Separate opinion of Judge Sebutinde

Document Number
148-20140331-JUD-01-09-EN
Parent Document Number
148-20140331-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

431

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE SEBUTINDE

The Court should have clarified more precisely the limits of discretion ▯of a
Contracting Government under Article VIII as well as the scope of the Court’s
power to review the exercise of that discretion — In particular, the Court should
have specified the criteria which have guided and informed its determination of
whether the special permits issued under JARPA II were “for purposes of scientific
research” — Japan has not fully complied with the procedural obligations under
paragraph 30 of the Schedule to the ICRW.

1. I concur, in principle, with the Court’s findings in points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and 7 of the operative part of the Judgment and I agree, in general, witéh
the reasoning upon which those findings are predicated. Nonetheless, I
believe that there are certain key aspects of this dispute in respect ofé

which the Court has missed an opportunity to elaborate its views and
articulate the reasoning underpinning its findings. These include the
extent of a Contracting Government’s discretion under Article VIII of the
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) as well é

as the scope of the Court’s power to review such discretion. In my viéew,
these aspects merit further elaboration than that accorded to them in thée
Judgment. Furthermore, I have voted against the finding of the Court, iné
point 6 of the operative paragraph, that “Japan has complied with its
obligations under paragraph 30 of the Schedule to the International Con -

vention for the Regulation of Whaling with regard to JARPA II”, because
in my opinion, the facts before the Court do not bear out this conclusioén.
It is precisely these points in respect of which this opinion is offeréed.

2. The Judgment deals briefly with the question of the discretion of a

State party issuing special permits under Article VIII of the ICRW, with -
out elaborating on the nature or extent of that discretion (Judgment,
para. 61). Yet, as the Court points out at a later stage, it is precisely theé
exercise of this discretion that the Court is called upon to review (ibid.,

para. 67).

I. The Nature and Extent ofé Discretion Exercisabéle under
Article VIII of the ICRW

3. The ICRW is a historical attempt by the States parties (consisting of
both whaling and non-whaling nations) to regulate whaling, in recogni -
tion of their common interest in “ensuring the conservation of all spée -
cies of whales while allowing for their sustainable exploitation” (ibid.,

209

8 CIJ1062.indb 546 18/05/15 09:29 432 whaling in the antarcétic (sep. op. sebutinde)é

para. 56). To this end, the ICRW was intended to replace unregulated
unilateral whaling by individual States with a system of collective reguéla-

tion whereby States parties to the ICRW chose to work collectively and
to abide by the obligations they assumed thereunder, in order to protecté
their common interests and achieve their common goals. It is against thiés
historical background that the discretion referred to in Article VIII of the
ICRW must be understood and appreciated.

4. Article VIII sets up a mechanism whereby a State party may issue
special permits to conduct whaling strictly “for purposes of scientifiéc
research”. In the light of the object and purpose of the ICRW, the scéien -
tific research to be conducted under such permits is intended for the beén-
efit of not only the State issuing the permits but also the Internationaél

Whaling Commission (IWC) and the international whaling community as
a whole. Any whaling conducted outside the special permits is subject toé
the restrictions set out in the ICRW. The discretion afforded by Arti -
cle VIII is thus an integral part of the collective regulatory mechanism
and is necessarily limited in scope and character.

5. First, the discretion to issue special permits must be exercised judi -
ciously or “reasonably” and in accordance with the object and purpéose of
the ICRW. Second, the special permits must be strictly “for purposes éof
scientific research”. Third, the issuing State must ensure that it sets a

catch limit in the permits, and lastly, the issuing State must ensure théat
the procedural requirements set out in paragraph 30 of the Schedule to
the ICRW are complied with. In short, these are the yardsticks that the
Court ought to examine in reviewing Japan’s exercise of discretion iné
issuing special permits under Article VIII of the ICRW.

II. The Standard of Review féor Determining whetheér a Whaling
Programme Falls withiné the Scope of ArticleVIII

6. Similarly, I also consider that in stating its standard of review (see
Judgment, para. 67), the Court should have elaborated upon the criteria
that guided its determination of whether or not JARPA II fits within the
scope of Article VIII. In my view, the criteria logically flow from the
yardsticks outlined above. Furthermore, the Court should have regard to é

the parameters that the States parties to the ICRW consider relevant in é
this regard. These parameters are reflected in paragraph 30 to the Sched -
ule, which sets out the elements that must be specified in any proposed é
special permit submitted for review to the Scientific Committee. They are
elaborated further in the binding resolutions and Guidelines of the IWC.
Among the latter, the Annex P Guidelines may be given a particular

weight, since they are the most recent set of Guidelines adopted by
consensus and on the basis of which JARPA II will be assessed by the

210

8 CIJ1062.indb 548 18/05/15 09:29 433 whaling in the antarcétic (sep. op. sebutinde)é

Scientific Committee in 2014. These criteria are set out in greater detaéil
below.

7. In determining whether a special permit is issued “for purposes of
scientific research”, it is perhaps only logical that one should starét by
defining the term “scientific research” as used in Article VIII and else -
where in the ICRW, since the Convention itself does not define the term.é
Without this first step, it is difficult to envisage how one can meaninégfully

determine whether a special permit is issued “for purposes of scientiéfic
research”.
8. In the Judgment, the Court rightly discards the criteria proposed by
Australia as to what amounts to “scientific research”, noting that those
criteria “appear largely to reflect what one of the experts that [Aéustralia]
called regards as well-conceived scientific research, rather than serving as

an interpretation of the term as used in the Convention” (Judgment, é
para. 86). However, the Court then declines to give its own interpretation
of the phrase, simply stating that it does not “consider it necessaryé to
devise alternative criteria or to offer a general definition of ‘scéientific
research’” (ibid.).

9. Whilst I accept that the Court should not attempt a forensic defini -
tion of what is or is not “scientific research” (a task more suitéed to scien-
tists rather than lawyers), in my view, the Court should at least have é
considered the ordinary grammatical (dictionary) meaning of the phraseé,
as a basis for the reasoning and analysis that follows in the Judgment. é

Although the concept of “science” is inherently vague, “scientific research”
must, in its most basic sense, involve “a systematic pursuit of knowléedge
concerning the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world
through observation and experiment” (The Oxford English Dictionary).
In my view, this is a workable definition that could have been adopted aés
a basis for the Court’s reasoning and analysis.

10. Regarding the parameters or criteria that should be taken into
account in reviewing a State party’s exercise of its discretion to isésue spe -
cial permits under Article VIII, I consider that the Court should take into

account the following factors gleaned from the provisions of the ICRW,
its Schedule and the binding resolutions of the IWC.

