Separate opinion of Judge Oda

Document Number
094-19980611-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
094-19980611-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ODA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

1-4

II. CAMEROON A'SPLICATION AWHOLE 5-15
1. The structure of Cameroon's 1994Application 6-11
2. The submissionscontained in Cameroon's 1995Memorial 12-15

III.REQUES TORDELIMITATI ONA BOUNDAR LINE

1. The drawing of a maritime boundary
2. Lake and land boundary
3. Part I-IConclusion

IV. THELEGAL DISPUTEWSHICH MAYBE SUBMITTE TDTHE COURT 29-31 1. 1 voted in favour of subparagraph 3, as well as of subpara-
graph 1 (a), of the operative part of the Judgment, as 1 agree that the
Court, on the basis of Article 36 (2) of the Court's Statute, has jurisdic-
tion to adjudicate upon certain of the issues unilaterally presented by
Cameroon. 1 share the view expressed in the Judgment concerning the
interpretation and application of the Optional Clause of the Statute.

1 have given this opinion the title of "separate" opinion, rather than
"dissenting" opinion, mainly because, in spite of my negative votes on
some points relating to admissibility, 1 support, in general, the Court's
jurisdiction to entertain certain of the claims in Cameroon's Applica-
tions.
2. 1also voted in favour of subparagraph 4, as 1believethat some, but
not all, of the issuesin the Application are admissible. But 1cast my vote
on some of the subsections of subparagraph 1 and on subparagraph 2
reluctantly, as the Judges are not permitted, for any reason whatsoever,
to abstain from voting on the operative part of the Judgment. Otherwise
1 would have abstained from voting on certain of Nigeria's objections
relating to the admissibility of Cameroon's Application on the ground
that Cameroon's claims were presented in a somewhat irregular way, as
1 shall explain later, while Nigeria's objections do not necessarily corre-
spond to those claims and do not appear to have been formulated in a
proper manner.
Thus, in seeking, both in the Judgment as a whole and in its operative
part, todeal with Nigeria's objections in isolation, the Court has adopted

an approach which, in my view, isnot wholly adequate.
3. Cameroon's Application lacks precision and some parts of it do not,
in my view, constitute a claim which may properly be presented to the
Court by a unilateral application of one of the parties to a dispute.
Among the contentions that Cameroon has made, only some very limited
issues can be deemed as falling within the purview of the Court's jurisdic-
tion. Just as Cameroon's Application lacks precision and is inadequate,
so Nigeria's objections are also quite irregular.

The question of whether or not Cameroon's Application is admissible
falls irrefutably within the competence of the Court. Although the Court
is still at thejurisdictional phase due to Nigeria'spresentation ofprelimi-
nary objections, it does not necessarily have to restrict itself to a discus-
sion of Nigeria's objections,but must also examine more carefully, on its
own initiative, the substance of Cameroon's Application.
In addition, Nigeria, in raising a number of preliminary objections,
seems to have confused the question of admissibility of the claims with
the matters to be argued at the merits stage. Thus the Court is faced with

an extremely difficult situation at thisjurisdictional stage of the case.

4. TheCourt should have attemptedproprio motu to scrutinizewhetheror not any of Cameroon's claims made in its Application are admissible
- with or without reference to Nigeria's objections.

II. CAMEROONA 'PPLICATION AS A WHOLE

5. Cameroon's position has lacked clarityfrom the outset. Its Applica-
tion appears to me to be so irregular that, from the standpoint of the
Court, it should only have been receivedafter a number of modifications.
1shall begin with an examination of the irregular aspects of Cameroon's
Application itself, which causes us somuch difficulty in dealing with the
present case.

1. The Structure of Cameroon's1994 Application

6. On examination of the various Court documents, 1 note that on
29 March 1994Cameroon filed with the Registry an "Application insti-
tuting proceedings" and on 6June 1994an "Application additional to the
Application instituting proceedings". Having heard Cameroon's wishes,
and having also ascertained that Nigeria "had no objection to the Addi-
tional Application being treated, in accordance with the wishesexpressed
by Cameroon, as an amendment to the initial Application" (emphasis
added), the Court decided, on 16June 1994,to deal with these two origi-
nally distinct Applications as a singlecase (see Judgment, para. 5).

7. The Court's document entitled "Application instituting proceedings

filed in the Registry of the Court on 29 March 1994 - Land and Mari-
time Boundary between Cameroonand Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria)"
(bearing the legend "1994General List No. 94") contains:

(1) the letter of the Cameroonian Ambassador to the Netherlands,
addressed to the Registrar, dated 28 March 1994(p. 3);

(II) the "Application instituting proceedings" (undated but filed in the
Registry on 29 March 1994)(hereinafter referred to as "Applica-
tion-In) (p. 5); and
(III) the "Application additional to the Application institutingproceed-
ings brought by the Republic of Cameroon filed in the Registry of
the Court on 29 March 1994" (on which no date is indicated but
which wasactually filedin the Registry on 6June 1994)(hereinafter
referred to as "Application-II") (p. 77).

The confused structure of these documents produced by the Court
conveys an impression of the irregularity of the case.
8. The two Applications, Application-1 and Application-II, each con-
sist of fivesections (the titles of whichare identical in both Applications),
namely,Section 1("Subject of the Dispute"), SectionII ("The Facts"), Sec-
tion III ("The Jurisdiction of the Court"), SectionIV ("The LegalGroundsupon Which Cameroon Bases Its Case") and Section V ("Decision
Requested"). In each Application, the content of Section III is approxi-
mately the same. In each case the Sectionindicates, explicitlyor implicitly
if not in identicalterms, that both Parties have accepted the Court'som-
pulsory jurisdiction in conformity with Article 36(2)of the Statute, with-
out any reservation. By contrast, the other four Sections in both Appli-
cation-1and Application-II tend to complement one another.
9.Application-I. In Section 1("Subject of the Dispute"), paragraphs 1

and 2 deal with the disputes relating essentially to the question of
sovereignty over the Bakassi Peninsula, whereas paragraph 3, without
referring to any particular dispute, mentions simply the issueof the mari-
time boundary in the Gulf of Guinea beyond the terminal point (namely
point G) of the boundary line alleged by Cameroon in the mouth of the
Cross River.
Section II ("The Facts") traces the history over the past century of
some parts of the boundary in the so-called "hinterland" including the
Bakassi Peninsula. Mention is made solely of the land area, particularly
the Bakassi Peninsula. If any frontier incidents or aggressions are men-
tioned here, they are limited mainly to the Bakassi Peninsula.The subject
of maritime delimitation is not mentioned at al1in this section.

In Section IV ("The Legal Grounds upon Which Cameroon Bases
Its Case") a great deal is said concerning Nigeria's impairment of
Cameroon7s sovereignty and territorial integrity, mainly in the Bakassi
Peninsula, and Nigeria's violation of the prohibition of the use of force.
There is no mention of the maritime boundary in this section either.

In Section V ("Decision Requested") al1the seven items (a), (b), (c),
(d), (e), (e') and (e"), which are quoted in full in paragraph 16 of the
Judgment, and on which Cameroon asks the Court to adjudge and
declare,appear to relate to questionsand incidentsconcerningthe Bakassi
Peninsula. Only in item (f) does Cameroon, "[iln order to prevent any
dispute arising between the two States", request the Court "to proceed to
prolong the course of its maritimeboundary with migeria] up to the limit
of the maritime zones which international law places under the respective
jurisdictions", in other words, the course of the boundary of the conti-
nental shelf and the exclusiveeconomic zone within the Gulf of Guinea.

Most of the issuesmentioned throughout Application-1, except for the
maritime delimitation in the Gulf of Guinea, are related mainly to the
border incidents in the Bakassi Peninsula.Those issuesseemto constitute
the real "legal dispute" between the two States for which interim meas-
ures were indicated by the Court in 1996(Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria, Provisional Measures, Order of
15 March 1996, 1.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 11).

It may be observed that Sections 1, II, IV and V, entitled "Subject ofthe Dispute", "The Facts", "The Legal Grounds" and "Decision
Requested", respectively, are thus presented in a random fashion.
10. Application-II. Section 1("Subject of the Dispute") deals with the
question relating to Lake Chad, but in that same section Cameroon
refers to the course of the boundary from Lake Chad to the sea. It is said
that Nigeria's challenge to Cameroon's sovereignty took the form of
"a massive introduction of Nigerian nationals into the disputed area,

followed by an introduction of Nigerian security forces".
In Section II ("The Facts") most of the discussion is devoted to the
subject of Lake Chad, but reference is also made in paragraph 6 to the
"illegal and massive presence" of Nigerian nationals in various parts
along the boundary from Lake Chad to the sea. In paragraph 7 the pro-
longed presenceof the Nigerian security forcesismentioned only in Cam-
eroon's part of Lake Chad.

In Section IV ("The Legal Grounds upon Which Cameroon Bases Its
Case") Nigeria's alleged occupation of the territory of Cameroon is men-
tioned extensively,but this concerns only the part of Cameroon in Lake
Chad.
Under Section V ("Decision Requested"), the six items (a), (b),(c),
(d), (e) and (e') (which are quoted in full in paragraph 17of the Judg-
ment) seem to relate only to Lake Chad, but in item (f) Cameroon
requests that the Court specify thefrontier "from Lake Chad to the sea"
in view of the repeated incursions of Nigeria into Cameroon's territory.
In Application-II, as with Application-1, the four Sections1,II, IV and

V, entitled "Subject of the Dispute", "The Facts", "The Legal Grounds",
and "Decision Requested", respectively, are presented in a random
fashion.
11. It should also be noted that, because of the random fashion of
presentation and the irregular nature of each corresponding section of
Application-1 and Application-II (except for Section III ("The Jurisdic-
tion of the Court"), the sections are not sufficiently interrelated. This
makes the present case extremelycomplicated,and a proper understand-
ing of the issues involved very difficult.

2. The Submissions Contained in Cameroon's 1995Memorial

12. On 16 March 1995Cameroon filed its Memorial within the time-
limit prescribed in the Court's Order dated 16June 1994(Land and Mari-
time Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria, I.C.J. Reports 1994,
p. 104).In fact, the text of "the decision that the Court is asked to hand
down" read out by the Registrar of the Court, at the President's request,
at the beginning of the oral pleadings on 2 March 1998 wastaken only
from SectionV ("Decision Requested")as it appears in both Application-1

and Application-II. The "submissions" made by Cameroon in its Memo-
rial were not even mentioned on that day in the Registrar's statement.
The main part of the "submissions" contained in Cameroon's Memo-rial is quoted in part below (the full text is quoted in the Judgment, para-
graph 18).Cameroon requests the Court

"to adjudge and declare:

(a) That the lake and land boundary between Cameroon and
Nigeria takes the following course :[Cameroon indicates a line
from Lake Chad to the sea reflectingthe allegedexistingbound-
ary provided for by treaties or international documents].

