files or says but what,
practically, is on the ground as to the position of the tripoint between
Chad and the Parties. Quite definitely, the frontier between Cameroon
and Nigeria will affect the frontier between Cameroon and Chad by vir-
tue of the tripoint. A desirablesituation that would certainlyconfer juris-
diction on the Court would be the seisingof the Court by way of special
agreement between Cameroon, Nigeria and Chad. For al1these reasons
my conclusion is that the fourth preliminary objection of Nigeria ought
to be upheld.

IV. THEFIFTHPRELIMINAR OYBJECTION

In my view, the Court ought to uphold the fifth preliminary objection
as framed by Nigeria which regrettably it rejected, hence my disagree-

ment with the decision of the Court. There are two important reasons
which underlie my decision to take a contrary viewto that of the Court:
in effect the Court has failed to respond to the preliminary objection as
framed and presented by Nigeria, and further the conclusions reached by
the Court are contradictory in terms.
Nigeria in its fifth preliminaryobjectionmaintains that thereis no dis-
pute between it and Cameroon "concerning boundary delimitation asmahiriya arabe IibyennelTchad) sont des précédents quine sedistinguent
pas de la présenteinstance,contrairement àce que soutient le Nigéria.
Comme je l'ai déjàindiquéplus haut, la saisine de la Cour dans une
affaire de cette nature passe par un assentiment incontestable des deux
parties. Tant l'affaire duDifférend frontalierque celle du Différend ter-
ritorialont ainsi été portéedsevant la Cour par voie de compromis. Un
autre facteur important milite en faveur de l'argument du Nigéria: ses
intérêtest ceux du Tchad et du Niger sont interdépendantsdans le bassin
du lac Tchad pour lequel la commission s'est acquittée desa mission de
démarcation et de délimitation.
Mais, dans la présenteinstance,la position du Tchad concernant le tri-

point est plus pertinente que dans le cas des affaires du Différend fron-
talieret du Différend territorial.Il a éfait mention de heurts ayant déjà
opposéle Nigéria et le Tchad dans cette zone qui pourraient ou non
affecter le tripoint. On pourrait donc dire que les intérêtsdu Tchad, et
dans une certaine mesure ceux du Niger, constituent l'objet de cette
affaire qui,à mon avis, ne saurait êtreexaminéeau fond sans l'interven-
tion du Tchad. A l'évidence,on pourrait immédiatementme répondre
que l'article59 du Statut prévoitque la décision dela Cour n'est obliga-
toire que pour lesparties. Toutefois, la présenteinstances'apparente aux
affaires du Timor oriental (Portugal c. Australie) et de Certaines terreri
phosphates a Nauru (Nauru c. Australie). L'affairede l'Ormonétairepris
a Rome en 1943 est égalementpertinente en la matière. Le Cameroun a
fait valoir que ses requêtesne portent que sur la question de la frontière
entre lui-mêmeet le Nigéria.En l'occurrence, la question n'est pas de

savoir ce que le Cameroun présenteou dit, mais ce qu'il en est en pra-
tique, sur le terrain, de la position duripoint entre le Tchad et les Par-
ties.Il est toutà fait certain que la délimitation de la frontière entre le
Cameroun et le Nigériaaura des répercussionssur la frontière entre le
Cameroun et le Tchad en raison de l'emplacement du tripoint. Il serait
souhaitable que la Cour soit saisie par le Cameroun, le Nigéria et le
Tchad par voie de compromis. Elle seraitalors incontestablement compé-
tente. Pour toutes ces raisons, j'estime que la quatrième exception préli-
minaire du Nigéria devaitêtreretenue.

IV. LA CINQUIÈME EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE

A mon avis, la Cour aurait dû retenir la cinquième exceptionprélimi-

naire telle que formuléepar le Nigéria,alors qu'elle l'a malheureusement
rejetée, d'oumon désaccordavec sa décision. Deuxraisons importantes
m'ont convaincud'adopter un point de vue opposé à celui dela Cour: en
fait, celle-cin'a pas réponduà l'exception préliminairetelle que formulée
et présentéepar le Nigéria; en outre, les conclusions auxquelles elle est
parvenue sont contradictoires.
Dans sa cinquièmeexceptionpréliminaire,leNigériasoutientqu'aucun
différend ne l'oppose au Cameroun ((concernant la délimitation de lasuch throughout the whole length of the boundary from the tripoint in
Lake Chad to the sea". It maintains that there simply is no evidence of
such a dispute, either in Cameroon's originalApplication or in its Addi-
tional Application filed on 6 June 1994.It went further to particularize
the objection as follows:

"(1) there is no dispute in respect of the boundary delimitation as
such within Lake Chad, subject to the question of title to
Darak and adjacent islands inhabited by Nigerians;

(2) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as
such from the tripoint in Lake Chad to Mount Kombon;

(3) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as
such between Boundary Pillar 64 on the Gamana River and
Mount Kombon; and
(4) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as
such between Boundary Pillar 64on the Gamana River and the
sea" (PreliminaryObjections of Nigeria, Vol. 1,p. 87).

Cameroon denies the assertion of Nigeria and argues that in fact there
are not only disputes within the Lake Chad Basin area and on the fron-
tier to the sea but that there are also maritime delimitation disputes. The
question put to Nigeria by the Court was not limited to the land bound-
ary but speaks of the whole boundary. Consequently, in the conclusion
reached by the Court, its finding is that there is a dispute between the

Parties concerning the "boundary as a whole". It is thus clear that,
strictly speaking, the fifth preliminary objection of Nigeria as put before
the Court has not been specificallyaddressed. The Court ought to have
limited itselfto the preliminaryobjectionas framed by Nigeria and there-
fore it cannot be said that the fifth preliminary objection of Nigeria has
been properly dealt with.
As claimed by Nigeria there has been partial demarcation of the
boundary. In fact, Nigeria points out that "something a little over 200
miles of the present boundary has been clearly demarcated by the erec-
tion of boundary pillars" (CR9812, p. 21). This is not denied by Cam-
eroon. Nigeria goes further to state:

"Even taking a generous view of the extent of the boun-
dary affected by these local incidents (say1/4of a mile of boundary
for each 'incident') theyconcern, even if al1of them were relevant
(which they are not), perhaps some 10 or a dozen miles of
its length. That cannot be taken as representing doubt or dispute
as to the whole length of that 1,000-mile boundary." (CR9812,
p. 25.)

