Separate Opinion of Judge Greenwood

Document Number
140-20110401-JUD-01-09-EN
Parent Document Number
140-20110401-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

323

SEpARATE OpINION OF JUdgE gREENWOOd

Jurisdiction of the Court — Treatment of jurisdictional issues at the provisional
measures stage — Effect on the Court’s approach at later stages of the
proceedings — Issue before the Court specific to Article 22 of CERD —
Requirements of Article 22 of CERD a matter of substance not form — Meaning
of dispute — Relationship between dispute with respect to the interpretation or ▯
application of CERD and wider dispute between the Parties — Whether Article 22
of CERD imposing precondition which must be satisfied before the Court c▯an be

seised

1. I have voted in favour of the operative paragraphs of the Judgment
and agree, for the most part, with the Court’s reasoning. In this sepparate
opinion, I wish merely to add a few further observations.

2. First, I do not consider that the Court’s 2008 Order regarding pro -
visional measures of protection operates to constrain the approach whichp
the Court should take in the present phase of the proceedings. In accor -
dance with its long-established practice, when georgia requested the indi-
cation of provisional measures of protection, the Court examined whetherp

“the provisions invoked by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to affpord a
basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court might be founded” (I.C.J. Rep-
orts 2008, p. 377, para. 85). It concluded (ibid., p. 388, para. 117) that
this test was satisfied but, as the Judgment points out in paragraph 129,

the Court went on to state that this decision “in no way prejudges thpe
question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the merits of thep
case” (ibid., p. 397, para. 148). Requests for the indication of provisional
measures of protection are considered as a matter of urgency, as requirepd
by Article 74 of the Rules of Court, without the opportunity for the con -

sideration of extensive evidence or the detailed analysis of legal issueps
which can be undertaken in later phases of the proceedings. The jurisdicp-
tional threshold which the applicant has to cross is, accordingly, set quite
low and any ruling — whether as to law or fact — which the Court makes
at the provisional measures stage of a case is necessarily provisional.

3. It is for that reason that the Court has had occasion in the past to
hold, on a full examination of jurisdictional objections, that it lackedp
jurisdiction, notwithstanding that it had found, at the provisional mea -
sures stage of the same case, that there appeared prima facie to be a bapsis

on which the jurisdiction of the Court might be founded. The Court
reached just such a conclusion in the first case in which it indicated ppro -
visional measures of protection (Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom
v. Iran), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 93,

257324 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. greenwood)

which may be compared with the earlier Order of 5 July 1951,
I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 89) and, more recently, in Request for Interpreta -
tion of the Judgment of 31 March 2004 in the Case concerning Avena and
Other mexican Nationals (mexico v. United States of America)
(Mexico v. United States of America) (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009,
p. 3), in which it took a different view, after full argument, from thatp

which it had reached prima facie in its Order of 16 July 2008 in the
same case (I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 311).
4. The strictly limited effects of a jurisdictional finding at the provi -
sional measures stage are even more apparent when one considers that an p
applicant which has failed to satisfy the Court that the jurisdictional p
grounds on which it relies might, even prima facie, furnish a basis for p

jurisdiction is still entitled to contend, in the later stages of the capse, that
those same jurisdictional grounds do in fact provide a basis for jurisdipc -
tion. That was the course followed, for example, by the democratic
Republic of the Congo in Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo
(New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda)

(Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 6), not -
withstanding the earlier dismissal of its argument that those jurisdictional
grounds met the prima facie test (see Armed Activities on the Territory of
the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v.
Rwanda), Provisional Measures, Order of 10 July 2002, I.C.J. Reports
2002, p. 219). Although the Court rejected the submissions of the dRC in

its 2006 Judgment, it examined afresh such questions as whether Rwanda’ps
reservation to Article Ix of the genocide Convention was contrary to the
object and purpose of the Convention (Judgment, pp. 29-33, paras. 56-
70) with no suggestion that it was constrained by its earlier, prima fapcie,
analysis of the same questions (Order, pp. 245-246, paras. 69-72).

5. In my opinion, the fact that the Court considered in 2008, on the
basis of the limited evidence and legal argument which could then be putp
before it, that Article 22 of the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial discrimination (“CERd”) might afford a basis for juris -
diction, should have no effect on its approach, after full examinationp of

the evidence and legal argument, to the question whether that provision p
does definitively confer jurisdiction upon it.

6. Secondly, it is important to understand precisely what is the juris -

dictional issue in the present case. It has nothing to do with whether tphere
is a general requirement that States attempt negotiation before commen-
cing proceedings in the Court but only with whether or not the specific
requirements of Article 22 of CERd have been met. The distinction was
succinctly explained in Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon
and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), where the Court stated that :

258325 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. greenwood)

“[n]either in the Charter nor otherwise in international law is any
general rule to be found to the effect that the exhaustion of diplomatpic
negotiations constitutes a precondition for a matter to be referred to
the Court. No such precondition was embodied in the Statute of the
permanent Court of International Justice, contrary to a proposal by
the Advisory Committee of Jurists in 1920 (Advisory Committee of

Jurists, Procès-verbaux of the Proceedings of the Committee (16 June-
24 July 1920) with Annexes, pp. 679, 725-726). Nor is it to be found
in Article 36 of the Statute of this Court.” (Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 303, para. 56.)

The Court, however, went on to add that “[a] precondition of this typpe
may be embodied and is often included in compromissory clauses of
treaties” (ibid.). The issue in the present case is precisely whether

Article 22, the only compromissory clause on which georgia relies,
contains such a requirement and, if so, whether it had been satisfied atp the
time that georgia lodged its Application.
7. That issue is one of substance, not of form. As the Court has repeat-
edly emphasized, in the present state of international law its jurisdictpion

is dependent upon the consent of the parties and when that consent is
contained in the compromissory clause of a treaty, the Court is given
jurisdiction only within the limits set out in that clause (see, for expample,
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application : 2002)
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Provisional Measures,
Order of 10 July 2002, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 245, para. 71). Accordingly,

what those limits are, and whether the Application falls within them, arpe
matters of fundamental importance.

