Declaration of Vice-President Tomka

Document Number
140-20110401-JUD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
140-20110401-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

181

dECLARATION OF vICE-pRESIdENT TOmKA

[English Original Text]

I am largely in agreement with the Court’s Judgment and, accordingly,
I have voted in favour of its overall conclusion that the Court lacks jupris-

diction to entertain georgia’s Application. I also agree with the Court’s
conclusion that neither precondition for the seisin of the Court, contained
in Article 22 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
discrimination, has been met by georgia. I also support the Court’s
detailed analysis showing that “no legal dispute arose between georgia

and the Russian Federation during [the] period [between 1999 and
July 2008] with respect to the Russian Federation’s compliance with its
obligations under CERd” (Judgment, para. 105).

I part company with my distinguished colleagues in the majority on a

particular point in the analysis of whether the dispute under CERd had
arisen in August 2008, before georgia filed its Application. They see the
evidence that there was a dispute between the parties about the Russian
Federation’s compliance with its obligations under CERd in various
statements, namely: the statements made by georgia’s president during a
press conference with foreign journalists and the interview granted

to CNN, both held against the backdrop of serious military confronta -
tion which ensued after “a sustained georgian artillery attack” (ibid.,
para. 106); the emotional exchanges between the representatives of the
two States during the 10 August 2008 Security Council meeting, convened
at georgia’s request because of the on-going military confrontation ; and

the response of the Russian Federation’s Foreign minister to a question
posed at the joint press conference held after his meeting with the minis -
ter for Foreign Affairs of Finland. In view of the circumstances in which
these statements were made, I consider the majority’s conclusion rathper
artificial.

In the Certain Property case, the Court also had to deal with an objec -
tion to the effect that there was no dispute between the parties. It con -
cluded that

“germany’s position taken in the course of bilateral consultations and
in the letter by the Minister for Foreign Affairs . . . has evidentiary
value in support of the proposition that Liechtenstein’s claims were p
positively opposed by germany and that this was recognized by

the latter” (Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany), Preliminary

115182 convention on racialp discrimination (decpl. tomka)

Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 19, para. 25 ; emphasis
added).
I agreed.

The late Judge Fleischhauer, sitting as judge ad hoc, in his last remarks
from the Bench, disagreed and took the view

“that these words would reveal themselves as introducing too low a
standard into the determination of the existence of a dispute and
therefore have negative effects on the readiness of States to engage ipn
attempts at peaceful settlements of disputes” (ibid., p. 69).

I am afraid that in the present case the majority has further lowered the
standard. It satisfied itself with a rather formalistic juxtaposition ofp the
words used by the representatives of the parties during that short period

of open military hostilities between the two countries. In my understandp -
ing, the references by them to “ethnic cleansing”, in that contextp, were
nothing more than a part of the recent war-time rhetoric intending to pupt
the blame and shame on the other side. In fact, no claim was presented tpo
the Russian Federation with regard to its obligations under CERd, no
negotiations or consultations held. Were they held, or at least attemptepd,

this would have certainly assisted in properly articulating the dispute.p I
am therefore unable, to my regret, to concur with the majority on this
point.

(Signed) peter Tomka.

116

Bilingual Content

181

dECLARATION OF vICE-pRESIdENT TOmKA

[English Original Text]

I am largely in agreement with the Court’s Judgment and, accordingly,
I have voted in favour of its overall conclusion that the Court lacks jupris-

diction to entertain georgia’s Application. I also agree with the Court’s
conclusion that neither precondition for the seisin of the Court, contained
in Article 22 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
discrimination, has been met by georgia. I also support the Court’s
detailed analysis showing that “no legal dispute arose between georgia

and the Russian Federation during [the] period [between 1999 and
July 2008] with respect to the Russian Federation’s compliance with its
obligations under CERd” (Judgment, para. 105).

I part company with my distinguished colleagues in the majority on a

particular point in the analysis of whether the dispute under CERd had
arisen in August 2008, before georgia filed its Application. They see the
evidence that there was a dispute between the parties about the Russian
Federation’s compliance with its obligations under CERd in various
statements, namely: the statements made by georgia’s president during a
press conference with foreign journalists and the interview granted

to CNN, both held against the backdrop of serious military confronta -
tion which ensued after “a sustained georgian artillery attack” (ibid.,
para. 106); the emotional exchanges between the representatives of the
two States during the 10 August 2008 Security Council meeting, convened
at georgia’s request because of the on-going military confrontation ; and

the response of the Russian Federation’s Foreign minister to a question
posed at the joint press conference held after his meeting with the minis -
ter for Foreign Affairs of Finland. In view of the circumstances in which
these statements were made, I consider the majority’s conclusion rathper
artificial.

