Separate opinion of Judge Higgins

Document Number
094-19980611-JUD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
094-19980611-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE HIGGINS

Discretionary power of the Court concerningsequence in which it settles
issues before i- Sufficiently precise characterof a disput- Whether exist-
ence of a dispute under Article 38 of the Statute - Court'spowers proprio
motu regarding objectionstojurisdiction.

As is recalled in the first paragraph of the Court's Judgment, Cam-
eroon on 29 March 1994instituted proceedings against Nigeria in respect

of a dispute "relat[ing] essentiallyto the question of sovereignty over the
Bakassi Peninsula". Cameroon recalled in its Application that the delimi-
tation of its maritime boundary with Nigeria had been partial and the
two Parties had been unable to completeit. It accordingly requested the
Court, "in order to avoid further incidents between the two countries, ...
to determinethe course of the maritime boundary between the two States
beyond the line fixed in 1975".

Nigeria, in its seventh preliminary objection, stated:

"There is no legal dispute concerningdelimitation of the maritime
boundary between the two Parties which is at the present time
appropriate for resolution by the Court, for the following reasons:

(1) no determination of a maritimeboundary ispossible prior to the
determination of title in respect of the Bakassi Peninsula;
(2) at the juncture where there is a determination of the question of
title over the Bakassi Peninsula, the issues of maritime delimita-
tion willnot be admissible in the absence of sufficientaction by
the Parties, on a footing of equality, to effect a delimitation 'by
agreement on the basis of international law'."

In its written pleadings Nigeria advancedcertain arguments to support
this preliminary objection. These were further developed and elaborated
in oral argument before the Court. As the Court recounts at para-
graphs 104to 108 of its Judgment, Nigeria contended that as determina-
tion of title to the Bakassi Peninsula must precede a delimitation of the
maritimeboundary, a claim as to the latter was inadmissible. Nigeria also

stated that there had been no negotiations on any delimitation beyond
the point identified as "G" in Cameroon's proposed maritime frontier
line.

The Court recalls Cameroon's responses to these points at para-
graph 105and it has rendered its judgrnent on them at paragraphs 106to110.1am essentially in agreement with what it says in paragraphs 106to
109but not in paragraph 110.
There is an aspect related to the first limb of Nigeria's objection which
seems to me important. 1refer to the question of whether there is, in fact
and in law, a dispute relating to the maritime zones of Cameroon and
Nigeria out to the limit of their respective jurisdictions. Nigeria, in its
written and oral pleadings on its seventh preliminary objection, has

focused on the alleged absence of relevant negotiations. It contends that
as a matter of general international law and by virtue of Articles 74 and
83of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,a Statemust
negotiate its maritime boundary and not impose it unilaterally and that
the Court thus lacksjurisdiction andlor the claim on maritime delimita-
tion is inadmissible. But it may be that the real relevance of the issue of
negotiation lies rather in providing an indication as to whether a dispute
exists atal1over this matter. This, rather than whether negotiation is a
"free standing" pre-condition for bringing a claim on a maritime bound-
ary, seems to me the real issue.

In its Application Cameroon Statesits purpose in seekingthe maritime
delimitation as the avoidance of further incidents. The Court has not
been informed of any maritime "incidents" beyond the territorial seas.
Further, paragraph 20 (f) of its original Application, is in the following
terms :

"In order to prevent any dispute arising between the two States
concerning their maritime boundary, the Republic of Cameroon
requests the Court to proceed to prolong the course of its maritime
boundary with the Federal Republic of Nigeria up to the limit of the
maritime zones which international law places under their respective
jurisdictions." (Emphasis added.)

Whose fault it was that no agreement had been reached beyond point
G, and whether the record shows that it was because of Nigeria's change
of position on the Maroua Declaration or because both sides accepted
that delimitation beyond G should be on a multilateral basis in order to
take account of the interest of other States in the region, is in a sense
beside the point. These matters, which assume a certain importance if the
key issue is whether there is a duty to negotiate before bringing a mari-
time delimitation claim (and if so, whether this is a preliminary or sub-
stantive matter),. become less pertinent if the real preliminary issue is
whether a dispute exists between the parties as to the maritime boundary

out to the limit of their respectivejurisdictions.

