Separate Opinion of Judge Koroma

Document Number
143-20120203-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
143-20120203-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

157

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOROMA

1. I have voted in favour of the Court’s Judgment, which in my view
accurately reflects the current state of international law with respecpt to
the jurisdictional immunity of a State.
2. The Court has made a finding that Italy has violated the immunity
which Germany enjoys under international law by allowing civil claims to
be brought against it relating to violations of international humanitaripan

law by Germany. It is worth emphasizing, however, that the Court’s
Judgment should not be read as a licence for States to commit acts of
torture, crimes against humanity or violations of international humani -
tarian law in situations of armed conflict. Rather, the Court examinedp the
facts of this case and concluded that the acts committed by Germany

were acta jure imperii and that no exception to immunity was applicable.
Therefore the Court found that Germany was entitled to immunity from
suit in Italian courts.

3. Germany has acknowledged the serious nature of the acts commit -

ted by its armed forces in Italy during the Second World War. The Court p
took cognizance of this in paragraph 52 of its Judgment. The case before
the Court, however, is not about the legality of the conduct of Germany’ps
armed forces during the Second World War or Germany’s international
responsibility for such conduct. The question in this case is limited top
whether Germany is legally entitled to immunity before the Italian domesp -

tic courts with respect to the conduct of its armed forces in the coursep of
the armed conflict. The Court did not need to address the substantive p
matter of the legality of Germany’s conduct to resolve the issue of spover -
eign immunity. Indeed, the Court’s jurisdiction in this case is limitped to
addressing only the issue of jurisdictional immunity ; to examine other

matters related to Germany’s conduct would be ultra petita. The fact that
the Parties do not dispute that Germany committed illegal acts, as well pas
the fact that the acts involved serious and grave violations of interna -
tional humanitarian law, does not alter the nature of the Court’s jurpisdic-
tion. Unless Germany consents to jurisdiction, or is found to not have

sovereign immunity with respect to certain conduct committed by it, nei -
ther this Court nor a foreign domestic court has the jurisdiction to exapm-
ine the legality of Germany’s conduct or issues of reparation arisingp from
such actions.

4. It is clear that the acts of the German armed forces in Italy during
the Second World War constitute acta jure imperii as a decision to deploy

62

6 CIJ1031.indb 120 22/11/13 12:25 158 jurisdictional immunpities of the state (sepp. op. koroma)

a nation’s armed forces in an armed conflict is quintessentially a psover -
eign act. Acts committed by a State’s armed forces in furtherance of pan

international armed conflict are, by definition, acts taken in exercpise of
sovereign power. To hold that such acts were not subject to jurisdictional
immunity would be to deprive the concept of sovereign immunity of its
meaning and significance. The doctrine of sovereign immunity developedp
to protect the sovereignty and sovereign equality of States. Sovereign

immunity accomplishes these aims by preventing one State from exercis -
ing jurisdiction over another without the latter’s consent. To preserpve
sovereign equality among States, the doctrine holds that States are gener -
ally immune from suit for acts taken in exercise of their sovereign powepr.

5. It is well established that States are generally entitled to immunity
for acta jure imperii. The question is whether any exception to this general
rule exists that would deny States sovereign immunity for unlawful
actions committed by their armed forces on the territory of another State
during armed conflict or in the course of an occupation. It was arguedp

that an exception exists that permits States to deny sovereign immunity pin
cases involving torts committed on the territory of the forum State. It pwas
also contended that this exception enables Italy to deny immunity to Gerp -
many for those acts committed by its armed forces which could be char -
acterized as intentional torts.

6. There is no dispute that the law on sovereign immunity has evolved
to provide a limited exception to immunity for certain types of tortiousp
acts. This exception is codified in Article 12 of the United Nations Con -
vention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property.

