Separate opinion of Judge Donoghue

Document Number
140-20110401-JUD-01-10-EN
Parent Document Number
140-20110401-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

329

SEpARATE OpINION OF JUdgE dONOgHUE

Agreement with rejection of first preliminary objection but disagreement with
Court’s reasoning and methodology — Dispute involving the subject-matter of

CERD pre-dated 9 August 2008 — Imposition of prior notice and prior opposition
requirements contravenes Court’s established jurisprudence — Mischaracterization
of the requirement in South West Africa cases — Disagreement with Court’s
methodology giving no weight to opposing views in Parties’ submission▯s.

Disagreement with dismissal by Court of a document if it does not contai▯n all
elements necessary to prove a breach of CERD — Evidence taken as a whole
demonstrates dispute existed before 9 August 2008.
Joint dissent addresses second preliminary objection — Conclusion that dispute
did not arise until 9 August 2008 has profound impact on Court’s analysis of

second preliminary objection.

1. I have joined president Owada, Judges Simma and Abraham, and
Judge ad hoc gaja to express the reasons for my dissent with respect to

the Court’s decision to uphold the second preliminary objection of thpe
Russian Federation. I agree with the decision in the Judgment to reject p
the first preliminary objection. I write separately, however, because I pdis -
agree in significant ways with the approach taken in the Judgment to thep
question whether there is a “dispute” and because I believe that tphe dis -

pute between georgia and Russia with respect to interpretation or appli -
cation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial discrimination (hereinafter “CERd”) arose prior to 9 August
2008, the date set by the Judgment.

I. First preliminary Objection

2. I agree with the Court’s decision to reject the first preliminary objec -
tion. I also agree with the portion of the legal test that is set forth pat
paragraph 31 of the Judgment :

“The Court needs to determine (1) whether the record shows a dis -
agreement on a point of law or fact between the two State;s(2) whether

that disagreement is with respect to ‘the interpretation or applicatipon’
of CERd, as required by Article 22 of CERd ; and (3) whether that
disagreement existed as of the date of the Application.”

As the Judgment indicates, the question whether there is a dispute is a p
matter for “objective determination” by the Court (paragraph 30, citing

263330 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania,
First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74).

3. I disagree with the Judgment, however, in so far as it goes beyond
these observations to impose new requirements on an applicant. In par -
ticular, the Judgment goes on to state that the Court “needs to deterpmine

whether georgia made such a claim and whether the Russian Federation
positively opposed it with the result that there is a dispute between thpem
in terms of Article 22 of CERd” (para. 31). By adding a notice require -
ment, the Judgment disregards established jurisprudence. The Judgment
also mischaracterizes the statement in the South West Africa cases (Ethio-
pia v. South Africa ; Liberia v. South Africa) (Preliminary Objections,

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328) that a claim must be one that “is
positively opposed”, by treating it as a requirement that the respondpent
state its disagreement with the views of the applicant prior to the filipng of
the Application.

4. I also disagree with the methodology of the Court which, in deciding
whether there is a “dispute”, gives no weight to the opposing viewps of the
parties reflected in their submissions to the Court in this case, an appproach
that is at odds with recent jurisprudence. Taking into account those viepws,
as well as the evidence of the parties’ opposing views from the period
prior to the Application, I conclude that there is a dispute between thep

parties with respect to interpretation and application of the CERd and
that such dispute extends to the period prior to 9 August 2008.

A. No Notice of a Claim Is Required before the Filing

of an Application

5. The Court’s jurisprudence (and that of the permanent Court of
International Justice) has been consistent in stating that an applicantp
need not give the respondent notice of an Application. One year after thpe
Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions case, in which the permanent Court
defined a “dispute” as “a disagreement on a point of law or facpt, a conflict

of legal views or of interests between two persons” (Judgment No. 2, 1924,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 11), the permanent Court was directly pre -
sented with the question of prior notice in the case concerning Certain
German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia. germany relied on a com-
promissory clause that specified that “[s]hould differences of opinion res-

pecting the construction and application of [the subject agreement]
arise . . . they shall be submitted to the permanent Court of International
Justice” (Judgment No. 6, 1925, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 6, p. 13). poland
objected to the jurisdiction of the permanent Court on the ground that
“the existence of a difference of opinion . . . had not been established
before the filing of the Application” (ibid.). The permanent Court

rejected this argument. Noting that there was no stipulation in the com -

264331 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

promissory clause that diplomatic negotiation or other procedures pre -
cede the filing of a case, the permanent Court held that recourse could be

had to it “as soon as one of the parties considers that a difference of
opinion arising out of the construction and application” of the relevpant
provisions exists (Judgment No. 6, 1925, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 6, p. 14).

6. The conclusion in Upper Silesia remains correct. There is no general

requirement of prior notice of claims or of an intention to submit thosep
claims to the Court. This principle has since been expressly affirmed opn
more than one occasion 2 (see Right of Passage over Indian Territory
( Portugal v.India), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1957,

p. 146 ; Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
(Cameroonv.Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.Reports 1998,
p. 297, para. 39; see also Shabtai Rosenne, The Law and Practice of the
International Court (1920‑2005), Vol. III, Sect. 288, p. 1 153).

B. There Is No Requirement that a Respondent Have an Opportunity to
“Oppose” a Claim Prior to the Filing of an Application

7. The Court’s test in this case considers not only whether the appli -
cant gave the would-be respondent notice of a claim (and thus an oppor -
tunity to respond to it), but also whether and how the would-be respondent
“opposed” a claim. In past cases, however, the Court has considerepd and

rejected the notion that a respondent’s failure to oppose the claims pagainst
it or to acknowledge or accept the existence of a dispute vitiates jurispdic -
tion (see, e.g., United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran
(United States of America v. Iran), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1980, p. 25,

para. 47 ; Applicability of the Obligation to Arbitrate under Section 21 of
the United Nations Headquarters Agreement of 26 June 1947, Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 28, para. 38 ; Questions of Interpretation
and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial
Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of

America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 123,
paras. 22-24 and p. 129, para. 38). Such a test would permit the respon -
dent, simply by remaining silent or asserting the absence of a dispute, pto
defeat jurisdiction.

2
I note one case that lies in apparent contradiction with this principle.p In the Electricity
Company of Sofia and Bulgaria case, the permanent Court upheld a preliminary objection
raised by Bulgaria with respect to one of several claims asserted by Belpgium (Judgment,
1939, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. p. 83). According to Bulgaria, Belgium had failed to
establish that the special tax at issue had formed “the subject of a pdispute between the two
governments prior to the filing of the Belgian Application” (ibid.), in contrast to other
claims that had been the subject of prior diplomatic correspondence. On pthat basis, the
permanent Court found that the claim could not be entertained.

265332 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

8. In the case concerning Land and Maritime Boundary between
Cameroon and Nigeria, the Court made clear that an express statement
setting forth the respondent’s opposition to an applicant’s claimsp or pro -
tests is not required :

“However, a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of
legal views or interests, or the positive opposition of the claim of onep
party by the other need not necessarily be stated expressis verbis. In
the determination of the existence of a dispute, as in other matters,

the position or the attitude of a party can be established by inference,p
whatever the professed view of that party.” (Land and Maritime
Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Pre -
liminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 315, para. 89.)

9. The present Judgment acknowledges (para. 30) that the Court may
infer opposition from silence, but does not otherwise make use of the

flexibility embraced by the Court in Cameroon v. Nigeria. Rather than
imposing an artificial limitation on itself, the Court should draw on
all information that has been put to it to determine whether, at the time
that it decides on its jurisdiction, a legal dispute exists between the pparties.
For example, in making its determination, the Court may consider a
party’s course of conduct and may take into account the opposing views

of the parties as set forth in the course of judicial proceedings.
10. By insisting not only on notice by georgia but also on contempo -
raneous statements of “opposition” by Russia, the Judgment mischarac -
terizes the oft-cited phrase that a dispute requires that the claim of one
party “is positively opposed” by the other. An examination of the case in

which the Court first used the phrase, and of the subsequent jurispru -
dence, makes clear that the requirement that a claim “is positively
opposed” does not comprise a requirement that the respondent indicatep
such opposition prior to an Application, or even that it have an opportu -
nity to do so. In the South West Africa cases, the applicable compromis -

sory clause provided for jurisdiction over “any dispute whatever” pbrought
by another member of the League of Nations ((Ethiopia v. South Africa;
Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1962, p. 335). After citing the definition of a “dispute” from the Mavrom -
matis Palestine Concessions case, the Court stated :

“[I]t is not sufficient for one party to a contentious case to asserpt
that a dispute exists with the other party. A mere assertion is not
sufficient to prove the existence of a dispute any more than a mere
denial of the existence of the dispute proves its non-existence. Nor is

it adequate to show that the interests of the two parties to such a casep

266333 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

are in conflict. It must be shown that the claim of one party is positively
opposed by the other.” (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328 ; emphasis added.)

The Court’s central focus was whether the two Applicants had standingp
(locus standi) and whether they had a “material interest” that was capa -
ble of giving rise to a dispute under the title of jurisdiction relied uppon
(ibid., pp. 335, 342-343). The Court rejected South Africa’s preliminary

objections, noting that the existence of a dispute “is clearly constiptuted by
their opposing attitudes relating to the performance of the obligations pof
the mandate by the Respondent as mandatory” (ibid., p. 328). Impor-
tantly for present purposes, the Court made no suggestion that jurisdic -
tion was wanting because Ethiopia and Liberia had failed to put South

Africa on notice of their contentions prior to filing their Applications (or
that such failure would have precluded a finding of jurisdiction). To tphe
contrary, the precise language of this frequently-cited sentence from the
South West Africa cases makes clear that the Court did not require evi -
dence of “opposition” prior to the filing of an Application, because the

Court used the present tense to frame the question whether the claim of
one party “is positively opposed” (emphasis added) by the other.

