Joint dissenting opinion of Judges Cançado Trindade and Yusuf

Document Number
124-20110504-JUD-02-04-EN
Parent Document Number
124-20110504-JUD-02-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

402

JOINT dISSENTINg OpINION OF JUdgES CANÇAdO
TRINdAdE ANd YUSUF

Disagreement with Court’s decision not to grant permission to interve▯ne — We
consider decision to be based on simple policy grounds — Disagreement with the
Court’s affirmation that third party’s interest will be protected ▯by Court without
affording it a hearing — This closes the door to future applications for
interventions — Application of Costa Rica is classic example of where non‑party
intervention should be granted — Object of non‑party intervention is to alert the
Court to third State interest of a legal nature — It is not proper for the Court to

substitute itself to would‑be intervenors without affording them a heari▯ng —
Standard of proof for demonstrating existence of interest less demanding▯ than that
for rights — No requirement to show that protection by Article 59 might be
insufficient — Mischaracterization of Applicant’s “interest of a legal natur▯e” —
Disagreement with introduction of new standard of proof in application o▯f
Article 62 — Costa Rica has fully satisfied the criteria for intervention — Court
appears to exercise general discretionary powers which it does not posse▯ss under
Article 62 — The purported special relationship between Articles 62 and 59 neither
persuasive nor well‑founded — Court’s practice appears reminiscent of traditional

arbitral proceedings where third party intervention not considered desir▯able.

I. Introduction

1. We regret that we are unable to join the Court’s majority in the
present case concerning the Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicara ‑

gua v. Colombia) (Application by Costa Rica for permission to Inter -
vene), since we believe that the conditions under Article 62 of the ICJ
Statute have been met by the Applicant. We are of the view that the
Court’s decision is based on policy grounds, and not on a determinatison

of the fulfilment of the requisites of Article 62. Instead of assessing
whether the Applicant has succeeded to demonstrate the existence of an
interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision of the s
Court in the main proceedings, and coming to a clear conclusion on that,s

the Court has decided not to grant permission to intervene on the simples
policy ground that “a third party’s interest will, as a matter of sprinciple,
be protected by the Court, without it defining with specificity the sgeo -
graphical limits of an area where that interest may come into play” (spara-

graph 86 of the Judgment).
2. moreover, we cannot agree with the view of the Court that the aims
which Article 62 of the Statute was established to achieve can be attained

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through the exercise of some kind of “judicial due diligence” withs respect
to third-party interests of a legal nature, without affording a hearing sto

the would-be intervenor in the proceedings on the merits (paragraph 89
of the Judgment). Such an approach voids Article 62 of its object and
substance, which is to enable the intervenor, if granted permission, to s
inform the Court of what it considers as its interests of a legal natures so
that they may not be affected without a hearing. By affirming that it iss

able to protect the interests of a legal nature of would-be intervenors s
without affording them a hearing in the proceedings on the merits, the
Court is closing the door to future applications for intervention, espe -
cially in territorial and maritime delimitations, and depriving Article 62
of its purpose. Therein lies the essence of our joint dissenting opinion. We
shall elaborate it below by successively dealing with : (a) the scope and

object of Article 62 ; (b) the need to identify an “interest of a legal
nature” ; (c) the need to demonstrate that such interest “may be affected
by a decision in the case” ; (d) the purported special “relationship”
between Articles 62 and 59 of the Court’s Statute. We shall then present
our conclusion.

II. The Scope and Object of Arsticle62 of the Statute

3. By dismissing the Application of Costa Rica for permission to inter -
vene, which we believe is a classic example of where non-party interven -
tion should be granted, the Court appears to have misconstrued the scopes
and object of Article 62 of the Statute. There is no doubt that the subject
of intervention is a difficult one for an international judicial body wshose
jurisdiction is based on the consent of the main parties. moreover, Arti -

cle 62 has always been considered as one of the most difficult provisions
to apply to concrete cases. It is not, however, so much the difficulty sof the
application in concreto of the provision itself, but rather the restrictive
manner in which it has been interpreted and applied by the Court over
the years, including in the present instance, that has substantially redsuced