Thus it may be concluded that, contrary to the claim of Cameroon, the
area in dispute can be considered as relatively minor or even negligible.frontière en tant que telle sur toute sa longueur entre le tripoint du lac
Tchad et la mer». Selonlui, le Cameroun n'a tout simplementpas prouvé
l'existence d'un tel différend, nidans sa requête originale, nidans sa
requête additionnelle déposé le6juin 1994.Le Nigériaa en outre précisé
son exception en affirmant:

«1) qu'iln'ya pasde différendconcernant la délimitationde la fron-
tière entant que telledans lelac Tchad, sans préjuger dela ques-
tion du titre sur Darak et les îles avoisinantes habitéespar des
Nigérians ;
2) qu'iln'ya pas de différendconcernant la délimitationde la fron-
tièreen tant que telle entre letripoint du lac Tchad et le mont
Kombon ;
3) qu'iln'ya pas de différendconcernant la délimitation de lafron-
tièreen tant que telle entre la borne frontière 64 sur la rivière
Gamana et le mont Kombon;
4) qu'il n'y a pas de différendconcernant la délimitation de la
frontière en tant que telle entre la borne frontière 64 sur la

rivièreGamana et la mer» (exceptionspréliminairesdu Nigéria,
vol. 1,p. 87).
Le Cameroun rejette la thèsedu Nigéria etsoutient qu'il existe enfait des
différends relatifsnon seulement à la zone du bassin du lac Tchad età la
frontière jusqu'à la mer, mais également à la délimitation maritime.La
question poséeau Nigériapar la Cour ne se limitait pas à la frontière
terrestre, mais se rapportait la totalitéde la frontière.En conséquence,

dans sa conclusion, la Cour a estimé qu'il existaitentre les Parties des
différendsconcernant l'«ensemble de la frontière)).Il est donc clair qu'à
proprement parler la Cour n'a pas traitéspécifiquementdela cinquième
exception préliminaire soulevée par le Nigéria. Elleaurait dû limiter son
examen à l'exception préliminairetelle que présentéepar le Nigéria et
l'on ne peut donc dire que la Cour a correctement analysé la cinquième
exception préliminairedu Nigéria.
Commele soutient le Nigéria,il y a eu démarcationpartielle de la fron-
tière.Il relèveen effetque, «[a]utotal, il semble qu'unpeu plus de 335kilo-
mètresde la frontièreactuelleaient étémarquésde façon clairepar le pla-
cement de bornes)) (CR9812,p. 21). Le Cameroun ne le conteste pas. Le
Nigériaa aussi précisé:

«Mêmesion adopte unevisionlargedel'étenduedela frontièrevisée
par ces incidentsde nature locale(par exemple,environ400mètresde
frontièrepar «incident»),ilsconcernent,même s'ilssont tous pertinents
(ce qui n'est pas le cas) peut-être17 20 kilomètresde sa longueur.
Une telle distance ne saurait êtreconsidéréeomme mettant en cause
la totalitéde la longueur de cette frontièred'environ 1680kilomètres
ou commesoulevantun différend a son sujet.» (CR9812,p. 25.)

Cela permet donc de conclure que, contrairement à la thèsedu Came-
roun, la zone litigieusepeut êtreconsidérée comme relativement minime,In any case, at least it is clear from the alleged facts of the incidentsand
disputes presented by the Parties that there is no question of the entire
length of the boundary from Lake Chad to the sea being in dispute.

Another aspect of Nigeria's fifth preliminary objection concerns the
legal and geographical scope of the boundary dispute. It appears that, in
the view of the Court, Nigeria has not definitivelymade its position clear
regarding the course of the boundary, or at least does not agree with the
claim of Cameroon. Equally,the Court cannot ascertain from the answer
given byNigeria (based on the question put to it as already referred to)
what is its own view ofthe legal scope of the dispute either now or in the
future. SinceNigeria has not filed its Counter-Memorial, it is not bound
to disclose its line of defence at this stage of the procedure. Hence, as
concluded by the Court, "the exact scope of this dispute cannot be deter-
mined at present" (Judgment, para. 93). Yet the Court still concluded
that "a dispute nevertheless exists between the two Parties, at least as
regards the legal bases of the boundary" (ibid.). In my view, these are
contradictory statements which 1do not agree with. In fact, Cameroon's

claim in its Application ought to have been restricted to the disputed
boundary locations and area of incidents, which amount to less than
5 per cent of the entire boundary.

Again, the Court ought to have restricted its Judgment to the prelimi-
nary objection as framed by Nigeria, and amplified therein under the
enumerated four points. Based on this view, the Court initially and
rightly concluded that: "On the basis of these criteria, there can be no
doubt about the existenceof disputes with respect to Darak and adjacent
islands,Tipsan, as wellas the Peninsula of Bakassi." (Paragraph 87of the
Judgment.)
The Court should therefore have concerned and indeed limited itself
exclusively to this clear area of boundary disputes, undenied by both
Parties. This view is further confirmed by the Court when it observes:

"Al1of these disputes concern the boundary between Cameroon
and Nigeria. However, given the great length of that boundary,
which runs over more than 1,600km from Lake Chad to the sea, it
cannot be said that these disputes in themselves concern so large a
portion of the boundary that they would necessarilyconstitute a dis-
pute concerning the whole of the boundary." (Para. 88.)

In effect, the Court on this preliminary objectionconsideredthe entire
area from Lake Chad to the sea as being in dispute rather than the loca-
tions referred to by Nigeria.
The Court's failure to limit itsdecision to the preliminaryobjection of
Nigeria as framed calls into question its Judgment in view of the nonvoire négligeable. Entout état de cause, les faits allégconcernant les

incidentset les différendstels que présentépar les Parties font tout le
moins apparaître clairement qu'il n'est pas question d'un différendqui
porterait sur toute la longueur de la frontière, du lac Tchadla mer.
Un autre aspect de la cinquième exception préliminairedu Nigéria
a traità la portée juridique et géographique du différendfrontalier. Il
semble que, du point de vue de la Cour, le Nigéria n'apas fait connaître
sa position de façon claireet définitivesur le tracé de la frontièreou, qu'à
tout le moins, il n'accepte pas lesrevendications du Cameroun. En outre,
en sefondant sur la réponsefourniepar leNigéria (àla question susmen-
tionnée qui lui a étéposée),la Cour n'est pas en mesure d'apprécier
quelle est, pour ce pays, la portéejuridique du différend,actuellementou
à l'avenir.Le Nigérian'ayant pasdéposé son contre-mémoire,il n'estpas
tenu de révéler à ce stade de la procédure quels sont ses moyens de