11. First, the whaling programme for which the special permit is
sought must include defined research objectives as required by para -

graph 30 of the Schedule. While the Schedule is silent on how precise and
elaborate the stated objectives should be, some guidance can be found iné
this regard in Annex P, which states that research objectives should “be
quantified to the extent possible”. In terms of substance, the Guideléines in
Annex P affirm that these objectives do not have to relate exclusively to
the conservation and management of whales, but may also be directed at

“improv[ing] the conservation and management of other living marine
resources or the ecosystem of which the whale stocks are an integral parét

211

8 CIJ1062.indb 550 18/05/15 09:29 434 whaling in the antarcétic (sep. op. sebutinde)é

and/or, . . . test[ing] hypotheses not directly related to the management of
living marine resources”. In addition, any scientific research prograémme

must be based on appropriate scientific methodology.

12. Secondly, Article VIII explicitly requires that the Contracting Gov-
ernment issuing a special permit for scientific research whaling must seét

limits on the number of whales to be killed, in addition to any other coén -
ditions it sees fit. Paragraph 30 of the Schedule requires that the permits
specify the “number, sex, size and stock of the animals to be taken”é.
While a Contracting Government enjoys considerable discretion in deter -
mining the catch limits, it must exercise that discretion consistent witéh the
object and purpose of the ICRW, in that whales may be killed only to theé

extent necessary for achieving the stated goals of the scientific researéch
programme. In this regard, Annex P, which provides some guidance on
how the Scientific Committee assesses the appropriate balance between
lethal and non-lethal methods, requires that the special permit proposal
must provide “an assessment of why non-lethal methods . . . have been

considered to be insufficient” (emphasis added). Thus, the use of lethal
methods where non-lethal alternatives are a viable option may serve to
indicate that a particular whaling programme is not genuinely designed
and/or implemented “for purposes of scientific research”.

13. Thirdly, the issuing State must ensure that the proposed scientific
research programme is designed and implemented so as not to endanger
the target whale stocks. In this regard paragraph 30 of the Schedule
requires the proposed permit to specify the “possible effect [of thée research
programme] on conservation of [whale] stock[s]”.

14. Lastly, paragraph 30 of the Schedule requires a State party to sub -
mit the proposed special permits to the Scientific Committee for prior
review and comments. This procedural requirement enables the IWC and
its Scientific Committee to play a monitoring role in respect of specialé
permit whaling, while obligating the issuing State to co-operate with the

IWC, a duty I elaborate upon in the paragraphs below. As stated before, é
it is my considered opinion that the foregoing criteria or parameters
should have served to guide and inform the Court in its task stated in
paragraph 67 of the Judgment, and should have been set out in the Judg -
ment.

III. The Duty of Co-operation under
Paragraph 30 of the Schedule

15. I have voted against point 6 of the operative part of the Judgment
because I disagree with the reasoning and findings of the Court regarding

212

8 CIJ1062.indb 552 18/05/15 09:29 435 whaling in the antarcétic (sep. op. sebutinde)é

Japan’s compliance with its obligations under paragraph 30 of the Sched -
ule to the ICRW. In my view, that paragraph imposes more than a for -

mal or procedural obligation to notify the Scientific Committee of certaéin
information. The obligation entails a substantive duty of meaningful
co-operation with the IWC and its subordinate organs such as the Scien -
tific Committee. Thus in determining whether or not Japan is in breach oéf
its obligations under paragraph 30 of the Schedule, the real issue to be

addressed is not whether Japan complied with the required procedures in é
relation to JARPA II but rather, whether Japan fulfilled its obligation of
meaningful co-operation with the IWC in relation to that programme. I
examine this issue in greater detail below.

16. It will be recalled that under the ICRW system of collective regula -

tion, the IWC (and its subsidiary bodies such as the Scientific Committéee)
play a crucial role in regulating whaling. The IWC does so through
amendments to the Schedule to the ICRW, for example, by designating
protected species and ocean sanctuaries, and setting annual catch limitsé.
The IWC is also entrusted with monitoring scientific research whaling. It

is this role of the IWC, when viewed in the overall context of the objecét
and purpose of the ICRW, that forms the basis of the duty of co-opera -
tion by the States parties. As part of this duty of co-operation, a Con -
tracting Government is required under Article VIII of the ICRW to
“report at once” to the IWC all authorizations that it has grantedé for

special permit whaling, and secondly, to transmit to the Scientific Com -
mittee, “in so far as practicable and at intervals of not more than one
year”, scientific information available to that Government resulting éfrom
the scientific research conducted pursuant to those permits. (See Art. VIII,
paras. 1 and 3.)

17. Furthermore, paragraph 30 of the Schedule, which forms an inte -
gral part of the ICRW, was introduced as a procedural guarantee to
ensure that States parties do not circumvent the duty of co-operation
envisaged under Article VIII. Paragraph 30 thus obliges a Contracting
Government, before it issues the special permits, to submit them to the é

IWC “in sufficient time to allow the Scientific Committee to review éand
comment on them”. In turn, the Scientific Committee is mandated to
review and comment upon the proposed special permits and to submit its
report and recommendations thereon to the IWC. The IWC may, in turn,
make recommendations to the Contracting Government in relation to the

proposed permit. (See paragraph 30 of the Schedule and Rule M (4 (a))
of the IWC’s Rules of Procedure.) There is therefore a link between éthe
Article VIII obligations of notification, reporting and dissemination of
scientific information on the one hand, and the obligations of prior review
in paragraph 30 of the Schedule, on the other. Thus, while the gathering
and dissemination of scientific information is central to the functioninég of

the IWC and forms part of the system of collective regulation under the é
ICRW, the review procedures under paragraph 30 serve as the mecha -

213

8 CIJ1062.indb 554 18/05/15 09:29 436 whaling in the antarcétic (sep. op. sebutinde)é

nism through which special permit whaling may be monitored and the
collective interests of the States parties protected.

18. The review procedure under paragraph 30 is designed to ensure
that Article VIII is applied as the parties to the ICRW intended it to.
Accordingly, all aspects of a proposed special permit are subject to priéor

review by the Scientific Committee, including the objectives of the research
programme, the number, sex, size and stock of the animals to be taken,
opportunities for participation in the research by scientists of other
nations, and possible effect on conservation of whale stocks. The dutyé of
co-operation by States parties must be viewed and appreciated in light of
the above provisions, and in the context of the overall objectives of thée

ICRW. In this context, meaningful co-operation requires a State party to
do the following :

(a) to submit to the IWC the proposed special permits before they are
issued and in sufficient time to allow the Scientific Committee to
review and comment on them ;
(b) to provide to the IWC, in relation to the proposed permits, the infor -

mation specified in paragraph 30 (a) to (d) of the Schedule ;

(c) to give due consideration, in good faith, to the views and recommen -
dations of the IWC, with a readiness to modify the terms of the special
permits or the decision to issue them, taking into account such

recommendations ;
(d) on an annual basis, to keep the Scientific Committee informed of the
progress and results of scientific research conducted under the special
permits, including by providing accurate information regarding any
modifications in the implementation of the research programme; and

(e) to offer opportunities for collaboration to other researchers within
the international scientific community.