its role in the case law of the Court and risks pushing it progressivelys into
irrelevance.
4. Although Article 62 itself does not specify it, a State applying for
permission to intervene may do so either as a party or as a non-party ins
the main proceedings. Intervention as a party has many legal implicationss

for the adjudication of the case on the merits and is much wider in scopse
than intervention as a non-party. Conversely, the purpose of the limiteds
intervention as a non-party is to permit a State which considers that its has
“an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision sin the
case” to alert the Court of the manner in which the decision in the msain
proceedings may affect such interest in order to protect it without becosm -

ing a party to those proceedings. Thus, if granted permission to intervesne,
the opportunity given to such a non-party is meant to have an effect in

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the main proceedings through the substantive information provided by
the intervenor to the Court.

5. In the present Judgment, the Court has decided that there is no need
to grant the Applicant permission to provide such information to the
Court in the main proceedings on the grounds that :

“The Court, following its jurisprudence, when drawing a line delim -
iting the maritime areas between the parties to the main proceedings,
will, if necessary, end the line in question before it reaches an area isn

which the interests of a legal nature of third States may be involved”s
(paragraph 89 of the Judgment).
This reasoning suffers from several fundamental flaws. First, it is based

on the assumption that the delimitation of all maritime areas in conten -
tion between two parties can be somewhat mechanically effected in the
same manner without taking into account all the circumstances of a par -
ticular case or the facts specific to each case. Secondly, even in thes only
Judgment of the Court cited in support of this proposition (Maritime

Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 100, para. 112), the reference to “interests of third
parties” is contained in the reasoning ; while in the operative clause it is
stated that :

“From point 5 the maritime boundary line shall continue along the
line equidistant from the opposite coasts of Romania and Ukraine in
a southerly direction starting at a geodetic azimuth of 185 23´ 54.5˝

until it reaches the area where the rights of third States may be affected.”
(ibid., p. 131, para. 219 ; emphasis added).

In delimiting maritime boundaries between contending parties, the Court s
can of course take cognizance of the areas where the rights of third Stastes
may be involved. It is not, however, clear how it would know about areass
where third State interests of a legal nature may exist, without affordisng
a hearing to such States in the main proceedings. Thirdly, the Judgment s

fails to address this issue and to clarify how, and by whom, the Court wsill
be informed of the extent of such third State interests in the relevant smar -
itime area. In order to end a delimitation line before it reaches an aresa
where third State interests of a legal nature may exist, is the Court tos base
its decision on the merits on the main parties’ conception of what cosnsti -

tutes third States interests of a legal nature or is it to determine by sitself,
without the requisite information, where such interests may lie? This
question remains unanswered in the Judgment.

6. We find it very surprising that the Court wishes to take upon itself as

task for which non-party intervention under Article 62 of the Statute was
specifically conceived. Indeed, it is the function of such non-party isnter -

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vention, when granted by the Court, to inform the Court of the interve -
nor’s specific interest of a legal nature in the maritime areas on swhich

there is a dispute between the main parties in order to ensure that suchs
interest is protected. It is not, therefore, proper for the Court, in ousr view,
to portray itself as a potential substitute to would-be non-party intervse -
nors in the main proceedings to justify its refusal to grant permission sto

the Applicant to intervene. Such refusal should be based on a clear detesr -
mination of the failure of the Applicant to show in the specific case sat
hand that it has an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by sthe
decision on the merits of the case.

7. Article 81, paragraph 2 (b) of the Rules of Court requires a State
applying for permission to intervene to set out “the precise object osf the
intervention”. In the present case, Costa Rica has indicated in its Asppli -
cation that the object of its request for permission to intervene is twos-

fold : (a) to inform the Court of what it regards as its interest of a legal
nature in the adjacent maritime spaces on which there is a dispute betwesen
Nicaragua and Colombia ; and (b) to protect its rights and interests by
all legal means available. The Court recognizes that “the object of tshe

intervention, as indicated by Costa Rica, is in conformity with the requsire -
ments of the Statute and the Rules of Court” (paragraph 35 of the Judg -
ment). Yet, the Court concludes that “a third party’s interest wisll, as a
matter of principle, be protected by the Court without it defining witsh

specificity the geographical limits of an area where that interest mays come
into play” (paragraph 86 of the Judgment). If the Court is to claim, as it
does in this case, that it can always protect by itself and on its own wsis -

dom the interests of would-be non-party intervenors, without affording
such parties a hearing in the main proceedings, then the object of inters -
vention of any State applying to intervene loses all significance, despite
recognition by the Court that such object of intervention is in conformisty

with the Statute.