(b) That notably, therefore, sovereignty over the Peninsula of
Bakassi and over the disputed parce1occupied by Nigeria in the
area of Lake Chad, in particular over Darak and its region, is
Cameroonian.
(c) That the boundary of the maritime zones appertaining respec-
tively to [Cameroon] and to [Nigeria] follows the following
course: [Cameroon indicates (1) a line covering the offshore
area provided for in the 1975 Maroua Declaration (first sub-

paragraph of submission (c)) and (2)a line beyond the offshore
area, as indicated above, for the delimitation of the exclusive
economic zone and the continental shelf (second subparagraph
of submission (c))].
(d) That by contesting the courses of the boundary defined above
under (a) and (c), [Nigeria] has violated and is violating the
fundamental principle of respect for frontiers inherited from
colonization (uti possidetis juris) and its legal commitments
concerningthe demarcation of frontiers in Lake Chad and land
and maritime delimitation.
(e) That by using force against [Cameroon] and, in particular, by
militarily occupying parcels of Cameroonian territory in the
area of Lake Chad and the Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi,
and by making repeated incursions, both civilian and military,
al1along the boundary between the two countries, [Nigeria]has

violated and is violating its obligations under international
treaty law and customary law.
(f) That [Nigeria]has the expressduty of putting an end to its civil-
ian and military presence in Cameroonian territory and, in par-
ticular, of effectingan immediateand unconditional withdrawal
of its troops from the occupied area of Lake Chad and from the
Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi and of refraining from such
acts in the future;
(g) That the internationally wrongful acts referred to above and
described in detail in the body of this Memorial involve the
responsibility of [Nigeria].
(h) That, consequently, and on account of the material and non-
material damage inflicted upon [Cameroon], reparation in a
form to be determined by the Court is due from [Nigeria] to

[Cameroon]." (Memorial of Cameroon, Vol. 1, pp. 669-671.) 13. As in the Section entitled "Decision Requested" in Application-1
and Application-II, these eight submissions ((a)-(h)) in the 1995Memo-
rial are complex and presented in a complicatedmanner. 1am somewhat
surprised to find that these "submissions" do not correspond particularly
wellto the "Decision Requested" (SectionV) in Application-1and Appli-
cation-II; nor does what Cameroon asks the Court to adjudge and
declare, in its 1995 Memorial, even constitute an amendment to the
"Decision Requested" in the 1994Applications. It is thus difficult, given
this confused presentation, to ascertain Cameroon's real intentions in
bringing the present case before the Court.
Accordingly, 1 consider that Cameroon has failed to formulate
adequatelythe issuesset out under the title "Subject of the Dispute" (Sec-

tion 1)and "Decision Requested" (SectionV) in Application-1and Appli-
cation-II, respectively, which issuescould have been, and indeed should
have been, amplified in the "submissions" made in the Memorial. In my
view Cameroon's claims require clarification, and in effect the Court is
having to make good the apparent irregularities in the Applications and
in the "submissions" so that they may be presented in a proper form.
14. Careful examination of the submissions discloses the following
inconsistencies on points of details. Firstly, 1note that

- submission (a) concerning the lake and land boundary corresponds
to item (f) of Section V ("Decision Requested") of Application-II;
- submission (c), second subparagraph, concerning the boundary of
the maritime zone (exclusive economic zone and continental shelf)
corresponds to a part ofitem (f) of SectionV ("Decision Requested")
of Application-1,

and that by these submissionsCameroon simplyasksthe Court to specijy
a boundary line either on land or ut sea. Submission (c), first subpara-
graph, concerningthe boundary in the offshore area is not mentioned at
al1in the 1994Application and Cameroon further contends in this con-
nection in submission (d) that Nigeria, by contesting the course put

fonvard by Cameroon in submissions (a) and (c), has violated and is
violating the interests of Cameroon.
15. Secondly, 1note that the submissionsalso includethe actualbound-
ary disputes, which constitute "legal disputes". Thus:

- submission (b), concerning the sovereignty over the Bakassi Penin-
sula and over the parce1in the area of Lake Chad, in particular over
Darak and its region, corresponds to the seven items (a) to (e")
inclusivein SectionV ("Decision Requested") of Application-1and to
the sixitems (a) to (d) inclusivein SectionV ("Decision Requested")
of Application-II, respectively ;
- submission (e), referring to repeated incursions al1along the bound-
ary between the two countries, corresponds to the allegation set out
in item (f) in Section V ("Decision Requested") of Application-II, namely that Nigeria, by using force against Cameroon and, in par-
ticular, by militarily occupying parcels of Cameroonian territory in
the area of Lake Chad and the Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi,
and by making repeated incursions al1along the boundary between
the two countries "has violated and is violating its obligationsr
international treaty law and customary law";
- submissions (e), (f), (g) and (h), concerningthe alleged violation by
Nigeria of its obligations under international law, the removal by
Nigeria of "its military presence", the alleged "responsibility" to be
borne by Nigeria, and the payment of "reparation", which areessen-
tially related to the "legal disputes" as mentioned above, are in fact
referred to in itemsb) to (e") of Section V ("Decision Requested")

of Application-1and also in items(b) to (e') of Section V of Appli-
cation-II.

III.REQUES TOR DELIMITATIO ON A BOUNDARL YINE

16. As stated above, in a part of its Application Cameroon requests
the Court to specify the boundary line with Nigeria both at sea and on
land, and to prolong the maritime boundary.

1. The Drawing of a Maritime Boundary

17. My Jirst main point is the issue of maritime matters. In this
respect, Cameroon's Application and "submissions" are not entirely con-
sistent. In its 1994Application-1, Cameroon "[iln order to prevent any
dispute between the two States concerning their maritime boundary"
requests the Court

"to proceed to prolong the course of its maritime boundary with
[Nigeria] up to the limit of the maritime zones which international
law placesunder their respectivejurisdictions" (Section V, item ;f)
emphasis added).
This is clearly a request solelyfor delimitation of the exclusiveeconomic

zone and the continental shelf between Cameroon and Nigeria in the
Gulf of Guinea.
In contrast, in submission (c) of its 1995 Memorial, Cameroon not
only refers to the question of the delimitation of the exclusiveeconomic
zone and the continental shelf beyond those narrow coastal areas in
the Gulf of Guinea (second subparagraph of submission (c)) but also
asks the Court to declare the course of the boundary in the areas at the
mouth of the Cross River close to the coast (first subparagraph of sub-
mission (c)).
18. Maritime delimitation in the mouth of the Cross River. The delimi-
tation in the offshore area at the mouth of the Cross River dependsentirely on which country, either Cameroon or Nigeria, has sovereignty
over the Bakassi Peninsula. The delimitation line down to point G, as
indicated by Cameroon pursuant to the Maroua Declaration of 1975,is
based on the firm assumption that the Bakassi Peninsula is in Cameroon-
ian territory.

It may well be that Cameroon's maritime boundary in the mouth of
the Cross River could only be challenged by Nigeria in connection with

its allegedclaim to sovereignty over the Bakassi Peninsula. Otherwise the
maritime boundary in the mouth of the Cross River could not be a "legal
dispute". Unless the territoriality of that region is settled, the question
of the maritime delimitation in this coastal sea area would obviously
be meaningless. 1 repeat that submission (c), first subparagraph, is not
per sea subject that may be presented to this Court.

Incidentally, though, 1 should like to reiterate that this issue concern-
ing the frontier in the coastal sea areas in the mouth of the Cross River
was not referred to or mentioned at al1in the 1994Application-1.
19. Maritime delimitation in the Gulf of Guinea. The delimitation of
the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf between neigh-
bouring States beyond the limit of their territorialseas also cannot be an
issue in the present caseunless, as in the case of the offshore areas in the
mouth of the Cross River, as mentioned above, the land boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria at the Coast is settled by those neigh-
bouring States. More concretely, the issue of maritime delimitation in the
whole vast area of the Gulf of Guinea cannot arise independently of the

territoriality of the Bakassi Peninsula. In fact the Parties have not even
negotiated on such a delimitation, and no "legal dispute" has ever arisen
between the two States on the delimitation of the exclusive economic
zone and the continental shelf.

20. More generally, the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone
and the continental shelf shall, according to the 1982 United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea, be "effected by agreement on the
basis of international law . .. in order to achieve an equitable solution"
(Arts. 74 and 83).
In the event that a delimitation of the maritime boundary line for the
exclusive economic zone or the continental shelf is required between
neighbouringStates, the firm wishesof the parties to delimit their respec-
tive areas must in general exist, and negotiation must be continued for
this purpose. The relevant parties, after negotiation, may determine the
line by agreement and, if they fail to agree, they may then seek a third-
party judgment. However, the mere fact that the parties have not been
able to reach agreement on the delimitation in their negotiations does not

constitute a "legal dispute".

21. There has been no negotiation between Cameroon and Nigeriawith a view to deciding on the delimitation of the exclusive economic
zone and the continental shelf, nor has a "legal dispute" arisen between
Cameroon and Nigeriawhichmight fa11within thepurviewof Article36(2)
of the Court's Statute.
If the Court considers that Cameroon's Application concerning the
delimitation of the exclusiveeconomic zone and the continental shelf can

be entertained on the grounds that there is a "legal dispute" under the
circumstances appertaining to this case, then there will behundreds of
similar disputes that could be brought to the Court from al1parts of the
world.
22. Over the past 20 years, 1 have made known my belief that mari-
time delimitation may be dealt with more properly by recourse to arbitra-
tion than to judicial settlement. However, 1concede that the Court can-
not, in principle, refuseto receivea request for demarcation of a maritime
boundary ifthat request ismadejointly by the parties. It should be noted
that delimitation cases have in the past been brought to the Court by
specialagreementunder Article36(1)of the Court's Statute - namely,the
cases concerning the North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic
of GermanylDenmark;FederalRepublicof GermanylNetherlands) ;the case
concerningthe ContinentalShelf (TunisialLibyan Arab Jamahiriya) ;the

case concerningthe Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab JamahiriyalMalta) ;
the chamber case concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in
the Gulf of Maine Area (CanadalUnited States of America) ; the cham-
ber case concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkina FasolRepublic of
Mali); and the chamber case concerning Land, Island and Maritime
Frontier Dispute (El SalvadorlHonduras) .
23. In conclusion, Cameroon's request that the Court specify the
boundary or prolong the maritime boundary stated in item (f) of Sec-
tion V ("Decision Requested") of Application-1and in submission (c),
both first and second subparagraphs, is not a matter that can be uni-
laterally presented to the Court. The Court should have refused Cam-
eroon's request, as mentioned above, as it is not competent to entertain
such a unilateral application.

2. Lake and Land Boundary

24. The second main point that 1would like to take up in connection
with the drawing of a boundary line is the issue of the lake and land
boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria. Item (f) of Section V ("Deci-
sion Requested") in Application-II states:

"[tlhat in view of the repeated incursions of Nigerian groups and
armed forces into Cameroonian territory, al1 along the frontier
between the two countries, the consequent grave and repeated inci-
dents, and the vacillating and contradictory attitude of [Nigeria]in
regard to the legal instruments defining the frontier between the two countries and the exact course of that frontier, [Cameroon] respect-
fully asks the Court to specify dejînitively the frontier between

Cameroon and [Nigeria] from Lake Chad to the sea" (emphasis
added).

In submission (a) Cameroon requests the Court "to adjudge and declare
. . .that the lake and land boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
takes the . . .course [as indicated by Cameroon in concrete terms]".
25. The fact is that there have occurredcertain incidents of tresDassbv
Nigerian armed forces or authorities into the border areas which ~a&-
eroon claims to be its own territory, as demarcated by the existingdemar-
cation line interpreted from the diplomatic documents or historical facts.
Such disputes have been reported in a certain parce1in the area of Lake
Chad and in the Bakassi Peninsula, as well as in certain other border
areas.
Cameroon deems al1the incidents reported in these areas to be simply
trespass in its territory by Nigeria. By contrast, Nigeria may certainly
refuse to accept that these incidents were trespass and may consider that
the areas or locations where the incidentsoccurred were its own territory.

These are examples of typical boundary disputes that constitute "legal
disputes" and, when a "legal dispute" concerning boundary incidents is
filedwith the Court Registry,the Court would certainly need to ascertain
whether the boundary claimed by the Applicant has been violated and
whether historically or legally itis the legitimate boundary.

However, Cameroon's request that the Court definitively specifythe
frontier in the lake and on land is quite a different matter. Cameroon's
contentions should not have concerned the demarcationof the boundary
line.
The simple fact that one State wishes to specifythe frontier between it
and a neighbouring State does not constitute a "legal dispute" between
those States. Cameroon's unilateral request for a boundary line to be
indicated between its territory and Nigeria's from Lake Chad to the sea
cannot be regarded as constituting a "legal dispute", in terms of
Article 36 (2) of the Statute, which may be presented unilaterally to

the International Court of Justice for its adjudication.
26. 1do not deny that the International Court of Justice is competent
to undertake the indication of a boundary line if States refer such a mat-
ter to it under Article 36(1) of the Statute. If Cameroon had wished,with
the concurrence of Nigeria, to revise its boundary which it claimed as
legitimate on the basis of legal or historicaltitle, it could havene so by
means of negotiations with the latter. If such negotiations failed, the
parties would then certainly be freeto seeka decisionof the International
Court of Justice by agreement. However, this case does not come under
that category. 3. Part III - Conclusion

27. In concluding my argument in sections 1 and 2 of part III above,
1am bound to point out, first of all, that the Court's decisions requested
in item (f) of SectionV of Cameroon's Application-1and Application-II,
respectively,and in submissions (c) and (a) in the Cameroonian Memo-
rial, namely, to specify the course of a boundary line or the frontier -
either at sea or on land - between Cameroon and Nigeria, cannot be a

subject to be presented unilaterally to this Court. This is far different
from a "legal dispute" which can be the object of a unilateral application
in a case between States which have both accepted the compulsory juris-
diction of the Court under Article 36 (2) of the Statute.