11. Thus, the question of prior notice or of opportunity to respond
was simply not presented in the South West Africa cases. The Court’s

requirement that a claim “is positively opposed” by the respondentp was
not aimed at creating a formal requirement that the parties engage in an
exchange of views prior to the seisin of the Court. On the contrary, thep
cited passage is part and parcel of the Court’s obligation to make an
“objective determination” that a dispute exists. In a contentious case,

there must be an actual, ongoing dispute between the parties, and the
Court must make its objective determination of the existence of such a
dispute based on the totality of the information before it.
12. Certainly, the information assessed by the Court in making an
“objective determination” that a dispute exists or does not exist pnormally

derives from the period prior to the filing of an Application. Such infopr -
mation frequently includes statements by one or both parties in the courpse
of bilateral exchanges, or in other contexts, for example, in multilaterpal
settings or in public statements (see, e.g., Northern Cameroons (Camer -
oon v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1963, pp. 24-25 and 27 ; East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment,

I.C.J. Reports 1995, pp. 99-100, para. 22 ; Questions of Interpretation and
Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Inci -
dent at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 122, para. 20 ;
Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany), Preliminary Objections,

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, pp. 17-18, paras. 22-23). The fact that the

267334 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

Court routinely has relied on such pre-application statements or bilateral
exchanges to identify or confirm the existence of a dispute does not meapn,
however, that a dispute exists only where such statements or exchanges
have taken place.

C. To Determine whether There Was a Dispute as of the Date of
Application, the Court May Consider Information that
It Received after the Application

13. I agree with the Judgment that a disagreement of law or fact gen -
erally must exist as of the date of an Application (see Judgment, para -
graph 31), but I take that to mean only that the situation or circumstances

over which the parties disagree must have arisen prior to the Applicatiopn.
This requirement does not mean that the Court must artificially limit
itself only to statements made by the parties prior to the filing of an p
Application in deciding whether this criterion is met. Thus, the Court
relied on statements made during the proceedings before it — and there -
fore after the filing of an Application — in 1996 when it rejected the

respondent’s contention that jurisdiction was lacking because there wpas
no dispute :

“While yugoslavia has refrained from filing a Counter-memorial
on the merits and has raised preliminary objections, it has neverthelessp
wholly denied all of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s allegations, whether at
the stage of proceedings relating to the requests for the indication of ▯
provisional measures, or at the stage of the present proceedings relatin▯g

to those objections.
In conformity with well-established jurisprudence, the Court
accordingly notes that there persists ‘a situation in which the two spides
hold clearly opposite views concerning the question of the perfor -
mance or non-performance of certain treaty obligations’ . . . and that,
by reason of the rejection by yugoslavia of the complaints formulated

against it by Bosnia and Herzegovina, ‘there is a legal dispute’ bpetween
them.” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish -
ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugosla -
via), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II),
pp. 614-615, paras. 28-29 ; emphasis added.)

14. In the present case, the two parties have a dispute about the
interpretation and application of the CERd that relates to events occur -

ring between the entry into force of the CERd in 1999 (as between geor -
gia and Russia) and the date of the Application. That is evident from tphe
submissions to this Court in these proceedings, including the legal
arguments briefed in the current stage of these proceedings (for example,
as to the question of territorial scope) and the characterization of the
facts to which the parties directed their attention in these proceedings,

especially at the provisional measures phase. It is also clear from the pevi-

268335 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

dence deriving from the period prior to the Application, to which I now p
turn.

D. There Is Substantial Evidence of a Dispute between
the Parties with respect to Interpretation

or Application of the CERD

15. Looking beyond the submissions in this case to evidence deriving
from the period prior to the Application, I conclude, in contrast to thep
Judgment, that there is sufficient evidence that a dispute relating to pthe
subject-matter of the CERd existed not only during the period of
9-12 August 2008, but also before that. Taken as a whole, the factual

record demonstrates that, between 1999 and August 2008, georgia raised
concerns — either directly with Russia or in multilateral settings —
regarding conduct related to ethnic discrimination, some of which it
attributed, in one way or another, to Russia.

16. I highlight here some of the documents that, taken together, sup -
port the conclusion that there is a dispute over which this Court has jupri-
diction. For example, some documents establish that georgia accused the
separatist authorities in Abkhazia of engaging in conduct amounting to
unlawful ethnic discrimination. (See, e.g., United Nations Security Coupn-
cil, Letter dated 27 October 2005 from the permanent Representative of

georgia to the United Nations addressed to the president of the Security
Council, United Nations doc. S/2005/678 (27 October 2005), Written
Statement of georgia, Annex 75 ; United Nations Security Council, Let -
ter dated 18 November 2005 from the permanent Representative of geor-
gia to the United Nations addressed to the president of the Security

Council, Annex, United Nations doc. S/2005/735 (23 November 2005),
Written Statement of georgia, Annex 77.) Other documents establish
that georgia viewed Russia as protecting and exercising control over the
separatist authorities in Abkhazia and South Ossetia and/or that georgia
viewed Russia as having failed to meet a legal obligation to intervene tpo
prevent unlawful discriminatory conduct by those authorities. (See, e.g.,

United Nations Security Council, Letter dated 26 January 2005 from the
permanent Representative of georgia to the United Nations addressed to
the president of the Security Council, United Nations doc. S/2005/45
(26 January 2005), Written Statement of georgia, Annex 71; United
Nations Human Rights Committee, Third Periodic Report of State Par -

ties Due in 2006, United Nations doc. CCpR/C/gEO/3 (7 Novem -
ber 2006), Written Statement of georgia, Annex 85 ; Transcript, “Ask
georgia’s president”, BBC News (25 February 2004), Written Statement
of georgia, Annex 198.)

269336 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

17. Furthermore, some documents allege conduct amounting to ethnic
discrimination and attribute responsibility for that conduct to Russia.
(See, e.g., United Nations general Assembly, Security Council, Letter
dated 9 November 2005 from the permanent Representative of georgia
to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-general, Annex, United
Nations doc. A/60/552 (10 November 2005), Written Statement of geor -

gia, Annex 76 ; United Nations Committee against Torture, Summary
Record of the 699th Meeting, United Nations doc. CAT/C/SR.699
(10 may 2006), Written Statement of georgia, Annex 79 ; United Nations
Security Council, Letter dated 4 September 2006 from the permanent
Representative of georgia to the United Nations addressed to the presi-

dent of the Security Council, Annex, United Nations doc. S/2006/709
(5 September 2006), Written Statement of georgia, Annex 84.) Taken
together, and when reviewed in light of the entire record, these documenpts
reinforce the conclusion that is apparent from the assertions about law p
and fact made in the written and oral submissions : namely, that a dispute

between the parties relating to the subject-matter of the CERd predated
the period of hostilities in August 2008.

18. A critical distinction between my approach and that reflected in the
Judgment is that I weigh the evidence as a whole in order to determine

whether there is a “dispute”. By contrast, the Judgment assigns nop proba -
tive value to an individual document if it finds that document lacking ipn
one respect or another. Thus, for example :

— georgia’s permanent Representative to the United Nations transmit-
ted to the general Assembly a 2006 resolution of the georgian par -
liament describing “attempts to legalize the results of ethnic cleansping”
as part of the “reality brought about as a result of peacekeeping

operations” (para. 86), but the Judgment dismisses the value of the
transmitted resolution because georgia failed to refer in its transmit -
tal letter to agenda items covering ethnic discrimination (para. 89).

— The Judgment “cannot give any legal significance” to a 2006 state -

ment by georgia’s permanent Representative to the United Nations
that the Russian peacekeeping force “failed to carry out” its mandpate
to “create [a] favorable security environment for the return of ethnip-
cally cleansed . . . georgian citizens” because the georgian perma -
nent Representative also said that “what we are dealing with is not a
fundamentally ethnic conflict, but rather one stemming from Russia’ps

territorial ambitions” (para. 92).

— In September 2006, the Foreign ministry of georgia alleged that
“[t]he so-called government of Abkhazia . . . remains relentless in

its pursuit of its inhuman discriminatory policy and acts against the

270337 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

ethnic georgian population” while also asserting that “Russian
peacekeeping forces . . . do nothing to suppress flagrant and mass
violations of human rights” (United Nations Security Council, Letterp
dated 4 September 2006 from the permanent Representative of geor-
gia to the United Nations addressed to the president of the Security
Council, Annex, United Nations doc. S/2006/709 (5 September 2006),

Written Statement of georgia, Annex 84), but the Judgment dis -
misses these statements, saying they are not “direct claims against tphe
Russian Federation of racial discrimination” (para. 90).

19. If the Court were considering the merits, georgia would have the
burden of establishing the full range of legal and factual elements of ap

breach by a CERd party. For example, for an alleged incident in which
georgia claims that conduct by entities other than the Russian govern -
ment amounts to ethnic discrimination, assuming that the Court con -
cluded that it had jurisdiction ratione loci and ratione temporis, georgia
would also have to establish, inter alia, that Russia bore responsibility for

any such discrimination. Today, however, the Court is not asked to
decide whether the CERd applies to Russia with respect to incidents out-
side of its territory (a question of interpretation about which the parties
disagree), or whether a particular incident gave rise to a breach by Rupssia
of its CERd obligations, but only whether there is a disagreement
between the parties about such questions and other aspects of the inter -

pretation or application of the CERd. disavowing a particular document
in which georgia alleges conduct that may violate the CERd — but in
which, for example, georgia does not contemporaneously attribute that
conduct to Russia — does not help to determine whether the factual
record as a whole demonstrates the existence of a legal dispute between p

the parties. The evidence shows that georgia claims that Russia bears
international responsibility for ethnic discrimination in violation of tphe
CERd and that Russia disagrees with that claim, on multiple grounds.
That is all that is needed to establish the existence of a dispute with p
respect to interpretation or application of the CERd.