III. The Need to Identify an s“Interest of a Legal Natsure”

8. Looking back at the case law of the Court in respect of applications
for intervention, we find that, in most cases, the Court did not recogsnise
an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the

case pursuant to Article 62 of the Statute, and thus rejected the Appli -
cants’ requests for permission to intervene . Yet, on two occasions so far,

1
Cf. cases of Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Application for
Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports1981, pp. 3 et seq. (Application by
malta) ; Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia),▯ Ap‑li
cation for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 20pp. 575 et seq., paras.
81-83, 93 (Application by the philippines). Cf. also case of Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya/Malta), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I▯.C.J. Reports 1984,
pp. 3 et seq. (Application by Italy — note, however, that in this case the Court dismissed
Italy’s claim, inter alia, because to have granted it would involve the Court pronouncing

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the Court found that the respective Applicants (one from Latin America s
(Nicaragua in 1990) and one from Africa (Equatorial guinea in 1999))

had demonstrated an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by s
the decision in the case pursuant to Article 62 of the Statute and, accor -
dingly, granted the Application for permission to intervene . 2

9. For the first time in its history, the Court attempts, in the present s
Judgment, to bring some clarification to the concept of an “interesst of a
legal nature” (paragraph 26). This is a welcome development. Yet, the

Court does not make full use of this clarification in assessing whethesr the
requirements of Article 62 have been met by the Applicant. It might
therefore be useful to say a few words about the origins, meaning and

scope of that concept.
10. The origins of the expression “interest of a legal nature” lie in sthe
work of the Advisory Committee of Jurists, appointed by the League of

Nations, which drafted the pCIJ Statute in 1920. The Advisory Commit -
tee of Jurists, drawing on domestic law principles, considered and com -
bined various elements which led to the adoption of that concept 3. It

appears from the travaux préparatoires that the choice of the formulation
of an “interest of a legal nature”, as opposed to “rights” osr general “inter -

est” was reached as somewhat of a “hybrid” compromise between distinct
proposals by some of the members of the Advisory Committee of Jurists.
The final choice of words prompted the comment that “the desire to s

accommodate opposing views prevailed over the need for clarity and pre -

upon Italy’s “sovereign rights”). — It also occurred, in previous cases, that requests for
permission to intervene were dismissed when the main case was found inadsmissible. Cf.
cases of Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Application for Permission to Intervene, Order
of 20 December 1974, I.C.J. Reports 1974, pp. 530 et seq.; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v.
France), Application for Permission to Intervene, Order of 20 December 1974, I.C.J. Reports

1974, pp. 535 et seq.; Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Para‑
graph 63 of the Court’s Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand
v. France) Case, Order of 22 December 1995, I.C.J. Reports 1995, pp. 288 et seq.
2 Cf. case of Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras),
Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, pp. 92 et seq. Note,
however, that it was held that Nicaragua had an “interest of a legal snature which may
be affected” by part of the Chamber’s Judgment on the merits and tshus the Chamber
decided that Nicaragua was accordingly permitted to intervene in certain respects in the

case (concerning the status of the gulf); and cf. case of Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Application for Permission to Inter‑
vene, Order of 21 October 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), pp. 1029 et seq. (Application by
Equatorial guinea).
3 For a detailed account of distinct proposals made within the Advisory Cosmmittee of
Jurists, cf. S. Oda, “Intervention in the International Court of Justice – Articles 62 and 63
of the Statute”, in Völkerrecht als Rechtsordnung Internationale Gerichtsbarkeit Mensche▯n ‑

rechte – Festschrift für H. Mosler (eds. R. Bernhardt et alii), Berlin/ Heidelberg, Sprin -
ger-Verlag, 1983, pp. 630-635 ; S. Torres Bernárdez, “L’intervention dans la procédure de
la Cour Internationale de Justice”, 256 Recueil des cours de l’Académie de droit inter‑a
tional de La Haye (1995), pp. 238-245.