19. Assessed against these benchmarks, the evidence in the present case
clearly shows the following shortcomings in relation to JARPA II. First,
against the recommendation of the IWC that no additional Japanese spe -
cial permit programmes be conducted in the Antarctic until the Scientifiéc
Committee had completed an in-depth review of the results of JARPA,

Japan launched JARPA II before the Scientific Committee had completed
a review of JARPA (see, for example, IWC resolutions 2003-3 and
2005-1). Secondly, there is no indication that Japan has duly considered
the IWC comments and recommendations in respect of certain controver -
sial aspects of JARPA II such as its resort to lethal methods (see, for
example, IWC resolutions 2005-1 and 2007-1). Thirdly, although the

JARPA II Plan provided the essential information required under para -
graph 30 of the Schedule, much of the information is not detailed enough

214

8 CIJ1062.indb 556 18/05/15 09:29 437 whaling in the antarcétic (sep. op. sebutinde)é

to be considered compliant with the relevant IWC guidelines, a short-

coming likely to hamper the Scientific Committee’s upcoming review of
JARPA II. Fourthly, Japan has failed to submit the specific special per -
mits issued in respect of JARPA II to the Scientific Committee for prior
review, as required by paragraph 30. Given that these permits are virtual
replicas of the permits issued under JARPA and that JARPA II differs in

implementation at least, from its predecessor, it is imperative that the Sci -
entific Committee ought to have had prior opportunity to review and
comment on them. Fifthly, as noted in the Judgment (para. 222), apart
from reference to collaboration with Japanese research institutes in reléa -
tion to JARPA I, there is no evidence of co-operation between JARPA II

and other domestic and international research institutions other than ané
undertaking, in the JARPA II Plan, that “[p]articipation of foreign scien -
tists will be welcomed, so long as they meet the qualifications establiséhed
by the Government of Japan”.

20. In view of the above shortcomings and having regard to the duty
incumbent upon States parties to meaningfully co-operate with the IWC,

I am unable to join the majority in finding that “Japan has complied éwith
its obligations under paragraph 30 of the Schedule to the [ICRW] with
regard to JARPA II”.

(Signed) Julia Sebutinde.

215

8 CIJ1062.indb 558 18/05/15 09:29

Bilingual Content

431

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE SEBUTINDE

The Court should have clarified more precisely the limits of discretion ▯of a
Contracting Government under Article VIII as well as the scope of the Court’s
power to review the exercise of that discretion — In particular, the Court should
have specified the criteria which have guided and informed its determination of
whether the special permits issued under JARPA II were “for purposes of scientific
research” — Japan has not fully complied with the procedural obligations under
paragraph 30 of the Schedule to the ICRW.

1. I concur, in principle, with the Court’s findings in points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and 7 of the operative part of the Judgment and I agree, in general, witéh
the reasoning upon which those findings are predicated. Nonetheless, I
believe that there are certain key aspects of this dispute in respect ofé

which the Court has missed an opportunity to elaborate its views and
articulate the reasoning underpinning its findings. These include the
extent of a Contracting Government’s discretion under Article VIII of the
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) as well é

as the scope of the Court’s power to review such discretion. In my viéew,
these aspects merit further elaboration than that accorded to them in thée
Judgment. Furthermore, I have voted against the finding of the Court, iné
point 6 of the operative paragraph, that “Japan has complied with its
obligations under paragraph 30 of the Schedule to the International Con -

vention for the Regulation of Whaling with regard to JARPA II”, because
in my opinion, the facts before the Court do not bear out this conclusioén.
It is precisely these points in respect of which this opinion is offeréed.

2. The Judgment deals briefly with the question of the discretion of a

State party issuing special permits under Article VIII of the ICRW, with -
out elaborating on the nature or extent of that discretion (Judgment,
para. 61). Yet, as the Court points out at a later stage, it is precisely theé
exercise of this discretion that the Court is called upon to review (ibid.,

para. 67).

I. The Nature and Extent ofé Discretion Exercisabéle under
Article VIII of the ICRW

3. The ICRW is a historical attempt by the States parties (consisting of
both whaling and non-whaling nations) to regulate whaling, in recogni -
tion of their common interest in “ensuring the conservation of all spée -
cies of whales while allowing for their sustainable exploitation” (ibid.,

209

8 CIJ1062.indb 546 18/05/15 09:29 431

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M me LA JUGE SEBUTINDE

[Traduction]

Regret que la Cour n’ait pas précisé les limites du pouvoir dis▯crétionnaire
conféré aux gouvernements contractants en vertu de l’article VIII et la mesure
dans laquelle la Cour est habilitée à examiner l’exercice de ce▯ pouvoir — Regret,
en particulier, que la Cour n’ait pas précisé les critères q▯u’elle a utilisés aux fins de
déterminer si les permis spéciaux délivrés au titre de JARPA▯ II l’ont éten vue

de recherches scientifiques » — Manquement du Japon à se conformer pleinement
aux obligations procédurales prévues par le paragraphe 30 du règlement annexé à
la convention.

1. Je souscris, sur le principe, aux conclusions énoncées aux
points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 et 7 du dispositif de l’arrêt et adhère de manière géné -

rale aux motifs sur lesquels elles reposent. Toutefois, j’estime que,é à d’im-
portants égards, la Cour a manqué une occasion de développer soén point
de vue et d’expliciter son raisonnement. Tel est notamment le cas en éce
qui concerne les limites du pouvoir discrétionnaire que l’article VIII de la

convention internationale pour la réglementation de la chasse à laé baleine
(dénommée ci-après la « convention») confère à chaque gouvernement
contractant, ainsi que la mesure dans laquelle elle est elle-même habilitée
à examiner l’exercice de ce pouvoir discrétionnaire. Selon moi,é ces aspects
méritaient d’être approfondis. J’ai voté par ailleurs conétre la conclusion

exprimée au point 6 du dispositif, selon laquelle « le Japon a respecté ses
obligations au titre du paragraphe 30 du règlement annexé à la conven -
tion internationale pour la réglementation de la chasse à la baleiéne dans
le cadre de JARPA II », car, selon moi, les faits portés à la connaissance

de la Cour ne viennent pas l’étayer. Tels sont les points préciés auxquels la
présente opinion sera consacrée.
2. La Cour, dans son arrêt, passe très rapidement sur la question du é
pouvoir discrétionnaire reconnu à l’Etat partie qui délivre éun permis spé -

cial au titre de l’article VIII de la convention, sans approfondir celle de la
nature ou des limites de ce pouvoir (arrêt, par. 61). Or, comme elle l’in -
dique plus loin, c’est précisément sur l’exercice de ce pouvéoir discrétion -
naire qu’elle était appelée à se prononcer (ibid., par. 67).