défense. Ainsi, commela Cour l'a constaté, ((l'étendueexacte de ce dif-
férend ne saurait être déterminée a l'heure actuelle)) (arrêt, par. 93).
Pourtant, elle a également concluqu'«un différend n'en existepas moins
entre les deux Parties, tout le moins en ce qui concerne les bases juri-
diques de la frontière))(ibid. A) . on avis, ce sont là des affirmations
contradictoires, que je ne saurais approuver. En fait, la demande que le
Cameroun a formuléedanssa requêteaurait dû porter exclusivementsur
les secteursfrontaliers litigieuxet leszones des incidents, qui représentent
moins de cinq pour cent de toute la frontière.
Une fois encore, la Cour aurait dû dans son arrêts'en tenir l'excep-
tion préliminairetelle que le Nigérial'a formuléeet telle qu'il l'a déve-
loppée en quatre points. Suivant cette approche, la Cour a dans un
premier temps conclu à juste titre que: «Sur la base de ces critères, il
existebel et bien des différends ence qui concerne Darak et des îles avoi-

sinantes, Tipsan ainsi que la presqu'île deakassi.» (Paragraphe 87 de
l'arrêt.)
La Cour aurait donc dû s'intéresser - et, en fait, se limiter exclusive-
ment - à ces zones frontalières manifestement litigieuses, comme le
reconnaissaient les Parties. La Cour l'a d'ailleurs confirmé enfaisant
observer :
«Tous ces différendsconcernent la frontière entre le Cameroun et

leNigéria.Etant donné toutefoisla longueur totale de cettefrontière
qui s'étendsur plus de 1600kilomètres,du lac Tchad jusqu'à la mer,
on ne saurait affirmer que ces différendspar eux-mêmesconcernent
une portion si importante de la frontière qu'il existerait de ce fait
et nécessairementun différendportant sur l'ensemble de celle-ci.»
(Par. 88.)

Or, s'agissant de cette exception préliminaire,la Cour a considéréque
c'étaitla totalitéde la zone, du lac Tchad la mer, qui était litigieuseet
non pas seulement les zones mentionnéespar le Nigéria.
La Cour ne s'étant pas prononcéeexclusivement sur l'exception préli-
minaire telle que formuléepar le Nigéria, son arrêtpeut êtreremis enultrapetita rule. The Court addressed a similar matter in submissions in
the Asylum case (I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 402). It is not for the Court to

expand or enlarge the scope of the preliminary objection as framed and
presented by an applicant, nor is the Court called upon to modify it suo
motu; the objectionmust be considered and decided upon as put fonvard
by the Applicant in its preliminary objection.

For example, France and the United Kingdom, in their SpecialAgree-
ment in the Minquiers and Ecrehoscase, asked the Court to decidewhich
of the parties owns these group of islands.The Court might perhaps have
decided that the islands had the status of "res nullius" or of "condo-
minium" (I.C.J. Reports 1953, p. 52), but it was obliged to restrict itself
to determining "which of the Parties has produced the more convincing
proof of title to one or the other of these groups, or to both of them"
(ibid.).
Rosenne, in The Law and Practice of the International Court, 1920-

1996, is of the opinion that,
"in principle it is the duty of the Court, in deciding on the basis of
international law the disputes that are submitted to it, to limit itself
to the terms of its remit- the specialagreement,the submissions,or
the question put for an advisoryopinion, as the case may be. This -
the non ultra petita rule - gives the parties the last word in the
ability of the Court to settle their dispute." (Vol. 1,p. 173.)

In conclusion, had the Court followed this principle and restricted
itself to the content of the fifth preliminary objection, as formulated and
argued by Nigeria, it might have arrived at a decision different from the
one reached in regard to this objection.
It is foral1these reasons that 1have voted against the decision of the
Court.

1voted against the decision on the sixth preliminaryobjection because
1am convinced that Nigeria isjustified in its objection that the Applica-
tion filed byCameroon does not meet the required standard of adequacy
as to the facts on which its Application is based, particularly in relation
to the dates, circumstancesand precise locations of the allegedincursions
and incidents by Nigeria, in alleged breach of its international responsi-
bility. A careful perusal of Cameroon's Applications reveals incongrui-
ties, irregularities, imprecision and mistakes.

Some of these incongruities are patent from the Applications as filed

on 29 March 1994and 6 June 1994.With reference to the requirement to
be satisfiedby Cameroon, its Applications must specify,cause en vertu de la règlenon ultra petita. La Cour s'esttrouvéeen pré-
senced'une question du mêmeordre dans l'affairedu Droit d'asile(C.I.J.
Recueil 1950, p. 402). Ce n'est pas à la Cour d'étendreou d'élargir la
portéed'une exception préliminairetelle que formulée et présentée par
1'Etatqui la soulèveet il ne lui revient pas non plus de la modifier de sa
propre initiative. La Cour doit examiner et trancher l'exception prélimi-
naire telle qu'ellea étéformuléepar la partie qui l'a soulevée.
Dans l'affaire des Minquiers et Ecréhous (FrancelRoyaume-Uni),
introduite par un compromis, par exemple, la Cour avait étépriéede

décider à laquelle des parties appartenaient ces groupes d'îles. Elleaurait
pu éventuellementconclureque ces îlesavaient le statut de «res nuIlius»
ou de «condominium» (C.I.J. Recueil,I953, p. 52),mais elleétaitobligée
de selimiter à((rechercherlaquelle des Parties a produit la preuve la plus
convaincanted'un titre àl'un ou à l'autre de ces groupes, ou aux deuxà
la fois» (ibid).
Dans son ouvrage intituléThe Law and Practice of the International
Court, 1920-1996, S. Rosenne estime que:

((lorsque la Cour tranche conformément au droit international
les différendsqui lui sont soumis, elle doit en principe s'entenir aux
termes de son mandat, c'est-à-dire, selonlescas, au compromis, aux
conclusions ou à la question soumise à son avis consultatif. Cela
- la règlenon ultra petita- permet aux parties de définir ender-
nier ressort les termes dans lesquels la Cour peut réglerleur diffé-
rend.)) (Vol.1,p. 173.)

En conclusion, si la Cour avait appliqué ce principe et s'était bornàe
examiner la teneur de la cinquième exception préliminaire,telle que for-
muléeet défenduepar le Nigéria,elle aurait pu aboutir à une décision
différentede celle qui aétéla sienne en la matière.
C'est pour ces motifs que j'ai votécontre la décisionde la Cour.