It is not a function of any judicial organ to accede to a unilateral
request for the demarcation of a boundary line, which cannot be deemed
to constitute a "legal dispute", as the issues which may bebrought uni-
laterallyunder Article 36(2)of the Statute are limited to "legal disputes".

28. In this respect, item (f) of Section V ("Decision Requested") in
both Application-1and Application-II, as wellas submissions (c) and (a)
in the Memorial, should be set aside. In other words, Cameroon's request
that the Court indicate a boundary line, either at sea or on land, cannot
be considered as falling within the purview of the Court's jurisdiction.
As 1consider that Nigeria's fourth, fifth, seventh and eighth objections
relate to this point in that respect,voted in support of those objections.

IV. THELEGAL DISPUTEW SHICHMAYBESUBMITTED
TO THE COURT

29. The only part of Cameroon's Application which can be regarded
as being the presentation of a "legal dispute" under Article 36 (2) of the
Statute - which the Court has jurisdiction to entertain - is related to
actual incidents which took place as territorial and boundary disputes in
the border lands between the two States.

1 would suggest that in the present case Cameroon's Applications

should have been related to the following "legal disputes" :
(1) as regards the Bakassi Peninsula, which territory Cameroon claims
to be its own, a great number of intrusions by Nigerian authorities
has been reported as indicated in items (a) to (e") of Section V
("Decision Requested") of Application-1;

(2) as regards Lake Chad, which is divided among the four countries
that border on its shores, Cameroon described some incursions by Nigerian authorities into its parce1in that area, as indicated in items
(a) to (e') of Section V ("Decision Requested") of Application-II;
and,

(3) as regards the certain border areas from Lake Chad to the sea, Cam-
eroon describes incursions as referred to in item (f) of Section V
("Decision Requested") of Application-II.
30. These threemain issues,as indicated above and as demonstrated in
Application-1 and Application-II, are again presented in the "submis-
sions" of the Memorial in the following manner :

"[Cameroon] ... request[s]that the Court ...adjudgeand declare :
.............................
(b) That notably ... sovereigntyover the Peninsula of Bakassi and
over the disputed parce1 occupied by Nigeria in the area of
Lake Chad, in particular over Darak and its region, is Cam-
eroonian.
.............................

(e) That by using force against [Cameroon] and, in particular, by
militarily occupying parcels of Cameroonian territory in the
area of Lake Chad and the Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi,
and by making repeated incursions, both civilian and military,
al1along the boundary between the two countries, [Nigeria]has
violated and is violating its obligations under international
treaty law and customary law."
In connection with these incidents of trespass, Cameroon contended that

Nigeria should bear responsibility and should pay reparation for the
repeated incursions into those areas.
31. 1conclude that the Court has jurisdiction to entertain Cameroon's
Applications relating to the "legal disputes" arising out of the alleged
intrusion by Nigeria into the territory in which Cameroon is allegedly
entitled to sovereignty and territoriality; in other words, by the alleged
violation by Nigeria of Cameroon's sovereignty in the Bakassi Peninsula
and in a certain parce1in the area of Lake Chad, as well as in certain
other border areas.
The issues of whether or not Nigeria has trespassed on territory
claimed by Cameroon, namely in the Bakassi Peninsula and in the area of
Lake Chad and elsewhere,and, in other words, whether or not the rele-
vant areas where such trespass is alleged to have occurred were Cam-
eroon's territory at the time of the incidents, and thus whether Nigeria
has breached Cameroon's rights, and must bear responsibility and pay
reparation for such breach, should certainly constitute the substance of
the merits at a later stage of the proceedings in the present case. It would
be open to Nigeria to lay claim to such areas on the basis of whatever
diplomatic or historical facts might be available to it, and such a situa-
tion would be capable of constituting a "legal dispute". 32. It may not be necessary to draw any conclusions in addition to
what 1 have stated above. However, if 1 may repeat myself, Cameroon
cannotbring unilaterally to the Court a case concerning simple demarca-
tion of a boundary line either on land or at sea. In contrast, the alleged
incursion by Nigeria into the alleged territory of Cameroon, for which
violation of international law Nigeria may be responsible and may be
liable to pay reparation, is the kind of "legal dispute" that can be uni-
laterally brought to the Court by Cameroon. The question of whether or
not the boundary line which Cameroon has claimed is legitimate should
be decided by the Court at the merits phase but, 1repeat, that should not
be a question of the simple demarcation of a boundary line between two
States.

33. In connection with Cameroon's Application, Nigeria certainly is
free to challenge the jurisdiction of the Court to entertain that Applica-

tion and its admissibility. Nigeria in fact did so.submit, however, that
apart from Nigeria's objection to the Court's jurisdiction (first prelimi-
nary objection), most of the objections raised by that Party concerning
the border incidentsand the borderline of the territory (second, third and
sixth preliminary objections) are matters that should be dealt with at the
merits phase.

(Signed) Shigeru ODA.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ODA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

1-4

II. CAMEROON A'SPLICATION AWHOLE 5-15
1. The structure of Cameroon's 1994Application 6-11
2. The submissionscontained in Cameroon's 1995Memorial 12-15

III.REQUES TORDELIMITATI ONA BOUNDAR LINE

1. The drawing of a maritime boundary
2. Lake and land boundary
3. Part I-IConclusion

IV. THELEGAL DISPUTEWSHICH MAYBE SUBMITTE TDTHE COURT 29-31 OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. ODA

[Traduction]

TABLE DES MATIÈRES

Paragraphes
1-4

II.LA DEMANDE DU CAMEROU NANS SON ENSEMBLE 5-15

1. La structure de la requêtedu Cameroun de 1994 6-11
2. Lesconclusionsénoncéedsans le mémoiredu Cameroun de 1995 12-15

III. LADEMANDE DE DÉLIMITATION DELA FRONTIÈRE
1. La délimitation d'une frontière maritime
2. La frontièrelacustre et terrestre

3. Conclusion de la présentepartie

IV. LES DIFFÉRENDS D'ORDRE JURIDIQUE SUSCEPTIBLES D'SOUMIS
À LACOUR 29-31 1. 1 voted in favour of subparagraph 3, as well as of subpara-
graph 1 (a), of the operative part of the Judgment, as 1 agree that the
Court, on the basis of Article 36 (2) of the Court's Statute, has jurisdic-
tion to adjudicate upon certain of the issues unilaterally presented by
Cameroon. 1 share the view expressed in the Judgment concerning the
interpretation and application of the Optional Clause of the Statute.

1 have given this opinion the title of "separate" opinion, rather than
"dissenting" opinion, mainly because, in spite of my negative votes on
some points relating to admissibility, 1 support, in general, the Court's
jurisdiction to entertain certain of the claims in Cameroon's Applica-
tions.
2. 1also voted in favour of subparagraph 4, as 1believethat some, but
not all, of the issuesin the Application are admissible. But 1cast my vote
on some of the subsections of subparagraph 1 and on subparagraph 2
reluctantly, as the Judges are not permitted, for any reason whatsoever,
to abstain from voting on the operative part of the Judgment. Otherwise
1 would have abstained from voting on certain of Nigeria's objections
relating to the admissibility of Cameroon's Application on the ground
that Cameroon's claims were presented in a somewhat irregular way, as
1 shall explain later, while Nigeria's objections do not necessarily corre-
spond to those claims and do not appear to have been formulated in a
proper manner.
Thus, in seeking, both in the Judgment as a whole and in its operative
part, todeal with Nigeria's objections in isolation, the Court has adopted

an approach which, in my view, isnot wholly adequate.
3. Cameroon's Application lacks precision and some parts of it do not,
in my view, constitute a claim which may properly be presented to the
Court by a unilateral application of one of the parties to a dispute.
Among the contentions that Cameroon has made, only some very limited
issues can be deemed as falling within the purview of the Court's jurisdic-
tion. Just as Cameroon's Application lacks precision and is inadequate,
so Nigeria's objections are also quite irregular.

The question of whether or not Cameroon's Application is admissible
falls irrefutably within the competence of the Court. Although the Court
is still at thejurisdictional phase due to Nigeria'spresentation ofprelimi-
nary objections, it does not necessarily have to restrict itself to a discus-
sion of Nigeria's objections,but must also examine more carefully, on its
own initiative, the substance of Cameroon's Application.
In addition, Nigeria, in raising a number of preliminary objections,
seems to have confused the question of admissibility of the claims with
the matters to be argued at the merits stage. Thus the Court is faced with

an extremely difficult situation at thisjurisdictional stage of the case.

4. TheCourt should have attemptedproprio motu to scrutinizewhether FRONTIERE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (OP.IND. ODA) 329

1. J'ai votépour l'alinéa3 ainsi que pour l'alinéa1a) du dispositif de
l'arrêt carje suis d'accord pour considérerque la Cour, sur la base du
paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 de son Statut, a compétencepour statuer sur
certaines des questions qui lui ont été soumisesunilatéralement par le
Cameroun. Je partage le point de vue exprimédans l'arrêt concernant
l'interprétationet l'application de la clause facultative du Statut.
Si j'ai qualifiéla présenteopinion d'«individuelle» et non de ((dissi-
dente», c'estprincipalement parce que, bien qu'ayant voté négativement
sur certains points relatifsà la recevabilité,je souscris d'une manière
générale à l'idéeque la Cour a compétencepour connaître de certaines

des demandes présentéesdans la requêtedu Cameroun.
2. J'ai égalementvoté pour l'alinéa4 du dispositif de l'arrêtparce que
j'estime que certains des points de la requête,mais non tous, sont rece-
vables. Mais, sur certains sous-alinéasde l'alinéa et sur l'alinéa2, j'ai
exprimémon vote avec réticence,car lesjuges ne peuvent, pour quelque
raison que ce soit, s'abstenir de voter sur le dispositif de l'arrêt.Si tel
n'avait pas étéle cas,je me serais abstenu sur certaines des exceptions du
Nigériaayant trait à la recevabilitéde la requêtedu Cameroun, car la
présentation des demandes du Cameroun est quelque peu irrégulière,
comme je l'expliquerai plus loin, cependant que les exceptions soulevées
par le Nigériane correspondent pas toujours auxdites demandes et ne

paraissent pas formuléesen des termes appropriés.
Ainsi. la démarchesuivie Darla Cour dans Sensemblede l'arrêtcomme
dans le dispositif, consistaàttraiter chacune des exceptions du Nigéria
isolément,n'est pas selon moi entièrement satisfaisante.
3. La requêtedu Cameroun manque de précision et, sur certains
points,ne constituepas, à mon avis, une demande susceptibled'êtresou-
mise à la Cour par la voie d'une requêteunilatéralepar l'une des parties
à un différend.Parmi les prétentionsformuléespar le Cameroun, seules
quelques questionstrès limitéespeuvent êtreconsidérées comme relevant
de la compétencede la Cour. De mêmeque la requêteest impréciseet
inadéquate,les exceptions soulevéespar le Nigériasont elles aussi assez
irrégulières.

La question de savoir si la requête du Camerounest ou non recevable
relèveindiscutablement de la compétencede la Cour. Mêmesil'affaireen
est encore à la phase de la compétence en raison de la présentation
d'exceptions préliminairespar le Nigéria,la Cour n'est pas tenue de se
limiterà traiter de ces exceptions, et doit aussi examiner de plus près,de
sa propre initiative, le fond de la requête du Cameroun.
En outre, dans plusieurs des exceptions qu'il a soulevées,le Nigéria
semble avoir fait une confusion entre la question de la recevabilité des
demandes et lesaspects qui devrontêtreexaminésau stade du fond. Ainsi
la Cour se trouve confrontée à une situation extrêmementdifficile à ce
stade de l'affaire qui concerne la compétence.

4. La Cour aurait dû - en se référant auxexceptions du Nigériaouor not any of Cameroon's claims made in its Application are admissible
- with or without reference to Nigeria's objections.