I. Nature et portée du pouvéoir discrétionnaire éreconnu
à un État au titre de lé’articleVIII de la convention

3. La convention représentait une tentative historique des Etats parties
(qui regroupent nations baleinières et non baleinières) de rééglementer la
chasse à la baleine, eu égard à leur intérêt commun « d’assurer la conser -
vation de l’ensemble des espèces de baleines, tout en permettant léeur

209

8 CIJ1062.indb 547 18/05/15 09:29 432 whaling in the antarcétic (sep. op. sebutinde)é

para. 56). To this end, the ICRW was intended to replace unregulated
unilateral whaling by individual States with a system of collective reguéla-

tion whereby States parties to the ICRW chose to work collectively and
to abide by the obligations they assumed thereunder, in order to protecté
their common interests and achieve their common goals. It is against thiés
historical background that the discretion referred to in Article VIII of the
ICRW must be understood and appreciated.

4. Article VIII sets up a mechanism whereby a State party may issue
special permits to conduct whaling strictly “for purposes of scientifiéc
research”. In the light of the object and purpose of the ICRW, the scéien -
tific research to be conducted under such permits is intended for the beén-
efit of not only the State issuing the permits but also the Internationaél

Whaling Commission (IWC) and the international whaling community as
a whole. Any whaling conducted outside the special permits is subject toé
the restrictions set out in the ICRW. The discretion afforded by Arti -
cle VIII is thus an integral part of the collective regulatory mechanism
and is necessarily limited in scope and character.

5. First, the discretion to issue special permits must be exercised judi -
ciously or “reasonably” and in accordance with the object and purpéose of
the ICRW. Second, the special permits must be strictly “for purposes éof
scientific research”. Third, the issuing State must ensure that it sets a

catch limit in the permits, and lastly, the issuing State must ensure théat
the procedural requirements set out in paragraph 30 of the Schedule to
the ICRW are complied with. In short, these are the yardsticks that the
Court ought to examine in reviewing Japan’s exercise of discretion iné
issuing special permits under Article VIII of the ICRW.

II. The Standard of Review féor Determining whetheér a Whaling
Programme Falls withiné the Scope of ArticleVIII

6. Similarly, I also consider that in stating its standard of review (see
Judgment, para. 67), the Court should have elaborated upon the criteria
that guided its determination of whether or not JARPA II fits within the
scope of Article VIII. In my view, the criteria logically flow from the
yardsticks outlined above. Furthermore, the Court should have regard to é

the parameters that the States parties to the ICRW consider relevant in é
this regard. These parameters are reflected in paragraph 30 to the Sched -
ule, which sets out the elements that must be specified in any proposed é
special permit submitted for review to the Scientific Committee. They are
elaborated further in the binding resolutions and Guidelines of the IWC.
Among the latter, the Annex P Guidelines may be given a particular

weight, since they are the most recent set of Guidelines adopted by
consensus and on the basis of which JARPA II will be assessed by the

210

8 CIJ1062.indb 548 18/05/15 09:29 chasse à la baleine déansl’antarctique (op. indé. sebutinde) 432

exploitation durable» (arrêt, par. 56). Dans cette optique, elle était desti -
née à substituer à la chasse à la baleine non réglementéée pratiquée de

manière unilatérale par certains Etats un mécanisme de régleémentation
collective, les Etats parties décidant d’œuvrer de concert et dée se confor -
mer aux obligations ainsi contractées en vue de protéger les intéérêts, et de
réaliser les objectifs, qui leur étaient communs. C’est dans ceé contexte
historique que doit être compris et évalué le pouvoir discrétionnaire visé

à l’article VIII de la convention.
4. L’article VIII établit un mécanisme en vertu duquel un Etat partie
ne peut délivrer un permis spécial autorisant la chasse à la baéleine qu’«en
vue de recherches scientifiques ». Au vu de l’objet et du but de la conven -
tion, la recherche scientifique qu’il s’agit d’effectuer au téitre d’un tel per -
mis est censée profiter non seulement à l’Etat qui le délivrée, mais aussi à

la commission baleinière internationale (dénommée ci-après la « CBI» ou
la «commission») et à la communauté baleinière internationale dans son
ensemble. Toute chasse qui ne relève pas de tels permis est soumise aéux
restrictions prévues par la convention. Ce pouvoir discrétionnaire conféré
par l’article VIII fait donc partie intégrante du mécanisme collectif de

réglementation, et son contenu et sa portée sont nécessairementé limités.
5. Premièrement, le pouvoir discrétionnaire de délivrer un permis éspé -
cial doit être exercé de manière judicieuse ou « raisonnable», et conformé-
ment à l’objet et au but de la convention. Deuxièmement, le perémis en
question doit être délivré strictement à des fins de « recherche scienti -

fique». Troisièmement, l’Etat qui le délivre doit veiller à ceé que soient
fixées des limites de prises. Quatrièmement, enfin, il doit garantéir le res -
pect des obligations de nature procédurale énoncées au paragraphe 30 du
règlement. Tels sont, en bref, les éléments à l’aune desqéuels la Cour aurait
dû évaluer l’exercice, par le Japon, de son pouvoir discrétiéonnaire de déli -
vrer des permis spéciaux au titre de l’article VIII de la convention.

II. Le critère d’examen peérmettant de détermineér si un programme
de chasse à la baleinée entre dans les préviséions de l’articleVIII

6. Je considère de même que, en exposant son critère d’examen (évoir
arrêt, par. 67), la Cour aurait dû préciser les éléments d’apprécéiation spé -
cifiques utilisés pour déterminer si JARPA II entrait dans les prévisions
de l’article VIII, éléments qui, selon moi, découlent logiquement des prin -
cipes énoncés ci-dessus. En outre, la Cour se devait de tenir compéte des

paramètres que les Etats parties à la convention jugent pertinentsé à cet
égard. Ces paramètres sont énoncés au paragraphe 30 du règlement, qui
indique ce que doit préciser toute proposition de permis spécial séoumise à
l’examen du comité scientifique, et développés dans les réésolutions et les
lignes directrices de la CBI, qui ont force obligatoire. Parmi celles-cié, les
lignes directrices contenues dans l’annexe P méritent sans doute de se voir

accorder un poids particulier puisqu’elles sont les dernières àé avoir été
adoptées par consensus et que c’est sur ces directives que se baseéra le

210

8 CIJ1062.indb 549 18/05/15 09:29 433 whaling in the antarcétic (sep. op. sebutinde)é

Scientific Committee in 2014. These criteria are set out in greater detaéil
below.