V. LA SIXIÈME EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE

J'ai votécontre la décisionconcernant la sixièmeexception prélimi-
naire, car je suis convaincu que le Nigériaa raison de soutenir que la
requête déposép ear le Cameroun ne satisfait pas aux critères exigés
quant à l'exposé desfaits sur lesquels ellese fonde, notamment en ce qui
concerne les dates, les circonstances et les lieux précis desprétendus
incursions et incidents imputésau Nigéria,ainsi accuséd'avoir enfreint
sa responsabilitéinternationale. Une analyse minutieuse des requêtesdu
Cameroun révèledes incohérences, desvices de forme, des imprécisions
et des erreurs.

Certaines de ces incohérences ressortent clairement des requêtes
déposées le 29 mars 1994et le 6juin 1994.En ce qui concerne les condi-
tions que le Cameroun est tenu de respecter, sesrequêtesdoiventindiquer "as far as possible the legal grounds upon which the jurisdiction of
the Court is said to be based; it shall also specijy theprecise nature
of the.claim, together with n succinct staternent of the facts and
grounds on which the claim is based" (Art. 38 (2) of the Rules;

emphasis added).
While it is true that Cameroon sufficiently specifiedthe legal grounds
upon which its Applications are based, it has, however, failed to specify
adequately the precisenature of the claim or toprovide a "succinct state-
ment of the facts and grounds on which the claim is based".
For Cameroon to invoke Nigeria's international responsibility and
consequentobligation to make reparation, it isnot enough for Cameroon
to make general and unsubstantiated statements about incidents. Cam-
eroon must supply full particulars of the place, the time and the nature of
the alleged incidents, and also make it clear precisely how these were

serious enough to cal1into question Nigeria's international responsibility
as recognized by international law.

It is true, as the Court stated, that "succinct" does not mean "com-
plete", but it connotes conciseness,and that is a requirement whichCam-
eroon failed to satisfy in its Applications. In its oral argument Nigeria
contended that
"the respondent State, and the Court, need, as a minimum, to know
four things - the essential facts about what is alleged to have
occurred, when it is supposed to have taken place, precisely whereit

is supposed to have taken place (especiallyin relation to any relevant
boundary), and why the Respondent is thought to bear international
responsibility for the incident" (CR812,p. 28).

In its pleadings Cameroon stated that, in order to establish Nigeria's
responsibility, its Applications were only indicative of the nature ofch
responsibility and that the allegationscontained therein would be ampli-
fied when the matter reached the merits stage.
However "indicative" such a statement may be, it must be sufficiently

clear as to the nature of Nigeria's responsibility. And since Cameroon
fails in this regard, the Court ought not to reject Nigeria's sixth prelimi-
nary objection.

VI. THESEVENTP HRELIMINAR OYBJECTION

The seventh preliminary objection of Nigeria contends that there is
"no legal dispute concerning delimitation of the maritime boundary
between the two Parties which is at the present time appropriatefor reso-
lution by the Court" (Preliminary Objections of Nigeria, Vol. 1,p. 113).
In support of this contention Nigeria gave two reasons: ((autant que possible les moyens de droit sur lesquels le demandeur
prétend fonder la compétence dela Cour; elle[s] indique[nt] en
outre la nature précise de lademande, et contien[nen]t un exposé
succinct des faits et moyens sur lesquels cette demande repose))
(Règlement,art. 38, par. 2 ;les italiques sont de moi).

Il est vrai que le Cameroun a suffisamment préciséles motifsjuridiques
sur lesquels reposent ses requêtes,mais il n'a toutefois pas indiqué
comme il convient la nature précisede sa demande ni fourni «un exposé
succinct des faits et moyens sur lesquels cette demande repose».
Pour que le Cameroun puisse dire que la responsabilitéinternationale
du Nigéria est engagée et, partant, soutenir qu'il luidoit réparation, il ne
suffit pas qu'il formule des déclarations généraleset non étayées par des
élémentsde preuve sur les incidents. Il doit fournir des détails complets
sur les lieux, les dates et la nature des incidents qui se seraient produits,
et aussi démontrer clairement qu'ils étaientsuffisamment graves pour
mettre en cause la responsabilité internationale du Nigéria conformé-
ment au droit international.
Il est vrai, comme l'a dit la Cour, que le terme «succinct» ne veut pas

dire «complet», mais il comporte une idéede concision,et c'estune exi-
gencedont le Cameroun n'a pas tenu compte dans sesrequêtes.Dans ses
plaidoiries, le Nigéria a soutenu que
«l'Etat défendeuret la Cour doivent, au minimum, connaître quatre
choses: les faits essentielsconstitutifs de'incidentqui se serait pro-
duit, quand celui-ci est censés'êtreproduit, plus précisémeno t ù il
est censéavoir eu lieu (enparticulier par rapport à toute frontière

pertinente), etourquoi doit-on considérer quela responsabilité inter-
nationale du défendeurest engagéeen raison de l'incident))(CR 9812,
p. 28).
Dans ses exposés,le Cameroun a déclaréque, pour établir la respon-
sabilitéduNigéria,sesrequêtesne contenaient que des «indications» sur
la nature d'une telle responsabilité,et que les allégationsqui yfiguraient
seraient développées lors de l'examen de l'affaire au fond.

Quelles que soient les «indications» que peut contenir une telle décla-
ration, celle-cidoit êtresuffisamment claire quant à la nature de la res-
ponsabilité du Nigéria.Et comme le Cameroun n'a pas étéassez clair à
cet égard, la Cour n'aurait pas dû rejeter la sixièmeexception prélimi-
naire du Nigéria.

VI. LA SEPTIÈME EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE

La septième exceptionpréliminairedu Nigéria est ainsiformulée :«Il
n'existepas de différendjuridique concernant la délimitation de la fron-
tièremaritimeentre lesdeuxParties qui seprêteraitactuellement àune déci-
sion de la Cour.» (Exceptions préliminairesdu Nigéria,vol. 1, p. 113.)
A l'appui de sa thèse,le Nigériaa fait valoir les deux motifs suivants: "(1) In the first place, no determination of a maritime boundary is

possible prior to the determination of title in respect of the
Bakassi Peninsula.
(2) Secondly, at the juncture when there is a determination of the
question of title over the Bakassi Peninsula, the issues of mari-
time delimitation will not be admissible in the absence of suf-
ficientaction by the Parties, on a footing of equality, to effecta
delimitation 'by agreement on the basis of international law'."
(PreliminaryObjections of Nigeria, Vol. 1,p. 113.)