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cision” . In fact, the resulting formulation has been criticized as “an
5
almost indefinable monster” .
11. In his thematic course delivered at The Hague Academy of Inter -
national Law in 1988, Judge Kéba mbaye pointed out, as to the afore -

mentioned formulation, that :

“It was evidently a sort of compromise whereby the two notions
(interest and right) were combined into a single formulation. This
compromise is hardly satisfactory for some, who take the view that,

while it is clear what is meant by ‘interest’ and ‘right’ sesparately, it i6
much less clear what is meant by an ‘interest of a legal nature’”s.

Judge mbaye then clarified an interest of a legal nature as meaning “an
interest which can be justified by reference to a rule of law ” . And, in his
projection of this matter into the future, he ventured to state that “locus

standi will develop so as to keep pace with an international society which
is moving inexorably towards solidarity and therefore interdependence”s 8.
12. In a similar line of reasoning, in his dissenting opinion in the case

concerning the Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta, Appli ‑
cation for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 71
(Application by Italy for permission to Intervene), Judge Sette-Câmara

argued that “there is a considerable difference between the object ofs a
principal case (. . .) and an incidental procedure of intervention, which is
intended only to seek the protection of interests of a legal nature” s(para -
graph 64). To him, “intervention is an important device of procedural law s

in all legal systems of the world without exception (. . .). It is an instru -
ment indispensable for good administration of justice” (la bonne adminis ‑
tration de la justice) (paragraph 85). And Judge Sette-Câmara added that

“When the founding fathers of the Statute of the old Court decided

to find a place in the draft prepared by the Hague Advisory Commit -
tee of Jurists for the institution of intervention, they were not inno -
vating in any way. They did nothing but introduce in the basic

document of the Court a procedural remedy known and recognized
by all the legal systems of the world as a legitimate means by which
third parties, extraneous to a legal dispute, have the right to come
into the proceedings to defend their legal rights or interests which

might be impaired or threatened by the course of the contentious
proceedings” (paragraph 2).

4
T. Licari, “Intervention under Article 62 of the Statute of the I.C.J.”, 8 Brooklyn
Jou5nal of International Law (1982), p. 271.
W. m. Farag, L’Intervention devant la Cour Permanente de Justice Internationale,
paris, LgdJ, 1927, p. 59 ; he added that “the desire to please everyone prevailed over
precision and legal clarity” (ibid., p. 60[translation by the Registry]).
6 K. mbaye, “L’intérêt pour agir devant la Cour Internationale de sJustice”, 209 Recueil
des cours de l’Académie de droit international de La Haye (1988), p. 290 [translation by the
Registry].
7 Ibid., p. 263.
8 Ibid., p. 340 [translation by the Registry].

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13. The clarification put forward by the Court in the present case does
not substantially differ from the above descriptions of the concept of asn

interest of a legal nature (paragraph 26 of the Judgment). It also recog -
nizes that “an interest of a legal nature within the meaning of Articsle 62
does not benefit from the same protection as an established right and sis
not subject to the same requirements in terms of proof”. We are in agree -
ment with this conclusion ; but we find it regrettable that it has not been

applied in the Court’s assessment of whether the requirements of Artis -
cle 62 have been met by Costa Rica. Indeed, this less demanding standard
of proof should have been applied by the Court in assessing whether the s
Application meets the requisites of Article 62 of the Statute.
14. An “interest of a legal nature” constitutes a legitimate means
whereby a third party may request permission to intervene in contentiouss

proceedings to seek protection from a future judgment which may, in the s
absence of such intervention, affect its claims. As a matter of fact, Arsti -
cle 59 of the Statute has no relevance for the assessment of the require -
ments of a request for permission to intervene under Article 62, whose
purpose is for the Applicant to seek the permission of the Court so as to

be able to provide substantive information to the Court in the course ofs
the main proceedings and prior to the issuance of a judgment by the
Court. Thus, it is our view that the standard of proof applied in the
assessment of such requirements should neither be as demanding as that
applicable to the establishment of the existence of a right, nor should sit be

made dependent, as the Court does in this Judgment, on showing that the s
“protection” afforded by Article 59 might be insufficient. We shall return
to the analysis of this point in Section V below.