7. In determining whether a special permit is issued “for purposes of
scientific research”, it is perhaps only logical that one should starét by
defining the term “scientific research” as used in Article VIII and else -
where in the ICRW, since the Convention itself does not define the term.é
Without this first step, it is difficult to envisage how one can meaninégfully

determine whether a special permit is issued “for purposes of scientiéfic
research”.
8. In the Judgment, the Court rightly discards the criteria proposed by
Australia as to what amounts to “scientific research”, noting that those
criteria “appear largely to reflect what one of the experts that [Aéustralia]
called regards as well-conceived scientific research, rather than serving as

an interpretation of the term as used in the Convention” (Judgment, é
para. 86). However, the Court then declines to give its own interpretation
of the phrase, simply stating that it does not “consider it necessaryé to
devise alternative criteria or to offer a general definition of ‘scéientific
research’” (ibid.).

9. Whilst I accept that the Court should not attempt a forensic defini -
tion of what is or is not “scientific research” (a task more suitéed to scien-
tists rather than lawyers), in my view, the Court should at least have é
considered the ordinary grammatical (dictionary) meaning of the phraseé,
as a basis for the reasoning and analysis that follows in the Judgment. é

Although the concept of “science” is inherently vague, “scientific research”
must, in its most basic sense, involve “a systematic pursuit of knowléedge
concerning the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world
through observation and experiment” (The Oxford English Dictionary).
In my view, this is a workable definition that could have been adopted aés
a basis for the Court’s reasoning and analysis.

10. Regarding the parameters or criteria that should be taken into
account in reviewing a State party’s exercise of its discretion to isésue spe -
cial permits under Article VIII, I consider that the Court should take into

account the following factors gleaned from the provisions of the ICRW,
its Schedule and the binding resolutions of the IWC.

11. First, the whaling programme for which the special permit is
sought must include defined research objectives as required by para -

graph 30 of the Schedule. While the Schedule is silent on how precise and
elaborate the stated objectives should be, some guidance can be found iné
this regard in Annex P, which states that research objectives should “be
quantified to the extent possible”. In terms of substance, the Guideléines in
Annex P affirm that these objectives do not have to relate exclusively to
the conservation and management of whales, but may also be directed at

“improv[ing] the conservation and management of other living marine
resources or the ecosystem of which the whale stocks are an integral parét

211

8 CIJ1062.indb 550 18/05/15 09:29 chasse à la baleine déansl’antarctique (op. indé. sebutinde) 433

comité scientifique lorsqu’il procédera à l’examen de JARPA II prévu en
2014. Ces éléments sont détaillés ci-dessous.

7. Pour déterminer si un permis spécial a été délivré «é en vue de
recherches scientifiques », la logique imposait sans doute de commencer
par définir cette notion de « recherches scientifiques», telle qu’employée à
l’article VIII ou dans d’autres dispositions de la convention, puisque
celle-ci ne le fait pas. Sans cette première étape, il est difficile deé voir com

ment on pourrait légitimement déterminer si un permis spécial aé été déli-
vré «en vue de recherches scientifiques ».
8. Dans son arrêt, la Cour écarte à juste titre les critères mis en avant par
l’Australie aux fins de définir la notion de recherches scientifiques», notant
que ces critères « semblent, pour l’essentiel, refléter ce que l’un des experts
cités par cet Etat a indiqué attendre d’un programme de rechercéhe scienti -

fique bien conçu, plutôt que constituer un moyen d’interprétéer la notion de
«recherches scientifiques » telle qu’utilisée dans la convention » (arrêt,
par. 86). Pour autant, elle se garde d’en donner sa propre interprétatéion, se
contentant d’affirmer qu’elle « ne juge … pas nécessaire d’établir d’autres
critères ou de proposer une définition générale de cette notéion » (ibid).

9. Si j’admets qu’elle n’avait pas à se hasarder à offrir éune définition
absolument précise de ce que recouvrent les « recherches scientifiques »
(tâche plus adaptée à des scientifiques qu’à des juristeés), je considère
néanmoins que la Cour aurait à tout le moins dû s’arrêteré sur le sens
grammatical ordinaire de cette notion (celui du dictionnaire), en tanté que

point de départ de son analyse et de son raisonnement. Si la notion dée
«science» est intrinsèquement floue, celle de « recherches scientifiques »
implique, dans son acception première, une « recherche systématique de
connaissances intéressant la structure et le fonctionnement du monde
physique et naturel par l’observation et l’expérience » (définition de
l’Oxford English Dictionary). Il me semble qu’il s’agit là d’une définition

exploitable, à partir de laquelle la Cour pouvait développer son raisonne -
ment et son analyse.
10. En ce qui concerne les paramètres ou les critères devant être péris en
considération lors de l’évaluation de l’exercice que fait uné Etat partie de
son pouvoir discrétionnaire de délivrer des permis spéciaux au étitre de

l’article VIII, je considère que la Cour aurait dû tenir compte des exi -
gences suivantes exprimées dans les dispositions de la convention, son
règlement et les résolutions de la CBI ayant force obligatoire.
11. Premièrement, le programme de chasse à la baleine pour lequel le
permis spécial est demandé doit, selon le paragraphe 30 du règlement,

inclure des objectifs de recherche définis. Si le règlement est muéet sur le
degré de précision et de détail requis, il est possible de se rééférer à cet
égard à l’annexe P, aux termes de laquelle les objectifs de recherche
doivent être « quantifiés dans la mesure du possible ». A propos de leur
teneur, les lignes directrices contenues dans l’annexe P indiquent que ces
objectifs ne doivent pas nécessairement se rapporter exclusivement à la

conservation et à la gestion des baleines, la recherche pouvant égéalement
viser à « améliorer la conservation et la gestion des autres ressources

211

8 CIJ1062.indb 551 18/05/15 09:29 434 whaling in the antarcétic (sep. op. sebutinde)é

and/or, . . . test[ing] hypotheses not directly related to the management of
living marine resources”. In addition, any scientific research prograémme

must be based on appropriate scientific methodology.