An initial question that 1have carefully considered is as to whether it is
appropriate to be concerned about this issue at all, giventhat Nigeria has
not chosen to advance the point in these terms. Although the Courtalways may raise points of law proprio motu, it is in principle for a
respondent State to decide what points ofjurisdiction and inadmissibility
it wishesto advance. If a State iswillingto acceptthe Court's jurisdiction
in regard to a matter, it is generallynot for the Court- its entitlement to
raise points proprio motu notwithstanding - to raise further jurisdic-

tional objections. However, 1 think that an exception to this principle
exists where the matter relates to the requirements of Article 38 of the
Statute. Article 38 is not a clause to be accepted or waived by respon-
dents at will.It prescribes the fundamental conditions for the Court to be
able to exerciseitsjurisdiction. And it is there that the Court's function is
described as "to decide in accordance with international law such dis-
putes as are submitted to it".
The Court must always therefore itself besatisfiedthat a dispute exists.
The Court has recalled, when pronouncing upon Nigeria's fifth prelimi-
nary objection, the various legal requirements elaborated in its case-law
on the question of the existenceof a dispute (see Judgrnent, paras. 87-89,
above). It is not necessary to repeat them here. But in my viewthese legal
requirements should have been systematically tested in relation to the

seventh preliminary objection and not just in relation to the fifth.

The record shows that it was intended by the Parties that their entire
maritimefrontier should be delimited.There weresomediscussionsabout
the totality ofsuch a frontier, even going beyond what came to be agreed
up to point G. At the same time, the specificline that was negotiated and
agreed upon, in 1975,was the line to point G. Nigeria has informed the
Court, and Cameroon has not denied, that "the very first time Nigeria
saw [Cameroon's claim] line, or indeed any Cameroon continental shelf
or EEZ claim line, was when it received the Cameroon Memorial"
(CR 9812,p. 40).

Nigeria resiled from the Maroua Declaration and the record shows
that meetings held at the Joint Expert level were understandably pre-

occupied with the legal status of that Declaration. The information
provided to the Court also shows that there had been an intention
that progress beyond point G should be on a multilateral basis, given
the proximity, in particular, of Equatorial Guinea beyond that point.
Possible ways to engage Equatorial Guinea in discussions had been can-
vassed.

It matters not whether the failure to reach agreement beyond point G
was due primarily to the dispute over the status of the Maroua Declara-
tion; or difficulties in engaging the interest of Equatorial Guinea in the
delimitation; or what Cameroon terms the invasion of the Bakassi Penin-
sula by Nigeria in December 1993. Nor is it legally pertinent that the
Parties entered into negotiations with a view to regulating the whole of
the boundary, or eventhat there were some discussionsabout the frontier

beyond point G. These elements are indeed relevant to the issue asformulated by the Parties - namely, whether there is an obligation to
negotiate before bringing a maritime boundary claim to the Court, and

if so, if that is a procedural or substantive matter, and if the former, to
whom fault may be attributed and whether there are circumstances in
which negotiations became impossible and thus legallyunnecessary.

But whether there exists a dispute or not is a different question and is
"a matter for objective determination" (Interpretation of Peace Treaties
with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion,
I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74). Quite different elements from those the
Parties have debated apply. There has to be a "claim of one party [that]

ispositivelyopposed by the other" (South West Africa cases,Preliminary
Objections,Judgment, i. C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328). It is not sufficientfor
this purpose to Saythat as the Bakassi Peninsula is disputed, it necessar-
ily follows that the maritime boundary is in dispute. And, in contrast to
the position with regard to the land boundary, there is (beyondpoint G)
no existingtreaty linewhich constitutes the claim of one Party and which
the other Party - even by implication - appears not to accept. No
specificclaim line beyond point G had, before the institution of these
proceedings, been advanced by Cameroon and rejected by Nigeria.

The fact that Nigeria and Cameroon have not been able to have
detailednegotiations, stillless agreement, beyond point G does not mean
that there exists a dispute over H to K. Indeed, Nigeria has offered no
opinion on where the line should run after point G.