Although the Convention has not yet entered into force, Article 12 can be
considered to reflect the current state of customary international lawp.
That Article provides that a State cannot invoke immunity

“in a proceeding which relates to pecuniary compensation for death
or injury to the person, or damage to or loss of tangible property,
caused by an act or omission which is alleged to be attributable to

the State”,
and occurred on the forum State’s territory. The International Law Copm -

mission’s commentary on the text of the Convention, however, makes itp
clear that the drafters of the Convention intended Article 12 to apply
mainly to situations such as traffic accidents, to prevent insurance copmpa -
nies from evading liability to injured individuals under the cloak of Stpate
immunity. The commentary states further that Article 12 does not apply
to situations involving armed conflicts. The distinction drawn by the p

International Law Commission between isolated and insurable torts such
as traffic accidents, and acts committed by armed forces during armed

63

6 CIJ1031.indb 122 22/11/13 12:25 159 jurisdictional immunpities of the state (sepp. op. koroma)

conflict, is understandable. Cases involving the former would entail lpim -
ited liability for the tortfeasor State, whereas cases involving the latpter

could expose a State to nearly limitless liability. The former can thus pbe
appropriately dealt with by the forum State’s judiciary, while the inpevita -
bly political nature of the latter suggests strongly that resolution shopuld
be pursued via inter-State processes.

7. Under current international law, therefore, States continue to be
entitled to sovereign immunity for acta jure imperii committed by their
armed forces during armed conflict. Given that the Court’s task is to
apply the existing law, nothing in the Court’s Judgment today prevents

the continued evolution of the law on State immunity. In the past cen -
tury, the law on State immunity has evolved considerably in a manner
that has significantly circumscribed the circumstances in which a Statpe is
entitled to immunity. It is possible that further exceptions to State impmu -
nity will continue to develop in the future. The Court’s Judgment appplies

the law as it exists today.

*

8. I also consider it important to acknowledge and address the argu -

ments made by Greece. As a non-party intervenor in this case, Greece
submitted a written statement in which it emphasized, inter alia, the
“individual right to reparation in the event of grave violations of hpuman -
itarian law” (para. 34). Greece maintains that international humanitarian
law confers “direct rights on individuals which are opposable to States”
(para. 35). In support of its argument Greece cites, among other provi -

sions, Article 3 of the Hague Convention (IV) of 1907 and Article 91 of
the 1977 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of
12 August 1949 (Protocol I).
9. Greece is correct in stating that international humanitarian law now
regards individuals as the ultimate beneficiaries of reparations for hpuman

rights violations (see International Law Commission, draft Articles on p
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (A/56/10), p
Art. 33, comment 3). This is a positive development that should certainly
be welcomed, as it reflects the increasing importance of individual hupman
rights in international law. It does not follow, however, that internatiponal

law provides individuals with a legal right to make claims for reparatiopn
directly against a foreign State. Nothing in the Hague Convention (IV) or
the 1977 Protocol I supports such a proposition. The relevant Articles of
these two Conventions provide only that States must “pay compensa -
tion” if they violate the provisions of the Conventions. They do not ppur-
port to require that States pay compensation directly to aggrieved

individuals. Further, the two Conventions as a whole, read in context, do
not provide for compensation to be made in such a manner. Indeed, a

64

6 CIJ1031.indb 124 22/11/13 12:25 160 jurisdictional immunpities of the state (sepp. op. koroma)

provision requiring State payments to individuals would have been incon-
ceivable in 1907, when the Hague Convention IV was concluded, as inter-
national law at that time did not recognize the rights of individuals top the
extent that it does today.

*

10. In conclusion, the Court correctly found that Germany is entitled
to sovereign immunity for the acts committed by its armed forces in Italpy
during the Second World War, since the acts committed by the German
armed forces constituted acta jure imperii, and no exception to this gen -

eral rule of immunity applies. This finding, however, does not precludpe
the Parties from entering into negotiations to resolve issues which camep
to the fore in the course of the present proceedings. Nor does the attaipn -
ment of justice in the factual and historical context of this case necespsitate
the overthrow of the existing law on jurisdictional immunity, which justply

protects and preserves the sovereignty and sovereign equality of States.p

(Signed) Abdul G. Koroma.