8. Thirdly, Article 22 plainly confers jurisdiction only over a certain
type of dispute, namely one with respect to the interpretation or applicpa-

tion of CERd. What constitutes a dispute has, as paragraph 30 of the
Judgment makes clear, been the subject of a long line of decisions by thpis
Court and its predecessor : there must be “a disagreement on a point of
law or fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests between two persons”
(Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J.,

Series A, No. 2, p. 11) ; “[i]t must be shown that the claim of one party is
positively opposed by the other” (South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South
Africa ; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328). Where, as here, the compromissory clause
limits jurisdiction to a dispute with respect to the interpretation or appli -
cation of a particular Convention, the “claim” must relate to the pinterpre -

tation or application of that Convention.

9. The fact that there is another, wider dispute between the parties,
which may be of more importance to one or both of them, does not pre -

vent the emergence between them of a dispute respecting the interpreta -

259326 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. greenwood)

tion or application of the Convention. The Convention dispute may exist p
within the framework of the wider dispute, or in parallel with it; the point

is that the two may co-exist and the existence of the wider dispute does
not prevent the Court from exercising jurisdiction over the narrower
Convention dispute (United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in
Tehran (United States of America v. Iran), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1980,
p. 20, para. 37). The existence of the other, wider dispute is not, however,

devoid of significance. Although the Judgment, in accordance with the
Court’s case law, rightly sets the bar for the existence of a disputep quite
low (rejecting, for example, the suggestion that there must be express p
reference to the provisions of the Convention or even to the Convention p

as a whole), the statements relied upon by the Applicant to demonstratep
the existence of a Convention dispute must be sufficiently clear to enable
the other party to appreciate that a claim is being made against it regarding
the interpretation or application of the Convention. Where those state -

ments are made in the context of a wider dispute, and especially where the
statements deal with the issues of that wider dispute, the need for clarpity
is particularly marked. In such a case, it must have been possible for tphe
other party to discern that, whatever other matters were also being raised

and whatever other allegations were being made, the statements in ques -
tion were making a claim regarding the interpretation or application of p
the Convention even if they did not mention the Convention by name .
That is far from being an exacting requirement but it is an important onpe,

especially in the context of a provision like Article 22 of CERd, which
refers to more than one method of dispute settlement. A State cannot be p
expected to attempt to negotiate a dispute if no steps have been taken tpo
make it aware that it might be a party to such a dispute.

10. Applying the test formulated by the Court to the evidence of the
exchanges between the parties and the unilateral statements made by

georgia but of which the Russian Federation can reasonably be consid -
ered to have been aware, the Judgment concludes that georgia did make
such claims between 9 and 12 August 2008 and that a dispute relating to
whether or not the Russian Federation was complying with its obliga -

tions under the Convention came into existence at that time but not
earlier. I agree with that conclusion. In my opinion, georgia’s earlier
statements were such that a contemporary observer would not have been

1
That does not mean that a State which wishes to seise the Court of a caspe under the
Convention must first send a formal “letter before action” to the pproposed respondent but
it must, in the words of paragraph 30 of the Judgment, “refer to the psubject-matter of the
treaty with sufficient clarity to enable the State against which a claipm is made to identify
that there is, or may be, a dispute with regard to that subject-matter”. While the Judgment
states that an express reference to the Convention would remove any doubt and place the
other State on notice, it does not make that a requirement.

260327 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. greenwood)

able to discern that a claim was being made against the Russian Federa -
tion regarding the latter’s compliance with its obligations under CERpd,
even if that had been georgia’s intention at the time those statements
were made.
11. Lastly, I agree with the conclusion in paragraphs 132 to 141 of the
Judgment that the reference in Article 22 to a dispute “which is not set -

tled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this p
Convention” imposes a precondition which must be satisfied if the Couprt
is to have jurisdiction. It is not enough that a dispute has not been settled
by negotiations or the Convention procedures ; an attempt must have
been made to settle the dispute by those means. To read the provision
otherwise would make this clause completely superfluous and thus offpend

against a basic tenet of treaty interpretation. I therefore agree with tphe
Judgment that it is a precondition to the jurisdiction of the Court undepr
Article 22 that there must have been a good faith attempt to settle the
dispute by negotiation or by the Convention procedures. That was the
conclusion which the Court reached in the most recent case in which it

had to consider a clause similar to Article 22. In Armed Activities on the
Territory of the Congo (New Application : 2002) (Democratic Republic of
the Congo v. Rwanda) (Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 39, para. 87), the Court had to consider Article 29
of the Convention on the Elimination of discrimination against Women,
which provides that :

“[A]ny dispute between two or more States parties concerning the
interpretation or application of the present Convention which is not
settled by negotiation shall, at the request of one of them, be submit -
ted to arbitration. If within six months from the date of the request
for arbitration the parties are unable to agree on the organization of

the arbitration, any one of those parties may refer the dispute to the
International Court of Justice by request in conformity with the Stat -
ute of the Court.”

While this provision differs from Article 22 of CERd in that it contains a
precondition that an attempt must first be made to arrange an arbitratiopn,
the Court was clear that the reference to negotiations, which is identicpal
to that in Article 22, created a condition which had to be met before the
case could be referred to the Court.

12. The existence of this condition is not a licence for a putative
respondent to frustrate any prospect of seising the Court by rebuffing por
refusing to respond to offers of negotiation. As the Court has made plpain
on other occasions, a State cannot be required to persist in the face of
such a reaction (Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971
Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Liby▯an

Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections,

261328 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. greenwood)

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 122, para. 20). For the same reason, a
respondent which seeks artificially to prolong negotiations while declining
to negotiate in good faith cannot hide behind the requirement in Arti -
cle 22 of CERd to prevent the exercise of jurisdiction by the Court.