What the Court will decide on the merits as to title over the Bakassi
Peninsula will inevitably have implications for the drawing of the mari-
time boundary out to the limits of thejurisdiction of the two States. This
is so whether the decisionwould favour Cameroon or Nigeria. The Court
has no way to know whether any specific line that might, as a conse-

quence, be proposed by one Party would be accepted or rejected by the
other. The point isnot that a maritimeboundary cannot be drawn before
the territorial title to Bakassi is determined and, as Nigeria contends, a
request to the Court to determine the line must be rejected as inadmis-
sible.As the Court correctly says,the handling of the territorial and mari-
time elements would be within its own discretion and cannot be the basis
of a preliminaryobjection(Judgment, para. 106).The point rather is that
the claim as formulated in Cameroon's Application at paragraph 20 (f)
is unattached to a defined dispute and thus also lacks a certain reality. Nor can it be the case that where there isjurisdiction over a territorial
dispute, and the parties have in consequence (and perhaps also for other
reasons) not been able to agree a maritime boundary, there is ipsofacto
and without need to show anything more, a dispute over the entirety of
their maritime boundary to the limits permitted under international law.
Such a contention - had it been formulated this way - would both have
been inconsistent with the Court's jurisprudence on the concept of a dis-
pute for purposes of Article 38 of the Statute, and have disturbing policy
implications.

Itis because paragraph 110 has not satisfied me on this matter, and

notwithstanding my agreement with the rest of what the Judgment has to
Sayon Nigeria's seventhpreliminary objection, that 1 have had to vote
against paragraph 1 (g) of the dispositif.
As 1believe the Court presently has no jurisdiction over the question
of maritime delimitation beyond point G, Nigeria's eighth preliminary
objection thus becomes without purpose and falls away, and the Court's
response to it too. It is for that reason, and that reason only, that 1have
voted against paragraph 2 of the dispositif:My views on the seventh pre-
liminary objection have certain consequences for the eighth. But 1 do
not otherwise disagree with what the Court has to Sayat paragraphs 115
to 117.

(Signed) Rosalyn HIGGINS.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE HIGGINS

Discretionary power of the Court concerningsequence in which it settles
issues before i- Sufficiently precise characterof a disput- Whether exist-
ence of a dispute under Article 38 of the Statute - Court'spowers proprio
motu regarding objectionstojurisdiction.

As is recalled in the first paragraph of the Court's Judgment, Cam-
eroon on 29 March 1994instituted proceedings against Nigeria in respect

of a dispute "relat[ing] essentiallyto the question of sovereignty over the
Bakassi Peninsula". Cameroon recalled in its Application that the delimi-
tation of its maritime boundary with Nigeria had been partial and the
two Parties had been unable to completeit. It accordingly requested the
Court, "in order to avoid further incidents between the two countries, ...
to determinethe course of the maritime boundary between the two States
beyond the line fixed in 1975".

Nigeria, in its seventh preliminary objection, stated:

"There is no legal dispute concerningdelimitation of the maritime
boundary between the two Parties which is at the present time
appropriate for resolution by the Court, for the following reasons:

(1) no determination of a maritimeboundary ispossible prior to the
determination of title in respect of the Bakassi Peninsula;
(2) at the juncture where there is a determination of the question of
title over the Bakassi Peninsula, the issues of maritime delimita-
tion willnot be admissible in the absence of sufficientaction by
the Parties, on a footing of equality, to effect a delimitation 'by
agreement on the basis of international law'."

In its written pleadings Nigeria advancedcertain arguments to support
this preliminary objection. These were further developed and elaborated
in oral argument before the Court. As the Court recounts at para-
graphs 104to 108 of its Judgment, Nigeria contended that as determina-
tion of title to the Bakassi Peninsula must precede a delimitation of the
maritimeboundary, a claim as to the latter was inadmissible. Nigeria also

stated that there had been no negotiations on any delimitation beyond
the point identified as "G" in Cameroon's proposed maritime frontier
line.

The Court recalls Cameroon's responses to these points at para-
graph 105and it has rendered its judgrnent on them at paragraphs 106to OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE MME HIGGINS

[Traduction]

Pouvoir discrétionnairde la Cour ence qui concerne l'ordre dans lequel elle
règle les questions dont elle est saisieractèresufjsamment précis d'un dif-
férend - Existe-t-il un différenden vertude l'article38 du Statu-? Pouvoir
de la Cour de souleverproprio motu des exceptions à sa compétence.