65

6 CIJ1031.indb 126 22/11/13 12:25

Bilingual Content

157

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOROMA

1. I have voted in favour of the Court’s Judgment, which in my view
accurately reflects the current state of international law with respecpt to
the jurisdictional immunity of a State.
2. The Court has made a finding that Italy has violated the immunity
which Germany enjoys under international law by allowing civil claims to
be brought against it relating to violations of international humanitaripan

law by Germany. It is worth emphasizing, however, that the Court’s
Judgment should not be read as a licence for States to commit acts of
torture, crimes against humanity or violations of international humani -
tarian law in situations of armed conflict. Rather, the Court examinedp the
facts of this case and concluded that the acts committed by Germany

were acta jure imperii and that no exception to immunity was applicable.
Therefore the Court found that Germany was entitled to immunity from
suit in Italian courts.

3. Germany has acknowledged the serious nature of the acts commit -

ted by its armed forces in Italy during the Second World War. The Court p
took cognizance of this in paragraph 52 of its Judgment. The case before
the Court, however, is not about the legality of the conduct of Germany’ps
armed forces during the Second World War or Germany’s international
responsibility for such conduct. The question in this case is limited top
whether Germany is legally entitled to immunity before the Italian domesp -

tic courts with respect to the conduct of its armed forces in the coursep of
the armed conflict. The Court did not need to address the substantive p
matter of the legality of Germany’s conduct to resolve the issue of spover -
eign immunity. Indeed, the Court’s jurisdiction in this case is limitped to
addressing only the issue of jurisdictional immunity ; to examine other

matters related to Germany’s conduct would be ultra petita. The fact that
the Parties do not dispute that Germany committed illegal acts, as well pas
the fact that the acts involved serious and grave violations of interna -
tional humanitarian law, does not alter the nature of the Court’s jurpisdic-
tion. Unless Germany consents to jurisdiction, or is found to not have

sovereign immunity with respect to certain conduct committed by it, nei -
ther this Court nor a foreign domestic court has the jurisdiction to exapm-
ine the legality of Germany’s conduct or issues of reparation arisingp from
such actions.

4. It is clear that the acts of the German armed forces in Italy during
the Second World War constitute acta jure imperii as a decision to deploy

62

6 CIJ1031.indb 120 22/11/13 12:25 157

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. LE JUGE KOROMA

[Traduction]

1. J’ai voté en faveur de l’arrêt de la Cour car celui-ci reflète selon moi
fidèlement l’état actuel du droit international en ce qui conpcerne l’immu -
nité de juridiction des Etats.
2. La Cour a jugé que l’Italie avait violé l’immunité que lep droit inter -
national reconnaît à l’Allemagne en permettant que soient intentées
contre celle-ci des actions civiles ayant trait à des violations du droit inter-

national humanitaire qu’elle a commises. Il convient cependant de soupli-
gner que le présent arrêt ne saurait être interprété commpe laissant aux
Etats la licence de commettre des actes de torture, des crimes contre l’phu -
manité ou des violations du droit international humanitaire dans le cpadre
d’un conflit armé. La Cour a en effet examiné les faits de pl’espèce et conclu

que les actes commis par l’Allemagne étaient des actes jure imperii et
qu’aucune exception à l’immunité n’était applicable. Eplle a dès lors jugé
que l’Allemagne jouissait de l’immunité de juridiction devant lpes tribu -
naux italiens.
3. L’Allemagne a reconnu la gravité des actes commis par ses forces

armées en Italie pendant la seconde guerre mondiale, ce que la Cour a
relevé au paragraphe 52 de son arrêt. L’affaire dont celle-ci était saisie
n’avait toutefois trait ni à la licéité du comportement des pforces armées
allemandes pendant la seconde guerre mondiale, ni à la responsabilitép
internationale de l’Allemagne à raison de ce comportement. La quesption
consistait simplement à déterminer si l’Allemagne était fondpée, en droit, à