On the first reason, 1 agree with the conclusion reached by the Court
that this is simply a question of method. It is true that the Court deter-
minesitsprocedure and could easilyarrange its own adjudicatory process
so as to ensure that the land disputes are dealt with first, before embark-
ing on the maritime dispute. As a matter of fact, this does not appear to
me as an issue of preliminary objection and as such it has been rightly
rejected.
However, 1 hold a contrary view to the conclusion reached by the
Court on the second strand of Nigeria's seventhpreliminary objection.
Here the issueis an important one under international law, as it relates to
the provisions of the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention of 1982.
What Nigeria contends here is that the issue of maritime delimitation is
inadmissible in the absence of negotiation and agreement by the Parties
on a footing of equality to effect a delimitation. In other words, Nigeria
allegesthat Cameroon failed to seekfirst an attempt for a delimitation by

agreement based on international law under the principles and provisions
of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982.The
relevant provisions are Articles 74and 83.Article 74,paragraphs 1and 2,
provides as follows :

"1. The delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between
States with opposite or adjacent coasts shall be effected by agree-
ment on the basis of international law, as referred to in Article 38 of
the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in order to achieve
an equitable solution.
2. If no agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of
time, the States concerned shall resort to the procedures provided
for in Part XV." (Emphasisadded.)

Article 83, paragraphs 1 and 2, provides as follows:

"1. The delimitation of the continental shelf between States with
opposite or adjacent coasts shall be effected by agreement on the
basis of international law, as referred to in Article 38 of the Statute
of the International Court of Justice, in order to achievean equitable
solution.
2. If no agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of «1) il n'estpas possiblede déterminerla frontière maritime avant de
se prononcer sur le titre concernant la presqu'île de Bakassi;

2) dans l'éventualité oùla question du titre concernant la pres-
qu'îlede Bakassi serait régléel,es demandes concernant les ques-
tions de délimitation maritimene seront pas recevables faute
d'actionsuffisantedesParties pour effectuer,surun piedd'égalité,
une délimitation«par voied'accordconformémentau droit inter-
national.» (Exceptions préliminairesdu Nigéria, vol.1,p. 113.)

Concernant le premier argument, je suis d'accord avec la Cour
lorsqu'elle conclut qu'il s'agit simplementd'une question de méthode.Il
est vrai que la Cour déterminesa procédure etpourrait facilement orga-
niser sa procédurejudiciaire de manière à traiter d'abord des différends

terrestres, puis du différendmaritime. Effectivement, cela ne me semble
pas donner lieu à une exception préliminaire, et c'est doncà juste titre
que cet argument a étérejeté.
Toutefois, je ne souscris pasà la conclusionà laquelle la Cour est par-
venue sur le second volet de la septième exception préliminairedu Nigé-
ria. En l'occurrence, la question qui se pose est importante en droit inter-
national, car elle se rapporte aux dispositions de la convention des
Nations Unies de 1982sur le droit de la mer. A ce sujet, le Nigéria sou-
tient que la demande concernant la délimitation maritime est irrecevable
en l'absence d'une négociationet d'un accord des Parties, sur un pied
d'égalitép,our procéder à une délimitation.En d'autrestermes, leNigéria
fait valoir aue le Cameroun a omis de rechercher tout d'abord un accord
sur la déliAitation,fondé surle droit international tel qu'il découledes
principes et dispositions de la convention des Nations Unies de 1982sur
le droit de la mer. Les dispositions pertinentes sont les articles 74 et 83.

Les paragraphes 1 et 2 de l'article 74 se lisent comme suit:
«1. La délimitation de la zone économiqueexclusiveentre Etats

dont les côtes sont adjacentes ou se font face est effectuéepar voie
d'accordconformémentau droit international tel qu'il estvisé à l'ar-
ticle 38 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice,in d'aboutir
à une solution équitable.
2. S'ilsne parviennent pas à un accord dans un délairaisonnable,
les Etats concernésont recours aux procédures prévues à la par-
tieXV.» (Les italiques sont de moi.)

Les paragraphes 1et 2 de l'article 83disposent que:

«1. La délimitation du plateau continental entre Etats dont les
côtes sont adjacentes ou se font faceest effectuéepar voie d'accord
conformémentau droit international tel qu'il estvisàl'article 38 du
Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice,in d'aboutirà une solu-
tion équitable.
2. S'ilsne parviennent pas à un accord dans un délairaisonnable, time, the States concerned shall resort to the procedures provided

for in Part XV." (Emphasis added.)
As quoted above, the provisions of the two Articles are similar, but
while one deals with the exclusive economic zone (Art. 74), the other
deals with the issue of the continental shelf (Art. 83). Furthermore, both
Parties are signatories to the Convention, which they have also ratified.
The question now is whether these provisions are binding on both of
them; in my view, there is no doubt about that. Before instituting an
application in this Court, it is a condition precedent that both Parties

ought to attempt genuinely to agree on the settlement of their maritime
boundary dispute, failing which such a matter could be brought before
the Court. These are mandatorv ~rovisions for both Parties. Cameroon.
for its part,contends that the; kas no compelling reason to negotiaté
nor reach an agreement before filingan application before the Court, and
went further to state that attempts were made to reach an agreement but
failed. While it may be true toSaythat there was an attempt to negotiate
and agree on their maritime boundary delimitation up to point G, there
is however no evidence to indicate that there was any attempt to reach
such an agreement regarding their maritime disputes beyond that point.
To institute therefore an action in the Court without compliance with the
~rovisionsset out above. under the Law of the SeaConvention. is a fatal
;mission which makes skch an application inadmissible. In an; case, the
Court, pursuant to Article 38of the Statute, must apply international law
and "international conventions, whether general or particular . . ."
(para. 1 (a)). This has always been the position under general interna-
tional law and it was first affirmedby the Court in 1969in the North Sea
Continental Shelfcases, which emphasize the need for parties to be given
the opportunity to negotiate, when it held that

"the parties areunder an obligation to enter into negotiations with a
view to arriving at an agreement, and not merely to go through a
forma1 process of negotiation as a sort of prior condition for the
automatic application of a certain method of delimitation in the
absence of agreement; they are under an obligation so to conduct
themselves that the negotiations are meaningful . . ." (North Sea
Continental ShelJ; Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 47).