II. CAMEROONA 'PPLICATION AS A WHOLE

5. Cameroon's position has lacked clarityfrom the outset. Its Applica-
tion appears to me to be so irregular that, from the standpoint of the
Court, it should only have been receivedafter a number of modifications.
1shall begin with an examination of the irregular aspects of Cameroon's
Application itself, which causes us somuch difficulty in dealing with the
present case.

1. The Structure of Cameroon's1994 Application

6. On examination of the various Court documents, 1 note that on
29 March 1994Cameroon filed with the Registry an "Application insti-
tuting proceedings" and on 6June 1994an "Application additional to the
Application instituting proceedings". Having heard Cameroon's wishes,
and having also ascertained that Nigeria "had no objection to the Addi-
tional Application being treated, in accordance with the wishesexpressed
by Cameroon, as an amendment to the initial Application" (emphasis
added), the Court decided, on 16June 1994,to deal with these two origi-
nally distinct Applications as a singlecase (see Judgment, para. 5).

7. The Court's document entitled "Application instituting proceedings

filed in the Registry of the Court on 29 March 1994 - Land and Mari-
time Boundary between Cameroonand Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria)"
(bearing the legend "1994General List No. 94") contains:

(1) the letter of the Cameroonian Ambassador to the Netherlands,
addressed to the Registrar, dated 28 March 1994(p. 3);

(II) the "Application instituting proceedings" (undated but filed in the
Registry on 29 March 1994)(hereinafter referred to as "Applica-
tion-In) (p. 5); and
(III) the "Application additional to the Application institutingproceed-
ings brought by the Republic of Cameroon filed in the Registry of
the Court on 29 March 1994" (on which no date is indicated but
which wasactually filedin the Registry on 6June 1994)(hereinafter
referred to as "Application-II") (p. 77).

The confused structure of these documents produced by the Court
conveys an impression of the irregularity of the case.
8. The two Applications, Application-1 and Application-II, each con-
sist of fivesections (the titles of whichare identical in both Applications),
namely,Section 1("Subject of the Dispute"), SectionII ("The Facts"), Sec-
tion III ("The Jurisdiction of the Court"), SectionIV ("The LegalGroundsnon - tenter d'examinerproprio motu si certaines demandes formulées

par le Cameroun dans sa requête sontrecevables.

II. LA DEMANDE DU CAMEROU DANS SON ENSEMBLE

5. La position du Cameroun a d'embléemanqué de clarté. La requête
qu'il a présentéeme paraît si irrégulièreque, du point de vue de la Cour,
il n'aurait fallu accepter de la recevoir qu'après qu'elle eut fait l'objet
d'un certain nombre de modifications.Je commencerai par examiner les
irrégularitésdela requêtemême,qui nous causent tant de difficultésdans
l'examen dela présenteaffaire.

1. La structure de la requête du Cameroun de 1994

6. L'examen des divers documents publiéspar la Cour fait apparaître
que le Cameroun a déposéauprès du Greffe, le 29 mars 1994, une
((Requêteintroductive d'instance))et, le6juin 1994,une ((Requêteaddi-
tionnelle à la requête introductive d'instance)). Informéedes vŒux du
Cameroun, et ayant établi que le Nigériane voyait «pas ...d'objectionà
ce que la requêteadditionnellesoit traitée, ainsiquele Cameroun en avait
exprimé lesouhait, comme un amendement à la requête initiale))(lesita-
liques sont demoi), la Cour a décidél,e 16juin 1994,d'examinercesdeux

requêtesinitialementdistinctesen une seuleet mêmeinstance (voir arrêt,
par. 5).
7. Le document de la Cour intitulé ((Requête introductive d'instance
enregistréeau Greffe de la Cour le 29 mars 1994 - Frontièreterrestre et
maritime entre le Camerounet le Nigéria(Cameroun c. Nigéria)» (qui
porte l'indication «1994, rôle généralno 94))) contient les pièces sui-
vantes :

1) la lettre datée du 28 mars 1994,adresséeau greffierpar l'ambassa-
deur du Cameroun aux Pays-Bas (p. 2)'
II) la ((Requêteintroductived'instance))(non datée,mais enregistréeau
Greffede la Cour le 29mars 1994)(ci-aprèsdénommée((requête 1)))
(P. 4)?
III) la ((Requêteadditionnelle à la requête introductive d'instancede la
Républiquedu Cameroun déposéeau Greffe de la Cour le 29mars
1994))(qui ne porte pas de date mais a en fait étéenregistréeau
Greffe le6juin 1994)(ci-après dénommé( e(requêteII») (p. 76).

Cette structure qui prête à confusion des documents publiéspar la
Cour donne une impression d'irrégularité de l'affaire.
8. Les deux requêtes - la requête1et la requêteII -comportent cha-
cune cinq sections(dont les titres sont identiquesdans les deux requêtes),

à savoir: ((1.Objet du différend));«II. Exposé desfaits»; ((III. Compé-
tence de la Cour)); «IV. Les moyens de droit invoquéspar [le]Came-upon Which Cameroon Bases Its Case") and Section V ("Decision
Requested"). In each Application, the content of Section III is approxi-
mately the same. In each case the Sectionindicates, explicitlyor implicitly
if not in identicalterms, that both Parties have accepted the Court'som-
pulsory jurisdiction in conformity with Article 36(2)of the Statute, with-
out any reservation. By contrast, the other four Sections in both Appli-
cation-1and Application-II tend to complement one another.
9.Application-I. In Section 1("Subject of the Dispute"), paragraphs 1

and 2 deal with the disputes relating essentially to the question of
sovereignty over the Bakassi Peninsula, whereas paragraph 3, without
referring to any particular dispute, mentions simply the issueof the mari-
time boundary in the Gulf of Guinea beyond the terminal point (namely
point G) of the boundary line alleged by Cameroon in the mouth of the
Cross River.
Section II ("The Facts") traces the history over the past century of
some parts of the boundary in the so-called "hinterland" including the
Bakassi Peninsula. Mention is made solely of the land area, particularly
the Bakassi Peninsula. If any frontier incidents or aggressions are men-
tioned here, they are limited mainly to the Bakassi Peninsula.The subject
of maritime delimitation is not mentioned at al1in this section.

In Section IV ("The Legal Grounds upon Which Cameroon Bases
Its Case") a great deal is said concerning Nigeria's impairment of
Cameroon7s sovereignty and territorial integrity, mainly in the Bakassi
Peninsula, and Nigeria's violation of the prohibition of the use of force.
There is no mention of the maritime boundary in this section either.

In Section V ("Decision Requested") al1the seven items (a), (b), (c),
(d), (e), (e') and (e"), which are quoted in full in paragraph 16 of the
Judgment, and on which Cameroon asks the Court to adjudge and
declare,appear to relate to questionsand incidentsconcerningthe Bakassi
Peninsula. Only in item (f) does Cameroon, "[iln order to prevent any
dispute arising between the two States", request the Court "to proceed to
prolong the course of its maritimeboundary with migeria] up to the limit
of the maritime zones which international law places under the respective
jurisdictions", in other words, the course of the boundary of the conti-
nental shelf and the exclusiveeconomic zone within the Gulf of Guinea.

Most of the issuesmentioned throughout Application-1, except for the
maritime delimitation in the Gulf of Guinea, are related mainly to the
border incidents in the Bakassi Peninsula.Those issuesseemto constitute
the real "legal dispute" between the two States for which interim meas-
ures were indicated by the Court in 1996(Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria, Provisional Measures, Order of
15 March 1996, 1.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 11).

It may be observed that Sections 1, II, IV and V, entitled "Subject ofroun)); et «V. Décisiondemandée)).Dans les deux requêtes,le contenu
de la section III est peu prèslemême.Il y est indiqué, de façonexplicite

ou implicite sinon en termes identiques, que les deux Parties ont accepté
la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour conformémentau paragraphe 2 de
l'article 36 du Statut, sans aucune réserve.En revanche, pour les quatre
autres sections, les requêtes1 et II ont tendance à être complémentaires
l'une de l'autre.
9. Requête 1. Dans la section 1 («Objet du différend»), les para-
graphes 1et 2 traitent essentiellementdu différend relatàfla question de
la souverainetésur la presqu'île de Bakassi, tandis que le paragraphe 3,
sans faire étatd'un différendparticulier, mentionne simplement la ques-
tion de la frontière maritime dans le golfe de Guinée au-delà du point
terminal (dit point G) de la ligne de délimitationalléguée par le Came-
roun à l'embouchure de la Cross River.
La section II («Exposédes faits)))retrace l'histoire,au cours du dernier
siècle,de certaines parties de la frontière dans ce qu'on a appelé l'«hin-

terland)), y compris la presqu'île de Bakassi.l n'y est question que de la
zone terrestre, en particulier de la presqu'îlede Bakassi. Chaque fois qu'il
est fait mention dans cette section d'incidents ou d'agressions frontaliers,
ils sont limitéspour l'essentiel la presqu'île de Bakassi. La question de
la délimitation maritime n'y est nulle part mentionnée.
Dans la section IV («Les moyens de droit invoquéspar [le] Came-
roun))),de longs développements sont consacrésaux atteintes portées par
leNigéria àla souverainetéet à l'intégritterritoriale du Cameroun, prin-
cipalement dans la presqu'île de Bakassi, et à la violation par le Nigéria
de l'interdiction du recoursà la force. Il n'est pas non plus question dans
cette section de la frontière maritime.
Dans la section V (((Décisiondemandée))),les sept points a), b), c),
d),e), e') et e"), qui sont citésin extenso au paragraphe 16de l'arrêt, et
au sujet desquelsle Cameroun prie la Cour de dire et juger, semblent tous

se rapporter à des questions et des incidents concernant la presqu'île de
Bakassi. C'est seulement au point f) que le Cameroun, «[alfind'éviterla
survenancede tout différendentre les deux Etats »,prie la Cour «de pro-
céderau prolongement du tracéde sa frontière maritime avec [le]Nigéria
jusqu'à la limite des zones maritimesque le droit international place sous
leur juridiction respective)),autrement dit de procéder à la délimitation
du plateau continental et de la zoneéconomique exclusivede chaque Etat
dans le golfe de Guinée.
La plupart des questions mentionnéesdans l'ensemblede la requête 1,
hormis celle qui concerne la délimitation maritime dans le golfe de Gui-
née,ont trait essentiellement aux incidents frontaliers survenus dans la
presqu'île de Bakassi. Ce sont ces questions qui paraissent constituer
entre lesdeux Etats le véritable((différendd'ordre juridique))pour lequel

des mesures conservatoires ont étéindiquéespar la Cour en 1996 (Fron-
tière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria, mesures
conservatoires, ordonnance du15 mars 1996, C.I.J. Recueil 1996, p. 11).
On peut donc constater que les sections 1,II, IV et V, intituléesrespec-the Dispute", "The Facts", "The Legal Grounds" and "Decision
Requested", respectively, are thus presented in a random fashion.
10. Application-II. Section 1("Subject of the Dispute") deals with the
question relating to Lake Chad, but in that same section Cameroon
refers to the course of the boundary from Lake Chad to the sea. It is said
that Nigeria's challenge to Cameroon's sovereignty took the form of
"a massive introduction of Nigerian nationals into the disputed area,

followed by an introduction of Nigerian security forces".
In Section II ("The Facts") most of the discussion is devoted to the
subject of Lake Chad, but reference is also made in paragraph 6 to the
"illegal and massive presence" of Nigerian nationals in various parts
along the boundary from Lake Chad to the sea. In paragraph 7 the pro-
longed presenceof the Nigerian security forcesismentioned only in Cam-
eroon's part of Lake Chad.

In Section IV ("The Legal Grounds upon Which Cameroon Bases Its
Case") Nigeria's alleged occupation of the territory of Cameroon is men-
tioned extensively,but this concerns only the part of Cameroon in Lake
Chad.
Under Section V ("Decision Requested"), the six items (a), (b),(c),
(d), (e) and (e') (which are quoted in full in paragraph 17of the Judg-
ment) seem to relate only to Lake Chad, but in item (f) Cameroon
requests that the Court specify thefrontier "from Lake Chad to the sea"
in view of the repeated incursions of Nigeria into Cameroon's territory.
In Application-II, as with Application-1, the four Sections1,II, IV and

V, entitled "Subject of the Dispute", "The Facts", "The Legal Grounds",
and "Decision Requested", respectively, are presented in a random
fashion.
11. It should also be noted that, because of the random fashion of
presentation and the irregular nature of each corresponding section of
Application-1 and Application-II (except for Section III ("The Jurisdic-
tion of the Court"), the sections are not sufficiently interrelated. This
makes the present case extremelycomplicated,and a proper understand-
ing of the issues involved very difficult.