20. In sum, I agree with the Judgment’s conclusion that a dispute exists p
between the parties, but I do not agree that the dispute began only on
9 August 2008. By requiring an applicant to give the respondent notice of

its claim prior to filing its Application, the Court today does nothing pto
help clarify whether there is a “dispute”, but instead imposes a npew pro -
cedural obstacle that, as the permanent Court noted in Upper Silesia,
“could at any time be fulfilled by means of unilateral action on the ppart
of the applicant party. And the Court cannot allow itself to be hampered

by a mere defect of form, the removal of which depends solely on the

271338 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

party concerned.” (Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia,
Jurisdiction, Judgment No. 6, 1925, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 6, p. 14 ; see
also Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), pp. 613-614, para. 26 (dis-
cussing cases in which the Court rejected objections asserting the absenpce

of a dispute where such objections were based on “a defect in a procep -
dural act which the applicant could easily remedy”).) Instead of fopllowing
the Judgment’s approach, I conclude that, taken as a whole, the asserp -
tions and the factual submissions of the parties demonstrate that there is
a dispute between the parties relating to the subject-matter of the CERd,
and that the dispute predated 9 August 2008.

II. Second preliminary Objection

21. With other colleagues, I have submitted a joint dissenting opinion
with respect to the second preliminary objection of the Russian Federa -
tion. I do not repeat here the reasons that I dissent. I note only that pthe
decision of the Court that the dispute began only on 9 August 2008 has a
profound impact on its analysis of the second preliminary objection,

because the Judgment declines to give weight to any engagement between
georgia and Russia prior to that date.

III. Conclusion

22. The Judgment’s test for determining whether there is a dispute and
its conclusion regarding the meaning and effect of this particular comppro -
missory clause have implications that could go beyond this case. In par -
ticular, while I am confident that this is not the intention of those whpo
voted in favour of the Judgment, I am concerned that the Judgment will

work to the disadvantage of States with limited resources and those thatp
have little or no experience before this Court.

23. The question whether this Court has jurisdiction under a particular
treaty is independent of the obligation of treaty parties to comply withp

that treaty. Equally, the fact that a particular treaty may be relevant pto
only one aspect of a larger dispute (as in the present case) does not
absolve the parties from complying with that treaty. In general, State A
need not remind State B of a particular treaty in order to trigger State B’s
obligations under that treaty. moreover, when a dispute arises under a
treaty as to which both States have accepted the Court’s jurisdictionp

ante hoc, State B has every reason to consider the prospect that State A

272339 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

may seek relief in this Court. Nonetheless, the Court today has created p
new hurdles of notice, opposition and a formalistic “negotiation” require -
ment before State A may file an Application alleging that State B has
breached its obligations.

24. In the vast majority of cases, these requirements will not defeat

jurisdiction. Normally, State A can be expected to raise its legal concerns
with State B and to seek to resolve those concerns through some form of
diplomacy. Less commonly, however, a State may choose instead to pro -
ceed directly to this Court. For example, if State B disclaims any respon -
sibility — in law or in fact — for the conduct about which State A is
concerned, State A may conclude that negotiations would be futile.

25. For States with the resources to follow the decisions of this Court
closely, counsel will read today’s Judgment and will caution clients pabout
the requirements that it imposes. The same cannot be said, however, of
States with limited resources and those that lack experience before thisp

Court. Under the Court’s decision today, even if such a State consideprs
that it is the victim of a clear violation by another State, and even ifp the
“precondition” in a compromissory clause is hidden, as in the CERd, the
State’s access to this Court could be barred unless it follows new prpoce -
dural requirements that it will not find in the text of the treaty, the pStatute
or the Rules of Court.

(Signed) Joan E. donoghue.

273

Bilingual Content

329

SEpARATE OpINION OF JUdgE dONOgHUE

Agreement with rejection of first preliminary objection but disagreement with
Court’s reasoning and methodology — Dispute involving the subject-matter of

CERD pre-dated 9 August 2008 — Imposition of prior notice and prior opposition
requirements contravenes Court’s established jurisprudence — Mischaracterization
of the requirement in South West Africa cases — Disagreement with Court’s
methodology giving no weight to opposing views in Parties’ submission▯s.

Disagreement with dismissal by Court of a document if it does not contai▯n all
elements necessary to prove a breach of CERD — Evidence taken as a whole
demonstrates dispute existed before 9 August 2008.
Joint dissent addresses second preliminary objection — Conclusion that dispute
did not arise until 9 August 2008 has profound impact on Court’s analysis of

second preliminary objection.

1. I have joined president Owada, Judges Simma and Abraham, and
Judge ad hoc gaja to express the reasons for my dissent with respect to

the Court’s decision to uphold the second preliminary objection of thpe
Russian Federation. I agree with the decision in the Judgment to reject p
the first preliminary objection. I write separately, however, because I pdis -
agree in significant ways with the approach taken in the Judgment to thep
question whether there is a “dispute” and because I believe that tphe dis -

pute between georgia and Russia with respect to interpretation or appli -
cation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial discrimination (hereinafter “CERd”) arose prior to 9 August
2008, the date set by the Judgment.

I. First preliminary Objection

2. I agree with the Court’s decision to reject the first preliminary objec -
tion. I also agree with the portion of the legal test that is set forth pat
paragraph 31 of the Judgment :

“The Court needs to determine (1) whether the record shows a dis -
agreement on a point of law or fact between the two State;s(2) whether

that disagreement is with respect to ‘the interpretation or applicatipon’
of CERd, as required by Article 22 of CERd ; and (3) whether that
disagreement existed as of the date of the Application.”

As the Judgment indicates, the question whether there is a dispute is a p
matter for “objective determination” by the Court (paragraph 30, citing

263 329

me
OpINION INdIvIdUELLE dE m LA JUgE dONOgHUE

[Traduction]

Accord avec le rejet de la première exception préliminaire, mais d▯ésaccord avec
le raisonnement et la méthode suivis par la Cour — Différend relevant de l’objet

de la CIEDR antérieur au 9 août 2008 — Exigence d’une notification et d’une
opposition préalables contraire à la jurisprudence établie de l▯a Cour — Inter-
prétation erronée de la condition posée dans les affaires du Sud-Ouest africain
— Désaccord avec la méthode suivie par la Cour ne conférant ▯aucun poids aux
points de vue contradictoires exprimés par les Parties dans leurs dé▯clarations.
Désaccord avec le rejet d’un document par la Cour lorsqu’il ne ▯contient pas tous
les éléments nécessaires pour prouver une violation de la CIEDR▯ — Ensemble des
éléments de preuve démontrant qu’un différend existait av▯ant le 9 août 2008.
Deuxième exception préliminaire traitée dans l’opinion dissi▯dente commune
— Conclusion que le différend n’est apparu que le 9 août 2008 ayant d’importantes

conséquences pour l’analyse que la Cour fait de la deuxième exc▯eption préliminaire.

1. Je me suis jointe au président Owada, aux juges Simma et Abraham
ainsi qu’au juge ad hoc gaja pour exprimer les raisons de mon désaccord

avec la décision de la Cour de retenir la deuxième exception prépliminaire
soulevée par la Fédération de Russie. Je souscris à la dépcision de rejeter la
première exception préliminaire, mais je rédige néanmoins lap présente
opinion individuelle parce que je suis à d’importants égards enp désaccord
avec la façon dont est envisagée dans l’arrêt la question dep savoir s’il exis-

tait ou non un « différend» et que, à mon avis, la naissance du différend
opposant la géorgie et la Russie à propos de l’interprétation ou de l’ap -
plication de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de touptes les
formes de discrimination raciale (ci-après la « CIEdR») est antérieure au

9 août 2008, date fixée par l’arrêt.

I. première exception prépliminaire

2. Je souscris à la décision de la Cour de rejeter la première excpeption
préliminaire, de même qu’à la partie du raisonnement juridiqpue qui est
exposée comme suit au paragraphe 31 de l’arrêt :

«[La Cour] doit déterminer 1) si le dossier de l’affaire révèle l’exis-
tence d’un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait entre les depux

Etats, 2) si ce désaccord touche «l’interprétation ou l’application» de
la CIEdR, comme l’exige l’article 22 de celle-ci, et 3) si ledit désac -
cord existait à la date du dépôt de la requête. »

Comme cela est précisé dans l’arrêt, la question de savoir sp’il existe ou
non un différend demande à être « établie objectivement » par la Cour

263330 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania,
First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74).

3. I disagree with the Judgment, however, in so far as it goes beyond
these observations to impose new requirements on an applicant. In par -
ticular, the Judgment goes on to state that the Court “needs to deterpmine

whether georgia made such a claim and whether the Russian Federation
positively opposed it with the result that there is a dispute between thpem
in terms of Article 22 of CERd” (para. 31). By adding a notice require -
ment, the Judgment disregards established jurisprudence. The Judgment
also mischaracterizes the statement in the South West Africa cases (Ethio-
pia v. South Africa ; Liberia v. South Africa) (Preliminary Objections,

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328) that a claim must be one that “is
positively opposed”, by treating it as a requirement that the respondpent
state its disagreement with the views of the applicant prior to the filipng of
the Application.

4. I also disagree with the methodology of the Court which, in deciding
whether there is a “dispute”, gives no weight to the opposing viewps of the
parties reflected in their submissions to the Court in this case, an appproach
that is at odds with recent jurisprudence. Taking into account those viepws,
as well as the evidence of the parties’ opposing views from the period
prior to the Application, I conclude that there is a dispute between thep

parties with respect to interpretation and application of the CERd and
that such dispute extends to the period prior to 9 August 2008.