A clear guideline was expressed in the Gulfof Maine Chamber case that
first an agreement must be sought, followingnegotiations whichshould be
conducted in good faith with a clear and honest intention of achieving a
successfulresult. And the Chamber went on to state in its Judgment that:

"Where, however, such agreement cannot be achieved, delimita-
tion should be effected by recourse to a third party possessing the
necessary competence." (Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in
the Gulfof Maine Area, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 299.) les Etats concernésont recours aux procédures prévues à la par-
tie XV.» (Les italiques sont de moi.)
Lesdispositions des deux articles quisont citées ci-desssont similaires,
mais l'und'euxtraite de la zone économiqueexclusive(art. 74)et l'autrede
la question du plateau continental (art. 83).En outre, les deux Parties ont
signéla convention et l'ont égalemenrtatifiée.La questionqui se pose,ence

cas, est celle de savoir si ces dispositions les lient l'une et l'autre. A mon
avis, celane fait aucun doute. Avant d'introduire une instance devant la
Cour, les deuxParties doivent,àtitre de condition préalable,s'efforcer véri-
tablementde s'entendrepour réglerleur différend relatif la frontière mari-
time, et cen'estque faute de parvenirà un accord que cette questionpour-
rait êtreportée devant laCour. Ces dispositions s'imposentbien aux deux
Parties.Pour sapart, leCameroun soutient qu'aucune condition impérieuse
ne l'obligeait négocierou à parvenir à un accord avant de déposer une
requêteauprèsde la Cour. Il a également déclarqéue des tentativesont été
faites pour parvenirà un accord, maisqu'ellessont restées vaines.Si l'on
peut direque lesParties sesont efforcéesde négocieret de s'entendre surla
délimitationde leur frontière maritimejusqu'au pointG, rien ne prouve en
revanche qu'ellesaient tentéde parvenir à un tel accord concernant leur
différend maritime au-delàde ce point. Ainsi, l'introduction d'une instance

devant la Cour sans avoir respectéles dispositions de la conventionsur le
droit de la mer énoncéec si-dessusconstitue une omission très grave,qui
rend irrecevable unetelle requête. Entout état decause, la Cour, confor-
mément à l'article38de son Statut, doit appliquer le droit international et
«les conventions internationales, soit générales, stéciales.»(par 1a)).
Telle a toujours été lasituation en droit international général, elta Cour
l'a affirmépour la première fois en1969dans lesaffairesdu Plateau conti-
nental dela mer du Nord, où elle a soulignédans les termes suivantsque
la possibilité denégocierdevait avoir été donnée au parties:

«les parties sont tenues d'engagerune négociationen vue de réaliser
un accord et non pas simplement de procéder à une négociationfor-
melle comme une sorte de condition préalable àl'application auto-
matique d'une certaineméthodede délimitationfaute d'accord; les
parties ont l'obligation de secomporter de tellemanièreque la négo-
ciation ait unsens» (Plateau continental de la mer du Nord, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1969, p. 47).

Dans l'affaire du Golfe du Maine, la chambre de la Cour a formulédes
lignes directrices clairesn accord doit tout d'abord êtrerecherché, fai-
sant suiteà une négociationmenéede bonne foi et dans l'intention réelle
d'aboutir à un résultat positif. Dans son arrêt,la Chambre a ajouté:

«Au cas où, néanmoins,un tel accord ne serait pas réalisable,la
délimitation doit êtreeffectuée enrecourant à une instance tierce
dotéede la compétencenécessairepour ce faire» (Délimitationde la
frontière maritime dans la régiondu golfe du Maine, C.I.J. Recueil
1984, p. 299).It is therefore immaterial to determinewhether this is a procedural or a
substantive issue. What is clear is that the process of negotiation and
attempt to reach an agreement in good faith must precede any reference

to a third-party adjudication. In any event, 1 strongly believe that with-
out complying with the prerequisitecondition of negotiation and attempt
to reach an agreement,Cameroon failed to comply with a requirement of
substanceand not just a merely procedural one. This is not a question of
jurisdictionunder Article 36 (2) of the Statute, but one of admissibility.
My conclusion is that the Applications of Cameroon are not admissible
as regards a dispute over the maritime boundary.

VII. THEEIGHTH PRELIMINAR OYBJECTION

The last preliminary objection of Nigeria appears to me to be a sound
one, which ought to be upheld by the Court. Unfortunately the Court
also rejects it. Here, Nigeria argues"that the question of maritime delimi-
tation necessarilyinvolvesthe rights and interests of third Statesand is to
that effect inadmissible" (Preliminary Objections of Nigeria, Vol. 1,
p. 133).It Statesthat there are fiveStates involved within the Gulf, which

is "distinctly concave".These States are Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao
Tome and Principe,and the two Parties in the present case. Nigeria, in its
argument, tries to distinguish and differentiate the situation of this par-
ticular case from other cases like those of the Frontier Dispute, the Con-
tinental Shelf (Libyan Arab JamahiriyalMalta) as well as the Continen-
tal Shelf (TunisialLibyan Arab Jamahiriya). Cameroon, on its part,
argues to the contrary, that al1these cases are relevant and that they
should be followed in the present case. Besides, it invokes the provision
of Article 59 to the effect that a judgment in this case would be binding
on no other States than the Parties.

The subject-matter of this preliminary objection concerns maritime
delimitation beyond point G, which relates to the exclusive economic
zone. Agreed, that a delimitation exercise between the Parties may not
affect the interests of third Statesasuch, but, in this particular case, it is
difficultto effect any maritime delimitation beyond point G without call-
ing into question the interests of other States, particularly Equatorial
Guinea and Sao Tome and Principe. In accordance with the jurispru-

dence of the Court, it cannot decide a dispute between two parties with-
out the consent of those States whose interests are directly affected,
unless they intervenein such a matter.
It isfor al1these reasons that the Court ought to refuse the Application
of Cameroon based on maritime delimitation of the area beyond point G
and uphold the eighth preliminary objection of Nigeria.Il importe donc peu de déterminers'ils'agit d'une questionde procédure
ou de fond. En effet, il est clair qu'avant tout recours à une instance
tierce les parties doivent négocieret rechercher de bonne foi un accord.
En tout étatde cause, je suis toutà fait persuadé que,en ne remplissant
pas la condition préalable de négociation etde recherche d'un accord, le
Cameroun a manquéde satisfaire à une exigencede fond et pas simple-
ment à une exigencepurement procédurale. Ce n'est pas là une question
de compétence envertu du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut mais
une question de recevabilité.Ma conclusion est que la requête duCame-
roun n'est pas recevable pour ce qui a trait au différendsur la frontière

maritime.