Comme la Cour le rappelle au premier paragraphe de son arrêt,le
Cameroun a introduit le 29 mars 1994 une instance contre le Nigéria
concernant un différend «port[ant] essentiellement sur la question de la
souverainetésur la presqu'îlede Bakassi)).Dans sa requête,le Cameroun
a rappeléque la délimitation de sa frontière maritime avec le Nigéria
n'avait étéque partielle et que les deux Parties n'avaient pas étéen
mesure de l'achever.En conséquence,il a prié laCour, ([alfind'éviterde
nouveaux incidents entre les deux pays, ...de bien vouloir déterminer le
tracéde la frontière maritime entre les deux Etats au-delà de celui qui

avait étéfixé en 1975)).
La septième exception préliminaire du Nigéria est libelléedans les
termes suivants :
«Il n'existe pas de différendjuridique concernant la délimitation

de la frontièremaritimeentre lesdeux Parties,qui seprêteraitactuel-
lement à une décisionde la Cour, pour les motifs suivants:
1) il n'estpas possible de déterminerla frontièremaritime avant de
se prononcer sur le titre concernant la presqu'île de Bakassi;
2) dansl'éventualité où la questiondu titre concernantla presqu'îlede
Bakassiseraitrégléel,esdemandesconcernant lesquestionsde déli-
mitation maritimene seront pas recevablesfaute d'action suffisante

des Parties pour effectuer, sur un pied d'égalitéu,ne délimitation
«par voied'accord conformémentau droit international.»
Dans ses écritures,le Nigériaa avancéun certain nombre d'arguments
à l'appui de cette exception préliminaire.Il les a développés etprécisés

lors de ses plaidoiries devant la Cour. Comme la Cour le rappelle aux
paragraphes 104 à 108de son arrêt,le Nigériaa fait valoir que, dans la
mesure où il y a lieu de se prononcer sur le titre concernant la presqu'île
de Bakassi avant de délimiterla frontièremaritime, une demande portant
sur cette frontièremaritime estirrecevable. LeNigériaa égalementaffirmé
qu'il n'yavait pas eu de négociationssur une quelconque délimitationau-
delà du point identifié commele point G sur le tracé dela frontièremari-
time proposé par le Cameroun.
Au paragraphe 105 de l'arrêt, la Courrappelle la réponsedu Came-
roun sur cespoints et elle s'estprononcée à ce sujet aux paragraphes 106110.1am essentially in agreement with what it says in paragraphs 106to
109but not in paragraph 110.
There is an aspect related to the first limb of Nigeria's objection which
seems to me important. 1refer to the question of whether there is, in fact
and in law, a dispute relating to the maritime zones of Cameroon and
Nigeria out to the limit of their respective jurisdictions. Nigeria, in its
written and oral pleadings on its seventh preliminary objection, has

focused on the alleged absence of relevant negotiations. It contends that
as a matter of general international law and by virtue of Articles 74 and
83of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,a Statemust
negotiate its maritime boundary and not impose it unilaterally and that
the Court thus lacksjurisdiction andlor the claim on maritime delimita-
tion is inadmissible. But it may be that the real relevance of the issue of
negotiation lies rather in providing an indication as to whether a dispute
exists atal1over this matter. This, rather than whether negotiation is a
"free standing" pre-condition for bringing a claim on a maritime bound-
ary, seems to me the real issue.

In its Application Cameroon Statesits purpose in seekingthe maritime
delimitation as the avoidance of further incidents. The Court has not
been informed of any maritime "incidents" beyond the territorial seas.
Further, paragraph 20 (f) of its original Application, is in the following
terms :

"In order to prevent any dispute arising between the two States
concerning their maritime boundary, the Republic of Cameroon
requests the Court to proceed to prolong the course of its maritime
boundary with the Federal Republic of Nigeria up to the limit of the
maritime zones which international law places under their respective
jurisdictions." (Emphasis added.)

Whose fault it was that no agreement had been reached beyond point
G, and whether the record shows that it was because of Nigeria's change
of position on the Maroua Declaration or because both sides accepted
that delimitation beyond G should be on a multilateral basis in order to
take account of the interest of other States in the region, is in a sense
beside the point. These matters, which assume a certain importance if the
key issue is whether there is a duty to negotiate before bringing a mari-
time delimitation claim (and if so, whether this is a preliminary or sub-
stantive matter),. become less pertinent if the real preliminary issue is
whether a dispute exists between the parties as to the maritime boundary

out to the limit of their respectivejurisdictions.