A. No Notice of a Claim Is Required before the Filing

of an Application

5. The Court’s jurisprudence (and that of the permanent Court of
International Justice) has been consistent in stating that an applicantp
need not give the respondent notice of an Application. One year after thpe
Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions case, in which the permanent Court
defined a “dispute” as “a disagreement on a point of law or facpt, a conflict

of legal views or of interests between two persons” (Judgment No. 2, 1924,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 11), the permanent Court was directly pre -
sented with the question of prior notice in the case concerning Certain
German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia. germany relied on a com-
promissory clause that specified that “[s]hould differences of opinion res-

pecting the construction and application of [the subject agreement]
arise . . . they shall be submitted to the permanent Court of International
Justice” (Judgment No. 6, 1925, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 6, p. 13). poland
objected to the jurisdiction of the permanent Court on the ground that
“the existence of a difference of opinion . . . had not been established
before the filing of the Application” (ibid.). The permanent Court

rejected this argument. Noting that there was no stipulation in the com -

264 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (op. ind. donoghue)330

(paragraphe 30, citant l’affaire de l’Interprétation des traités de paix
conclus avec la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie, première phase, avis
consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 74).
3. Je désapprouve toutefois l’arrêt dans la mesure où il va au-delà de

ces observations pour imposer de nouvelles obligations au demandeur.
En particulier, il est déclaré dans la suite du paragraphe 31 que la Cour
«doit établir si la géorgie a formulé une réclamation en ce sens et si
celle-ci s’est heurtée à l’opposition manifeste de la Fédéraption de Russie,
de sorte qu’il existe un différend au sens de l’article 22 de la CIEdR entre

les deux Etats ». En ajoutant une obligation de notification, la Cour
méconnaît sa jurisprudence établie. Elle donne également unep interpréta-
tion erronée de sa déclaration dans les affaires du Sud-Ouest africain
(Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud ; Libéria c. Afrique du Sud) (exceptions préli -

minaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 328) — déclaration selon laquelle la
réclamation de l’une des parties doit se heurter à l’«opposition manifeste»
de l’autre — en considérant que le défendeur doit avoir, avant le dépôpt de
la requête, exprimé son désaccord avec les vues du demandeur.
4. Je suis également en désaccord avec la méthode adoptée par lpa Cour

qui, pour décider s’il existe ou non un «différend», n’accorde aucun poids
à l’opposition de vues entre les parties que révèlent les documents versés
par celles-ci au dossier en la présente affaire ; cette méthode est en contra-
diction avec sa jurisprudence récente. En tenant compte de cette oppopsi -
tion, ainsi que des éléments de preuve datant de la période antpérieure à la

requête qui en démontrent l’existence, je conclus qu’il exispte un différend
entre les parties concernant l’interprétation et l’application de la CIEdR
et que ce différend remonte à une période antérieure au 9 août 2008.

A. Il n’est pas nécessaire qu’une réclamation ait été not▯ifiée
préalablement au dépôt d’une requête

5. dans sa jurisprudence, la Cour (de même que la Cour permanente
de Justice internationale) a toujours affirmé qu’un demandeur n’pa pas à
notifier sa requête au défendeur. Un an après l’affaire deps Concessions

Mavrommatis en Palestine, dans laquelle la Cour permanente a défini un
«différend » comme « un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait, une
contradiction, une opposition de thèses juridiques ou d’intérêpts entre deux
personnes » (arrêt n 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A n 2, p. 11), la question de la
notification préalable s’est directement posée à elle en l’paffaire relative à

Certains intérêts allemands en Haute-Silésie polonaise. L’Allemagne se
fondait sur une clause compromissoire ainsi libellée : « [s]i des divergences
d’opinion, résultant de l’interprétation et de l’applicatpion [de l’accord
concerné], s’élevaient…, elles seraient soumises à la dépcision de la Cour
permanente de Justice internationale » (arrêt n o6, 1925, C.P.J.I. série A
o
n 6, p. 13). La pologne avait soulevé une exception d’incompétence de la
Cour permanente, au motif qu’« une divergence de vues …. n’aurait pas
été constatée avant l’introduction de la requête » (ibid.). La Cour perma-
nente a rejeté cet argument. Relevant qu’il n’était pas prépcisé dans la

264331 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

promissory clause that diplomatic negotiation or other procedures pre -
cede the filing of a case, the permanent Court held that recourse could be

had to it “as soon as one of the parties considers that a difference of
opinion arising out of the construction and application” of the relevpant
provisions exists (Judgment No. 6, 1925, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 6, p. 14).

6. The conclusion in Upper Silesia remains correct. There is no general

requirement of prior notice of claims or of an intention to submit thosep
claims to the Court. This principle has since been expressly affirmed opn
more than one occasion 2 (see Right of Passage over Indian Territory
( Portugal v.India), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1957,

p. 146 ; Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
(Cameroonv.Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.Reports 1998,
p. 297, para. 39; see also Shabtai Rosenne, The Law and Practice of the
International Court (1920‑2005), Vol. III, Sect. 288, p. 1 153).

B. There Is No Requirement that a Respondent Have an Opportunity to
“Oppose” a Claim Prior to the Filing of an Application

7. The Court’s test in this case considers not only whether the appli -
cant gave the would-be respondent notice of a claim (and thus an oppor -
tunity to respond to it), but also whether and how the would-be respondent
“opposed” a claim. In past cases, however, the Court has considerepd and

rejected the notion that a respondent’s failure to oppose the claims pagainst
it or to acknowledge or accept the existence of a dispute vitiates jurispdic -
tion (see, e.g., United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran
(United States of America v. Iran), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1980, p. 25,

para. 47 ; Applicability of the Obligation to Arbitrate under Section 21 of
the United Nations Headquarters Agreement of 26 June 1947, Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 28, para. 38 ; Questions of Interpretation
and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial
Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of

America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 123,
paras. 22-24 and p. 129, para. 38). Such a test would permit the respon -
dent, simply by remaining silent or asserting the absence of a dispute, pto
defeat jurisdiction.

2
I note one case that lies in apparent contradiction with this principle.p In the Electricity
Company of Sofia and Bulgaria case, the permanent Court upheld a preliminary objection
raised by Bulgaria with respect to one of several claims asserted by Belpgium (Judgment,
1939, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. p. 83). According to Bulgaria, Belgium had failed to
establish that the special tax at issue had formed “the subject of a pdispute between the two
governments prior to the filing of the Belgian Application” (ibid.), in contrast to other
claims that had been the subject of prior diplomatic correspondence. On pthat basis, the
permanent Court found that the claim could not be entertained.

265 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (op. ind. donoghue)331

clause compromissoire que des négociations diplomatiques ou d’autrpes

procédures devaient précéder le dépôt d’une requêtep, la Cour permanente
a décidé qu’elle pouvait être saisie «aussitôt que l’une des parties estim[ait]
qu’il y a[vait] divergence d’opinion résultant de l’interpréptation et de l’ap-
plication » des dispositions pertinentes (arrêt n o6, 1925, C.P.J.I. série A
o
n 6, p. 14).
6. La conclusion tirée en l’affaire relative à la Haute-Silésie demeure
exacte. Il n’existe pas d’obligation générale de notification préalable des
réclamations ou de l’intention de porter de telles réclamationsp devant la
2
Cour. Ce principe a depuis été expressément affirmé à plpusieurs reprises
(voir Droit de passage sur territoire indien (Portugal c. Inde), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1957, p. 146; Frontière terrestre et mari -

time entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 297, par. 39 ; voir également
Shabtai Rosenne, The Law and Practice of the International Court
(1920-2005), vol. III, sect. 288, p. 1153).

B. Il n’est pas nécessaire que le défendeur ait eu la possibilité▯
de «s’opposer» à une réclamation préalablement au dépôt d’une re▯quête

7. En l’espèce, la Cour a examiné non seulement si le demandeur avpait
notifié au futur demandeur une réclamation (lui donnant ainsi l’poccasion
d’y répondre), mais également si et comment le futur défendpeur s’était
«opposé » à cette réclamation. pourtant, dans des affaires précédentes, la

Cour a envisagé et écarté l’idée selon laquelle sa compéptence serait com -
promise lorsqu’un défendeur ne s’est pas opposé aux réclapmations formu -
lées contre lui ou n’a pas reconnu ou accepté l’existence d’pun différend
(voir, par exemple, Personnel diplomatique et consulaire des Etats-Unis à

Téhéran (Etats-Unis d’Amérique c. Iran), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1980, p. 25,
par. 47 ;Applicabilité de l’obligation d’arbitrage en vertu de la sectio▯n 21 de
l’accord du 26 juin 1947 relatif au siège de l’Organisation des Nations
Unies, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 28, par. 38 ; Questions d’in -

terprétation et d’application de la convention de Montréal de 1▯971 résultant
de l’incident aérien de Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Etats-Unis
d’Amérique), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recuei▯l 1998, p. 123,

par. 22-24, et p. 129, par. 38). Une telle condition permettrait au défen -
deur de faire obstacle à la compétence de la Cour simplement en gaprdant
le silence ou en affirmant qu’il n’existe pas de différend.

2 Je relève qu’une affaire va apparemment à l’encontre de ce principdans l’affaire
de la Compagnie d’électricité de Sofia et de Bulgarie, la Cour permanente a retenu une
exception préliminaire soulevée par la Bulgarie au sujet de l’une des demandes formulées
par la Belgique (arrêt, 1939, C.P.J.I. série A/B77, p. 83). La Bulgarie avait soutenu
que la Belgique n’avait pas établi que l’impôt spécial enp cause avait « fait l’objet, entre les
gouvernements et avant le dépôt de la requête belge, d’un dipfférend » (ibid.), contrairement

aux autres demandes qui avaient fait l’objet d’une correspondance pdiplomatique avant le
dépôt de cette requête. Sur ce fondement, la Cour permanente a déclaré qu’elle ne pouvait
accueillir la demande.

265332 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

8. In the case concerning Land and Maritime Boundary between
Cameroon and Nigeria, the Court made clear that an express statement
setting forth the respondent’s opposition to an applicant’s claimsp or pro -
tests is not required :

“However, a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of
legal views or interests, or the positive opposition of the claim of onep
party by the other need not necessarily be stated expressis verbis. In
the determination of the existence of a dispute, as in other matters,

the position or the attitude of a party can be established by inference,p
whatever the professed view of that party.” (Land and Maritime
Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Pre -
liminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 315, para. 89.)