In the Certain Property case, the Court also had to deal with an objec -
tion to the effect that there was no dispute between the parties. It con -
cluded that

“germany’s position taken in the course of bilateral consultations and
in the letter by the Minister for Foreign Affairs . . . has evidentiary
value in support of the proposition that Liechtenstein’s claims were p
positively opposed by germany and that this was recognized by

the latter” (Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany), Preliminary

115 181

dÉCLARATION dE m. LE JUgE TOmKA, vICE-pRÉSIdENT

[Texte original français]

Je suis très largement d’accord avec ce qui est dit dans l’arrêpt de la
Cour et j’ai, par conséquent, voté en faveur de la conclusion gpénérale

selon laquelle la Cour n’a pas compétence pour connaître de la prequête
de la géorgie. Je m’associe également à la conclusion selon laquellpe
aucune des deux conditions préalables à la saisine de la Cour, prépvues à
l’article 22 de la convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de dis -
crimination raciale, n’a été satisfaite par la géorgie. Je souscris aussi à

l’analyse approfondie menée par la Cour, dont il ressort qu’il « n’exis-
tait … aucun différend d’ordre juridique entre la géorgie et la Fédération
de Russie [durant la période allant de 1999 à juillet 2008] au sujet du
respect par celle-ci de ses obligations en vertu de la CIEdR » (arrêt,
par. 105).
Je m’écarte toutefois de l’analyse de la majorité sur la quepstion spéci -

fique de savoir s’il existait un différend d’ordre juridique pen vertu de la
CIEdR en août 2008, avant que la géorgie ne dépose sa requête. Selon
mes éminents collègues, plusieurs déclarations attestent l’epxistence d’un
différend entre les parties à propos du respect par la Fédération de Russie
de ses obligations au titre de la CIEdR, à savoir : les déclarations faites
par le président géorgien à l’occasion d’une conférencpe de presse devant

les journalistes étrangers et dans le cadre d’une interview accordpée à
CNN, toutes deux tenues dans le contexte d’un grave affrontement mipli -
taire ayant fait suite à une « attaque à l’artillerie lourde » lancée par la
géorgie (ibid., par. 106) ; les échanges chargés d’émotion entre les repré -
sentants des deux Etats au cours de la réunion du Conseil de sécurpité du

10 août, qui avait été convoquée à la demande de la géorgie en raison de
l’affrontement militaire en cours ; et la réponse du ministre des affaires
étrangères de la Fédération de Russie à une question posépe lors de la
conférence de presse conjointe tenue après sa réunion avec le mpinistre
finlandais des affaires étrangères. A la lumière des circonstpances dans les -
quelles ces déclarations ont été faites, je considère que lap conclusion de la

majorité est assez artificielle.
dans l’affaire relative à Certains biens, la Cour se trouvait également
confrontée à une objection soulevée au motif qu’il n’exisptait aucun diffé -
rend d’ordre juridique entre les parties. Elle a conclu que

«la position adoptée par l’Allemagne dans le cadre de consultations
bilatérales et dans la lettre … émanant du ministre des affaires
étrangères confort[ait] l’affirmation selon laquelle les revendications
du Liechtenstein [s’étaient] heurtées à l’opposition manipfeste de

l’Allemagne et que cette dernière l’a[vait] reconnu » (Certains biens

115182 convention on racialp discrimination (decpl. tomka)

Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 19, para. 25 ; emphasis
added).
I agreed.

The late Judge Fleischhauer, sitting as judge ad hoc, in his last remarks
from the Bench, disagreed and took the view

“that these words would reveal themselves as introducing too low a
standard into the determination of the existence of a dispute and
therefore have negative effects on the readiness of States to engage ipn
attempts at peaceful settlements of disputes” (ibid., p. 69).

I am afraid that in the present case the majority has further lowered the
standard. It satisfied itself with a rather formalistic juxtaposition ofp the
words used by the representatives of the parties during that short period

of open military hostilities between the two countries. In my understandp -
ing, the references by them to “ethnic cleansing”, in that contextp, were
nothing more than a part of the recent war-time rhetoric intending to pupt
the blame and shame on the other side. In fact, no claim was presented tpo
the Russian Federation with regard to its obligations under CERd, no
negotiations or consultations held. Were they held, or at least attemptepd,

this would have certainly assisted in properly articulating the dispute.p I
am therefore unable, to my regret, to concur with the majority on this
point.

(Signed) peter Tomka.

116 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (décl. tomka) 182

(Liechtenstein c. Allemagne), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2005, p. 19, par. 25 ; les italiques sont de moi).
Je me suis rallié à cette conclusion.

dans le cadre des dernières observations qu’il a formulées au sepin de la
Cour, le regretté juge Fleischhauer, qui siégeait alors en l’affaire en qua -
lité de juge ad hoc, s’est inscrit en faux, estimant que

«pareille formulation risqu[ait] de fixer un seuil trop bas en matièrep
de détermination de l’existence d’un différend et, partant, de faire
hésiter les Etats qui y seraient pourtant disposés à s’engagper sur la
voie du règlement pacifique des différends » (ibid., p. 69).

En la présente espèce, je crains que la majorité n’ait encore abaissé ce
seuil. Elle s’est en effet contentée de juxtaposer de manièrep quelque peu
formaliste les termes employés par les représentants des parties pendant

la brève période d’hostilités militaires ouvertes entre les deux pays. Selon
moi, le fait que les parties aient, en pareil contexte, fait référence à un
«nettoyage ethnique » n’est rien de plus qu’une des expressions récentes
de la rhétorique de temps de guerre visant à mettre en cause et àp discrédi -
ter l’adversaire. En réalité, aucune accusation ne fut portépe contre la
Fédération de Russie relativement à ses obligations au titre dep la CIEdR,

et il n’y eut ni négociations ni consultations. Si des négociations ou
consultations avaient été menées, ou s’il avait au moins épté tenté d’en
mener, cela aurait certainement été utile pour définir adéqupatement le dif -
férend. En conséquence, je suis au regret de ne pouvoir m’assocpier à la
majorité sur ce point.

(Signé) peter Tomka.

116

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Declaration of Vice-President Tomka

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