An initial question that 1have carefully considered is as to whether it is
appropriate to be concerned about this issue at all, giventhat Nigeria has
not chosen to advance the point in these terms. Although the Courtà 110. Je suis pour l'essentiel d'accord avec ce qu'elle a dit aux para-
graphes 106 à 109,mais non au paragraphe 110.
Toutefois, il existe un aspect liéau premier volet de l'exception du
Nigériaqui me sembleimportant. Il s'agitde la question de savoir s'ily a,
en fait et en droit, un différend relatifaux zones maritimes du Cameroun
et du Nigériajusqu'auxlimites de leursjuridictions respectives. Dans ses
piècesécriteset dans sesplaidoiries relatives la septième exceptionpré-
liminaire, le Nigériaa mis l'accent sur la prétendueabsence de négocia-
tions en la matière.Il soutient qu'en vertu du droit international général
et des articles4 et 83 de la convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de
la mer un Etat doit négocier safrontière maritime et ne saurait l'imposer
unilatéralement,et que la Cour n'est donc pas compétente etlou que la
demande concernant la délimitation maritime est irrecevable. Mais il se
pourrait que la question des négociations soit plutôt pertinente parce

qu'ellefournirait des indications sur le point de savoir s'ilexiste ou non
un différend enla matière. C'est là, à mon avis, la véritable question
plutôt que celle de savoir si la négociationest une condition préalable
autonome à la présentation d'une demande portant sur une frontière
maritime.
Dans sa requête,le Cameroun affirme qu'il demande une délimitation
maritime en vue d'éviterde nouveaux incidents. Or la Cour n'a pas été
informéed'«incidents »maritimesau-delà desmers territoriales.En outre,
l'alinéaf) du paragraphe 20 de la requête initiale est formulédans les
termes suivants :

((Afind'éviterla survenance de tout différendentre les deux Etats
relativement àleur frontière maritime, la Républiquedu Cameroun
prie la Cour de procéderau prolongement du tracé de sa frontière
maritime avecla Républiquefédéraledu Nigériajusqu'à lalimite des
zones maritimes que le droit international place sous leurjuridiction
respective.))(Les italiques sont de moi.)

En un certain sens, il importe peu de savoir à qui l'on peut imputer
l'absence d'accord sur la délimitation au-delà du point G, et s'ilressort
du dossier que c'est en raison du changement de position du Nigéria sur
la déclaration de Maroua ou parce que les deux Parties ont accepté
qu'au-delà du point G la délimitation devaitse faire dans un cadre mul-
tilatéralafin de tenir compte des intérêts des autresEtats dans la région.
Ces questions, qui revêtent une certaine importancesi la question clé est
celle de savoir s'il existe une obligation de négocieravant de présenter
une demande portant sur une délimitation maritime (et, dans l'affirma-
tive, s'ils'agit d'une question préliminaire ou de fond), perdent de leur
pertinence sila véritablequestionpréliminaireest cellede savoir s'il existe
un différendentre les parties portant sur la frontière maritimejusqu'aux

limites de leursjuridictions respectives.
A titre liminaire, j'ai mûrement réfléchisur le point de savoir s'il y
avait lieu de s'intéresservraimenà cette question, puisque le Nigérian'a
pas jugébon d'avancer d'argument en ce sens. Il est toujours loisibàelaalways may raise points of law proprio motu, it is in principle for a
respondent State to decide what points ofjurisdiction and inadmissibility
it wishesto advance. If a State iswillingto acceptthe Court's jurisdiction
in regard to a matter, it is generallynot for the Court- its entitlement to
raise points proprio motu notwithstanding - to raise further jurisdic-

tional objections. However, 1 think that an exception to this principle
exists where the matter relates to the requirements of Article 38 of the
Statute. Article 38 is not a clause to be accepted or waived by respon-
dents at will.It prescribes the fundamental conditions for the Court to be
able to exerciseitsjurisdiction. And it is there that the Court's function is
described as "to decide in accordance with international law such dis-
putes as are submitted to it".
The Court must always therefore itself besatisfiedthat a dispute exists.
The Court has recalled, when pronouncing upon Nigeria's fifth prelimi-
nary objection, the various legal requirements elaborated in its case-law
on the question of the existenceof a dispute (see Judgrnent, paras. 87-89,
above). It is not necessary to repeat them here. But in my viewthese legal
requirements should have been systematically tested in relation to the

seventh preliminary objection and not just in relation to the fifth.

The record shows that it was intended by the Parties that their entire
maritimefrontier should be delimited.There weresomediscussionsabout
the totality ofsuch a frontier, even going beyond what came to be agreed
up to point G. At the same time, the specificline that was negotiated and
agreed upon, in 1975,was the line to point G. Nigeria has informed the
Court, and Cameroon has not denied, that "the very first time Nigeria
saw [Cameroon's claim] line, or indeed any Cameroon continental shelf
or EEZ claim line, was when it received the Cameroon Memorial"
(CR 9812,p. 40).