9. The present Judgment acknowledges (para. 30) that the Court may
infer opposition from silence, but does not otherwise make use of the

flexibility embraced by the Court in Cameroon v. Nigeria. Rather than
imposing an artificial limitation on itself, the Court should draw on
all information that has been put to it to determine whether, at the time
that it decides on its jurisdiction, a legal dispute exists between the pparties.
For example, in making its determination, the Court may consider a
party’s course of conduct and may take into account the opposing views

of the parties as set forth in the course of judicial proceedings.
10. By insisting not only on notice by georgia but also on contempo -
raneous statements of “opposition” by Russia, the Judgment mischarac -
terizes the oft-cited phrase that a dispute requires that the claim of one
party “is positively opposed” by the other. An examination of the case in

which the Court first used the phrase, and of the subsequent jurispru -
dence, makes clear that the requirement that a claim “is positively
opposed” does not comprise a requirement that the respondent indicatep
such opposition prior to an Application, or even that it have an opportu -
nity to do so. In the South West Africa cases, the applicable compromis -

sory clause provided for jurisdiction over “any dispute whatever” pbrought
by another member of the League of Nations ((Ethiopia v. South Africa;
Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1962, p. 335). After citing the definition of a “dispute” from the Mavrom -
matis Palestine Concessions case, the Court stated :

“[I]t is not sufficient for one party to a contentious case to asserpt
that a dispute exists with the other party. A mere assertion is not
sufficient to prove the existence of a dispute any more than a mere
denial of the existence of the dispute proves its non-existence. Nor is

it adequate to show that the interests of the two parties to such a casep

266 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (op. ind. donoghue)332

8. dans l’affaire relative à la Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le
Cameroun et le Nigéria, la Cour a clairement établi qu’une déclaration
par laquelle le défendeur s’opposait expressément aux réclampations ou
aux protestations du demandeur n’était pas nécessaire :

«mais un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait, un conflit,
une opposition de thèses juridiques ou d’intérêts ou le fait que la
réclamation de l’une des parties se heurte à l’opposition mapnifeste de
l’autre ne doivent pas nécessairement être énoncés expressis verbis.

pour déterminer l’existence d’un différend, il est possible, comme en
d’autres domaines, d’établir par inférence quelle est en répalité la posi -
tion ou l’attitude d’une partie. » (Frontière terrestre et maritime entre
le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions prélimi -
naires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 315, par. 89.)

9. dans le présent arrêt, la Cour reconnaît (par. 30) qu’elle peut déduire
l’opposition du silence mais n’use pas plus avant de la souplesse pdont elle

avait fait preuve dans l’arrêt Cameroun c. Nigéria. Au lieu de s’imposer une
limite artificielle, elle devrait s’appuyer sur l’ensemble des infpormations qui
lui ont été soumises pour déterminer si, au moment où elle sptatue sur sa
compétence, il existe un différend d’ordre juridique entre leps parties. Elle
pourrait par exemple, pour prendre une décision, examiner le comportepment
d’une partie ou prendre en considération les points de vue antagonpistes des

parties telles qu’ils ont été exprimés au cours de la procépdure judiciaire.
10. En tenant à rechercher non seulement une notification de la part de
la géorgie mais également des déclarations d’« opposition» faites à
l’époque par la Russie, la Cour donne dans son arrêt une interpprétation
erronée de la formule souvent citée selon laquelle, pour qu’il pexiste un

différend, la réclamation de l’une des parties doit se heurter à l’« opposi -
tion manifeste » de l’autre. Il ressort clairement d’une analyse de l’affpaire
à l’occasion de laquelle la Cour a pour la première fois utilispé cette for -
mule, ainsi que de la jurisprudence ultérieure, que, si la réclamaption d’une
partie doit « se heurte[r] à l’opposition manifeste » de l’autre, il n’est pas

pour autant nécessaire que le défendeur exprime cette opposition apvant le
dépôt de la requête, ni même qu’il ait l’occasion de lpe faire. dans les
affaires du Sud-Ouest africain, la clause compromissoire applicable pré -
voyait la compétence de la Cour pour « tout différend, quel qu’il soit» qui
lui serait soumis par un autre membre de la Société des Nations (p(Ethio -
pie c. Afrique du Sud ; Libéria c. Afrique du Sud), exceptions préliminaires,

arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 335). Après avoir cité la définition d’un « dif -
férend» donnée dans l’affaire des Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine,
la Cour a affirmé ce qui suit :

«[I]l ne suffit pas que l’une des parties à une affaire contentipeuse
affirme l’existence d’un différend avec l’autre partie. Lpa simple affir -
mation ne suffit pas pour prouver l’existence d’un différendp, tout
comme le simple fait que l’existence d’un différend est contepstée ne

prouve pas que ce différend n’existe pas. Il n’est pas suffipsant non

266333 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

are in conflict. It must be shown that the claim of one party is positively
opposed by the other.” (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328 ; emphasis added.)

The Court’s central focus was whether the two Applicants had standingp
(locus standi) and whether they had a “material interest” that was capa -
ble of giving rise to a dispute under the title of jurisdiction relied uppon
(ibid., pp. 335, 342-343). The Court rejected South Africa’s preliminary

objections, noting that the existence of a dispute “is clearly constiptuted by
their opposing attitudes relating to the performance of the obligations pof
the mandate by the Respondent as mandatory” (ibid., p. 328). Impor-
tantly for present purposes, the Court made no suggestion that jurisdic -
tion was wanting because Ethiopia and Liberia had failed to put South

Africa on notice of their contentions prior to filing their Applications (or
that such failure would have precluded a finding of jurisdiction). To tphe
contrary, the precise language of this frequently-cited sentence from the
South West Africa cases makes clear that the Court did not require evi -
dence of “opposition” prior to the filing of an Application, because the

Court used the present tense to frame the question whether the claim of
one party “is positively opposed” (emphasis added) by the other.

11. Thus, the question of prior notice or of opportunity to respond
was simply not presented in the South West Africa cases. The Court’s

requirement that a claim “is positively opposed” by the respondentp was
not aimed at creating a formal requirement that the parties engage in an
exchange of views prior to the seisin of the Court. On the contrary, thep
cited passage is part and parcel of the Court’s obligation to make an
“objective determination” that a dispute exists. In a contentious case,

there must be an actual, ongoing dispute between the parties, and the
Court must make its objective determination of the existence of such a
dispute based on the totality of the information before it.
12. Certainly, the information assessed by the Court in making an
“objective determination” that a dispute exists or does not exist pnormally

derives from the period prior to the filing of an Application. Such infopr -
mation frequently includes statements by one or both parties in the courpse
of bilateral exchanges, or in other contexts, for example, in multilaterpal
settings or in public statements (see, e.g., Northern Cameroons (Camer -
oon v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1963, pp. 24-25 and 27 ; East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment,

I.C.J. Reports 1995, pp. 99-100, para. 22 ; Questions of Interpretation and
Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Inci -
dent at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 122, para. 20 ;
Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany), Preliminary Objections,

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, pp. 17-18, paras. 22-23). The fact that the

267 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (op. ind. donoghue)333

plus de démontrer que les intérêts des deux parties à une telle affaire
sont en conflit. Il faut démontrer que la réclamation de l’une des par -
ties se heurte à l’opposition manifeste de l’autre. » (C.I.J. Recueil 1962,
p. 328; les italiques sont de moi.)

La Cour s’est essentiellement attachée à déterminer si les dpeux deman -
deurs avaient qualité pour agir (locus standi) et s’ils avaient un « intérêt
concret » pouvant donner lieu à un différend en vertu du titre de compép -
tence invoqué (ibid., p. 335, 342-343). Elle a rejeté les exceptions prélimi -

naires soulevées par l’Afrique du Sud, au motif que l’existencep d’un
différend «résult[ait] clairement de[s] … attitudes opposées [des parties] à
propos de l’accomplissement des obligations du mandat par le défendeur,
en sa qualité de mandataire » (ibid., p. 328). Il est important de relever,
aux fins de la présente affaire, que la Cour n’a nullement avancpé l’idée

qu’elle serait incompétente au motif que l’Ethiopie et le Libépria n’avaient
pas notifié leurs allégations à l’Afrique du Sud avant de déposer leurs
requêtes (ou que cette absence de notification l’aurait empêchée de se
déclarer compétente). Au contraire, le libellé précis de ceptte phrase fré -
quemment citée des affaires du Sud-Ouest africain indique clairement que

la Cour n’a pas exigé de preuve de l’existence d’une « opposition » anté-
rieure au dépôt de la requête, car elle a formulé au présent lap question de
savoir si la réclamation de l’une des parties « se heurte à l’opposition
manifeste » de l’autre (les italiques sont de moi).
11. Ainsi, la question de la notification préalable ou de la possibilitép de
répondre ne s’est tout simplement pas posée dans les affairesp du Sud-Ouest

africain. En exigeant que la réclamation du demandeur «se heurte à l’oppo-
sition manifeste» du défendeur, la Cour n’entendait pas créer à la chargep
des parties une obligation formelle d’entamer des pourparlers avant dpe la
saisir. Au contraire, le passage cité renvoie catégoriquement àp l’obligation
qu’a la Cour d’«établir objectivement» l’existence d’un différend. dans une

affaire contentieuse, il doit y avoir un différend réel et perpsistant entre les
parties et la Cour doit établir objectivement l’existence d’un ptel différend en
se fondant sur la totalité des informations qui lui ont été fouprnies.
12. Certes, les informations qu’examine la Cour pour « établir objecti-
vement» s’il existe ou non un différend remontent normalement à la

période antérieure au dépôt d’une requête. Elles comprpennent fréquem -
ment des déclarations faites par l’une des parties ou par les deuxp dans le
cadre d’échanges bilatéraux ou dans d’autres contextes, par pexemple dans
des enceintes multilatérales ou en public (voir, par exemple, Cameroun
septentrional (Cameroun c. Royaume-Uni), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1963, p. 24-25 et 27 ; Timor oriental (Portugal c. Australie),

arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1995, p. 99-100, par. 22 ; Questions d’interprétation et
d’application de la convention de Montréal de 1971 résultant de l’incident
aérien de Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 122, par. 20 ; Cer-
tains biens (Liechtenstein c. Allemagne), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,

C.I.J. Recueil 2005, p. 17-18, par. 22-23). mais, si la Cour s’est régulière -

267334 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

Court routinely has relied on such pre-application statements or bilateral
exchanges to identify or confirm the existence of a dispute does not meapn,
however, that a dispute exists only where such statements or exchanges
have taken place.