13. In determining whether this requirement has been met, the exis -

tence of a wider dispute between the parties must again be borne in mind.
The fact that a State is making proposals regarding negotiations on thatp
wider dispute does not preclude the possibility that it may also (perhaps
even in the same document) be offering to negotiate on the narrower
Convention dispute. If that is the case, however, it must be sufficientply
clear from the statements made that this is its intention. In making an p

attempt to settle the dispute by negotiation a precondition, Article 22 gives
the State against which a claim is being made a choice of accepting an
offer to negotiate regarding that dispute, rather than submitting itseplf to
immediate recourse to the Court. For that choice to be meaningful, the
offer to negotiate must be sufficiently clear that it can be seen for what it

is. Where the two States are simultaneously engaged in a wider dispute, p
that means that it must be clear that there is an offer to negotiate rpegard -
ing the Convention dispute and not simply about the wider dispute
between the parties. In a case such as the present, it is an essential feature
of the applicant State’s case regarding jurisdiction that the dispute which
it seeks to bring before the Court can be separated from the wider dispupte

over which it is accepted that no jurisdiction exists. By the same logicp, the
offer of negotiation regarding the narrower dispute must be capable of
being discerned amidst the exchanges about the wider dispute. If that capn -
not be done, then an essential requirement of Article 22 has not been met.

14. In the present case, I do not believe that georgia has satisfied that
requirement. Since I agree that georgia has failed to demonstrate that a
dispute falling within Article 22 existed before the period 9-12 August 2008,
it is necessary only to consider any statements said to constitute an offper
to negotiate made during that period. I agree with the analysis of those
statements in the Judgment. However, I must add that, even if I had beenp

convinced that a dispute regarding the interpretation or application of
CERd had come into existence between georgia and the Russian Fed -
eration before that date, I would not have found that the earlier state -
ments on which georgia relied met the requirement of attempting to
negotiate regarding that dispute and would, therefore, still have voted in

favour of the second operative paragraph.

(Signed) Christopher greenwood.

262

Bilingual Content

323

SEpARATE OpINION OF JUdgE gREENWOOd

Jurisdiction of the Court — Treatment of jurisdictional issues at the provisional
measures stage — Effect on the Court’s approach at later stages of the
proceedings — Issue before the Court specific to Article 22 of CERD —
Requirements of Article 22 of CERD a matter of substance not form — Meaning
of dispute — Relationship between dispute with respect to the interpretation or ▯
application of CERD and wider dispute between the Parties — Whether Article 22
of CERD imposing precondition which must be satisfied before the Court c▯an be

seised

1. I have voted in favour of the operative paragraphs of the Judgment
and agree, for the most part, with the Court’s reasoning. In this sepparate
opinion, I wish merely to add a few further observations.

2. First, I do not consider that the Court’s 2008 Order regarding pro -
visional measures of protection operates to constrain the approach whichp
the Court should take in the present phase of the proceedings. In accor -
dance with its long-established practice, when georgia requested the indi-
cation of provisional measures of protection, the Court examined whetherp

“the provisions invoked by the Applicant appear, prima facie, to affpord a
basis on which the jurisdiction of the Court might be founded” (I.C.J. Rep-
orts 2008, p. 377, para. 85). It concluded (ibid., p. 388, para. 117) that
this test was satisfied but, as the Judgment points out in paragraph 129,

the Court went on to state that this decision “in no way prejudges thpe
question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the merits of thep
case” (ibid., p. 397, para. 148). Requests for the indication of provisional
measures of protection are considered as a matter of urgency, as requirepd
by Article 74 of the Rules of Court, without the opportunity for the con -

sideration of extensive evidence or the detailed analysis of legal issueps
which can be undertaken in later phases of the proceedings. The jurisdicp-
tional threshold which the applicant has to cross is, accordingly, set quite
low and any ruling — whether as to law or fact — which the Court makes
at the provisional measures stage of a case is necessarily provisional.

3. It is for that reason that the Court has had occasion in the past to
hold, on a full examination of jurisdictional objections, that it lackedp
jurisdiction, notwithstanding that it had found, at the provisional mea -
sures stage of the same case, that there appeared prima facie to be a bapsis

on which the jurisdiction of the Court might be founded. The Court
reached just such a conclusion in the first case in which it indicated ppro -
visional measures of protection (Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom
v. Iran), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 93,

257 323

OpINION INdIvIdUELLE dE m. LE JUgE gREENWOOd

[Traduction]

Compétence de la Cour — Traitement des questions de compétence au stade
des mesures conservatoires — Incidence sur la marche à suivre par la Cour aux
stades ultérieurs de la procédure — Question soumise à la Cour limitée à l’ar-
ticle 22 de la CIEDR — Respect des prescriptions de l’article 22 de la CIEDR :
une question de fond et non de forme — Notion de différend — Rapport
entre le différend touchant l’interprétation et l’applicatio▯n de la CIEDR et le
différend plus large opposant les Parties — Question de savoir si l’article 22 de

la CIEDR impose une condition préalable devant être remplie avant toute saisine
de la Cour.

1. J’ai voté en faveur du dispositif de l’arrêt et souscris poupr l’essentiel
au raisonnement de la Cour. dans cette opinion individuelle, je tiens sim -
plement à ajouter quelques observations.