jouir de l’immunité devant les juridictions nationales italiennes pen ce qui
concerne le comportement de ses forces armées au cours du conflit spus -
mentionné. Pour se prononcer sur la question de l’immunité souvperaine,
la Cour n’avait nul besoin d’examiner au fond la licéité du pcomportement
de l’Allemagne. Sa compétence était d’ailleurs limitée enp l’espèce à la seule

question de l’immunité de juridiction ; si elle avait examiné d’autres ques -
tions se rapportant au comportement de l’Allemagne, elle aurait agi
ultra petita. Le fait que les Parties ne contestaient pas que l’Allemagne ait
commis des actes illicites et que certains d’entre eux soient des vioplations
graves du droit international humanitaire ne modifiait pas la nature dpe la

compétence de la Cour. A moins que l’Allemagne ne consente à lap com -
pétence d’une juridiction ou qu’il soit considéré qu’elle ne jouit pas de
l’immunité souveraine à l’égard d’un comportement donnpé qui lui est
attribuable, ni la Cour ni aucune juridiction nationale n’a compétpence
pour se prononcer sur la licéité dudit comportement ou les questiopns de
réparation qui en découlent.

4. Les actes commis par les forces armées allemandes en Italie pendant
la seconde guerre mondiale sont clairement des actes jure imperii, le

62

6 CIJ1031.indb 121 22/11/13 12:25 158 jurisdictional immunpities of the state (sepp. op. koroma)

a nation’s armed forces in an armed conflict is quintessentially a psover -
eign act. Acts committed by a State’s armed forces in furtherance of pan

international armed conflict are, by definition, acts taken in exercpise of
sovereign power. To hold that such acts were not subject to jurisdictional
immunity would be to deprive the concept of sovereign immunity of its
meaning and significance. The doctrine of sovereign immunity developedp
to protect the sovereignty and sovereign equality of States. Sovereign

immunity accomplishes these aims by preventing one State from exercis -
ing jurisdiction over another without the latter’s consent. To preserpve
sovereign equality among States, the doctrine holds that States are gener -
ally immune from suit for acts taken in exercise of their sovereign powepr.

5. It is well established that States are generally entitled to immunity
for acta jure imperii. The question is whether any exception to this general
rule exists that would deny States sovereign immunity for unlawful
actions committed by their armed forces on the territory of another State
during armed conflict or in the course of an occupation. It was arguedp

that an exception exists that permits States to deny sovereign immunity pin
cases involving torts committed on the territory of the forum State. It pwas
also contended that this exception enables Italy to deny immunity to Gerp -
many for those acts committed by its armed forces which could be char -
acterized as intentional torts.

6. There is no dispute that the law on sovereign immunity has evolved
to provide a limited exception to immunity for certain types of tortiousp
acts. This exception is codified in Article 12 of the United Nations Con -
vention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property.

Although the Convention has not yet entered into force, Article 12 can be
considered to reflect the current state of customary international lawp.
That Article provides that a State cannot invoke immunity

“in a proceeding which relates to pecuniary compensation for death
or injury to the person, or damage to or loss of tangible property,
caused by an act or omission which is alleged to be attributable to

the State”,
and occurred on the forum State’s territory. The International Law Copm -

mission’s commentary on the text of the Convention, however, makes itp
clear that the drafters of the Convention intended Article 12 to apply
mainly to situations such as traffic accidents, to prevent insurance copmpa -
nies from evading liability to injured individuals under the cloak of Stpate
immunity. The commentary states further that Article 12 does not apply
to situations involving armed conflicts. The distinction drawn by the p

International Law Commission between isolated and insurable torts such
as traffic accidents, and acts committed by armed forces during armed