C. To Determine whether There Was a Dispute as of the Date of
Application, the Court May Consider Information that
It Received after the Application

13. I agree with the Judgment that a disagreement of law or fact gen -
erally must exist as of the date of an Application (see Judgment, para -
graph 31), but I take that to mean only that the situation or circumstances

over which the parties disagree must have arisen prior to the Applicatiopn.
This requirement does not mean that the Court must artificially limit
itself only to statements made by the parties prior to the filing of an p
Application in deciding whether this criterion is met. Thus, the Court
relied on statements made during the proceedings before it — and there -
fore after the filing of an Application — in 1996 when it rejected the

respondent’s contention that jurisdiction was lacking because there wpas
no dispute :

“While yugoslavia has refrained from filing a Counter-memorial
on the merits and has raised preliminary objections, it has neverthelessp
wholly denied all of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s allegations, whether at
the stage of proceedings relating to the requests for the indication of ▯
provisional measures, or at the stage of the present proceedings relatin▯g

to those objections.
In conformity with well-established jurisprudence, the Court
accordingly notes that there persists ‘a situation in which the two spides
hold clearly opposite views concerning the question of the perfor -
mance or non-performance of certain treaty obligations’ . . . and that,
by reason of the rejection by yugoslavia of the complaints formulated

against it by Bosnia and Herzegovina, ‘there is a legal dispute’ bpetween
them.” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish -
ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugosla -
via), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II),
pp. 614-615, paras. 28-29 ; emphasis added.)

14. In the present case, the two parties have a dispute about the
interpretation and application of the CERd that relates to events occur -

ring between the entry into force of the CERd in 1999 (as between geor -
gia and Russia) and the date of the Application. That is evident from tphe
submissions to this Court in these proceedings, including the legal
arguments briefed in the current stage of these proceedings (for example,
as to the question of territorial scope) and the characterization of the
facts to which the parties directed their attention in these proceedings,

especially at the provisional measures phase. It is also clear from the pevi-

268 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (op. ind. donoghue)334

ment fondée sur de tels échanges bilatéraux ou déclarations pantérieurs au
dépôt d’une requête pour établir ou confirmer l’existepnce d’un différend,
cela ne signifie pas pour autant qu’il n’existe de différend pque lorsque de
tels échanges ont eu lieu ou que de telles déclarations ont étép faites.

C. Pour établir s’il existait un différend à la date du dépô▯t
de la requête, la Cour peut tenir compte d’informations qu’elle▯ a reçues
postérieurement au dépôt de la requête

13. Je souscris au raisonnement de la Cour lorsqu’elle affirme, dans son
arrêt, qu’un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait doit gépnéralement
exister à la date du dépôt de la requête (voir arrêt, papragraphe 31), mais, à

mon sens, cela signifie simplement que la situation ou les circonstancesp au
sujet desquelles les parties sont en désaccord doivent être nées avant le
dépôt de la requête. Cette exigence ne signifie pas que la Cour doit, pour
établir s’il a été satisfait à ce critère, se limiter partificiellement aux seules
déclarations faites par les parties avant le dépôt de la requête.p Ainsi, en
1996, la Cour s’est appuyée sur des déclarations faites pendant la procpé -

dure — et, partant, après le dépôt de la requête — pour rejeter l’allégation
du défendeur selon laquelle, faute de différend, la Cour n’éptait pas compé -
tente :

«Si la yougoslavie s’est abstenue de déposer un contre-mémoire
au fond et a soulevé des exceptions préliminaires, elle n’en a ppas moins
globalement rejeté toutes les allégations de la Bosnie-Herzégovine,
que ce soit au stade des procédures afférentes aux demandes en ind▯ica -
tion de mesures conservatoires, ou au stade de la présente procédu▯re

relative auxdites exceptions.
Conformément à une jurisprudence bien établie, la Cour constatep
en conséquence qu’il persiste « une situation dans laquelle les points
de vue des deux parties, quant à l’exécution ou à la non-exécution
de certaines obligations découlant d[’un traité], sont nettement
opposés »… et que, du fait du rejet, par la yougoslavie, des griefs

formulés à son encontre par la Bosnie-Herzégovine, « il existe un dif-
férend d’ordre juridique » entre elles. » (Application de la convention
pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosni▯ e-
Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1996 (II), p. 614-615, par. 28-29 ; les italiques sont de moi.)

14. En l’espèce, les deux parties ont au sujet de l’interprétation et de
l’application de la CIEdR un différend qui concerne des événements qui

se sont produits entre l’entrée en vigueur de la Convention (entrpe la géor -
gie et la Russie) en 1999 et la date du dépôt de la requête. Cpela ressort
clairement des déclarations faites à la Cour dans le cadre de la pprésente
instance, notamment des arguments juridiques qui lui ont été présentés au
stade actuel de la procédure (par exemple quant à la question de pla portée
territoriale) et de la qualification des faits sur lesquels les parties ont porté

leur attention, en particulier au stade des mesures conservatoires. Celap

268335 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

dence deriving from the period prior to the Application, to which I now p
turn.

D. There Is Substantial Evidence of a Dispute between
the Parties with respect to Interpretation

or Application of the CERD

15. Looking beyond the submissions in this case to evidence deriving
from the period prior to the Application, I conclude, in contrast to thep
Judgment, that there is sufficient evidence that a dispute relating to pthe
subject-matter of the CERd existed not only during the period of
9-12 August 2008, but also before that. Taken as a whole, the factual

record demonstrates that, between 1999 and August 2008, georgia raised
concerns — either directly with Russia or in multilateral settings —
regarding conduct related to ethnic discrimination, some of which it
attributed, in one way or another, to Russia.

16. I highlight here some of the documents that, taken together, sup -
port the conclusion that there is a dispute over which this Court has jupri-
diction. For example, some documents establish that georgia accused the
separatist authorities in Abkhazia of engaging in conduct amounting to
unlawful ethnic discrimination. (See, e.g., United Nations Security Coupn-
cil, Letter dated 27 October 2005 from the permanent Representative of

georgia to the United Nations addressed to the president of the Security
Council, United Nations doc. S/2005/678 (27 October 2005), Written
Statement of georgia, Annex 75 ; United Nations Security Council, Let -
ter dated 18 November 2005 from the permanent Representative of geor-
gia to the United Nations addressed to the president of the Security

Council, Annex, United Nations doc. S/2005/735 (23 November 2005),
Written Statement of georgia, Annex 77.) Other documents establish
that georgia viewed Russia as protecting and exercising control over the
separatist authorities in Abkhazia and South Ossetia and/or that georgia
viewed Russia as having failed to meet a legal obligation to intervene tpo
prevent unlawful discriminatory conduct by those authorities. (See, e.g.,

United Nations Security Council, Letter dated 26 January 2005 from the
permanent Representative of georgia to the United Nations addressed to
the president of the Security Council, United Nations doc. S/2005/45
(26 January 2005), Written Statement of georgia, Annex 71; United
Nations Human Rights Committee, Third Periodic Report of State Par -

ties Due in 2006, United Nations doc. CCpR/C/gEO/3 (7 Novem -
ber 2006), Written Statement of georgia, Annex 85 ; Transcript, “Ask
georgia’s president”, BBC News (25 February 2004), Written Statement
of georgia, Annex 198.)

269 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (op. ind. donoghue)335

ressort aussi clairement des éléments de preuve remontant à la ppériode
antérieure au dépôt de la requête, auxquels je reviens maintpenant.

D. Il y a des preuves tangibles de l’existence d’un différend
entre les Parties au sujet de l’interprétation et de l’applicat▯ion

de la CIEDR

15. En m’attachant, au-delà des déclarations qui ont été faites en la
présente affaire, aux éléments de preuve remontant à la pépriode antérieure
au dépôt de la requête, je conclus, contrairement à ce qu’paffirme la Cour
dans l’arrêt, qu’il y a suffisamment de preuves démontrant pqu’il existait,
non seulement pendant la période du 9 au 12 août 2008 mais également

avant cette période, un différend se rapportant à l’objet pde la CIEdR.
pris dans leur ensemble, les éléments de fait démontrent que, enptre 1999
et août 2008, la géorgie a fait part de ses préoccupations — directement
à la Russie ou dans des cadres multilatéraux — à propos de comporte -
ments apparentés à de la discrimination ethnique, qu’elle attripbuait pour
certains, d’une manière ou d’une autre, à la Russie.

16. Je mets ici en évidence certains des documents qui, ensemble, étaypent
la conclusion selon laquelle il existe un différend relevant de la pcompétence
de la Cour. par exemple, certains documents démontrent que la géorgie a
accusé les autorités séparatistes d’Abkhazie d’avoir adoppté un comporte-
ment constitutif de discrimination ethnique illicite. (voir, par exemple,
Conseil de sécurité de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, lettre datée du

27 octobre 2005 adressée au président du Conseil de sécurité par le repré -
sentant permanent de lagéorgie auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Nations Unies, doc. S/2005/678 (27 octobre 2005), observations écrites
de la géorgie, annexe 75; Conseil de sécurité de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies, lettre datée du 18 novembre 2005 adressée au président du

Conseil de sécurité par le représentant permanent de la géorgie auprès de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies, annexe, Nations Unies, doc. S/2005/735
(23 novembre 2005), observations écrites de la géorgie, annexe 77.)
d’autres documents démontrent que la géorgie considérait que la Russie
protégeait et contrôlait les autorités séparatistes en Abkhapzie et en Ossétie
du Sud et qu’elle estimait que la Russie n’avait pas respecté spon obligation

juridique d’intervenir pour empêcher tout comportement discriminatpoire
illicite de la part de ces autorités. (voir, par exemple, Conseil de sécurité de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies, lettre datée du 26 janvier 2005 adressée
au président du Conseil de sécurité par le représentant permpanent de la
géorgie auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Nations Unies, doc.