Nigeria resiled from the Maroua Declaration and the record shows
that meetings held at the Joint Expert level were understandably pre-

occupied with the legal status of that Declaration. The information
provided to the Court also shows that there had been an intention
that progress beyond point G should be on a multilateral basis, given
the proximity, in particular, of Equatorial Guinea beyond that point.
Possible ways to engage Equatorial Guinea in discussions had been can-
vassed.

It matters not whether the failure to reach agreement beyond point G
was due primarily to the dispute over the status of the Maroua Declara-
tion; or difficulties in engaging the interest of Equatorial Guinea in the
delimitation; or what Cameroon terms the invasion of the Bakassi Penin-
sula by Nigeria in December 1993. Nor is it legally pertinent that the
Parties entered into negotiations with a view to regulating the whole of
the boundary, or eventhat there were some discussionsabout the frontier

beyond point G. These elements are indeed relevant to the issue as FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (OP.IND.HIGGINS) 347

Cour de souleverproprio motu des points de droit, mais c'est en principe
à 1'Etatdéfendeurqu'ilappartient de décider quelles exceptionà la com-
~étenceet à la recevabilitéil souhaite soulever. Si un Etat est dis~àsé
accepter la compétence dela Cour pour connaître d'une question, il ne
revient généralementpas à la Cour - indépendamment de son droit de
souleverproprio motucertains points - de souleverd'autres exceptionsà
sa compétence.Toutefois, il me semble que l'on peut déroger àce prin-
cipe lorsque sont en jeu lesprescriptions de l'article 38 du Statut. Cet ar-
ticlen'est pasune clause que lesdéfendeurspeuventaccepter ou refuser à
leur gré.Il prescrit lesconditions essentieàl'exercicede la compétence
de la Cour. Aux termes de cet article, la mission de la Cour estrégler
conformémentau droit international les différendsquilui sont soumis)).

Par voie de conséquence,la Cour doit toujours s'assurer qu'il existeun
différend. Se prononçant sur la cinquième exception préliminairedu
Nigéria, laCour a rappeléles différentesexigencesjuridiques relativesà
l'existenced'un différendqu'elle a dégagées dans sa jurisprudence (voir
arrêt,par. 87-89).Il n'est pas nécessairede lesrépéterici. àrmon avis,
il aurait fallu s'assurer systématiquementdu respect de cesexigencesjuri-
diques au regard de la septième exceptionpréliminaire et non seulement
au regard de la cinquième.
Il ressort du dossier aue les Parties avaient l'intention de délimiter
l'ensemble de leur fronti'èremaritime. Des discussions ont eu lieu sur
l'ensemble de cette frontière, mêmeau-delà de ce qui a été convenu,

jusqu'au point G. En mêmetemps, la ligne spécifiquequi a éténégociée
et convenue, en 1975,était laligne aboutissant au point G. Le Nigériaa
fait savoir la Cour, et le Cameroun n'a pas contestécela, que «le Nigé-
ria a eu connaissance pour la premièrefois de la ligne [revendiquéepar le
Cameroun], ou de fait de toute ligne revendiquéepar le Cameroun a
l'égard du plateau continental ou de la zone économique exclusive,
lorsqu'il a reçu le mémoiredu Cameroun)) (CR 9812,p. 40).
Le Nigéria apris sesdistances àl'égardde la déclaration deMaroua et
il ressort du dossier que, lors de leurs réunions, les experts des deux
parties se sont préoccupés,t on le comprend fort bien, de la valeurjuri-
dique de cette déclaration.l ressort également des informations fournies
à la Cour que l'on avait exprimél'intention de procéderà une délimita-

tion multilatéralede laligne au-delà du point G étantdonné laproximité,
notamment, de la Guinée équatoriale au-delàde ce point. Différentes
modalités de participation de la Guinée équatoriale à ces discussions
avaient étéétudiées.
Il importe peu de savoir si l'impossibilitéde parvenàrun accord au-
delà du point G était dueessentiellementau différendsur la valeur de la
déclarationde Maroua, aux difficultés qu'ily avaità susciter l'intérêt de
la Guinée équatoriale àl'égardde la délimitation, ouà ce que le Came-
roun qualifie d'invasion de la presqu'île de Bakassi par le Nigéria
en décembre1993. Il n'est pas non plus pertinent, du point de vue juri-
dique, de savoir si les Parties ont entamé des négociationsen vue de

déterminerl'ensemblede la frontière ou mêmede savoir s'il y a eu desformulated by the Parties - namely, whether there is an obligation to
negotiate before bringing a maritime boundary claim to the Court, and

if so, if that is a procedural or substantive matter, and if the former, to
whom fault may be attributed and whether there are circumstances in
which negotiations became impossible and thus legallyunnecessary.