IV. The Need to demonstrate that such Isnterest

“may Be Affected by the decision in the Case”

15. The Court recognizes in paragraph 66 of the Judgment that
Costa Rica “has indicated the maritime area in which it considers it has
an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision of tshe

Court in the main proceedings”. It does not however assess, on the bassis
of the facts specific to this case and the evidence placed before it bsy the
Applicant, whether or not Costa Rica has an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision of the Court in that maritime area.
Instead, the Court appears to have decided not to grant Costa Rica per -

mission to intervene on the basis of general considerations, which, in osur
view, are neither well-founded nor persuasive. First, the Court, in paras -
graphs 71-72 of the Judgment, sets aside one of the main arguments of
Costa Rica aimed at showing how its interest of a legal nature may be
affected by a decision of the Court on the factually erroneous ground thsat
Costa Rica had initially claimed its 1977 Facio-Fernandez Treaty with

Colombia, and the assumptions underlying it, as an interest of a legal
nature, but later retracted that claim. Secondly, the Court introduces as

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new standard of proof based on the adequacy of the protection provided

under Article 59 of the Statute by stating that “Costa Rica must show
that its interest of a legal nature (. . .) needs a protection that is not pro -
vided by the relative effect of decisions of the Court under Article 59 of
the Statute”. Thirdly, by observing, in paragraph 86, that “a third State’s
interest will, as a matter of principle, be protected by the Court, withsout

it defining with specificity the geographical limits of an area where that
interest may come into play”, the Court resorts to policy grounds ands to
the exercise of a general discretionary power, instead of determining ons
the basis of the evidence placed before it, whether Costa Rica has fulfislled
the conditions required for intervention under Article 62 (1). Our views

on these issues are elaborated in the paragraphs that follow.

(a) The Mischaracterization of Costa Rica’s

“Interest of a Legal Nature”

16. It is stated in paragraph 71 of the Judgment that

“Costa Rica has acknowledged that the 1977 Treaty does not itself
constitute an interest of a legal nature that may be affected by the
decision in this case and that it does not seek any particular outcome
from this case in relation to this Treaty”.

The Court then concludes, on the basis of this statement, that “theres is no
need for the Court to consider Costa Rica’s arguments contained in [tshe

preceding paragraph 70] or the contentions set forth by Nicaragua and
Colombia in response to those arguments” (paragraph 72). It should,
however, be pointed out that Costa Rica had never claimed that the 1977 s
Treaty represented an interest of a legal nature for it.
17. In its Application, as quoted under paragraph 54 of the Judgment,

Costa Rica states that its :
“interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision of

the Court is Costa Rica’s interest in the exercise of its sovereign rights
and jurisdiction in the maritime area in the Caribbean Sea to which
it is entitled under international law by virtue of its coast facing on s
that sea”.

It is clear from the above quotation that Costa Rica had clearly specifised
in its Application what it considered to constitute its interest of a legal
nature in the maritime area disputed by the main parties to the case, and

that the 1977 Treaty, between itself and Colombia, was not claimed to
constitute for it “an interest of a legal nature that may be affecteds by the
decision in this case”. Thus, in its reply to the question put to it sby a
member of the Court, it reiterated this position by stating that neithers the
assumptions underlying the 1977 Treaty nor the treaty itself constitute san

interest of a legal nature that may be affected by the decision in the csase.