2. The Submissions Contained in Cameroon's 1995Memorial

12. On 16 March 1995Cameroon filed its Memorial within the time-
limit prescribed in the Court's Order dated 16June 1994(Land and Mari-
time Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria, I.C.J. Reports 1994,
p. 104).In fact, the text of "the decision that the Court is asked to hand
down" read out by the Registrar of the Court, at the President's request,
at the beginning of the oral pleadings on 2 March 1998 wastaken only
from SectionV ("Decision Requested")as it appears in both Application-1

and Application-II. The "submissions" made by Cameroon in its Memo-
rial were not even mentioned on that day in the Registrar's statement.
The main part of the "submissions" contained in Cameroon's Memo- FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (OP.IND.ODA) 332

tivement ((Objet du différend)), ((Exposédes faits)), «Les moyens de

droit)) et ((Décisiondemandée)),sont présentéesde façon désordonnée.
10. RequêteII. La section 1 (((Objetdu différend») porte sur la ques-
tion du lac Tchad, mais le Cameroun y fait aussi mention du tracé de la
frontière du lac Tchad à la mer. Il y est dit que la contestation par le
Nigéria dela souverainetédu Cameroun a pris la forme ((d'uneintroduc-
tion massive de ressortissants nigérians dans la zone litigieuse, suiviepar
celle des forces de sécuritnigérianes)).
Dans la section II (((Exposédes faits))),la majeure partie de l'exposé
est consacrée àla question du lac Tchad mais il est aussifait mention, au
paragraphe 6, de la ((présenceillégaleet massive))de ressortissants nigé-
rians en diverses parties du territoire camerounais le long de la frontière

du lac Tchad à la mer. Au paragraphe 7, il est question de la présence
prolongéedes forces de sécurité nigérianes d,ans la partie camerounaise
du lac Tchad uniquement.
Dans la section IV (((Moyensde droit invoquéspar [le]Cameroun))),
l'occupation alléguéedu territoire du Cameroun par le Nigériaest lon-
guement exposée,mais uniquement àpropos de la partie camerounaisedu
lac Tchad.
Dans la section V (((Décisiondemandée)))l,es sixpoints a), b), c),d),
e) et e') (qui sont citésin extenso au paragraphe 17de l'arrêt) paraissent
serapporter uniquementau lac Tchad, mais au pointf) le Cameroun prie
la Cour, vu lesincursions répétéed su Nigéria enterritoire camerounais,

de préciser lafrontière «du lac Tchad à la mer».
Par conséquent,les quatre sections 1,II, IV et V de la requêteII, inti-
tuléesrespectivement((Objetdu différend)), ((Exposédes faits»,((Moyens
de droit)) et ((Décisiondemandée)),sont, comme celles de la requête1,
présentées defaçon désordonnée.
11. On relèvera en outre qu'à cause du manque d'ordre dans la pré-
sentation et de l'irrégularides sections parallèles dela requêteet de la
requêteII (àl'exceptionde la section III- ((Compétencede la Cour))),
il n'y a pas entre ces sections une corrélation suffisante. Cela rend
l'affaire extrêmementcompliquée, desorte qu'il esttrès difficilede bien
saisir les problèmes en jeu.

2. Les conclusions énoncéed sans le mémoiredu Cameroun de1995

12. Le 16mars 1995,le Cameroun a déposéson mémoiredans le délai
prescrit par l'ordonnance de la Cour du 16juin 1994 (Frontièreterrestre
et maritime entre le Camerounet le Nigéria, C.I.J. Recueil 1994,p. 104).
Mais en fait le texte de «la décision qu'il estdemandé à la Cour de
rendre)) dont le greffier a donné lecture, à la demande du président,
à l'ouverture de la procédure orale le 2 mars 1998était tiré uniquement
de la section V (((Décisiondemandée)))des requêtes 1et II. Les ((conclu-
sions))présentées par le Cameroun dans son mémoiren'ont mêmepas, ce

jour-là, été mentionnées dansl'exposédu greffier.
Voicila partie principale des conclusions énoncéedans le mémoiredurial is quoted in part below (the full text is quoted in the Judgment, para-
graph 18).Cameroon requests the Court

"to adjudge and declare:

(a) That the lake and land boundary between Cameroon and
Nigeria takes the following course :[Cameroon indicates a line
from Lake Chad to the sea reflectingthe allegedexistingbound-
ary provided for by treaties or international documents].

(b) That notably, therefore, sovereignty over the Peninsula of
Bakassi and over the disputed parce1occupied by Nigeria in the
area of Lake Chad, in particular over Darak and its region, is
Cameroonian.
(c) That the boundary of the maritime zones appertaining respec-
tively to [Cameroon] and to [Nigeria] follows the following
course: [Cameroon indicates (1) a line covering the offshore
area provided for in the 1975 Maroua Declaration (first sub-

paragraph of submission (c)) and (2)a line beyond the offshore
area, as indicated above, for the delimitation of the exclusive
economic zone and the continental shelf (second subparagraph
of submission (c))].
(d) That by contesting the courses of the boundary defined above
under (a) and (c), [Nigeria] has violated and is violating the
fundamental principle of respect for frontiers inherited from
colonization (uti possidetis juris) and its legal commitments
concerningthe demarcation of frontiers in Lake Chad and land
and maritime delimitation.
(e) That by using force against [Cameroon] and, in particular, by
militarily occupying parcels of Cameroonian territory in the
area of Lake Chad and the Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi,
and by making repeated incursions, both civilian and military,
al1along the boundary between the two countries, [Nigeria]has

violated and is violating its obligations under international
treaty law and customary law.
(f) That [Nigeria]has the expressduty of putting an end to its civil-
ian and military presence in Cameroonian territory and, in par-
ticular, of effectingan immediateand unconditional withdrawal
of its troops from the occupied area of Lake Chad and from the
Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi and of refraining from such
acts in the future;
(g) That the internationally wrongful acts referred to above and
described in detail in the body of this Memorial involve the
responsibility of [Nigeria].
(h) That, consequently, and on account of the material and non-
material damage inflicted upon [Cameroon], reparation in a
form to be determined by the Court is due from [Nigeria] to

[Cameroon]." (Memorial of Cameroon, Vol. 1, pp. 669-671.)Cameroun (qui sont citéesintégralementdans l'arrêt, paragraphe18).Le
Cameroun prie la Cour
«de dire et juger:

a) Que la frontière lacustre et terrestre entre le Cameroun et le
Nigériasuit le tracésuivant: [leCameroun indique une ligne du
lac Tchad à la mer correspondant selon lui à la frontière exis-
tante, telle qu'établiepar des traités ou autres instruments inter-
nationaux].
b) Que, dès lors, notamment, la souveraineté sur la presqu'île de
Bakassi d'une part et sur la parcelle litigieuse occupéepar le
Nigéria dans lazone du lacTchad d'autre part, en particulier sur
Darak et sa région, estcamerounaise.

c) Que la limite des zones maritimes relevant respectivement ... du
Cameroun et ..du Nigéria suitle tracé suivant: [le Cameroun
indique :1)une ligne délimitantla zone au large des côtes prévue
par la déclaration de Maroua de 1975 (premier alinéa de la
conclusion c)); et 2) une ligne située au-delà de cette zone
côtière, délimitant la zone économiqueexclusive et le plateau
continental (second alinéade la conclusion c))].

d) Qu'en contestant les tracésde la frontière définieci-dessus sub
litterae a) et c) [le]Nigériaa violéet viole leprincipefondamen-
tal du respect des frontièreshéritéesde la colonisation (uti pos-
sidetisjuris) ainsi que ses engagementsjuridiques relativement à
la démarcationdes frontièresdans le lac Tchad et à la délimita-
tion terrestre et maritime.

e) Qu'en utilisant la force contre [le]Cameroun, et, en particulier,
en occupant militairement des parcelles du territoire camerou-
nais dans la zone du lac Tchad et la péninsulecamerounaise de
Bakassi, en procédant à des incursions répétéesta,nt civilesque
militaires, tout le long de la frontière entre les deux pays, [le]
Nigéria avioléet viole ses obligations en vertu du droit interna-
tional conventionnel et coutumier.
f) Que [le]Nigéria ale devoir exprès demettre fin à sa présencetant
civileque militaire sur le territoire camerounais et, en particulier,
d'évacuersans délaiet sans conditions ses troupes de la zone
occupéedu lacTchad et de la péninsulecamerounaisede Bakassi
et de s'abstenir de tels faitsl'avenir.

g) Que la responsabilité ..du Nigériaest engagéepar lesfaits inter-
nationalement illicitesexposés ci-dessuset précisésdans le corps
du présentmémoire.
h) Qu'en conséquence, uneréparation est due par [le]Nigéria[au]
Cameroun pour les préjudicesmatériels et moraux subis par
[celui-ci]selon des modalités à fixer par la Cour.» (Mémoire du
Cameroun, livre 1, p. 669-671.) 13. As in the Section entitled "Decision Requested" in Application-1
and Application-II, these eight submissions ((a)-(h)) in the 1995Memo-
rial are complex and presented in a complicatedmanner. 1am somewhat
surprised to find that these "submissions" do not correspond particularly
wellto the "Decision Requested" (SectionV) in Application-1and Appli-
cation-II; nor does what Cameroon asks the Court to adjudge and
declare, in its 1995 Memorial, even constitute an amendment to the
"Decision Requested" in the 1994Applications. It is thus difficult, given
this confused presentation, to ascertain Cameroon's real intentions in
bringing the present case before the Court.
Accordingly, 1 consider that Cameroon has failed to formulate
adequatelythe issuesset out under the title "Subject of the Dispute" (Sec-

tion 1)and "Decision Requested" (SectionV) in Application-1and Appli-
cation-II, respectively, which issuescould have been, and indeed should
have been, amplified in the "submissions" made in the Memorial. In my
view Cameroon's claims require clarification, and in effect the Court is
having to make good the apparent irregularities in the Applications and
in the "submissions" so that they may be presented in a proper form.
14. Careful examination of the submissions discloses the following
inconsistencies on points of details. Firstly, 1note that

- submission (a) concerning the lake and land boundary corresponds
to item (f) of Section V ("Decision Requested") of Application-II;
- submission (c), second subparagraph, concerning the boundary of
the maritime zone (exclusive economic zone and continental shelf)
corresponds to a part ofitem (f) of SectionV ("Decision Requested")
of Application-1,

and that by these submissionsCameroon simplyasksthe Court to specijy
a boundary line either on land or ut sea. Submission (c), first subpara-
graph, concerningthe boundary in the offshore area is not mentioned at
al1in the 1994Application and Cameroon further contends in this con-
nection in submission (d) that Nigeria, by contesting the course put

fonvard by Cameroon in submissions (a) and (c), has violated and is
violating the interests of Cameroon.
15. Secondly, 1note that the submissionsalso includethe actualbound-
ary disputes, which constitute "legal disputes". Thus:

- submission (b), concerning the sovereignty over the Bakassi Penin-
sula and over the parce1in the area of Lake Chad, in particular over
Darak and its region, corresponds to the seven items (a) to (e")
inclusivein SectionV ("Decision Requested") of Application-1and to
the sixitems (a) to (d) inclusivein SectionV ("Decision Requested")
of Application-II, respectively ;
- submission (e), referring to repeated incursions al1along the bound-
ary between the two countries, corresponds to the allegation set out
in item (f) in Section V ("Decision Requested") of Application-II, FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (OP.IND.ODA) 334