VII. LA HUITIÈME EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE

La dernière exception préliminairedu Nigériame semble judicieuse
et j'estime qu'elleaurait dû être retenue par laCour. Malheureusement,
celle-cil'a également rejetée. El'occurrence,le Nigériasoutient que:«la
question de la délimitation maritime met nécessairementen cause les
droits et les intérêtsEtats tiers et la demandà ce sujet est irrecevable))
(exceptions préliminairesdu Nigéria,vol. 1,p. 133).Il explique que cinq

Etats sont concernésdans la zone du golfe de Guinée,qui présente une
((nette concavité)).Ces Etats sont la Guinée équatoriale,le Gabon, Sao
Tomé-et-Principeet les deux Parties à l'instance. Dans son argumenta-
tion, le Nigéria s'efforce dedistinguer et de différencierla situation qui
prévauten l'instance de celle d'autres affaires comme leDifférend fron-
talier, le Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe 1ibyenneIMalte) et
l'affaire du Plateau continental (TunisielJamahiriya arabe libyenne).
Pour sa part, le Cameroun soutient le contraire, c'est-à-dire que toutes
cesaffairessont pertinentes et qu'ellesconstituent des précédentssuivre
en l'espèce.En outre, il invoque les dispositions de l'articleen soute-
nant qu'un arrêten l'espèce neserait obligatoire que pour les Parties,à

l'exclusionde tout autre Etat.
Cette exception préliminairea pour objet la délimitation maritimeau-
delà du point G, qui se rapporte àla zone économiqueexclusive.Certes,
une opérationde délimitationentrelesParties pourrait ne pas affecter les
intérêtsd7Etats tiers en tant que tels mais, dans ce cas particulier, il est
difficilede procéderà une quelconque délimitation maritime au-delà du
point G sans mettre en cause les intérêtd7Etatstiers, particulièrementla
Guinée équatorialeet Sao Tomé-et-Principe. Conformément à la juris-
prudence de la Cour, celle-cine saurait trancher un différendentre deux
parties sans le consentement des Etats dont les intérêts sont directement
en jeu,à moins qu'ils n'interviennent dans l'affaire.
C'est pour toutes ces raisons que la Cour devrait rejeter la requête

du Cameroun fondée sur la délimitation maritime de la zone au-delà du
point G, et qu'elle devrait retenir la huitième exception préliminairedu
Nigéria. VIII. THESECOND PRELIMINAR OYBJECTIO ANND THE FIRST
PART OF THE SEVENTP HRELIMINAR OYBJECTION

However, 1agree with the decision of the Court in rejecting the second
preliminary objection of Nigeria, whereby it maintains that for a period
of 24years prior to the filingof Cameroon's Application both Partieshad
accepted a duty to settle al1 boundary disputes through "the existing
boundary machinery" and that this constitutes an implied agreement and
that Cameroon is thereby estopped from invoking the jurisdiction of the
Court. 1 believe that, having regard to al1the facts presented by both
Parties in this case,Cameroon is not estopped from invokingtheurisdic-
tion of the Court and that this duty cannot override the provision in
Article 33 of the Charter which permits parties to seek the settlement of
their disputes by "negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitra-
tion, judicial settlement.or other peaceful means of their own choice".
In addition, Nigeria referred its grievance concerningthe armed incident

of 1981to the Organization of African Unity. In the circumstance,it is
difficultto agree with Nigeria that thisa case ofpacta suntservandaor
estoppel.

Furthermore, 1 agree with the decision of the Court, as already men-
tioned above, that the first part of Nigeria's seventhpreliminary objec-
tion deals with the matter of methodology and as such the objection,
which in my opinion is unconvincing, has been rightly rejected by the
Court.

The general conclusion 1have reached with regard to the eight prelimi-
nary objections filed byNigeria is that, whereas 1agree generallywith the

decisionsof the Court on the second and the first part of the seventh
liminary objections, 1do however disagree with the decisions reached by
the Court on the first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and the second part of the
seventh and the eighth preliminary objections respectively.

As already mentioned, the most important objection raised by Nigeria
is the first one, which deals with Article 36 of thete, particularly its
paragraphs 2 and 4. Needless to Saythat there would have been no need
for the Court to consider the remaining seven preliminary objections if
the first one had been upheld.
1am also of the view that the Right of Passage over Indian Territory
case is no longer good case-law. In 1957,when the Court had the first
opportunity of interpreting the provision in Article 36 (4), the decision,
while positively and effectively asserting the legal position as to the

deposit of the declaration of acceptance as a condition precedent to
invoking the jurisdiction of the Court, failed to do the same with regard VIII. LA DEUXIÈME EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE
ET LA PREMIÈRE PARTIE DE LA SEPTIÈME EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE

En revanche,je souscris àla décisionde la Cour de rejeter la deuxième

exception préliminairedu Nigéria,selonlaquellependant lesvingt-quatre
ans qui ont précédé le dépôt dela requête camerounaiseles deux Parties
ont reconnu l'obligation de réglertous leurs différendsfrontaliers au
moyen des ((mécanismesbilatéraux existants)),ce qui constitueun accord
implicite, empêchantle Cameroun d'invoquer la juridiction de la Cour.
Compte tenu de tous les faits présentéspar les deux Parties à l'instance,
j'estime que le Cameroun n'est pas empêché d'invoquer la juridiction de
la Cour et que cette obligation ne saurait l'emporter sur les dispositions
de l'article3de la Charte, qui permet aux Parties de rechercher un règle-
ment de leur différend«par voie de négociation,d'enquêted ,e médiation,
de conciliation, d'arbitrage, de règlement judiciaire...ou par d'autres
moyens pacifiques de leur choix)). En outre, le Nigériaa fait valoir ses
griefsrelatifs l'incidentarméde1981auprèsde l'organisation de l'unité
africaine. Dans ces circonstances, il est difficilede convenir avec leé-

ria qu'il s'agit ici d'un cas de pacta sunt servanda ou d'une situation
d'estoppel.
Enfin, commeje l'ai déjà indiquéj,e souscris à la décisionde la Cour,
selon laquelle la premièrepartie de la septième exception préliminairedu
Nigériaporte sur une question de méthode.C'estdonc à juste titre que la
Cour a rejetécette exception, que je trouve peu convaincante.