But whether there exists a dispute or not is a different question and is
"a matter for objective determination" (Interpretation of Peace Treaties
with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion,
I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74). Quite different elements from those the
Parties have debated apply. There has to be a "claim of one party [that]

ispositivelyopposed by the other" (South West Africa cases,Preliminary
Objections,Judgment, i. C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328). It is not sufficientfor
this purpose to Saythat as the Bakassi Peninsula is disputed, it necessar-
ily follows that the maritime boundary is in dispute. And, in contrast to
the position with regard to the land boundary, there is (beyondpoint G)
no existingtreaty linewhich constitutes the claim of one Party and which
the other Party - even by implication - appears not to accept. No
specificclaim line beyond point G had, before the institution of these
proceedings, been advanced by Cameroon and rejected by Nigeria.

The fact that Nigeria and Cameroon have not been able to have
detailednegotiations, stillless agreement, beyond point G does not mean
that there exists a dispute over H to K. Indeed, Nigeria has offered no
opinion on where the line should run after point G.

What the Court will decide on the merits as to title over the Bakassi
Peninsula will inevitably have implications for the drawing of the mari-
time boundary out to the limits of thejurisdiction of the two States. This
is so whether the decisionwould favour Cameroon or Nigeria. The Court
has no way to know whether any specific line that might, as a conse-

quence, be proposed by one Party would be accepted or rejected by the
other. The point isnot that a maritimeboundary cannot be drawn before
the territorial title to Bakassi is determined and, as Nigeria contends, a
request to the Court to determine the line must be rejected as inadmis-
sible.As the Court correctly says,the handling of the territorial and mari-
time elements would be within its own discretion and cannot be the basis
of a preliminaryobjection(Judgment, para. 106).The point rather is that
the claim as formulated in Cameroon's Application at paragraph 20 (f)
is unattached to a defined dispute and thus also lacks a certain reality.discussions sur la frontière au-delà du point G. Ces élémentssont liésen
faità la question telle que formuléepar les Parties, c'est-à-diàecelle de
savoir s'il existeune obligation de négocieravant de soumettre àla Cour
une demande concernant la frontière maritime et, dans l'affirmative, de
savoir s'ils'agit d'une question de procédure ou de fond et, dans le pre-

mier cas, de savoir à qui la faute doit être imputée ets'ilexiste des cir-
constances dans lesquelles les négociations deviennent impossibles et
donc inutiles du point de vue juridique.
Mais le noint de savoir s'il existe ou non un différendconstitue une
autre question, qui ((demande à être établie objectivement)()Interpréta-
tion des traitésde paix conclus avec la Bulgarie, laHongrie et la Rou-
manie, premièrephase, avis consultat$ C.Z.J. Recueil 1950, p. 74). Ce
sont des élémenttsout àfait différentsdeceux dont lesParties ont débat-
tus qui s'appliquent. Il faut que «la réclamation de l'unedes parties se

heurte à l'opposition manifeste de l'autre» (affaires du Sud-Ouest afri-
cain, exceptions préliminaires,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 328). A cet
égard,il ne suffitpas de dire que, dans la mesure où ila différendsur la
presqu'île de Bakassi,il s'ensuit nécessairementque la frontière maritime
est en litige. Et, contrairementà la situation relativà la frontière ter-
restre, il n'y a pas (au-delà du point G) une ligne existante convenue
par voie conventionnelle que ferait valoir une partie et que l'autre partie
semblerait ne pas accepter, mêmede façon indirecte. Avant l'introduction

de la présente instance,le Cameroun n'avait présentéaucune revendica-
tion concernant une ligne préciseau-delà du point G à laquelle le Nigéria
se serait opposé.
Le fait que le Nigériaet le Cameroun n'aient pas étéen mesure de
mener des négociationsdétaillées sur la délimitation au-delà du pointG,
et encore moins d'aboutir à un accord à ce sujet, ne signifiepas qu'il
existe un différendsur les points H à K. De fait, le Nigéria n'apas fait
savoir par où devrait passer, selon lui, la ligne au-delà du point G.
La décisionque la Cour prendra lors de la phase de l'examen au fond