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It is our view that the purpose of the arguments presented by Costa Ricas
with respect to the 1977 Treaty was to demonstrate the manner in which

its interest of a legal nature, as specified in its Application, may bse affected
by a decision of the Court.
18. Indeed, Costa Rica contended, first, that its 1977 delimitation
agreement with Colombia is based on giving full weight and effect to
Colombia’s San Andres Island, recognizing a notional 200 nautical mile

entitlement. This resulted, according to Costa Rica, in the negotiation s
and conclusion of a simplified equidistant maritime border by drawing sa
median line between the islands and the Costa Rican coast. In the view of
Costa Rica, since Nicaragua’s claim calls for the enclaving of those s
islands, the premise on which the 1977 delimitation with Colombia was

based would be eliminated, thus necessitating the re-evaluation of Costas
Rica’s entitlements in the relevant maritime area. Secondly, Costa Rica
argued that if Nicaragua’s claims prevail in this area, Colombia woulsd no
longer be Costa Rica’s neighbour in this part of the Caribbean Sea, a
situation which would effectively extinguish the essential basis of the s1977

Treaty and require new delimitation between Costa Rica and its new
neighbour — Nicaragua.

19. It is unfortunate that the Court decided to exclude Costa Rica’s

arguments related to the 1977 Treaty and the assumptions underlying it
on the erroneous ground that Costa Rica had initially claimed the said
treaty as an interest of a legal nature, but later retracted that claim,s
instead of assessing whether the arguments of Costa Rica relating to thes
maritime area in which it considers to have an interest of a legal naturse

show the possibility that its interests may be affected by such a decisison in
view of the existence of overlapping interests and claims in that area. sAn
unwarranted and erroneous link appears to have been established between s
the requirement that Costa Rica’s request has to satisfy in terms of sdem -

onstrating the manner in which its interest of a legal nature may be
affected by a decision and the fact that the 1977 Treaty is not its legasl
interest per se. We find it also surprising, to say the least, that the Court
has decided to base its conclusions on a misunderstanding of the manner
in which Costa Rica characterized its interest of a legal nature.

(b) A Decision that Introduces a New Standard of Proof

20. Although the burden of proof of the existence of an interest of a legal
nature which may be affected by a decision in the case clearly lies withs the
Applicant, this does not imply that the standard of proof is a very demasn -

ding one. As pointed out by the Chamber of the Court in the case concer-
ning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispu( teEl Salvador/Honduras) :

“[I]t is clear, first, that it is for a State seeking to intervene to demon
strate convincingly what it asserts, and thus to bear the burden of

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proof; and, second, that it has only to show that its interest ‘may’ bes
affected, not that it will or must be affected.” (I.C.J Reports 1990,

p. 117, para. 61.)

Article 62 cannot however be interpreted to require, as stated in para -
graph 87 of the Judgment, that “to succeed with its request, Costa Rica
must show that its interest of a legal nature in the maritime area bordesr -
ing the area in dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia needs a protec -
tion that is not provided by the relative effect of decisions of the Cousrt

under Article 59 of the Statute”.

21. While the purported existence of a special relationship between
Article 62 and Article 59 of the Statute will be examined below (Section

V), we consider it important to emphasize here that the requirement of sa
standard of proof based on the adequacy of the protection provided by
“the relative effect of decisions of the Court under Article 59 of the Stat -
ute” cannot be founded in the wording of Article 62 (1) of the Statute.
This does not only constitute a new, and hitherto unheard of, require -
ment under Article 62 (1) of the Statute or Article 81 (2) of the Rules, but

it also appears to contradict the statement by the Court in paragraph 27
of the Judgment that “[t]he decision of the Court granting permissions to
intervene can be understood as a preventive one, since it is aimed at
allowing the intervening State to take part in the main proceedings in
order to protect an interest of a legal nature which risks being affected in

those proceedings”.

(c) A Decision Apparently Based on Policy Grounds

22. It is our view that Article 62 (2) does not confer a discretionary
power on the Court so as to allow it to refuse an application for interven -
tion even though the applicant has satisfied all criteria for intervention
established under Article 62 (1). The Court itself recognized this in Tuni ‑
sia/Libya and observed that it had no discretion “to accept or reject a

request for permission to intervene for reasons simply of policy” (Appli ‑
cation for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 12,
para. 17). This appears however to be the case in the present instance
although the policy underlying the Court’s decision has not been cleasrly
enunciated in the present Judgment. We believe that Costa Rica has fully

satisfied the criteria for intervention and clearly shown that it has san inte -
rest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision of the Court
in the proceedings. Nevertheless, the Court appears to exercise general s
discretionary powers with respect to the application for intervention wist -
hout assessing whether or not the requirements for intervention under
that paragraph have been met by Costa Rica. This is confirmed by the

fact that the Court observes in paragraph 86 that “a third party’s interest
will, as a matter of principle, be protected by the Court”.