13. Comme dans le cas de la section intitulée ((Décisiondemandée))
des requêtes1et II, ces huit «conclusions» a) à h)) du mémoire de1995
sont complexes et présentéesd'une façon confuse. Je suis quelque peu
étonné de constaterqu'ellesne correspondent pas particulièrement bien à
la ((Décisiondemandée))(section V) dans les requêtes1 et II, et que ce
que le Cameroun demande à la Cour de dire et juger, dans son mémoire
de 1995, ne constitue mêmepas un amendement à la ((Décisiondeman-
dée» dansles requêtesde 1994. II est donc difficile,eu égarà cette pré-

sentation confuse, de savoir quelles étaientles intentions véritablesdu
Cameroun auand il a soumis la a rés entaffaireà la Cour.
Par conséquent,je considèreque le Cameroun a mal formuléles ques-
tions présentéessous les intitulés ((Objet du différend))(section 1) et
((Décision demandée))(section V) dans sa requête 1 comme dans sa
requêteII, questions qui auraient pu, et mêmedû, êtredéveloppées dans
les «conclusions» de son mémoire. A mon avis, les demandes du Came-
roun ont besoin d'êtreprécisées et la Cour se voit en fait obligée decor-
riger les irrégularitésmanifestes des requêtespour les présenter dans une

forme appropriée.
14. Un examen attentif des conclusions révèle,dans le détail,les inco-
hérencesci-après. Premièrement,je note que

- la conclusiona) concernantla frontièrelacustre et terrestre correspond
au pointf) de la section V (((Décisiondemandée)))de la requêteII;
- le second alinéa de la conclusionc,.zconcernant la limite de la zone
maritime (zone économiqueexclusiveet plateau continental), corres-
pond àune partie du point f) de la section V (((Décisiondemandée)))
de la requête1;

et que, dans cesconclusions,le Cameroun demande simplement àla Cour
de préciserle tracé de lfrontière tant terrestre quemaritime. Le premier
alinéa dela conclusion c ).concernant la frontière dans la zone situéeau
large des côtes, neorrespond à aucune mention de la requête de1994,et
à cet égardle Cameroun soutient en outre, dans sa conclusion d), qu'en
contestant le tracé dela frontièredéfiniepar le Cameroundans sesconclu-

sions a) et c) le Nigériaa violéet viole les intérêts du Cameroun.
15. Deuxièmement,je note que lesconclusionsportent aussisur lesdif-
férends frontaliers effectivement survenus, qui constituent des ~diffé-
rends d'ordre juridique ».Ainsi:

la conclusion b), concernant la souveraineté sur la presqu'île de
Bakassiet sur la parcelle dansla zone du lac Tchad, en particulier sur
Darak et sa région,correspond aux sept points a) à e") énoncés dans
la sectionV (((Décisiondemandée)))de la requête1et aux six points
a) à e') énoncésdans la section V (((Décision demandée))) dela
requêteII, respectivement;
la conclusion e), faisant état d'incursions répétéetsout le long de

la frontière entre les deux pays, correspond a ce qui est alléguéau
pointf) de la section V (((Décisiondemandée)))dela requêteII, à namely that Nigeria, by using force against Cameroon and, in par-
ticular, by militarily occupying parcels of Cameroonian territory in
the area of Lake Chad and the Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi,
and by making repeated incursions al1along the boundary between
the two countries "has violated and is violating its obligationsr
international treaty law and customary law";
- submissions (e), (f), (g) and (h), concerningthe alleged violation by
Nigeria of its obligations under international law, the removal by
Nigeria of "its military presence", the alleged "responsibility" to be
borne by Nigeria, and the payment of "reparation", which areessen-
tially related to the "legal disputes" as mentioned above, are in fact
referred to in itemsb) to (e") of Section V ("Decision Requested")

of Application-1and also in items(b) to (e') of Section V of Appli-
cation-II.

III.REQUES TOR DELIMITATIO ON A BOUNDARL YINE

16. As stated above, in a part of its Application Cameroon requests
the Court to specify the boundary line with Nigeria both at sea and on
land, and to prolong the maritime boundary.

1. The Drawing of a Maritime Boundary

17. My Jirst main point is the issue of maritime matters. In this
respect, Cameroon's Application and "submissions" are not entirely con-
sistent. In its 1994Application-1, Cameroon "[iln order to prevent any
dispute between the two States concerning their maritime boundary"
requests the Court

"to proceed to prolong the course of its maritime boundary with
[Nigeria] up to the limit of the maritime zones which international
law placesunder their respectivejurisdictions" (Section V, item ;f)
emphasis added).
This is clearly a request solelyfor delimitation of the exclusiveeconomic

zone and the continental shelf between Cameroon and Nigeria in the
Gulf of Guinea.
In contrast, in submission (c) of its 1995 Memorial, Cameroon not
only refers to the question of the delimitation of the exclusiveeconomic
zone and the continental shelf beyond those narrow coastal areas in
the Gulf of Guinea (second subparagraph of submission (c)) but also
asks the Court to declare the course of the boundary in the areas at the
mouth of the Cross River close to the coast (first subparagraph of sub-
mission (c)).
18. Maritime delimitation in the mouth of the Cross River. The delimi-
tation in the offshore area at the mouth of the Cross River depends FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (OP.IND.ODA) 335

savoir que le Nigéria,en utilisant la force contre le Cameroun et, en
particulier, en occupantmilitairement desparcellesdu territoire came-
rounais dans la zone du lac Tchad et la péninsulecamerounaise de
Bakassi, et en procédant à des incursions répétéetsout le long de la
frontière entre les deux pays,a violéet viole ses obligations en vertu
du droit international conventionnelet coutumier));
- les conclusions e), f), g) et h), alléguant la violation par le Nigéria
des obligations qui lui incombent en vertu du droit international, le
devoir du Nigéria de mettrefin à «sa présencemilitaire)),la ((respon-
sabilité))du Nigériaet la ((réparation))dont il serait redevable, qui se
rapportent essentiellement aux ((différendsd'ordre juridique » men-

tionnésci-dessus,correspondent en fait aux points b) à en) de la sec-
tion V (((Décisiondemandée)))dela requête1ainsi qu'aux points b)
à e') de la section V de la requêteII.

III. LA DEMANDE DE DÉLIMITATION DE LA FRONTIÈRE

16. Comme je l'ai dit ci-dessus, le Cameroun, dans une partie de sa
requête, demande à la Cour de préciserle tracé de la frontière terrestre et
maritime avec le Nigéria, etde procéderau prolongement du tracé dela
frontière maritime.

1. La délimitation d'unefrontièremaritime

17. Ma premièreobservation principaleportera sur les questions mari-
times. A ce sujet, il n'y a pas une totale cohérenceentre la requêtedu
Cameroun et ses «conclusions». Dans la requête1de 1994,«[alfind'évi-
ter la survenancede tout différendentre lesdeux Etats relativementà leur
frontière maritime »,le Cameroun demande à la Cour:

«de procéderauprolongement dutracé desafrontière maritime avec
[le] Nigériajusqu'à la limite des zones maritimes que le droit inter-
nationalplace sous leurjuridiction respective))(section V, point f;
les italiques sont de moi).

Il s'agit là manifestement d'une demande visant uniquement la délimita-
tion de la zone économiqueexclusive et du plateau continental entre le
Cameroun et le Nigéria dansle golfe de Guinée.
En revanche, dans la conclusion c) de son mémoire de1995,le Came-
roun non seulement fait mention de la délimitation de la zone écono-
mique exclusive et du plateau continental dans le golfe de Guinéeau-
delà des étroiteszones côtières(second alinéa dela conclusion c)), mais
encore prie la Cour d'indiquer le tracé de la frontièredans les zones
situéesà l'embouchure de la Cross River prèsde la côte (premier alinéa
de la conclusion c)).

18. Délimitationmaritime à l'embouchure dela Cross River. La déli-
mitation au large de l'embouchure de la Cross River est entièremententirely on which country, either Cameroon or Nigeria, has sovereignty
over the Bakassi Peninsula. The delimitation line down to point G, as
indicated by Cameroon pursuant to the Maroua Declaration of 1975,is
based on the firm assumption that the Bakassi Peninsula is in Cameroon-
ian territory.

It may well be that Cameroon's maritime boundary in the mouth of
the Cross River could only be challenged by Nigeria in connection with

its allegedclaim to sovereignty over the Bakassi Peninsula. Otherwise the
maritime boundary in the mouth of the Cross River could not be a "legal
dispute". Unless the territoriality of that region is settled, the question
of the maritime delimitation in this coastal sea area would obviously
be meaningless. 1 repeat that submission (c), first subparagraph, is not
per sea subject that may be presented to this Court.

Incidentally, though, 1 should like to reiterate that this issue concern-
ing the frontier in the coastal sea areas in the mouth of the Cross River
was not referred to or mentioned at al1in the 1994Application-1.
19. Maritime delimitation in the Gulf of Guinea. The delimitation of
the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf between neigh-
bouring States beyond the limit of their territorialseas also cannot be an
issue in the present caseunless, as in the case of the offshore areas in the
mouth of the Cross River, as mentioned above, the land boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria at the Coast is settled by those neigh-
bouring States. More concretely, the issue of maritime delimitation in the
whole vast area of the Gulf of Guinea cannot arise independently of the

territoriality of the Bakassi Peninsula. In fact the Parties have not even
negotiated on such a delimitation, and no "legal dispute" has ever arisen
between the two States on the delimitation of the exclusive economic
zone and the continental shelf.

20. More generally, the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone
and the continental shelf shall, according to the 1982 United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea, be "effected by agreement on the
basis of international law . .. in order to achieve an equitable solution"
(Arts. 74 and 83).
In the event that a delimitation of the maritime boundary line for the
exclusive economic zone or the continental shelf is required between
neighbouringStates, the firm wishesof the parties to delimit their respec-
tive areas must in general exist, and negotiation must be continued for
this purpose. The relevant parties, after negotiation, may determine the
line by agreement and, if they fail to agree, they may then seek a third-
party judgment. However, the mere fact that the parties have not been
able to reach agreement on the delimitation in their negotiations does not

constitute a "legal dispute".

21. There has been no negotiation between Cameroon and Nigeriadéterminéepar la question de savoir quel est 1'Etat - le Cameroun ou

le Nigéria - qui a la souverainetésur la presqu'île de Bakassi.La ligne
de délimitation jusqu'au point G, telle qu'indiquée par le Cameroun
d'après la déclarationde Maroua de 1975,repose sur l'hypothèse affir-
méeavec force que la presqu'île de Bakassi se trouve en territoire came-
rounais.
Il y a lieu de penser que la frontièremaritime du Cameroun à l'embou-
chure de la Cross River ne pourrait êtrecontestéepar le Nigéria qu'en
relation avec la souveraineté qu'il revendique surla presqu'îlede Bakassi.
La frontière maritime à l'embouchure de la Cross River ne saurait être
autrementl'objet d'un ((différendd'ordrejuridique)).Tant que la question
de l'appartenance territoriale de cette régionn'a pas érégléel,a question

de la délimitationmaritime dans la zone côtièren'a manifestement aucun
sens. Le premier alinéa dela conclusion c), je le répète,ne constitue pas
en soi une question susceptible d'êtreportée devant la Cour.
Je rappelle d'ailleurs encoreune fois,epropos, que la requête1de 1994
ne visait nine mentionnait nullepart cette questiondu tracé dela frontière
dans leszones maritimes côtières àl'embouchurede la CrossRiver.
19. Délimitation maritimedans legolfe de Guinée.La question de la
délimitation de la zone économiaueexclusive et du ~lateau continental
entre des Etats voisins au-delà deia limite de leur meiterritoriale ne peut
pas non plus êtresoulevéedans la présenteaffaire, tant que, comme dans
le cas susmentionnédes zones maritimes côtières à l'embouchure de la