12. Secondly, Article VIII explicitly requires that the Contracting Gov-
ernment issuing a special permit for scientific research whaling must seét

limits on the number of whales to be killed, in addition to any other coén -
ditions it sees fit. Paragraph 30 of the Schedule requires that the permits
specify the “number, sex, size and stock of the animals to be taken”é.
While a Contracting Government enjoys considerable discretion in deter -
mining the catch limits, it must exercise that discretion consistent witéh the
object and purpose of the ICRW, in that whales may be killed only to theé

extent necessary for achieving the stated goals of the scientific researéch
programme. In this regard, Annex P, which provides some guidance on
how the Scientific Committee assesses the appropriate balance between
lethal and non-lethal methods, requires that the special permit proposal
must provide “an assessment of why non-lethal methods . . . have been

considered to be insufficient” (emphasis added). Thus, the use of lethal
methods where non-lethal alternatives are a viable option may serve to
indicate that a particular whaling programme is not genuinely designed
and/or implemented “for purposes of scientific research”.

13. Thirdly, the issuing State must ensure that the proposed scientific
research programme is designed and implemented so as not to endanger
the target whale stocks. In this regard paragraph 30 of the Schedule
requires the proposed permit to specify the “possible effect [of thée research
programme] on conservation of [whale] stock[s]”.

14. Lastly, paragraph 30 of the Schedule requires a State party to sub -
mit the proposed special permits to the Scientific Committee for prior
review and comments. This procedural requirement enables the IWC and
its Scientific Committee to play a monitoring role in respect of specialé
permit whaling, while obligating the issuing State to co-operate with the

IWC, a duty I elaborate upon in the paragraphs below. As stated before, é
it is my considered opinion that the foregoing criteria or parameters
should have served to guide and inform the Court in its task stated in
paragraph 67 of the Judgment, and should have been set out in the Judg -
ment.

III. The Duty of Co-operation under
Paragraph 30 of the Schedule

15. I have voted against point 6 of the operative part of the Judgment
because I disagree with the reasoning and findings of the Court regarding

212

8 CIJ1062.indb 552 18/05/15 09:29 chasse à la baleine déansl’antarctique (op. indé. sebutinde) 434

marines vivantes ou l’écosystème dont les peuplements baleinierés font
partie intégrante [et à] mettre à l’épreuve les hypothèéses qui n’ont pas de

lien direct avec la gestion des ressources marines vivantes ». Par ailleurs,
tout programme de recherche scientifique doit reposer sur une méthode
scientifique idoine.
12. Deuxièmement, l’article VIII impose expressément au gouvernement
contractant qui délivre un permis spécial à des fins de rechercéhe scienti -

fique de fixer, outre toutes autres conditions qu’il juge opportunes, des
limites au nombre de baleines à mettre à mort. Le paragraphe 30 du règle -
ment indique que le permis doit préciser « le nombre, le sexe, la taille et la
population des animaux à capturer ». Si le gouvernement contractant dis -
pose d’une latitude considérable pour fixer les limites de prises,é il doit le faire
d’une manière compatible avec l’objet et le but de la conventioén, des baleines

ne devant être mises à mort que dans la mesure nécessaire à éla réalisation
des objectifs déclarés du programme de recherche scientifique. A céet égard,
l’annexe P, qui fournit des indications quant à la perception qu’a le comitéé
scientifique du juste équilibre à observer entre méthodes léétales et non létales,
indique qu’une proposition de permis spécial doit comprendre « une évalua -

tion des raisons pour lesquelles les méthodes non létales … sont jugées ins-uf
fisantes» (les italiques sont de moi). Ainsi, l’emploi de méthodes léétales,
lorsque des solutions non létales constituent une option viable, pourérait
tendre à indiquer qu’un programme donné de chasse à la baleine n’est pas
véritablement conçu ou mis en œuvre «en vue de recherches scientifiques».

13. Troisièmement, l’Etat qui délivre le permis doit s’assurer qéue le
programme de recherche scientifique proposé est conçu et exécutéé de
manière à ne pas mettre en danger les stocks de baleines ciblésé. A cet
égard, le paragraphe 30 du règlement dispose que la proposition de per -
mis doit indiquer «les effets potentiels [du programme de recherche] sur la
conservation de la population [de baleines] concernée ».

14. Enfin, le paragraphe 30 du règlement impose à l’Etat partie de sou -
mettre au préalable la proposition de permis au comité scientifiquée afin
que celui-ci puisse l’examiner et formuler des observations. Cette obliga -
tion procédurale permet à la CBI et à son comité scientifiquée d’exercer
une surveillance sur la chasse à la baleine au titre d’un permis spécial,

tout en obligeant l’Etat délivrant ce permis à coopérer avecé la commis -
sion, une obligation sur laquelle je reviendrai dans les paragraphes suié -
vants. Comme je l’ai déjà dit, il me semble, tout bien considééré, que tels
sont les critères ou les paramètres qui auraient dû guider et ééclairer la
Cour dans l’accomplissement de la tâche exposée au paragraphe 67, et

qu’elle aurait dû les spécifier.

III. Le devoir de coopératioén prévu
au paragraphe 30 du règlement

15. J’ai voté contre le point 6 du dispositif de l’arrêt car je ne suis pas
d’accord avec le raisonnement et les conclusions de la Cour concernanét le

212

8 CIJ1062.indb 553 18/05/15 09:29 435 whaling in the antarcétic (sep. op. sebutinde)é

Japan’s compliance with its obligations under paragraph 30 of the Sched -
ule to the ICRW. In my view, that paragraph imposes more than a for -

mal or procedural obligation to notify the Scientific Committee of certaéin
information. The obligation entails a substantive duty of meaningful
co-operation with the IWC and its subordinate organs such as the Scien -
tific Committee. Thus in determining whether or not Japan is in breach oéf
its obligations under paragraph 30 of the Schedule, the real issue to be

addressed is not whether Japan complied with the required procedures in é
relation to JARPA II but rather, whether Japan fulfilled its obligation of
meaningful co-operation with the IWC in relation to that programme. I
examine this issue in greater detail below.

16. It will be recalled that under the ICRW system of collective regula -

tion, the IWC (and its subsidiary bodies such as the Scientific Committéee)
play a crucial role in regulating whaling. The IWC does so through
amendments to the Schedule to the ICRW, for example, by designating
protected species and ocean sanctuaries, and setting annual catch limitsé.
The IWC is also entrusted with monitoring scientific research whaling. It

is this role of the IWC, when viewed in the overall context of the objecét
and purpose of the ICRW, that forms the basis of the duty of co-opera -
tion by the States parties. As part of this duty of co-operation, a Con -
tracting Government is required under Article VIII of the ICRW to
“report at once” to the IWC all authorizations that it has grantedé for

special permit whaling, and secondly, to transmit to the Scientific Com -
mittee, “in so far as practicable and at intervals of not more than one
year”, scientific information available to that Government resulting éfrom
the scientific research conducted pursuant to those permits. (See Art. VIII,
paras. 1 and 3.)