2. premièrement, je ne pense pas que l’ordonnance en indication de
mesures conservatoires que la Cour a rendue en 2008 dictait la marche à
suivre en la présente étape de la procédure. Lorsque la géorgie a demandé
l’indication de mesures conservatoires, la Cour, conformément àp une pra -
tique établie de longue date, s’est demandé si « les dispositions invoquées

par le demandeur sembl[aient] prima facie constituer une base sur laquelle
sa compétence pourrait être fondée » (C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 377, par. 85).
Si elle a conclu (ibid., p. 388, par. 117) que cette condition était remplie,
la Cour, ainsi qu’elle le rappelle au paragraphe 129 de l’arrêt, n’en a pas

moins précisé que la décision rendue en cette procédure «p ne préjuge[ait]
en rien la question de [s]a compétence … pour connaître du fond de l’af -
faire » (ibid., p. 397, par. 148). Les demandes en indication de mesures
conservatoires sont examinées par priorité conformément aux prepscrip -
tions de l’article 74 du Règlement, ce qui exclut la possibilité de se livrer

à l’examen de nombreux éléments de preuve ou à l’analypse détaillée de
questions juridiques qui pourront être entrepris dans la suite de la procé -
dure. Le seuil de compétence que doit faire valoir le demandeur a donc
été placé relativement bas, et toute décision rendue par la Cour au stade
des mesures conservatoires — quant aux faits ou quant au droit — est

nécessai rement provisoire.
3. Aussi est-il arrivé que, au terme d’une analyse détaillée des excep -
tions soulevées, la Cour se déclare incompétente pour connaîptre d’une
affaire après avoir estimé, au stade des mesures conservatoires pde cette
même affaire, qu’il semblait prima facie exister une base sur laquelle sa

compétence pourrait être fondée. Telle est la conclusion à lpaquelle elle est
parvenue dans la première affaire ayant donné lieu à des mesupres conser-
vatoires (Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (Royaume-Uni c. Iran), exception prélimi -
naire, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1952, p. 93, à comparer avec l’ordonnance

257324 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. greenwood)

which may be compared with the earlier Order of 5 July 1951,
I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 89) and, more recently, in Request for Interpreta -
tion of the Judgment of 31 March 2004 in the Case concerning Avena and
Other mexican Nationals (mexico v. United States of America)
(Mexico v. United States of America) (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009,
p. 3), in which it took a different view, after full argument, from thatp

which it had reached prima facie in its Order of 16 July 2008 in the
same case (I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 311).
4. The strictly limited effects of a jurisdictional finding at the provi -
sional measures stage are even more apparent when one considers that an p
applicant which has failed to satisfy the Court that the jurisdictional p
grounds on which it relies might, even prima facie, furnish a basis for p

jurisdiction is still entitled to contend, in the later stages of the capse, that
those same jurisdictional grounds do in fact provide a basis for jurisdipc -
tion. That was the course followed, for example, by the democratic
Republic of the Congo in Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo
(New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda)

(Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 6), not -
withstanding the earlier dismissal of its argument that those jurisdictional
grounds met the prima facie test (see Armed Activities on the Territory of
the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v.
Rwanda), Provisional Measures, Order of 10 July 2002, I.C.J. Reports
2002, p. 219). Although the Court rejected the submissions of the dRC in

its 2006 Judgment, it examined afresh such questions as whether Rwanda’ps
reservation to Article Ix of the genocide Convention was contrary to the
object and purpose of the Convention (Judgment, pp. 29-33, paras. 56-
70) with no suggestion that it was constrained by its earlier, prima fapcie,
analysis of the same questions (Order, pp. 245-246, paras. 69-72).

5. In my opinion, the fact that the Court considered in 2008, on the
basis of the limited evidence and legal argument which could then be putp
before it, that Article 22 of the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial discrimination (“CERd”) might afford a basis for juris -
diction, should have no effect on its approach, after full examinationp of

the evidence and legal argument, to the question whether that provision p
does definitively confer jurisdiction upon it.

6. Secondly, it is important to understand precisely what is the juris -

dictional issue in the present case. It has nothing to do with whether tphere
is a general requirement that States attempt negotiation before commen-
cing proceedings in the Court but only with whether or not the specific
requirements of Article 22 of CERd have been met. The distinction was
succinctly explained in Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon
and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), where the Court stated that :

258 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (op. ind. greenwood)324

rendue le 5 juillet 1951, C.I.J. Recueil 1951, p. 89) et, plus récemment,
dans l’affaire relative à la Demande en interprétation de l’arrêt du
31 mars 2004 en l’affaire Avena et autres ressortissants mexicains
(mexique c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique) (Mexique c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique)
(arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 3), où, une fois la cause entendue, elle a
adopté une position différente de celle à laquelle elle avaitp abouti

prima facie dans l’ordonnance rendue en la même instance le 16 juil -
let 2008 (C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 311).
4. preuve s’il en est de l’incidence limitée de toute décision rpendue au
stade des mesures conservatoires quant à la compétence, un demandepur
qui n’est pas parvenu à convaincre, à ce stade, que les bases dpe compé -
tence qu’il invoque pourraient, ne serait-ce que prima facie, fonder la

compétence de la Cour n’est pas pour autant empêché de soutepnir, dans
la suite de l’instance, que ces mêmes bases autorisent bel et bienp la Cour
à connaître de l’affaire. C’est, par exemple, ce qu’a fpait la République
démocratique du Congo en l’affaire des Activités armées sur le territoire
du Congo (nouvelle requête : 2002) (République démocratique du Congo

c. Rwanda) (compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 6),
alors même que la Cour avait rejeté son argument selon lequel les pbases
invoquées satisfaisaient aux conditions requises en matière d’éptablisse -
ment de la compétence prima facie (voir Activités armées sur le territoire
du Congo (nouvelle requête : 2002) (République démocratique du Congo
c. Rwanda), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 10 juillet 2002,

C.I.J. Recueil 2002, p. 219). Si, dans son arrêt de 2006, la Cour n’a pas
retenu les conclusions de la RdC, elle n’en a pas moins réexaminé des
questions telles que celles de savoir si la réserve du Rwanda à l’article Ix
de la convention sur le génocide était contraire à l’objet et au but de la
convention (arrêt, p. 29-33, par. 56-70), sans aucunement donner à
entendre qu’elle était tenue par l’analyse qu’elle en avait faite prima facie