63

6 CIJ1031.indb 122 22/11/13 12:25 immunités juridictiopnnelles de l’état (op. ipnd. koroma) 158

déploiement des forces armées d’une nation aux fins de la conpduite d’un
conflit armé étant par essence un acte souverain. Les actes commpis par les

forces armées d’un Etat dans le cadre d’un conflit armé international
relèvent, par définition, de l’exercice du pouvoir souverain.p Dire que l’im-
munité de juridiction ne devait pas entrer en jeu à l’égard pde tels actes
reviendrait à vider la notion d’immunité souveraine de son sensp et de son
intérêt. La théorie de l’immunité souveraine a en effetp été élaborée afin de

protéger la souveraineté et l’égalité souveraine des Etatps. Cet objectif est
ainsi atteint en empêchant qu’un Etat n’exerce son pouvoir de jpuridiction
sur un autre Etat sans le consentement de celui-ci. Suivant cette théorie,
afin de préserver leur égalité souveraine, les Etats jouissenpt, d’une manière
générale, de l’immunité de juridiction à l’égard des actes accomplis dans
l’exercice de leur pouvoir souverain.

5. Le fait que les Etats jouissent, d’une manière générale, de pl’immunité
en ce qui concerne les actes jure imperii est bien établi. La question était
donc de savoir s’il existait une exception à cette règle génpérale qui prive -
rait les Etats de leur immunité souveraine à l’égard des actpes illicites com-
mis par leurs forces armées sur le territoire d’un autre Etat au cours d’un

conflit armé ou de l’occupation dudit territoire. A cet égard, il a été sou -
tenu qu’existait une exception en vertu de laquelle l’Etat du for ppeut
dénier à un Etat son immunité souveraine dans des affaires sep rapportant
à des actes dommageables commis sur son territoire. Il a également été
soutenu que l’Italie pouvait, en vertu de cette exception, refuser d’paccor -

der l’immunité à l’Allemagne en ce qui concerne les actes copmmis par ses
forces armées pouvant être qualifiés d’actes dommageables pintentionnels.
6. Il ne fait aucun doute que le droit de l’immunité souveraine a épvolué
et qu’il existe aujourd’hui une exception limitée à l’immpunité pour cer -
tains types d’actes dommageables. Cette exception est codifiée àp l’ar -
ticle 12 de la convention des Nations Unies sur l’immunité juridictionnelle

des Etats et de leurs biens. Quoique cet instrument ne soit pas encore
entré en vigueur, l’article 12 peut être considéré comme reflétant l’état
actuel du droit international coutumier. En vertu de cette disposition, un
Etat ne peut invoquer l’immunité de juridiction

«dans une procédure se rapportant à une action en réparation
pécuniaire en cas de décès ou d’atteinte à l’intégrpité physique d’une
personne, ou en cas de dommage ou de perte d’un bien corporel, dus

à un acte ou à une omission prétendument attribuables à l’pEtat»,
[et qui se sont produits sur le territoire de l’Etat du for]. Il ressport toute -

fois clairement du commentaire de la Commission du droit international
que, selon les rédacteurs de la convention, l’article 12 était principalement
destiné à s’appliquer à des situations telles que les accidents de la circula -
tion, et ce, afin d’éviter que les compagnies d’assurance ne pse soustraient
à leur responsabilité envers les victimes d’un préjudice en pse retranchant
derrière l’immunité de l’Etat. Le commentaire précise en poutre que

l’article 12 ne s’applique pas aux situations liées à des conflits arméps. La
distinction établie par la Commission du droit international entre leps

63

6 CIJ1031.indb 123 22/11/13 12:25 159 jurisdictional immunpities of the state (sepp. op. koroma)

conflict, is understandable. Cases involving the former would entail lpim -
ited liability for the tortfeasor State, whereas cases involving the latpter

could expose a State to nearly limitless liability. The former can thus pbe
appropriately dealt with by the forum State’s judiciary, while the inpevita -
bly political nature of the latter suggests strongly that resolution shopuld
be pursued via inter-State processes.