17. Furthermore, paragraph 30 of the Schedule, which forms an inte -
gral part of the ICRW, was introduced as a procedural guarantee to
ensure that States parties do not circumvent the duty of co-operation
envisaged under Article VIII. Paragraph 30 thus obliges a Contracting
Government, before it issues the special permits, to submit them to the é

IWC “in sufficient time to allow the Scientific Committee to review éand
comment on them”. In turn, the Scientific Committee is mandated to
review and comment upon the proposed special permits and to submit its
report and recommendations thereon to the IWC. The IWC may, in turn,
make recommendations to the Contracting Government in relation to the

proposed permit. (See paragraph 30 of the Schedule and Rule M (4 (a))
of the IWC’s Rules of Procedure.) There is therefore a link between éthe
Article VIII obligations of notification, reporting and dissemination of
scientific information on the one hand, and the obligations of prior review
in paragraph 30 of the Schedule, on the other. Thus, while the gathering
and dissemination of scientific information is central to the functioninég of

the IWC and forms part of the system of collective regulation under the é
ICRW, the review procedures under paragraph 30 serve as the mecha -

213

8 CIJ1062.indb 554 18/05/15 09:29 chasse à la baleine déansl’antarctique (op. indé. sebutinde) 435

respect par le Japon des obligations qui lui incombent au titre du para -
graphe 30 du règlement annexé à la convention. Selon moi, l’obligatéion

imposée par ce paragraphe ne se résume pas à une nécessitéé formelle et
procédurale de communiquer certaines informations au comité scienti -
fique, mais implique un devoir substantiel de coopération effectiveé avec la
commission et ses organes subsidiaires, notamment le comité scientifiéque.
Dès lors, pour déterminer si le Japon a manqué aux obligations équi sont

les siennes en vertu du paragraphe 30 du règlement, la véritable question
qui se pose est celle de savoir non pas si le Japon a suivi les procéédures
voulues en ce qui concerne JARPA II, mais s’il a honoré son obligation
de coopérer d’une façon effective avec la commission dans le écadre de ce
programme. Tel est le point que je me propose d’approfondir maintenant.
16. Rappelons que, dans le cadre du régime de réglementation collec -

tive institué par la convention, la commission (et ses organes subsidiaires,
tels que le comité scientifique) joue un rôle essentiel en matièére de régle -
mentation de la chasse à la baleine, en imposant, par le biais de modéifica-
tions du règlement, la protection d’espèces données et l’établissement de
zones de refuge, et en fixant les limites annuelles des prises. La commiés -

sion est également chargée du suivi de la chasse à la baleine méenée à des
fins scientifiques. C’est ce rôle de la CBI, considéré dans éle contexte global
de l’objet et du but de la convention, qui est à la base du devoiré de coo -
pération incombant aux Etats parties. A cet égard, l’article VIII de la
convention fait ainsi obligation à chaque gouvernement contractant deé

«porter immédiatement à la connaissance » de la commission toutes les
autorisations de pratiquer la chasse au titre d’un permis spécial équ’il aura
accordées et de transmettre au comité scientifique, «[d]ans toute la mesure
du possible [et] à des intervalles d’un an au maximum », les renseigne -
ments de caractère scientifique qu’il aura obtenus grâce aux reécherches
effectuées en vertu d’un tel permis. (Voir art. VIII, par. 1 et 3.)

17. En outre, le paragraphe 30 du règlement, qui fait partie intégrante
de la convention, a été introduit en tant que garantie procéduréale devant
permettre d’assurer que les Etats parties ne se soustrairaient pas aué devoir
de coopération prévu à l’article VIII. Ce paragraphe fait ainsi obligation
aux gouvernements contractants de soumettre à la CBI leurs propositioéns

de permis spéciaux « avant leur délivrance et dans un délai suffisant pour
permettre au comité scientifique de les examiner et de formuler un avéis »
à leur égard. Le comité scientifique, quant à lui, est chargéé d’examiner et
de commenter les propositions de permis spéciaux, et soumet à la CBI des
rapports et des recommandations à ce propos. La commission peut à éson

tour adresser des recommandations au gouvernement contractant en rap -
port avec les propositions de permis. (Voir paragraphe 30 du règlement et
point M 4 a) du règlement interne de la CBI.) Il existe donc un lien entre,
d’une part, les obligations de notifier, de faire rapport et de difféuser les
renseignements scientifiques que prévoit l’article VIII et, d’autre part,
l’obligation de procéder à un examen préliminaire que préévoit le para -

graphe 30 du règlement : si la collecte et la diffusion d’informations scien -
tifiques sont au cœur de la mission de la CBI et font partie intégrante du

213

8 CIJ1062.indb 555 18/05/15 09:29 436 whaling in the antarcétic (sep. op. sebutinde)é

nism through which special permit whaling may be monitored and the
collective interests of the States parties protected.

18. The review procedure under paragraph 30 is designed to ensure
that Article VIII is applied as the parties to the ICRW intended it to.
Accordingly, all aspects of a proposed special permit are subject to priéor

review by the Scientific Committee, including the objectives of the research
programme, the number, sex, size and stock of the animals to be taken,
opportunities for participation in the research by scientists of other
nations, and possible effect on conservation of whale stocks. The dutyé of
co-operation by States parties must be viewed and appreciated in light of
the above provisions, and in the context of the overall objectives of thée

ICRW. In this context, meaningful co-operation requires a State party to
do the following :

(a) to submit to the IWC the proposed special permits before they are
issued and in sufficient time to allow the Scientific Committee to
review and comment on them ;
(b) to provide to the IWC, in relation to the proposed permits, the infor -

mation specified in paragraph 30 (a) to (d) of the Schedule ;

(c) to give due consideration, in good faith, to the views and recommen -
dations of the IWC, with a readiness to modify the terms of the special
permits or the decision to issue them, taking into account such

recommendations ;
(d) on an annual basis, to keep the Scientific Committee informed of the
progress and results of scientific research conducted under the special
permits, including by providing accurate information regarding any
modifications in the implementation of the research programme; and

(e) to offer opportunities for collaboration to other researchers within
the international scientific community.