(ordonnance, p. 245-246, par. 69-72).
5. Selon moi, le fait que la Cour a considéré en 2008, d’après les élé -
ments de preuve et moyens juridiques limités qui pouvaient alors lui pêtre
soumis, que l’article 22 de la convention internationale sur l’élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (ci-après la « CIEdR»)
pourrait constituer une base de compétence ne devrait avoir aucune inci -

dence sur la réponse apportée, après examen approfondi de tous ples élé -
ments de preuve et moyens juridiques qui lui ont été présentéps, à la
question de savoir si, en définitive, cette disposition lui confèrpe bien com -
pétence.
6. deuxièmement, il importe d’être au clair sur la nature exacte dep la

question de compétence en la présente affaire. L’enjeu n’epst nullement de
savoir s’il existe une obligation générale faite aux Etats d’pentreprendre
des négociations avant de porter une affaire devant la Cour, mais epst de
déterminer s’il a été satisfait aux prescriptions spécifipques de l’article 22 de
la CIEdR. En l’affaire de la Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Came -
roun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), la Cour a succinctement expli -

cité cette distinction en indiquant que, d’une part :

258325 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. greenwood)

“[n]either in the Charter nor otherwise in international law is any
general rule to be found to the effect that the exhaustion of diplomatpic
negotiations constitutes a precondition for a matter to be referred to
the Court. No such precondition was embodied in the Statute of the
permanent Court of International Justice, contrary to a proposal by
the Advisory Committee of Jurists in 1920 (Advisory Committee of

Jurists, Procès-verbaux of the Proceedings of the Committee (16 June-
24 July 1920) with Annexes, pp. 679, 725-726). Nor is it to be found
in Article 36 of the Statute of this Court.” (Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 303, para. 56.)

The Court, however, went on to add that “[a] precondition of this typpe
may be embodied and is often included in compromissory clauses of
treaties” (ibid.). The issue in the present case is precisely whether

Article 22, the only compromissory clause on which georgia relies,
contains such a requirement and, if so, whether it had been satisfied atp the
time that georgia lodged its Application.
7. That issue is one of substance, not of form. As the Court has repeat-
edly emphasized, in the present state of international law its jurisdictpion

is dependent upon the consent of the parties and when that consent is
contained in the compromissory clause of a treaty, the Court is given
jurisdiction only within the limits set out in that clause (see, for expample,
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application : 2002)
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Provisional Measures,
Order of 10 July 2002, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 245, para. 71). Accordingly,

what those limits are, and whether the Application falls within them, arpe
matters of fundamental importance.

8. Thirdly, Article 22 plainly confers jurisdiction only over a certain
type of dispute, namely one with respect to the interpretation or applicpa-

tion of CERd. What constitutes a dispute has, as paragraph 30 of the
Judgment makes clear, been the subject of a long line of decisions by thpis
Court and its predecessor : there must be “a disagreement on a point of
law or fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests between two persons”
(Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J.,

Series A, No. 2, p. 11) ; “[i]t must be shown that the claim of one party is
positively opposed by the other” (South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South
Africa ; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328). Where, as here, the compromissory clause
limits jurisdiction to a dispute with respect to the interpretation or appli -
cation of a particular Convention, the “claim” must relate to the pinterpre -

tation or application of that Convention.

9. The fact that there is another, wider dispute between the parties,
which may be of more importance to one or both of them, does not pre -

vent the emergence between them of a dispute respecting the interpreta -

259 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (op. ind. greenwood)325

«[i]l n’existe ni dans la Charte, ni ailleurs en droit international, pde
règle générale selon laquelle l’épuisement des négociaptions diploma-
tiques serait un préalable à la saisine de la Cour. Un tel préalable
n’avait pas été incorporé dans le Statut de la Cour permanenpte
de Justice internationale, contrairement à ce qu’avait proposé le p

Comité consultatif de juristes en 1920 (Comité consultatif de juristes,
Procès-verbaux des séances du Comité (16 juin-24 juillet 1920) avec
annexes, p. 679, 725-726). Il ne figure pas davantage à l’article 36
du Statut de la présente Cour » (exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 303, par. 56),

mais que, d’autre part, « [u]n préalable de ce type p[ouvait] être incorporé
et [était] souvent inséré dans les clauses compromissoires figuprant dans les

traités » (ibid.). En la présente espèce, la question est précisément de
savoir si l’article 22, seule clause compromissoire invoquée par la géor-
gie, prévoit une telle condition et, dans l’affirmative, si cettep condition
était remplie au moment de l’introduction de la requête.

7. Il s’agit d’une question de fond, et non de forme. En l’état actuel du
droit international, la compétence de la Cour, ainsi que cette dernièpre l’a
maintes fois souligné, est subordonnée au consentement des partiesp et,
lorsque ce consentement est exprimé dans la clause compromissoire d’pun
traité, cette compétence ne lui est accordée que dans les limites qui s’y

trouvent précisées (voir, par exemple, Activités armées sur le territoire du
Congo (nouvelle requête : 2002) (République démocratique du Congo
c. Rwanda), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 10 juillet 2002, C.I.J.
Recueil 2002, p. 245, par. 71). Aussi les questions de savoir quelles sont
ces limites et si elles s’appliquent à la requête revêtent-elles une impor -

tance fondamentale.
8. Troisièmement, il est clair que l’article 22 ne confère à la Cour com -
pétence que pour connaître d’un certain type de différends, à savoir ceux
touchant l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIEdR. Le sens du mot
«différend» a, comme l’indique le paragraphe 30 de l’arrêt, été précisé

dans une longue série de décisions rendues par la Cour et sa devanpcière :
il doit y avoir « un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait, une contra -
diction, une opposition de thèses juridiques ou d’intérêts entre deux per-
sonnes » (Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, arrêt n 2, 1924, C.P.J.I.
série A n 2, p. 11), et il doit avoir été « démontr[é] que la réclamation de

l’une des parties se heurte à l’opposition manifeste de l’auptre» (Sud-Ouest
africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud ; Libéria c. Afrique du Sud), excep -
tions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 328). Lorsque, comme
c’est le cas en l’espèce, la clause compromissoire n’autorispe la Cour à
connaître que de différends relatifs à l’interprétationp ou à l’application

d’une convention donnée, la « réclamation» doit se rapporter à l’interpré-
tation ou à l’application de cette convention.
9. Le fait qu’existe entre les parties un autre différend, plus larpge, pou-
vant être jugé plus important par l’une ou par l’autre, ou ppar l’une et par
l’autre, n’empêche pas que surgisse entre elles un différepnd touchant l’in-