7. Under current international law, therefore, States continue to be
entitled to sovereign immunity for acta jure imperii committed by their
armed forces during armed conflict. Given that the Court’s task is to
apply the existing law, nothing in the Court’s Judgment today prevents

the continued evolution of the law on State immunity. In the past cen -
tury, the law on State immunity has evolved considerably in a manner
that has significantly circumscribed the circumstances in which a Statpe is
entitled to immunity. It is possible that further exceptions to State impmu -
nity will continue to develop in the future. The Court’s Judgment appplies

the law as it exists today.

*

8. I also consider it important to acknowledge and address the argu -

ments made by Greece. As a non-party intervenor in this case, Greece
submitted a written statement in which it emphasized, inter alia, the
“individual right to reparation in the event of grave violations of hpuman -
itarian law” (para. 34). Greece maintains that international humanitarian
law confers “direct rights on individuals which are opposable to States”
(para. 35). In support of its argument Greece cites, among other provi -

sions, Article 3 of the Hague Convention (IV) of 1907 and Article 91 of
the 1977 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of
12 August 1949 (Protocol I).
9. Greece is correct in stating that international humanitarian law now
regards individuals as the ultimate beneficiaries of reparations for hpuman

rights violations (see International Law Commission, draft Articles on p
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (A/56/10), p
Art. 33, comment 3). This is a positive development that should certainly
be welcomed, as it reflects the increasing importance of individual hupman
rights in international law. It does not follow, however, that internatiponal

law provides individuals with a legal right to make claims for reparatiopn
directly against a foreign State. Nothing in the Hague Convention (IV) or
the 1977 Protocol I supports such a proposition. The relevant Articles of
these two Conventions provide only that States must “pay compensa -
tion” if they violate the provisions of the Conventions. They do not ppur-
port to require that States pay compensation directly to aggrieved

individuals. Further, the two Conventions as a whole, read in context, do
not provide for compensation to be made in such a manner. Indeed, a

64

6 CIJ1031.indb 124 22/11/13 12:25 immunités juridictiopnnelles de l’état (op. ipnd. koroma) 159

actes dommageables isolés et assurables, tels que les accidents de lap circu-
lation, et les actes commis par des forces armées pendant un conflit armé

est compréhensible. En effet, si les affaires se rapportant à la première
catégorie d’actes ne supposent qu’une responsabilité limitépe de l’Etat
auteur, celles qui se rapportent à la seconde catégorie peuvent l’pexposer à
une responsabilité presque illimitée. Le premier type d’affaipres peut donc
tout à fait être traité par les autorités judiciaires de l’pEtat du f; la nature

immanquablement politique des secondes plaide, en revanche, nettement
en faveur de la recherche d’un règlement au niveau interétatiqupe.
7. Le droit international continue donc de reconnaître l’immunité psou -
veraine aux Etats en ce qui concerne les actes jure imperii commis par
leurs forces armées pendant un conflit armé. La Cour ayant pour pmission
d’appliquer le droit existant, rien dans le présent arrêt ne s’poppose toute -

fois à la poursuite de l’évolution du droit de l’immunitép des Etats. Celui-ci
a en effet considérablement évolué au siècle dernier, de sorte que sont
désormais fort circonscrites les circonstances dans lesquelles un Etat jouit
de l’immunité. Aussi est-il possible que de nouvelles exceptions se fassent
jour à l’avenir. La Cour n’a, dans son arrêt, fait qu’apppliquer le droit tel

qu’il existe aujourd’hui.