La conclusion générale à laquelle je suis parvenu concernant les huit
exceptions préliminairessoulevéespar le Nigéria estque, alors que je
souscris dans l'ensembleaux décisionsde la Cour sur la deuxièmeexcep-

tion préliminaireainsique sur la premièrepartie de la septième,je suisen
revanche en désaccord avecles décisionsde la Cour sur la première,la
troisième,la quatrième, la cinquième,la sixième,la deuxièmepartie de la
septièmeet la huitième exceptionpréliminaire,respectivement.
Commeje l'ai déjàdit, la plus importante de toutes les exceptions sou-
levéespar le Nigéria, estla première,qui serapporte àl'article36du Sta-
tut, et en particulierses paragraphes 2 et 4. Il va sans dire que la Cour
n'aurait pas eu à examiner les sept autres exceptions préliminairessi elle
avait retenu la première.
Je suis également d'avisque l'affaire duDroit depassage surterritoire
indien n'est plus unprécédent satisfaisant. En1957,lorsque la Cour a eu
pour la première fois l'occasiond'interpréterles dispositions du para-
graphe 4 de l'article 36 de son Statut, elle a consacréde façon claire et

effectivela positionjuridique quant audépôtd'unedéclaration d'accepta-
tion de sa compétence commeune condition préalable à l'invocation deto the second prerequisite condition: that copies of such instruments
must be transmitted to al1 member States. That precisely is what the
Court is called upon to regularize in this case, which it failed to do. This
is a unique opportunity for the Court to do so, in order not to drag an

unwilling Respondent to Court without its real consent. To do so may
not be in the interests of peace within that enclave. Most cases of this
nature that have come to the Court have come by way of Special Agree-
ment and it would have been better for the Parties to be ~ersuaded bv the
Court to bring the case in this manner. That would not be a unique
attempt, having regard to what happened in the case concerning the
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatarand Bah-
rain.There are other considerations of a compellingnature to warrant an
exerciseof caution on the part of the Court. If one considersthe fact that
Cameroon is seeking the delimitation of the entire maritime and land
boundary between it and Nigeria, the fact that there had been allegations
and counter-allegations of border incidents and the fact that the Parties
have on the ground various commissions to effectdemarcation, delimita-
tion and pacific settlement of disputes - al1 these facts are cogent

reasons why the Parties should be enjoined to come to Court by way
of SpecialAgreement.

Furthermore, it is essential that the Court should handle this matter
with care to ensure that peace will reign within that region at the end of
this litigation. In this regard there is also need for caution to ensure
that thejurisdiction of the Court will not be an exercisein futility if, for
example, what is required of the Court is ultimately accomplished by the
Lake Chad Boundary Commission.

Finally, in dealing with cases between States, adherence to the general
principles of international law as expressed in Article2, paragraph 1, of
the Charter (regarding the principle of the sovereign equality of Mem-
bers) must be observed. As stated above, the jurisdiction of the Court is

based on genuine consent of the parties and nothing should be done to
derogate from this basic principle. As observed in the dissenting opinion
of Judge Chagla in the Right of Passage overIndian Territory case:

"1 should like to make one general observation with regard to the
question of thejurisdiction of the Court. It has beensaid that a good
judge extends hisjurisdiction. This dictum may be true of a judge in
a municipal court; it is certainlynot true of the International Court.
The very basis of thejurisdiction of this Court is the willof the State,
and that willmust clearly demonstrate that it has accepted the juris-
diction of the Court with regard to any dispute or category of dis-
putes. Therefore, whereas a municipal court may liberally construe
provisions of the law which conferjurisdiction upon it, the Interna-

tional Court on the other hand must strictlyconstrue the provisionscette compétence,mais ellen'en a pas fait de mêmepour ce qui concerne
la deuxièmecondition préalable, à savoir la transmissionde copies de ces
instruments à tous les Etats Membres. C'estprécisémenc tettelacune que

la Cour était appelée à combler en l'espèce,mais elle ne l'a pas fait.
C'étaitpour la Cour une occasion unique de veillerà ce qu'aucun Etat ne
puisse être traduit devant elle malgré lui, sans y avoir véritablement
consenti.Cette éventualitépourrait ne pas être dans l'intérêt delaix au
sein de cette enclave. La plupart des affaires de cette nature ont étépor-
téesdevant la Cour par voie de compromis et il aurait été préférable que
la Cour persuade les Parties de la saisir de cette manière. Ce n'est pas la
première foisqu'elle l'aurait fait, compte tenu de ce qui s'est passédans
l'affaire deélimitationmaritime et questions territoriales entre Qataret
Bahreïn. D'autres considérations décisivesjustifieraient que la Cour
fasse preuve de prudence. Le fait que le Cameroun recherche une déli-
mitation de toute sa frontière maritime et terrestre avec le Nigéria,
qu'ily ait eu des allégationsetdes contre-allégationsrelativeà des inci-
dents frontaliers et que les Parties ont chargédifférentes commissionsde

procédersur le terrainà la démarcation età la délimitationde la frontière
et au règlement pacifique des différends- voilà autant de raisons déter-
minantes qui auraient dû inciter la Cour à demander aux Parties de la
saisir par voie de compromis.
En outre, il est essentielque la Cour fassepreuve de rigueur en traitant
de cette question pour s'assurer que la paix régnera dans cetterégionau
terme de la présenteaffaire.A cet égard,ily a égalementlieu de procéder
aveccirconspectionpour veiller à ce que l'exercicepar la Cour de sa com-
pétencene soit pas vain dans l'hypothèse où, par exemple, ce qui est
demandé àla Cour devrait en fin de compte êtreaccomplipar la commis-
sion du bassin du lac Tchad.
Enfin, s'agissant d'affairesentre Etats, il convient de respecter lesprin-
cipesgénéraux du droit international telsqu'exprimésau paragraphe 1de
l'article de la Charte (concernant le principe de l'égalisouveraine des

Etats Membres). Comme il a été ditci-dessus,la compétencede la Cour
repose sur leconsentementvéritabledesparties et ilne devraitjamais être
dérogé à ce principe fondamental. Comme M. Chagla l'a fait observer
dans l'opinion dissidente qu'il a joinàel'arrêt dansl'affaire du Droit de
passage sur territoire indien

((J'aimerais faire une observation d'ordre général relative à la
question de lajuridiction de la Cour.l a étésoutenu qu'unbon juge
élargit sa compétence. Cette affirmation peut être vraie lorsqu'il
s'agitd'unjuge dans un tribunal régipar le droit interne; ellene l'est
certainementpas de la Cour internationale. La base mêmede lajuri-
diction de cette dernièreest la volonté deEtat, et cettevolonté doit
clairement démontrer que celui-cia acceptélajuridiction de la Cour
àl'égardde tout différendou de toute catégoriede différends.Pour

cette raison, tandis qu'un tribunal de droit interne peut interpréter
libéralementles dispositionsjuridiques lui conférantcompétence,laof the Statute and the Rules and the instruments executed by the
States inorder to determine whether the State objecting to its juris-
diction has in fact accepted it." (1C.J. Reports 1957, p. 180.)

(Signed B)ola AJIBOLA.Cour internationale, au contraire, doit interpréter strictementlesdis-
positions du Statut et du Règlementet les instruments signéspar les
Etats, afin de déterminersi 1'Etatqui a soulevé une exception à sa
compétencel'a, en fait, acceptée. ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1957, p. 180.)

(Signé) Bola AJIBOLA.

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Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Judge ad hoc Ajibola

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