259326 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. greenwood)

tion or application of the Convention. The Convention dispute may exist p
within the framework of the wider dispute, or in parallel with it; the point

is that the two may co-exist and the existence of the wider dispute does
not prevent the Court from exercising jurisdiction over the narrower
Convention dispute (United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in
Tehran (United States of America v. Iran), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1980,
p. 20, para. 37). The existence of the other, wider dispute is not, however,

devoid of significance. Although the Judgment, in accordance with the
Court’s case law, rightly sets the bar for the existence of a disputep quite
low (rejecting, for example, the suggestion that there must be express p
reference to the provisions of the Convention or even to the Convention p

as a whole), the statements relied upon by the Applicant to demonstratep
the existence of a Convention dispute must be sufficiently clear to enable
the other party to appreciate that a claim is being made against it regarding
the interpretation or application of the Convention. Where those state -

ments are made in the context of a wider dispute, and especially where the
statements deal with the issues of that wider dispute, the need for clarpity
is particularly marked. In such a case, it must have been possible for tphe
other party to discern that, whatever other matters were also being raised

and whatever other allegations were being made, the statements in ques -
tion were making a claim regarding the interpretation or application of p
the Convention even if they did not mention the Convention by name .
That is far from being an exacting requirement but it is an important onpe,

especially in the context of a provision like Article 22 of CERd, which
refers to more than one method of dispute settlement. A State cannot be p
expected to attempt to negotiate a dispute if no steps have been taken tpo
make it aware that it might be a party to such a dispute.

10. Applying the test formulated by the Court to the evidence of the
exchanges between the parties and the unilateral statements made by

georgia but of which the Russian Federation can reasonably be consid -
ered to have been aware, the Judgment concludes that georgia did make
such claims between 9 and 12 August 2008 and that a dispute relating to
whether or not the Russian Federation was complying with its obliga -

tions under the Convention came into existence at that time but not
earlier. I agree with that conclusion. In my opinion, georgia’s earlier
statements were such that a contemporary observer would not have been

1
That does not mean that a State which wishes to seise the Court of a caspe under the
Convention must first send a formal “letter before action” to the pproposed respondent but
it must, in the words of paragraph 30 of the Judgment, “refer to the psubject-matter of the
treaty with sufficient clarity to enable the State against which a claipm is made to identify
that there is, or may be, a dispute with regard to that subject-matter”. While the Judgment
states that an express reference to the Convention would remove any doubt and place the
other State on notice, it does not make that a requirement.

260 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (op. ind. greenwood)326

terprétation et l’application de la Convention. Le différend prelevant de la
Convention peut exister dans le contexte du différend plus large, opu paral -
lèlement à celui-ci ; toujours est-il que tous deux peuvent être concomi -

tants, et que l’existence du différend plus large n’interdit pas à la Cour
d’exercer sa compétence à l’égard du différend plus plimité relevant de la
Convention (Personnel diplomatique et consulaire des Etats-Unis à Téhé -
ran (Etats-Unis d’Amérique c. Iran), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1980, p. 20,
par. 37). L’existence de cet autre différend, plus large, n’est tpoutefois pas

dénuée d’incidence. Si, dans l’arrêt, la Cour, conformément à sa jurispru -
dence, fixe, aux fins d’établir l’existence d’un différpend, un seuil assez bas
(en écartant, par exemple, la nécessité d’une référenpce expresse aux dispo -
sitions de la Convention, voire à la Convention dans son ensemble), pil

n’en reste pas moins que les déclarations invoquées par le demandeur à
l’appui de l’existence d’un différend relevant de la Convention doivent
être suffisamment claires pour permettre à la partie adverse d’y discerner
l’expression d’un grief à son encontre quant à l’interpréptation ou à l’appli -
cation de la Convention. Lorsque ces déclarations sont faites dans lep

contexte d’un différend plus large, et, tout particulièrementp, lorsqu’elles
portent sur les enjeux que celui-ci soulève, ce besoin de clarté se fait sentir
avec plus d’acuité encore. dans un tel cas, il est indispensable que la par -
tie adverse ait pu saisir que, quelles qu’aient pu être les autresp questions

soulevées ou les autres allégations formulées, les déclaratipons concernées
exprimaient un grief relatif à l’interprétation ou à l’application de la
Convention, même si celle-ci n’était pas nommément mentionnée 1. A
défaut d’être excessivement rigoureuse, cette condition n’enp est pas moins
importante, en particulier dans le contexte d’une disposition telle que l’ar -

ticle 22 de la CIEdR, qui mentionne plus d’un mode de règlement des
différends. On ne saurait attendre d’un Etat qu’il entreprenne de négocier
au sujet d’un différend à propos duquel rien n’a étép fait pour l’informer
qu’il pourrait y être partie.