S/2005/45 (26 janvier 2005), observations écrites de la géorgie, annexe 71;
Comité des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Troi -
sième rapport périodique que les Etats parties devaient présent▯ r en 2006,
Nations Unies, doc. CCpR/C/gEO/3 (7 novembre 2006), observations
écrites de la géorgie, annexe 85; transcription, «Ask georgia’s president»
[«Question au président de la géorgie »], BBC News (25 février 2004),

observations écrites de la géorgie, annexe 198.)

269336 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

17. Furthermore, some documents allege conduct amounting to ethnic
discrimination and attribute responsibility for that conduct to Russia.
(See, e.g., United Nations general Assembly, Security Council, Letter
dated 9 November 2005 from the permanent Representative of georgia
to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-general, Annex, United
Nations doc. A/60/552 (10 November 2005), Written Statement of geor -

gia, Annex 76 ; United Nations Committee against Torture, Summary
Record of the 699th Meeting, United Nations doc. CAT/C/SR.699
(10 may 2006), Written Statement of georgia, Annex 79 ; United Nations
Security Council, Letter dated 4 September 2006 from the permanent
Representative of georgia to the United Nations addressed to the presi-

dent of the Security Council, Annex, United Nations doc. S/2006/709
(5 September 2006), Written Statement of georgia, Annex 84.) Taken
together, and when reviewed in light of the entire record, these documenpts
reinforce the conclusion that is apparent from the assertions about law p
and fact made in the written and oral submissions : namely, that a dispute

between the parties relating to the subject-matter of the CERd predated
the period of hostilities in August 2008.

18. A critical distinction between my approach and that reflected in the
Judgment is that I weigh the evidence as a whole in order to determine

whether there is a “dispute”. By contrast, the Judgment assigns nop proba -
tive value to an individual document if it finds that document lacking ipn
one respect or another. Thus, for example :

— georgia’s permanent Representative to the United Nations transmit-
ted to the general Assembly a 2006 resolution of the georgian par -
liament describing “attempts to legalize the results of ethnic cleansping”
as part of the “reality brought about as a result of peacekeeping

operations” (para. 86), but the Judgment dismisses the value of the
transmitted resolution because georgia failed to refer in its transmit -
tal letter to agenda items covering ethnic discrimination (para. 89).

— The Judgment “cannot give any legal significance” to a 2006 state -

ment by georgia’s permanent Representative to the United Nations
that the Russian peacekeeping force “failed to carry out” its mandpate
to “create [a] favorable security environment for the return of ethnip-
cally cleansed . . . georgian citizens” because the georgian perma -
nent Representative also said that “what we are dealing with is not a
fundamentally ethnic conflict, but rather one stemming from Russia’ps

territorial ambitions” (para. 92).

— In September 2006, the Foreign ministry of georgia alleged that
“[t]he so-called government of Abkhazia . . . remains relentless in

its pursuit of its inhuman discriminatory policy and acts against the

270 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (op. ind. donoghue)336

17. de surcroît, certains documents contiennent des allégations de
comportements constitutifs de discrimination ethnique dont la responsa -
bilité est attribuée à la Russie. (voir, par exemple, Assemblée générale de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies, Conseil de sécurité, lettre datée du
9 novembre 2005 adressée au Secrétaire général par le représentant pper -

manent de la géorgie auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, annexe,
Nations Unies, doc. A/60/552 (10 novembre 2005), observations écrites
de la géorgie, annexe 76 ; Comité de l’Organisation des Nations Unies
contre la torture, Compte rendu analytique de la 699séance, Nations Unies,
doc. CAT/C/SR.699 (10 mai 2006), observations écrites de la géorgie,

annexe 79; Conseil de sécurité de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, lettre
datée du 4 septembre 2006 adressée au président du Conseil de sécurité
par le représentant permanent de la géorgie auprès de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies, annexe, Nations Unies, doc. S/2006/709 (5 sep -

tembre 2006), observations écrites de la géorgie, annexe 84.) Si l’on exa -
mine tous ces documents à la lumière de l’ensemble des élépments versés au
dossier, ils renforcent la conclusion qui se dégage de toute évidepnce des
allégations d’ordre juridique et factuel faites dans les exposés écrits et
oraux, à savoir qu’il existait, avant la période des hostilitéps en août 2008,

un différend entre les parties se rapportant à l’objet de la CIEdR.
18. mon approche diverge radicalement de celle adoptée par la Cour
dans son arrêt en ce que, pour établir s’il existe ou non un «pdifférend», je
prends en considération l’ensemble des éléments de preuve. La Cour, au
contraire, n’attribue aucune valeur probante à tel ou tel documentp si elle

le juge entaché d’une quelconque déficience. Ainsi, par exemplep:
— Le représentant permanent de la géorgie auprès de l’Organisation

des Nations Unies a communiqué à l’Assemblée générale une réso-
lution adoptée en 2006 par le parlement géorgien faisant état de
«tentatives … de … légaliser les résultats du nettoyage ethnique »,
conséquence «des opérations de maintien de la paix » (par. 86), mais
la Cour nie la valeur de cette résolution au motif que la géorgie ne

s’est pas référée, dans sa lettre d’accompagnement, à pdes points de
l’ordre du jour se rapportant à la discrimination raciale (par. 89).
— La Cour affirme qu’elle « ne peut … accorde[r] aucune valeur juri -
dique » à une déclaration du représentant permanent de la géorgie
auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies datant de 2006 selon

laquelle la force russe de maintien de la paix « s’[était] montrée
incapable de mener à bien … son mandat — créer des conditions de
sécurité favorables au retour de[s] … ressortissants géorgiens victimes
du nettoyage ethnique » au motif que ledit représentant a également
déclaré qu’« il ne s’agi[ssait] pas d’un conflit à dominante ethnique,

mais plutôt d’un conflit né des ambitions territoriales de lap Russie »
(par. 92).
— En septembre 2006, le ministre des affaires étrangères de géorgie
affirmait que «[l]e soi-disant gouvernement abkhaze … poursui[vait]
sans relâche sa politique et ses actes discriminatoires et inhumains p

270337 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

ethnic georgian population” while also asserting that “Russian
peacekeeping forces . . . do nothing to suppress flagrant and mass
violations of human rights” (United Nations Security Council, Letterp
dated 4 September 2006 from the permanent Representative of geor-
gia to the United Nations addressed to the president of the Security
Council, Annex, United Nations doc. S/2006/709 (5 September 2006),

Written Statement of georgia, Annex 84), but the Judgment dis -
misses these statements, saying they are not “direct claims against tphe
Russian Federation of racial discrimination” (para. 90).

19. If the Court were considering the merits, georgia would have the
burden of establishing the full range of legal and factual elements of ap

breach by a CERd party. For example, for an alleged incident in which
georgia claims that conduct by entities other than the Russian govern -
ment amounts to ethnic discrimination, assuming that the Court con -
cluded that it had jurisdiction ratione loci and ratione temporis, georgia
would also have to establish, inter alia, that Russia bore responsibility for

any such discrimination. Today, however, the Court is not asked to
decide whether the CERd applies to Russia with respect to incidents out-
side of its territory (a question of interpretation about which the parties
disagree), or whether a particular incident gave rise to a breach by Rupssia
of its CERd obligations, but only whether there is a disagreement
between the parties about such questions and other aspects of the inter -

pretation or application of the CERd. disavowing a particular document
in which georgia alleges conduct that may violate the CERd — but in
which, for example, georgia does not contemporaneously attribute that
conduct to Russia — does not help to determine whether the factual
record as a whole demonstrates the existence of a legal dispute between p

the parties. The evidence shows that georgia claims that Russia bears
international responsibility for ethnic discrimination in violation of tphe
CERd and that Russia disagrees with that claim, on multiple grounds.
That is all that is needed to establish the existence of a dispute with p
respect to interpretation or application of the CERd.

20. In sum, I agree with the Judgment’s conclusion that a dispute exists p
between the parties, but I do not agree that the dispute began only on
9 August 2008. By requiring an applicant to give the respondent notice of

its claim prior to filing its Application, the Court today does nothing pto
help clarify whether there is a “dispute”, but instead imposes a npew pro -
cedural obstacle that, as the permanent Court noted in Upper Silesia,
“could at any time be fulfilled by means of unilateral action on the ppart
of the applicant party. And the Court cannot allow itself to be hampered

by a mere defect of form, the removal of which depends solely on the

271 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (op. ind. donoghue)337

contre la population de souche géorgienne » et que « les forces russes
de maintien de la paix ne [faisaient] rien pour mettre fin à ces violpa -
tions flagrantes et massives des droits de l’homme » (Conseil de sécu -
rité de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, lettre datée du 4 septembre
2006 adressée au président du Conseil de sécurité par le représentant
permanent de la géorgie auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,

annexe, Nations Unies, doc. S/2006/709 (5 septembre 2006), observa -
tions écrites de la géorgie, annexe 84), mais la Cour n’a pas retenu
ces déclarations au motif qu’elles ne constituaient pas des « alléga-
tion[s] de discrimination raciale visant directement la Fédérationp de
Russie » (par. 90).