Cross River, ces Etats voisins, le Cameroun et le Nigéria,n'ont pas réglé
la question de leur frontière terrestre sur la côte. Plus précisément,la
question de la délimitationmaritimedans toute la vaste zone du golfe de
Guinéene peut êtreposéeindépendamment de celle de l'appartenance
territoriale de la presqu'île de Bakassi. En fait, il n'y a mêmepas eu de
négociationsentre les Parties sur cette délimitation, et aucun ((différend
d'ordre juridique)) ne s'estjamais éleventre les deux Etats au sujet de la
délimitationde la zone économiqueexclusiveet du plateau continental.
20. D'une manière plus générale,la délimitation de la zone écono-
mique exclusive et du plateau continental doit, selon la convention des
Nations Unies de 1982 sur le droit de la mer, être((effectuéepar voie

d'accord conformémentau droit international ... afin d'aboutir à une
solution équitable))(art. 74 et 83).
Dans lecas où une délimitationmaritime de la zoneéconomiqueexclu-
sive ou du plateau continental est requise entre des Etats voisins, il faut
en généralque les parties aient exprimé clairementle vŒude délimiter
leurs zones respectiveset que des négociationsse poursuivent à cette fin.
Les parties concernéespeuvent, après négociation, déterminerla limite
par voie d'accord et, si elles ne réussissentpas à se mettre d'accord,
recourir ensuite au jugement par une tierce partie. Mais, le simple fait
qu'elles ne soient pas parvenues à un accord sur la délimitation au
cours de leurs négociationsne constitue pas un ((différendd'ordre juri-

dique ».
21. Il n'y a pas eu de négociationsentrele Cameroun et le Nigériaenwith a view to deciding on the delimitation of the exclusive economic
zone and the continental shelf, nor has a "legal dispute" arisen between
Cameroon and Nigeriawhichmight fa11within thepurviewof Article36(2)
of the Court's Statute.
If the Court considers that Cameroon's Application concerning the
delimitation of the exclusiveeconomic zone and the continental shelf can

be entertained on the grounds that there is a "legal dispute" under the
circumstances appertaining to this case, then there will behundreds of
similar disputes that could be brought to the Court from al1parts of the
world.
22. Over the past 20 years, 1 have made known my belief that mari-
time delimitation may be dealt with more properly by recourse to arbitra-
tion than to judicial settlement. However, 1concede that the Court can-
not, in principle, refuseto receivea request for demarcation of a maritime
boundary ifthat request ismadejointly by the parties. It should be noted
that delimitation cases have in the past been brought to the Court by
specialagreementunder Article36(1)of the Court's Statute - namely,the
cases concerning the North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic
of GermanylDenmark;FederalRepublicof GermanylNetherlands) ;the case
concerningthe ContinentalShelf (TunisialLibyan Arab Jamahiriya) ;the

case concerningthe Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab JamahiriyalMalta) ;
the chamber case concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in
the Gulf of Maine Area (CanadalUnited States of America) ; the cham-
ber case concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkina FasolRepublic of
Mali); and the chamber case concerning Land, Island and Maritime
Frontier Dispute (El SalvadorlHonduras) .
23. In conclusion, Cameroon's request that the Court specify the
boundary or prolong the maritime boundary stated in item (f) of Sec-
tion V ("Decision Requested") of Application-1and in submission (c),
both first and second subparagraphs, is not a matter that can be uni-
laterally presented to the Court. The Court should have refused Cam-
eroon's request, as mentioned above, as it is not competent to entertain
such a unilateral application.

2. Lake and Land Boundary

24. The second main point that 1would like to take up in connection
with the drawing of a boundary line is the issue of the lake and land
boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria. Item (f) of Section V ("Deci-
sion Requested") in Application-II states:

"[tlhat in view of the repeated incursions of Nigerian groups and
armed forces into Cameroonian territory, al1 along the frontier
between the two countries, the consequent grave and repeated inci-
dents, and the vacillating and contradictory attitude of [Nigeria]in
regard to the legal instruments defining the frontier between the two vue de déciderde la délimitationde la zone économiqueexclusiveet du
plateau continental, et il n'estpas néentre eux de ((différendd'ordrejuri-
dique)) susceptible de relever des dispositions du paragraphe 2 de l'ar-
ticle 36 du Statut de la Cour.
Sila Cour considèreque la demandedu Cameroun concernantla déli-
mitation de la zone économiqueexclusive et du plateau continental est
recevable au motif qu'il existedans les circonstances de l'espèceun ((dif-
férendd'ordre juridique)), des centaines de différendsanalogues, dans
toutes les régionsdu monde, pourraient alors être portés devant laCour.

22. Ma conviction, affirméedepuis vingt ans, que le recours à l'arbi-

trage est sans doute plus satisfaisant que le règlementjudiciaire pour les
questions de délimitation maritime est bien connue. Cela dit, j'admets
que la Cour ne peut pas, en principe, refuser d'examiner une demande de
démarcation d'une frontièremaritime si la demande en est faite conjoin-
tement par les parties. Il y a lieu de remarquer que les affaires de délimi-
tation qui ont étésoumises à la Cour par le passél'ont étépar voie de
compromis en vertu du paragraphe 1de l'article36de son Statut. Il s'agit
des affaires ci-aprèsPlateau continental de la mer du Nord (République
fédérale d'AllemagnelDanemark; Républiquefédérald e'AllemagnelPays-
Bas) ;Plateau continental (TunisielJamahiriya arabe libyenne) ; Plateau
continental (Jamahiriya arabe IibyennelMalte); et des affaires suivantes
soumises à une chambredela Cour: Délimitation delafrontière maritime
dans la régiondu golfe du Maine (CanadalEtats- Unisd'Amérique) ; Dif-
férend frontalier(Burkina FasolRépubliquedu Mali); Différendfrontalier
terrestre, insulaireet maritime (El SalvadorlHonduras) .

23. En conclusion, la demande que le Cameroun a faite à la Cour, au
pointf) de la section V («Décisiondemandée»)dela requête1et dans les
premier et second alinéasde la conclusion c), de préciserle tracéde la
frontière ou de procéderau prolongement de la frontièremaritime n'est
pas une question pouvant être soumise unilatéralement à la Cour. La
Cour, comme je l'ai dit plus haut, aurait dû refuser de l'examiner, au
motif qu'elle n'était pascompétentepour connaître d'une telle demande
unilatérale.

2. La frontière lacustreet terrestre

24. La deuxièmeobservation principale queje souhaite présenter àpro-
pos du tracé dela frontière concerne la question de lafrontière lacustre
et terrestreentre le Cameroun et le Nigéria.Le point f) de la section V
(((Décisiondemandée)))de la requêteII est ainsi libellé:

(([due vu lesincursions répétées de psopulations et des forces armées
nigérianesen territoire camerounais tout le long de la frontière entre
lesdeux pays, lesincidents graveset répétéq sui s'ensuivent, et l'atti-
tude instable et réversible..du Nigéria relativementauxinstruments
juridiques définissantla frontière entre les deux pays et au tracé countries and the exact course of that frontier, [Cameroon] respect-
fully asks the Court to specify dejînitively the frontier between

Cameroon and [Nigeria] from Lake Chad to the sea" (emphasis
added).

In submission (a) Cameroon requests the Court "to adjudge and declare
. . .that the lake and land boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
takes the . . .course [as indicated by Cameroon in concrete terms]".
25. The fact is that there have occurredcertain incidents of tresDassbv
Nigerian armed forces or authorities into the border areas which ~a&-
eroon claims to be its own territory, as demarcated by the existingdemar-
cation line interpreted from the diplomatic documents or historical facts.
Such disputes have been reported in a certain parce1in the area of Lake
Chad and in the Bakassi Peninsula, as well as in certain other border
areas.
Cameroon deems al1the incidents reported in these areas to be simply
trespass in its territory by Nigeria. By contrast, Nigeria may certainly
refuse to accept that these incidents were trespass and may consider that
the areas or locations where the incidentsoccurred were its own territory.

These are examples of typical boundary disputes that constitute "legal
disputes" and, when a "legal dispute" concerning boundary incidents is
filedwith the Court Registry,the Court would certainly need to ascertain
whether the boundary claimed by the Applicant has been violated and
whether historically or legally itis the legitimate boundary.

However, Cameroon's request that the Court definitively specifythe
frontier in the lake and on land is quite a different matter. Cameroon's
contentions should not have concerned the demarcationof the boundary
line.
The simple fact that one State wishes to specifythe frontier between it
and a neighbouring State does not constitute a "legal dispute" between
those States. Cameroon's unilateral request for a boundary line to be
indicated between its territory and Nigeria's from Lake Chad to the sea
cannot be regarded as constituting a "legal dispute", in terms of
Article 36 (2) of the Statute, which may be presented unilaterally to

the International Court of Justice for its adjudication.
26. 1do not deny that the International Court of Justice is competent
to undertake the indication of a boundary line if States refer such a mat-
ter to it under Article 36(1) of the Statute. If Cameroon had wished,with
the concurrence of Nigeria, to revise its boundary which it claimed as
legitimate on the basis of legal or historicaltitle, it could havene so by
means of negotiations with the latter. If such negotiations failed, the
parties would then certainly be freeto seeka decisionof the International
Court of Justice by agreement. However, this case does not come under
that category. FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (OP.IND. ODA) 338

exact de cettefrontière, [le]Camerounprie respectueusementla Cour
de bien vouloirpréciserdéfinitivementla frontière entre [lui] et [le]
Nigériadu lac Tchad à la mer)) (les italiques sont de moi).

Dans sa conclusion a), le Cameroun prie la Cour «de dire et juger...que

la frontière lacustre et terrestre entre le Cameroun et le Nigériasuit le
tracé[indiquéen termes concrets par le Cameroun] P.
25. De fait, il s'est produit certains incidents liàsune intrusion des
forces arméesou des autoritésnigérianesdans les zones frontalièresque
le Cameroun affirme faire partie de son territoire tel que délimitpar la
ligne de démarcation existante qui ressortirait des documents diploma-
tiques ou des faits historiques. De tels incidents ont été signalédsans une
certaine parcelle de la région du lac Tchad et dans la presqu'île de
Bakassi, ainsi que dans d'autres zones frontalières.
Le Cameroun considèreque tous les incidents signalésdans ces zones
correspondent purement et simplement àdes intrusions illicitesdu Nigé-
ria sur son territoire. Le Nigéria,quant à lui, peut certainement refuser

d'admettre qu'il s'agissaitd'intrusions illiciteset considérerque les zones
ou lieux où les incidents se sont produits étaient situéssur son propre
territoire. Ce sontlà des exemples typiques de différendsfrontaliers qui
constituent des ((différendsd'ordre juridique)) et, quand un ((différend
d'ordre juridique)) relatifà des incidents frontaliers fait l'objet d'une
requêtedéposéeau Greffe de la Cour, il n'est pas douteux que la Cour
doit examiner si la frontièrerevendiquéepar le demandeur a été violéeet
s'assurer de la légitimithistorique ou juridique de cette frontière.
Mais la demande faite à la Cour par le Cameroun de préciserdéfiniti-
vement le tracé dela frontièrelacustre et terrestre est une tout autre ques-
tion. Les prétentionsdu Cameroun n'auraient pas dû viser la démarca-
tion de la frontière.

Le simple fait qu'un Etat souhaite préciserla frontière entre lui-même
et un Etat voisin ne constitue pas un ((différendd'ordre juridique))entre
ces Etats. On ne saurait considérerla demandeunilatérale du Cameroun
tendant à indiquer le tracé de la frontière entre son territoire et celui du
Nigériadu lac Tchad à la mer comme un ((différendd'ordre juridique)),
au sens du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut, susceptibled'êtresou-
mis unilatéralement à un règlementpar la Cour internationale de Justice.
26. Je ne conteste pas que la Cour internationale de Justice soit com-
pétente pour indiquer le tracé d'une frontièresi des Etats lui soumettent
une telle question en vertu du paragraphe 1 de l'article 36 de son Statut.
Si le Cameroun avait souhaité, avec l'assentiment du Nigéria,réviserle
tracéde la frontière dont il affirme la légitimitéen vertu d'un titre juri-

dique ou historique, il aurait pu le faire par la voie de négociationsavec
cet Etat. Si les négociationsavaient échoué,il aurait assurément été loi-
sible aux parties de demander d'un commun accord àla Cour internatio-
nale de Justice de se prononcer. Mais la présenteaffaire ne relèvepas de
cette catégorie. 3. Part III - Conclusion

27. In concluding my argument in sections 1 and 2 of part III above,
1am bound to point out, first of all, that the Court's decisions requested
in item (f) of SectionV of Cameroon's Application-1and Application-II,
respectively,and in submissions (c) and (a) in the Cameroonian Memo-
rial, namely, to specify the course of a boundary line or the frontier -
either at sea or on land - between Cameroon and Nigeria, cannot be a

subject to be presented unilaterally to this Court. This is far different
from a "legal dispute" which can be the object of a unilateral application
in a case between States which have both accepted the compulsory juris-
diction of the Court under Article 36 (2) of the Statute.

It is not a function of any judicial organ to accede to a unilateral
request for the demarcation of a boundary line, which cannot be deemed
to constitute a "legal dispute", as the issues which may bebrought uni-
laterallyunder Article 36(2)of the Statute are limited to "legal disputes".