quant au titre sur la presqu'île de Bakassi aura inévitablementdes consé-
quences sur le tracéde la frontière maritimejusqu'aux limites desjuridic-
tions des deux Etats. Et ceS.aue la décisionsoit en faveur du Cameroun
ou du Nigéria. La Cour ne peut en aucun cas savoir si une quelconque
ligne spécifiquequi pourrait, en conséquence,être proposée par l'unedes
Parties serait acceptéeou rejetéepar l'autre. La question dont il s'agit
n'estpas qu'une frontière maritimene peut être tracée avant qu'une déci-
sion ne soit prise au sujet du titre territorial sur Bakassi et, comme le sou-

tient le Nigéria, que toute requêteprésentée à la Cour tendant à déter-
miner cette ligne doit êtrerejetée comme irrecevable.Comme la Cour l'a
dit àjuste titre, il entre dans le cadre de son pouvoir discrétionnaire de
traiter des élémentsterritoriaux et maritimes.,aAi ne sauraient fonder
une exception préliminaire(arrêt,par. 106).La question est plutôt que la
demande du Cameroun telle que formulée dans sa requêteau para-
graphe 20 f) ne se rapporte à aucun différend précisément délimie tt
qu'elle estdonc dépourvued'une certaine réalité. Nor can it be the case that where there isjurisdiction over a territorial
dispute, and the parties have in consequence (and perhaps also for other
reasons) not been able to agree a maritime boundary, there is ipsofacto
and without need to show anything more, a dispute over the entirety of
their maritime boundary to the limits permitted under international law.
Such a contention - had it been formulated this way - would both have
been inconsistent with the Court's jurisprudence on the concept of a dis-
pute for purposes of Article 38 of the Statute, and have disturbing policy
implications.

Itis because paragraph 110 has not satisfied me on this matter, and

notwithstanding my agreement with the rest of what the Judgment has to
Sayon Nigeria's seventhpreliminary objection, that 1 have had to vote
against paragraph 1 (g) of the dispositif.
As 1believe the Court presently has no jurisdiction over the question
of maritime delimitation beyond point G, Nigeria's eighth preliminary
objection thus becomes without purpose and falls away, and the Court's
response to it too. It is for that reason, and that reason only, that 1have
voted against paragraph 2 of the dispositif:My views on the seventh pre-
liminary objection have certain consequences for the eighth. But 1 do
not otherwise disagree with what the Court has to Sayat paragraphs 115
to 117.

(Signed) Rosalyn HIGGINS. On ne saurait non plus admettre que dèslors que la Cour est compé-
tente pour connaître d'un différendterritorial et que, pour cetteraison (et
peut-êtrepour d'autres également),lesparties ont été dans l'impossibilité
de convenir d'une frontière maritime, il y aipso facto, et sans qu'il soit
besoin de le démontrer davantage, un différendsur l'ensemble de leur
frontière maritimejusqu'aux limites reconnues en droit international. Si
elle avait été formulée en ces termes, une telle affirmation, d'une part,
aurait été incompatibleavec lajurisprudence de la Cour sur la notion de
différendaux fins de l'article38 du Statut et, d'autre part, aurait eu des
implicationspolitiques fâcheuses.
C'est parce que le paragraphe 110n'a pas emportéma conviction sur
ce point que j'ai dû voter contre l'alinéa1 g) du dispositif, bien que je
souscrive au reste de l'arrêtsur la septième exception préliminairedu
Nigéria.
Puisque j'estime que la Cour n'est pas actuellement compétente pour
connaître de la question de la délimitation maritime au-delà du pointG,
la huitième exceptionpréliminairedu Nigéria devientsans objet et n'a

plus de raison d'être, demêmeque la réponse quela Cour lui a donnée.
C'est pour cette raison, et pour cette raison uniquement, que j'ai voté
contre l'alinéa2 du dispositif. Mes vues sur la septième exception préli-
minaire ont certaines conséquencessur la huitièmeexception, mais je ne
suis pas en désaccordpar ailleurs avec ce que la Cour a dit aux para-
graphes 115 à 117.

(SignéR )osalyn HIGGINS.

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Separate opinion of Judge Higgins

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