19. Assessed against these benchmarks, the evidence in the present case
clearly shows the following shortcomings in relation to JARPA II. First,
against the recommendation of the IWC that no additional Japanese spe -
cial permit programmes be conducted in the Antarctic until the Scientifiéc
Committee had completed an in-depth review of the results of JARPA,

Japan launched JARPA II before the Scientific Committee had completed
a review of JARPA (see, for example, IWC resolutions 2003-3 and
2005-1). Secondly, there is no indication that Japan has duly considered
the IWC comments and recommendations in respect of certain controver -
sial aspects of JARPA II such as its resort to lethal methods (see, for
example, IWC resolutions 2005-1 and 2007-1). Thirdly, although the

JARPA II Plan provided the essential information required under para -
graph 30 of the Schedule, much of the information is not detailed enough

214

8 CIJ1062.indb 556 18/05/15 09:29 chasse à la baleine déansl’antarctique (op. indé. sebutinde) 436

système de réglementation collective établi par la convention, les procé -
dures d’examen prévues au paragraphe 30 représentent le mécanisme

permettant d’assurer un suivi de la chasse pratiquée au titre d’éun permis
spécial et de protéger les intérêts collectifs des Etats paréties.
18. La procédure d’examen prévue au paragraphe 30 vise à garantir
que l’article VIII sera appliqué comme l’entendaient les auteurs de la
convention. Tous les aspects d’une proposition de permis spécial séont

donc soumis à l’examen préalable du comité scientifique, y céompris les
objectifs du programme de recherche, le nombre, le sexe, la taille, la
population des animaux à capturer, les possibilités données àé des scienti -
fiques d’autres pays de participer aux travaux de recherche et les efféets
potentiels de la chasse sur la conservation des stocks de baleines. Le
devoir de coopération incombant aux Etats parties doit être compriés et

apprécié à la lumière des dispositions ci-dessus, et dans le contexte des
objectifs globaux poursuivis par la convention. A cet égard, une coopéra -
tion effective impose à un Etat partie :

a) de soumettre à la commission les propositions de permis spéciaux
avant leur délivrance et dans un délai suffisant pour permettre aéu
comité scientifique de les examiner et de les commenter ;
b) de fournir à la commission, en ce qui concerne les propositions de

permis, les informations spécifiées aux alinéas a) à d) du paragraphe 30
du règlement ;
c) de prendre dûment en considération, de bonne foi, les avis et les recom -
mandations de la commission, en étant prêts à modifier en consééquence
les dispositions des permis en question ou la décision de les déliévrer;

d) de tenir le comité scientifique informé chaque année de l’éétat d’avan -
cement et des résultats de la recherche scientifique menée au titrée de
permis spéciaux, notamment en fournissant des informations exactes
concernant toute modification de la mise en œuvre du programme de
recherche ; et

e) d’offrir des possibilités de collaboration à d’autres cherécheurs de la
communauté scientifique internationale.

19. A l’aune de ces exigences, il ressort clairement du dossier de l’aéffaire
que JARPA II présente un certain nombre de manquements. Première -
ment, nonobstant la recommandation de la commission l’exhortant à ne
lancer aucun nouveau programme de chasse à la baleine au titre de perémis
spéciaux dans l’Antarctique tant que le comité scientifique n’éaurait pas

mené à bien un examen approfondi des résultats de JARPA, le Japon a
entrepris de mettre en œuvre JARPA II avant la fin des travaux du comité
(voir, par exemple, les résolutions 2003-3 et 2005-1 de la CBI). Deuxième -
ment, rien n’indique que le Japon ait dûment tenu compte des commeén -
taires et des recommandations de la commission concernant certains
aspects controversés de JARPA II, tel le recours à des méthodes létales

(voir, par exemple, les résolutions 2005-1 et 2007-1 de la CBI). Troisième -
ment, bien que le plan de JARPA II fournisse l’essentiel des informations

214

8 CIJ1062.indb 557 18/05/15 09:29 437 whaling in the antarcétic (sep. op. sebutinde)é

to be considered compliant with the relevant IWC guidelines, a short-

coming likely to hamper the Scientific Committee’s upcoming review of
JARPA II. Fourthly, Japan has failed to submit the specific special per -
mits issued in respect of JARPA II to the Scientific Committee for prior
review, as required by paragraph 30. Given that these permits are virtual
replicas of the permits issued under JARPA and that JARPA II differs in

implementation at least, from its predecessor, it is imperative that the Sci -
entific Committee ought to have had prior opportunity to review and
comment on them. Fifthly, as noted in the Judgment (para. 222), apart
from reference to collaboration with Japanese research institutes in reléa -
tion to JARPA I, there is no evidence of co-operation between JARPA II

and other domestic and international research institutions other than ané
undertaking, in the JARPA II Plan, that “[p]articipation of foreign scien -
tists will be welcomed, so long as they meet the qualifications establiséhed
by the Government of Japan”.

20. In view of the above shortcomings and having regard to the duty
incumbent upon States parties to meaningfully co-operate with the IWC,

I am unable to join the majority in finding that “Japan has complied éwith
its obligations under paragraph 30 of the Schedule to the [ICRW] with
regard to JARPA II”.

(Signed) Julia Sebutinde.

215

8 CIJ1062.indb 558 18/05/15 09:29 chasse à la baleine déansl’antarctique (op. indé. sebutinde) 437

requises en vertu du paragraphe 30 du règlement, une grande partie d’entre

elles ne sont pas suffisamment détaillées pour pouvoir être coénsidérées
comme conformes aux lignes directrices pertinentes de la commission,
carence qui risque d’entraver l’examen de JARPA II que le comité scienti -
fique doit entreprendre prochainement. Quatrièmement, le Japon n’aé pas
soumis les permis spéciaux délivrés pour JARPA II à l’examen préalable

du comité scientifique, contrairement aux prescriptions du paragrapheé 30.
Etant donné que ces permis sont quasiment identiques à ceux déléivrés au
titre de JARPA et que, dans sa mise en œuvre au moins, JARPA II se
distingue de son prédécesseur, il était impératif que le comité sciéentifique
ait la possibilité de les examiner et de les commenter au préalablée. Cinquiè -

mement, comme il est noté au paragraphe 222 de l’arrêt, s’il existe des
preuves d’une collaboration entre les chercheurs de JARPA et ceux desé
instituts de recherche japonais, rien ne démontre l’existence d’éune coopé -
ration entre les chercheurs de JARPA II et ceux d’autres instituts de
recherche nationaux et internationaux en dehors d’un engagement figuréant

dans le plan de JARPA II, indiquant que «la participation de scientifiques
étrangers sera la bienvenue, à condition que ceux-ci remplissent les condi -
tions d’admissibilité établies par le Gouvernement japonais».
20. En raison de ces manquements, et au regard du devoir incombant
aux Etats parties de coopérer de manière effective avec la commiéssion, je

ne puis m’associer à la majorité pour conclure que « le Japon a respecté
ses obligations au titre du paragraphe 30 du règlement annexé à la
convention — dans le cadre de JARPA II ».

(Signé) Julia Sebutinde.

215

8 CIJ1062.indb 559 18/05/15 09:29

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Sebutinde

Links