10. Appliquant le critère qu’elle a formulé aux exemples, versésp au dos -
sier, d’échanges entre les parties, ainsi que de déclarations unilatérales
faites par la géorgie, mais dont il est raisonnable de penser que la Fédé -
ration de Russie avait connaissance, la Cour conclut que la géorgie a
formulé de tels griefs entre les 9 et 12 août 2008, et qu’un différend relatif

à la question de savoir si la Fédération de Russie s’acquittpait des obliga -
tions qu’elle tenait de la Convention s’est fait jour à cette ppériode, mais
non avant. Je fais mienne cette conclusion. Selon moi, les déclaratiopns
antérieures à cette période étaient telles qu’un observateur qui en aurait

1 Cela ne veut pas dire, pour autant, qu’un Etat qui voudrait porter depvant la Cour
une affaire relevant de la Convention doive au préalable envoyer àp l’Etat contre lequel il
entend introduire l’instance une « mise en demeure » formelle ; en revanche, il doit, pour
reprendre les termes du paragraphe 30 de l’arrêt, «s’être référé assez clairement à l’objet du
traité pour que l’Etat contre lequel il formule un grief puisse savoir qu’un différend existe
ou peut exister à cet égard ». Si la Cour, dans son arrêt, précise qu’une référence exppresse
à la Convention ôterait tout doute et permettrait d’informer l’pautre Etat, elle n’en fait
cependant pas une condition.

260327 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. greenwood)

able to discern that a claim was being made against the Russian Federa -
tion regarding the latter’s compliance with its obligations under CERpd,
even if that had been georgia’s intention at the time those statements
were made.
11. Lastly, I agree with the conclusion in paragraphs 132 to 141 of the
Judgment that the reference in Article 22 to a dispute “which is not set -

tled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this p
Convention” imposes a precondition which must be satisfied if the Couprt
is to have jurisdiction. It is not enough that a dispute has not been settled
by negotiations or the Convention procedures ; an attempt must have
been made to settle the dispute by those means. To read the provision
otherwise would make this clause completely superfluous and thus offpend

against a basic tenet of treaty interpretation. I therefore agree with tphe
Judgment that it is a precondition to the jurisdiction of the Court undepr
Article 22 that there must have been a good faith attempt to settle the
dispute by negotiation or by the Convention procedures. That was the
conclusion which the Court reached in the most recent case in which it

had to consider a clause similar to Article 22. In Armed Activities on the
Territory of the Congo (New Application : 2002) (Democratic Republic of
the Congo v. Rwanda) (Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 39, para. 87), the Court had to consider Article 29
of the Convention on the Elimination of discrimination against Women,
which provides that :

“[A]ny dispute between two or more States parties concerning the
interpretation or application of the present Convention which is not
settled by negotiation shall, at the request of one of them, be submit -
ted to arbitration. If within six months from the date of the request
for arbitration the parties are unable to agree on the organization of

the arbitration, any one of those parties may refer the dispute to the
International Court of Justice by request in conformity with the Stat -
ute of the Court.”

While this provision differs from Article 22 of CERd in that it contains a
precondition that an attempt must first be made to arrange an arbitratiopn,
the Court was clear that the reference to negotiations, which is identicpal
to that in Article 22, created a condition which had to be met before the
case could be referred to the Court.

12. The existence of this condition is not a licence for a putative
respondent to frustrate any prospect of seising the Court by rebuffing por
refusing to respond to offers of negotiation. As the Court has made plpain
on other occasions, a State cannot be required to persist in the face of
such a reaction (Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971
Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Liby▯an

Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections,

261 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (op. ind. greenwood)327

alors pris connaissance n’aurait pu saisir que la géorgie y faisait grief à la
Fédération de Russie d’avoir manqué à ses obligations dépcoulant de la
CIEdR, quand bien même telle aurait été l’intention de la géorgie en les
formulant.
11. Enfin, je souscris à la conclusion énoncée aux paragraphes 132
à 141 de l’arrêt, selon laquelle la référence, faite à l’particle 22, à un diffé

rend « qui n’aura pas été réglé par voie de négociation ou aup moyen des
procédures expressément prévues par la … Convention » impose une
condition préalable à laquelle il doit être satisfait pour que pla Cour puisse
se déclarer compétente. Il ne suffit pas qu’un différend pn’ait pas été réglé
par voie de négociation ou au moyen des procédures prévues par pla
Convention; il faut qu’il ait été tenté de le régler par ces moyens. Toute

autre lecture de cette disposition rendrait cette clause totalement supeprfé -
tatoire et, partant, ferait offense à l’un des principes de basep de l’interpré-
tation des traités. C’est pourquoi j’adhère à l’idépe, exprimée dans l’arrêt,
selon laquelle une tentative, faite de bonne foi, de régler le diffpérend par
voie de négociation ou au moyen des procédures prévues par la Cponven -

tion constitue, au regard de l’article 22, une condition préalable à la com -
pétence de la Cour. Telle est du reste la conclusion à laquelle ceplle-ci est
parvenue dans la plus récente affaire en laquelle elle a eu à copnnaître
d’une clause semblable à l’article 22. En l’affaire des Activités armées sur
le territoire du Congo (nouvelle requête : 2002) (République démocratique
du Congo c. Rwanda) (compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006,

p. 39, par. 87), la Cour a en effet été amenée à examiner l’articlpe 29 de la
convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discriminatiopn à
l’égard des femmes, ainsi libellé :

«Tout différend entre deux ou plusieurs Etats parties concernant
l’interprétation ou l’application de la présente convention pqui n’est
pas réglé par voie de négociation est soumis à l’arbitragpe, à la
demande de l’un d’entre eux. Si, dans les six mois qui suivent la date
de la demande d’arbitrage, les parties ne parviennent pas à se metptre

d’accord sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage, l’une quelconquep d’entre
elles peut soumettre le différend à la Cour internationale de Justice,
en déposant une requête conformément au Statut de la Cour. »

Si cette disposition diffère de l’article 22 de la CIEdR en ce qu’elle pré-
voit, comme préalable à sa saisine, que soit tenté un recours àp l’arbitrage,
la Cour n’en a pas moins clairement indiqué que la référencep à la négocia-
tion, faite dans les mêmes termes qu’à l’article 22, créait une condition à
laquelle il devait être satisfait avant que l’affaire ne pût plui être soumise.