*

8. Selon moi, il importe également de tenir compte des arguments pré -

sentés par la Grèce et d’y répondre. Intervenant dans l’ipnstance en tant
que non-partie, celle-ci a déposé une déclaration écrite dans laquelle elle a
notamment mis l’accent sur le « droit individuel à … réparation en cas de
violations graves du droit humanitaire » (par. 34). La Grèce soutient que
le droit international humanitaire confère « des droits directs aux indivi -
dus opposables aux Etats » (par. 35). A l’appui de cet argument, elle cite,

entre autres dispositions, l’article 3 de la quatrième convention de
La Haye de 1907 et l’article 91 du protocole additionnel de 1977 aux
conventions de Genève du 12 août 1949 (protocole I).
9. La Grèce a raison de dire que le droit international humanitaire
considère aujourd’hui que les individus sont les bénéficiapires ultimes des

réparations dues à raison de violations des droits de l’homme (pvoir Com -
mission du droit international, projet d’articles sur la responsabilipté de
l’Etat pour fait internationalement illicite (A/56/10), art. 33, commen -
taire 3). Il s’agit d’ailleurs là d’une évolution positive donpt il convient
assurément de se féliciter en ce qu’elle reflète l’impoprtance croissante des

droits de l’homme individuels en droit international. Il ne s’ensuit cepen -
dant pas que le droit international confère aux individus le droit d’penga -
ger une action en réparation directement contre un Etat étranger. Rien
dans la quatrième convention de La Haye ou dans le protocole I de 1977
n’étaye pareille proposition. Aux termes des articles pertinents de ces
deux instruments, les Etats sont simplement tenus « à indemnité » en cas

de violation desdites conventions. Ces dispositions ne visent pas à impo -
ser aux Etats d’indemniser directement les victimes de ces violations. Il ne

64

6 CIJ1031.indb 125 22/11/13 12:25 160 jurisdictional immunpities of the state (sepp. op. koroma)

provision requiring State payments to individuals would have been incon-
ceivable in 1907, when the Hague Convention IV was concluded, as inter-
national law at that time did not recognize the rights of individuals top the
extent that it does today.

*

10. In conclusion, the Court correctly found that Germany is entitled
to sovereign immunity for the acts committed by its armed forces in Italpy
during the Second World War, since the acts committed by the German
armed forces constituted acta jure imperii, and no exception to this gen -

eral rule of immunity applies. This finding, however, does not precludpe
the Parties from entering into negotiations to resolve issues which camep
to the fore in the course of the present proceedings. Nor does the attaipn -
ment of justice in the factual and historical context of this case necespsitate
the overthrow of the existing law on jurisdictional immunity, which justply

protects and preserves the sovereignty and sovereign equality of States.p

(Signed) Abdul G. Koroma.

65

6 CIJ1031.indb 126 22/11/13 12:25 immunités juridictiopnnelles de l’état (op. ipnd. koroma) 160

ressort en outre nullement des deux conventions, lues dans leur ensemblep

et replacées dans leur contexte, qu’il doive être procédép à pareille indem -
nisation. Une disposition imposant à un Etat d’indemniser directement
les individus n’aurait d’ailleurs pas été concevable en 1907, date de la
conclusion de la quatrième convention de La Haye, étant donné que le
droit international ne reconnaissait pas, à l’époque, les droitps des indivi -

dus autant qu’il le fait aujourd’hui.

*

10. Pour conclure, c’est à juste titre que la Cour a jugé que l’pAllemagne

avait droit à l’immunité souveraine en ce qui concerne les acteps commis
par ses forces armées en Italie pendant la seconde guerre mondiale, dpès
lors que ces actes étaient des actes jure imperii et qu’aucune exception à la
règle générale de l’immunité ne s’appliquait. Cette copnclusion n’empêche
cependant pas les Parties d’entamer des négociations afin de répgler cer -

taines questions qui ont été mises en lumière en la présentep instance. Pour
autant, les contextes factuel et historique de l’affaire ne nécepssitaient pas,
pour que justice soit rendue, de faire fi du droit de l’immunitép de juridic -
tion existant, lequel protège et préserve, à raison, la souverapineté des
Etats et leur égalité souveraine.

(Signé) Abdul G. Koroma.

65

6 CIJ1031.indb 127 22/11/13 12:25

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Separate Opinion of Judge Koroma

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