19. Si la Cour en était au stade de l’examen de l’affaire au fondp, la
géorgie aurait la charge d’établir toute la gamme d’élépments factuels et

juridiques prouvant qu’il y a eu violation de la CIEdR par une partie à
cette convention. par exemple, si à propos d’un prétendu incident la
géorgie soutenait que le comportement d’entités autres que le gouverne -
ment de Russie était constitutif de discrimination ethnique, et à psupposer
que la Cour ait conclu à sa compétence ratione loci et ratione temporis, la

géorgie devrait également prouver, entre autres, que la Russie éptait res -
ponsable d’une telle discrimination. Toutefois, la Cour était prépsentement
priée de décider non pas si la CIEdR s’applique ou non à la Russie en ce
qui concerne des incidents qui se sont produits en dehors de son territopire
(une question d’interprétation sur laquelle les parties sont en désaccord),
ou si tel ou tel incident a donné lieu à la violation par la Russipe des obli -

gations qui sont les siennes aux termes de la CIEdR, mais simplement s’il
existe un désaccord entre les parties sur de telles questions et d’autres
aspects de l’interprétation ou de l’application de la CIEdR. Si l’on écarte,
par exemple, un document dans lequel la géorgie a fait part d’un com -
portement pouvant constituer une violation de la CIEdR — mais sans

toutefois l’avoir à l’époque attribué à la Russie —, cela ne contribue pas
à déterminer si les éléments de fait dans leur ensemble dépmontrent l’exis-
tence d’un différend juridique entre les parties. Il ressort des éléments de
preuve que, selon la géorgie, la Russie est responsable sur le plan inter -
national de discrimination ethnique, en violation de la CIEdR, et que la

Russie est en désaccord avec cette allégation, pour de nombreuses prai -
sons. C’est tout ce qui est nécessaire pour établir l’existepnce d’un différend
portant sur l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIEdR.
20. En somme, je souscris à la conclusion de la Cour selon laquelle il
existe un différend entre les parties, mais je ne conviens pas que ce diffé -
rend ait commencé le 9 août 2008 seulement. En exigeant du demandeur

qu’il notifie sa réclamation au défendeur avant de déposer upne requête, la
Cour ne contribue en rien à établir s’il existe ou non un « différend», mais
elle impose en revanche une nouvelle condition procédurale qui, commep
l’a relevé la Cour permanente dans l’affaire relative à lap Haute-Silésie,
«pourrait être à tout moment remplie par un acte unilatéral de lpa partie

demanderesse. La Cour ne pourrait s’arrêter à un défaut de fporme qu’il

271338 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

party concerned.” (Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia,
Jurisdiction, Judgment No. 6, 1925, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 6, p. 14 ; see
also Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), pp. 613-614, para. 26 (dis-
cussing cases in which the Court rejected objections asserting the absenpce

of a dispute where such objections were based on “a defect in a procep -
dural act which the applicant could easily remedy”).) Instead of fopllowing
the Judgment’s approach, I conclude that, taken as a whole, the asserp -
tions and the factual submissions of the parties demonstrate that there is
a dispute between the parties relating to the subject-matter of the CERd,
and that the dispute predated 9 August 2008.

II. Second preliminary Objection

21. With other colleagues, I have submitted a joint dissenting opinion
with respect to the second preliminary objection of the Russian Federa -
tion. I do not repeat here the reasons that I dissent. I note only that pthe
decision of the Court that the dispute began only on 9 August 2008 has a
profound impact on its analysis of the second preliminary objection,

because the Judgment declines to give weight to any engagement between
georgia and Russia prior to that date.

III. Conclusion

22. The Judgment’s test for determining whether there is a dispute and
its conclusion regarding the meaning and effect of this particular comppro -
missory clause have implications that could go beyond this case. In par -
ticular, while I am confident that this is not the intention of those whpo
voted in favour of the Judgment, I am concerned that the Judgment will

work to the disadvantage of States with limited resources and those thatp
have little or no experience before this Court.

23. The question whether this Court has jurisdiction under a particular
treaty is independent of the obligation of treaty parties to comply withp

that treaty. Equally, the fact that a particular treaty may be relevant pto
only one aspect of a larger dispute (as in the present case) does not
absolve the parties from complying with that treaty. In general, State A
need not remind State B of a particular treaty in order to trigger State B’s
obligations under that treaty. moreover, when a dispute arises under a
treaty as to which both States have accepted the Court’s jurisdictionp

ante hoc, State B has every reason to consider the prospect that State A

272 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (op. ind. donoghue)338

dépendrait de la seule partie intéressée de faire disparaîtrpe. » oCertains
intérêts allemands en Haute-Silésie polonaise, compétence, arrêt n 6, 1925,
C.P.J.I. série A n o 6, p. 14 ; voir également Application de la conven-
tion pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (▯Bosnie-
Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.

Recueil 1996 (II), p. 613-614, par. 26 (où la Cour évoque des affaires
dans lesquelles elle a rejeté des exceptions faisant état de l’pabsence de
différend lorsque celles-ci étaient fondées sur « un défaut qui affecterait
un acte de procédure et auquel la partie requérante pourrait aisémpent
porter remède »).) Contrairement à l’approche adoptée par la Cour dans

son arrêt, je conclus que, dans leur ensemble, les déclarations deps parties
ainsi que les éléments factuels qu’elles ont produits démontprent qu’il
existe entre elles un différend se rapportant à l’objet de lap CIEdR et
que la naissance de ce différend est antérieure au 9 août 2008.

II. deuxième exception prépliminaire

21. J’ai signé, avec plusieurs de mes collègues, une opinion dissidpente
commune concernant la deuxième exception préliminaire soulevée ppar la
Fédération de Russie. Je ne répéterai pas ici les raisons dep mon désaccord

avec la majorité à cet égard. Je relève simplement que la dépcision selon
laquelle le différend s’est fait jour le 9 août 2008 seulement a de lourdes
conséquences pour l’analyse de la deuxième exception prélimipnaire, car la
Cour refuse d’accorder un quelconque poids à toute prise à partie que la
géorgie et la Russie ont pu avoir avant cette date.

III. Conclusion

22. Le critère que retient la Cour dans son arrêt pour établir s’pil existe

ou non un différend et la conclusion à laquelle elle parvient qupant à la
signification et à l’effet de la clause compromissoire considéprée en l’espèce
ont des conséquences qui risquent de dépasser le cadre de la prépsente
affaire. En particulier, bien que je sois certaine que telle n’a paps été l’in-
tention de la majorité, je crains que cet arrêt n’ait des conséquences défa -

vorables pour les Etats disposant de ressources limitées ou pour ceux qui
n’ont pas ou guère eu l’occasion de comparaître devant la Copur.
23. La question de savoir si la Cour est compétente en vertu d’un traipté
particulier est indépendante de l’obligation qui s’impose aux pparties au
traité de s’y conformer. Egalement, même si un traité particpulier ne
concerne qu’un aspect d’un différend plus vaste (comme c’pest le cas en

l’espèce), cela ne dispense pas les parties de le respecter. de manière géné -
rale, l’Etat A n’a pas à rappeler un traité particulier à l’Etat B pour
déclencher l’application des obligations qui s’imposent à l’pEtat B en vertu
de ce traité. de surcroît, lorsque survient un différend concernant un
traité pour lequel les deux Etats ont accepté, ante hoc, la compétence de

272339 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. donoghue)

may seek relief in this Court. Nonetheless, the Court today has created p
new hurdles of notice, opposition and a formalistic “negotiation” require -
ment before State A may file an Application alleging that State B has
breached its obligations.

24. In the vast majority of cases, these requirements will not defeat

jurisdiction. Normally, State A can be expected to raise its legal concerns
with State B and to seek to resolve those concerns through some form of
diplomacy. Less commonly, however, a State may choose instead to pro -
ceed directly to this Court. For example, if State B disclaims any respon -
sibility — in law or in fact — for the conduct about which State A is
concerned, State A may conclude that negotiations would be futile.

25. For States with the resources to follow the decisions of this Court
closely, counsel will read today’s Judgment and will caution clients pabout
the requirements that it imposes. The same cannot be said, however, of
States with limited resources and those that lack experience before thisp

Court. Under the Court’s decision today, even if such a State consideprs
that it is the victim of a clear violation by another State, and even ifp the
“precondition” in a compromissory clause is hidden, as in the CERd, the
State’s access to this Court could be barred unless it follows new prpoce -
dural requirements that it will not find in the text of the treaty, the pStatute
or the Rules of Court.

(Signed) Joan E. donoghue.

273 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (op. ind. donoghue)339

la Cour, l’Etat B a toutes les raisons de penser que l’Etat A pourrait cher -
cher réparation devant cette Cour. pourtant, la Cour a aujourd’hui créé
de nouveaux obstacles en exigeant une notification, une opposition et unpe
«négociation» formelle avant que l’Etat A puisse déposer une requête
dans laquelle il allègue que l’Etat B a violé ses obligations.
24. dans la grande majorité des cas, ces exigences ne feront pas obsta -

cle à la compétence de la Cour. Normalement, on peut s’attendrep à ce que
l’Etat A fasse part à l’Etat B de ses préoccupations d’ordre juridique et
qu’il cherche à y remédier par la voie diplomatique. Toutefois,p un Etat
peut parfois choisir de saisir directement la Cour. par exemple, si l’Etat B
décline toute responsabilité — en droit ou en fait — pour le comporte -
ment qui est à l’origine des préoccupations de l’Etat A, celui-ci peut en

déduire qu’il serait vain d’entamer des négociations.
25. Les Etats qui disposent de ressources pour suivre de près les déci -
sions de la Cour bénéficieront de l’aide de conseils qui, ayantp lu le présent
arrêt, les avertiront des nouvelles conditions qui en résultent. mais il n’en
va pas de même des Etats dont les ressources sont limitées ou qui pn’ont

pas l’expérience des débats devant la Cour. par suite du présent arrêt, un
tel Etat, même s’il s’estime victime d’une violation manifeste commise par
un autre, et même si la « condition préalable » n’apparaît pas dans la
clause compromissoire, comme c’est le cas dans la CIEdR, risque de ne
pouvoir accéder à la Cour sauf à respecter de nouvelles exigencpes procé -
durales qu’il ne trouvera ni dans le texte du traité, ni dans le Sptatut ou le

Règlement de la Cour.

(Signé) Joan E. donoghue.

273

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Donoghue

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