12. L’existence de cette condition ne donne pas à l’Etat susceptiblpe
d’être mis en cause licence de faire échec, en repoussant les opffres de négo -
ciation, ou en refusant d’y répondre, à toute perspective de saisine de la
Cour. Ainsi que celle-ci a eu l’occasion de le préciser, il ne saurait être
demandé à un Etat de persévérer face à une telle réactpion (Questions d’in -
terprétation et d’application de la convention de Montréal de 1▯971 résultant

de l’incident aérien de Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Etats-Unis

261328 convention on racialp discrimination (sep. pop. greenwood)

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 122, para. 20). For the same reason, a
respondent which seeks artificially to prolong negotiations while declining
to negotiate in good faith cannot hide behind the requirement in Arti -
cle 22 of CERd to prevent the exercise of jurisdiction by the Court.

13. In determining whether this requirement has been met, the exis -

tence of a wider dispute between the parties must again be borne in mind.
The fact that a State is making proposals regarding negotiations on thatp
wider dispute does not preclude the possibility that it may also (perhaps
even in the same document) be offering to negotiate on the narrower
Convention dispute. If that is the case, however, it must be sufficientply
clear from the statements made that this is its intention. In making an p

attempt to settle the dispute by negotiation a precondition, Article 22 gives
the State against which a claim is being made a choice of accepting an
offer to negotiate regarding that dispute, rather than submitting itseplf to
immediate recourse to the Court. For that choice to be meaningful, the
offer to negotiate must be sufficiently clear that it can be seen for what it

is. Where the two States are simultaneously engaged in a wider dispute, p
that means that it must be clear that there is an offer to negotiate rpegard -
ing the Convention dispute and not simply about the wider dispute
between the parties. In a case such as the present, it is an essential feature
of the applicant State’s case regarding jurisdiction that the dispute which
it seeks to bring before the Court can be separated from the wider dispupte

over which it is accepted that no jurisdiction exists. By the same logicp, the
offer of negotiation regarding the narrower dispute must be capable of
being discerned amidst the exchanges about the wider dispute. If that capn -
not be done, then an essential requirement of Article 22 has not been met.

14. In the present case, I do not believe that georgia has satisfied that
requirement. Since I agree that georgia has failed to demonstrate that a
dispute falling within Article 22 existed before the period 9-12 August 2008,
it is necessary only to consider any statements said to constitute an offper
to negotiate made during that period. I agree with the analysis of those
statements in the Judgment. However, I must add that, even if I had beenp

convinced that a dispute regarding the interpretation or application of
CERd had come into existence between georgia and the Russian Fed -
eration before that date, I would not have found that the earlier state -
ments on which georgia relied met the requirement of attempting to
negotiate regarding that dispute and would, therefore, still have voted in

favour of the second operative paragraph.

(Signed) Christopher greenwood.

262 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (op. ind. greenwood)328

d’Amérique), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 122,
par. 20). pour la même raison, un Etat qui chercherait à prolonger artifi -
ciellement les négociations tout en refusant de négocier de bonne pfoi ne
saurait s’abriter derrière la condition prévue à l’article 22 de la CIEdR
pour empêcher la Cour d’exercer sa compétence à son égardp.
13. pour déterminer s’il a été satisfait à cette condition, ilp faut une fois

de plus prendre en compte l’existence d’un différend plus larpge entre les
parties. Le fait qu’un Etat avance des propositions quant à des népgocia -
tions concernant ce différend n’exclut pas qu’il puisse égpalement (voire
dans le même document) proposer d’en tenir sur le différend pplus circons -
crit relevant de la Convention. Toutefois, le cas échéant, il doitp ressortir
de manière suffisamment claire de ses déclarations que telle est pbien son

intention. En faisant de la tentative de régler le différend parp voie de
négociation une condition préalable, l’article 22 laisse à l’Etat contre
lequel le grief est formulé le choix d’accepter la proposition de pnégocier
au sujet de ce différend, plutôt que d’être immédiatemepnt attrait devant la
Cour. pour que cette alternative en soit réellement une, la proposition de

négocier doit être suffisamment explicite pour pouvoir être copmprise
comme telle. Ainsi, lorsque les deux Etats sont, dans le même temps, par -
ties à un différend plus large, il doit être clair qu’il epxiste une proposition
tendant à négocier au sujet, non pas simplement de ce différepnd, mais bien
spécifiquement de celui relevant de la Convention. L’Etat demandeupr
soutient en l’espèce, et c’est là un aspect essentiel de sonp argumentation en

ce qui concerne la compétence, que le différend qu’il cherchep à porter
devant la Cour peut être dissocié du différend plus large au psujet duquel il
est convenu que celle-ci n’a pas compétence. Suivant la même logique, la
proposition de négocier au sujet du différend plus restreint doipt pouvoir
être distinguée parmi les échanges relatifs au différend pplus large. A défaut,
une condition essentielle prévue à l’article 22 n’aura pas été remplie.

14. En l’espèce, je ne pense pas que la géorgie ait satisfait à cette
condition. dès lors qu’elle n’a pas, selon moi, établi l’existence d’pun diffé-
rend relevant de l’article 22 avant la période allant du 9 au 12 août 2008,
seules doivent être examinées les déclarations datant de cette ppériode
qu’elle présente comme des propositions de négociation, et je mp’associe à
l’analyse qui en est faite dans l’arrêt. Je dois néanmoins apjouter que,

quand bien même j’aurais acquis la certitude qu’un différepnd touchant
l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIEdR s’était fait jour entre la
géorgie et la Fédération de Russie avant ces dates, je n’aurapis pas jugé
que les déclarations antérieures invoquées par la géorgie satisfaisaient à
l’obligation de tenter de négocier à propos de ce différend et, partant,

aurais quand même voté en faveur du second point du dispositif.

(Signé) Christopher greenwood.

262

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Separate Opinion of Judge Greenwood

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