28. In this respect, item (f) of Section V ("Decision Requested") in
both Application-1and Application-II, as wellas submissions (c) and (a)
in the Memorial, should be set aside. In other words, Cameroon's request
that the Court indicate a boundary line, either at sea or on land, cannot
be considered as falling within the purview of the Court's jurisdiction.
As 1consider that Nigeria's fourth, fifth, seventh and eighth objections
relate to this point in that respect,voted in support of those objections.

IV. THELEGAL DISPUTEW SHICHMAYBESUBMITTED
TO THE COURT

29. The only part of Cameroon's Application which can be regarded
as being the presentation of a "legal dispute" under Article 36 (2) of the
Statute - which the Court has jurisdiction to entertain - is related to
actual incidents which took place as territorial and boundary disputes in
the border lands between the two States.

1 would suggest that in the present case Cameroon's Applications

should have been related to the following "legal disputes" :
(1) as regards the Bakassi Peninsula, which territory Cameroon claims
to be its own, a great number of intrusions by Nigerian authorities
has been reported as indicated in items (a) to (e") of Section V
("Decision Requested") of Application-1;

(2) as regards Lake Chad, which is divided among the four countries
that border on its shores, Cameroon described some incursions by 3. Conclusionde laprésente partie

27. Pour conclure l'argumentation que j'ai développée ci-dessud sans
lessections 1et 2 de la présente troisièmepartie, je ne peux que souligner,
avant toute chose, que l'objet des décisionsdemandéespar le Cameroun
au point f) de la section V de ses requêtes1 et II, respectivement, ainsi
que dans les conclusions c) et a) de son mémoire - à savoir préciserle
tracéde la frontière,tant maritime que terrestre, entre le Cameroun et le
Nigéria - n'est pas une question qui puisse êtresoumise unilatéralement

à la Cour. Il ne s'agitaucunementd'un ((différendd'ordre juridique)) sus-
ceptible de faire l'objet d'une requête unilatérale dans une affaire oppo-
sant des Etats ayant tous deux accepté la juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut.
Il n'entre dans les fonctions d'aucun organe judiciaire d'accéderà une
demande unilatérale de démarcationd'une frontière. Une telle demande
ne saurait êtreconsidérée commeconstituant un ((différendjuridique)),
car les questionsqui peuvent êtresoumises unilatéralement àla Cour en
vertu des dispositionsdu paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut sont limi-
téesaux ((différendsd'ordre juridique ».
28. A cet égard,le point f) de la sectionV (((Décisiondemandée))d )es
deux requêtes 1 et II, ainsi que les conclusions c) et a) du mémoire,

devraient être écartées. Autremendtit, la demande faite à la Cour par le
Cameroun d'indiquer une lignefrontière,qu'ellesoitmaritime ou terrestre,
ne saurait êtreconsidérée comme relevant de la compétence dela Cour.
Comme j'estime que les quatrième, cinquième, septième et huitième
exceptions soulevéespar le Nigéria vont dans ce sens, j'ai voté pour
qu'elles soient retenues.

IV. LES DIFFÉRENDS D'ORDRE JURIDIQUE SUSCEPTIBLES
D'ÊTRE SOUMIS À LA COUR

29. La seule partie de la requête du Cameroun qui puisse êtreconsi-
dérée comme l'exposéd'un ((différendd'ordre juridique»au sensdupara-
graphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut - c'est-à-dire d'un différenddont la

Cour a compétencepour connaître - est celle qui a trait aux incidents
constituant des différendsterritoriaux et frontaliers qui sont effective-
ment survenus le long de la frontière terrestre entre les deux Etats.
Je suis d'avisque, dans la présenteaffaire, lesdemandes du Cameroun
auraient dû se rapporter aux ((différendsd'ordre juridique)) ci-après
1) en cequi concerne la presqu'île de Bakassi, territoire que le Cameroun

revendique comme lui appartenant, un grand nombre d'intrusions de
la part des autoritésnigérianesont été signalées d,ont il est fait état
aux points a) à et') de la section V (((Décisiondemandée)))de la
requête 1;
2) en ce qui concerne le lac Tchad, que separtagent lesquatreEtats rive-
rains, le Cameroun a décrit certaines incursions des autorités nigé- Nigerian authorities into its parce1in that area, as indicated in items
(a) to (e') of Section V ("Decision Requested") of Application-II;
and,

(3) as regards the certain border areas from Lake Chad to the sea, Cam-
eroon describes incursions as referred to in item (f) of Section V
("Decision Requested") of Application-II.
30. These threemain issues,as indicated above and as demonstrated in
Application-1 and Application-II, are again presented in the "submis-
sions" of the Memorial in the following manner :

"[Cameroon] ... request[s]that the Court ...adjudgeand declare :
.............................
(b) That notably ... sovereigntyover the Peninsula of Bakassi and
over the disputed parce1 occupied by Nigeria in the area of
Lake Chad, in particular over Darak and its region, is Cam-
eroonian.
.............................

(e) That by using force against [Cameroon] and, in particular, by
militarily occupying parcels of Cameroonian territory in the
area of Lake Chad and the Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi,
and by making repeated incursions, both civilian and military,
al1along the boundary between the two countries, [Nigeria]has
violated and is violating its obligations under international
treaty law and customary law."
In connection with these incidents of trespass, Cameroon contended that

Nigeria should bear responsibility and should pay reparation for the
repeated incursions into those areas.
31. 1conclude that the Court has jurisdiction to entertain Cameroon's
Applications relating to the "legal disputes" arising out of the alleged
intrusion by Nigeria into the territory in which Cameroon is allegedly
entitled to sovereignty and territoriality; in other words, by the alleged
violation by Nigeria of Cameroon's sovereignty in the Bakassi Peninsula
and in a certain parce1in the area of Lake Chad, as well as in certain
other border areas.
The issues of whether or not Nigeria has trespassed on territory
claimed by Cameroon, namely in the Bakassi Peninsula and in the area of
Lake Chad and elsewhere,and, in other words, whether or not the rele-
vant areas where such trespass is alleged to have occurred were Cam-
eroon's territory at the time of the incidents, and thus whether Nigeria
has breached Cameroon's rights, and must bear responsibility and pay
reparation for such breach, should certainly constitute the substance of
the merits at a later stage of the proceedings in the present case. It would
be open to Nigeria to lay claim to such areas on the basis of whatever
diplomatic or historical facts might be available to it, and such a situa-
tion would be capable of constituting a "legal dispute". FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (OP.IND.ODA) 340

rianes dans la partie de cette zone qui est la sienne, comme il est dit
aux points a) à e') de la section V (((Décisiondemandée))d )e la re-
quêteII;
3) en ce qui concernecertaines zones situéesle long de la frontière du lac
Tchad la mer, le Cameroun décritdes incursions, viséesau point f) de

la sectionV (((Décisiondemandée)))dela requêteII.
30. Cestrois questions principales, tellesqu'indiquées ci-dessuset telles
qu'elles ressortent de la requête 1 et de la requêteII, sont à nouveau
présentées dans les «conclusions» du mémoire,dans les termes suivants :

«[le]Cameroun [prie]la Cour ..de dire et juger:

b) Que, dès lors, notamment, la souveraineté sur la presqu'île de
Bakassi d'une part et sur la parcelle litigieuse occupéepar le

Nigéria dans la zonedu lac Tchad d'autre part, en particulier sur
Darak et sa région, estcamerounaise.

e) Qu'en utilisant la force contre [le]Cameroun, et, en particulier,
en occupant unilatéralement des parcelles du territoire camerou-
nais dans la zone du lac Tchad et la péninsulecamerounaise de
Bakassi, en procédant à des incursions répétéesta ,nt civilesque
militaires, tout le long de la frontière entre les deux pays, [le]
Nigériaa violéet viole sesobligations en vertu du droit interna-

tional conventionnelet coutumier. ))
A propos de ces incidents, le Cameroun a soutenu que le Nigéria devait
porter la responsabilitédes incursions répétées commisedsans ces zones
et lui devait réparation.
31. Je conclus que la Cour a compétencepour connaître des demandes

du Cameroun relatives aux ((différendsd'ordre juridique))nésde l'intru-
sion illiciteque le Nigériaaurait faiteà l'intérieurdu territoire sur lequel
le Cameroun revendique la souverainetéet le titre territorial, autrement
dit de la violation qu'aurait commise le Nigéria de la souveraineté du
Cameroun dans la presqu'île de Bakassi et dans une certaine parcelle de
la zone du lac Tchad, ainsi que dans certaines autres zones frontalières.
Les questions qui concernent le point de savoir si le Nigériaa pénétré
illicitement ou non sur le territoire revendiquépar le Cameroun, que ce
soit dans la presqu'île de Bakassi,dans la zone du lac Tchad ou ailleurs
- c'est-à-dire si les zones où se seraient ~roduites ces intrusions étaient
ou non territoire camerounais au moment des incidents -, et donc le
point de savoir si le Nigériaa porté atteinte auxdroits du Cameroun et

doit en porter la responsabilitéetlui doit réparation, devraient àn'en pas
douter être l'objet, dansune phase ultérieure de la procédure, del'exa-
men de l'affaire au fond. Il serait alors loisibleau Nigéria derevendiquer
ces zones sur la base de tous éléments defait diplomatiques ou histo-
riques auxquels il aurait accès, etpareille situation pourrait êtreconsi-
dérée commeconstituant un ((différendd'ordre juridique)). 32. It may not be necessary to draw any conclusions in addition to
what 1 have stated above. However, if 1 may repeat myself, Cameroon
cannotbring unilaterally to the Court a case concerning simple demarca-
tion of a boundary line either on land or at sea. In contrast, the alleged
incursion by Nigeria into the alleged territory of Cameroon, for which
violation of international law Nigeria may be responsible and may be
liable to pay reparation, is the kind of "legal dispute" that can be uni-
laterally brought to the Court by Cameroon. The question of whether or
not the boundary line which Cameroon has claimed is legitimate should
be decided by the Court at the merits phase but, 1repeat, that should not
be a question of the simple demarcation of a boundary line between two
States.

33. In connection with Cameroon's Application, Nigeria certainly is
free to challenge the jurisdiction of the Court to entertain that Applica-

tion and its admissibility. Nigeria in fact did so.submit, however, that
apart from Nigeria's objection to the Court's jurisdiction (first prelimi-
nary objection), most of the objections raised by that Party concerning
the border incidentsand the borderline of the territory (second, third and
sixth preliminary objections) are matters that should be dealt with at the
merits phase.

(Signed) Shigeru ODA. FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (OP.IND. ODA) 341

32. Il n'est sans doute pas nécessaired'ajouter desconclusioàsce que
je viens d'exposer. Toutefois, au risque de me répéter,je dirai que le
Cameroun nepeut pas soumettre unilatéralement à la Cour une demande
concernant simplement la démarcation d'une frontière, qu'elle soit ter-
restre ou maritime. En revanche, l'incursion alléguédu Nigéria à l'inté-
rieur du territoire que le Cameroun affirmeêtrele sien,étantune violation
du droit international susceptibled'engagerla responsabilitédu Nigériaet
dont celui-cipourrait devoir réparation, constituele genre de ((différend

d'ordre juridique))quipeut être porté unilatéralement devant lCour par
le Cameroun. La question de savoir si la frontière revendiquéepar le
Cameroun est légitimedevra être tranchée par la Cour lors de la phase du
fond mais, je le répète,il ne saurait s'agir de démarcation pure et simple
de la frontière entre les deux Etats.
33. Pour ce qui est de la requête du Cameroun,le Nigériaest assuré-
ment en droit de contester la compétencede la Cour pour en connaître,
ainsi que sa recevabilité. C'estd'ailleurs ce qu'il a fait. Mais j'estime
qu'en dehors de cette exception d'incompétence (première exceptionpré-
liminaire) la plupart des exceptions soulevéespar le Nigériaau sujet des
incidents frontaliers et du tracéde la frontière du territoire (deuxième,

troisièmeet sixièmeexceptions préliminaires)constituent des questions
qui devraient êtreexaminéesau stade du fond.

(Signé) Shigeru ODA.

Document file FR
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Separate opinion of Judge Oda

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