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23. In determining whether or not the conditions for intervention
established under Article 62 (1) have been met by the Applicant, the

Court has to assess whether the grounds invoked by the Applicant are
sufficiently convincing. This does not however give it unfettered latitsude.
As observed by Judge Jennings, in his dissenting opinion on Italy’s Asppli -
cation for intervention in the Continental Shelf case (Libyan Arab Jama ‑
hiriya/Malta) :

“This is far from saying the Court has a complete discretion. What

it has to do is to decide whether the requirements of intervention
under Article 62 are complied with or not : that is to say it has to
decide in this case whether there are sufficiently cogent and convincinsg
grounds upon which Italy might reasonably ‘consider’ that it does s
indeed have interests of a legal nature which ‘may’ be affected by the
decision in the case between Libya and malta. And that is all.”

(I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 151, para. 9)
Instead of examining and assessing whether the arguments and evidence

presented by Costa Rica convincingly show that its interest of a legal
nature may be affected by the decision in the case between Nicaragua ands
Colombia, the Court appears to have taken a short cut and opted for a
policy decision, although the grounds of the policy itself have not beens
clearly specified.

V. The purported Special “Relastionship” between Artiscles62
and 59 of the Statute

24. Article 59 of the ICJ Statute determines that “[t]he decision of the
Court has no binding force except between the parties and in respect of
that particular case”. For its part, Article 62 provides that

“1. Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.
2. It shall be for the Court to decide upon this request”.

The view that Article 59 of the Statute extends protection to third States’
interests of a legal nature remains, in our perception, to be demonstratsed.

Article 59 limits the binding force of a Court’s decision to the contending
parties in the concrete case. It does not, however, ensure the protectiosn to
third States’ interests of a legal nature, unless such States are granted
permission to intervene under Article 62 so that they can inform the
Court of their interest of a legal nature before a final decision is asdopted.
moreover, Article 59 has a specific and narrow focus and applies to all

decisions of the Court, and not in any particular way those relating to s
Article 62.

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1 CIJ1019.indb 130 10/04/13 19:29 413 territorial and maristime dispute

25. distinctly from the provision of Article 59, third States are enti -
tled, by means of intervention under Article 62, to submit arguments to
the Court in order to fully defend their interests of a legal nature, sos that
the Court’s decision does not impinge on them. The provision of Arti -

cle 59, on its part, does not have a direct bearing on the aforementioned
procedure of intervention under Article 62, which, if granted, actually
takes place prior to the issuance of the final decision on the merits.s
26. The question of the purported “relationship” between Articles 62

and 59 was the object of much discussion in the case concerning the Con ‑
tinental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Application for Permis ‑
sion to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984. In his dissenting opinion,
Judge Jennings argued that the idea that Article 59 was protective of third
States’ interests was rather illusory. We fully agree with this assesssment.

27. The institution of intervention was conceived in a broader perspec -
tive, which should be kept in mind in our days, even more so with the
growing complexity of issues in contemporary international disputes. As
aptly pointed out a few years ago,

“the ever-increasing complexity and multilateralization of interna -

tional relations (. . .) must give rise to doubts whether a dispute set -
tlement mechanism based on the single assumption that disputes exist
only between two parties is adequate or even appropriate for modern
needs” 9.

28. To conclude this section, it is important to emphasize that Arti -
cle 62 does not say anything about the necessity for a State applying for

permission to intervene to show that an interest of a legal nature needss a
protection that is not provided by the relative effect of decisions of the
Court under Article 59. Intervention under Article 62 was conceived, for
the purposes of the sound administration of justice, to operate prior tos

the issuance of a final decision by the Court, and thus before Articles 59
comes into operation, to enable a third party which considers to have an
interest of a legal nature to make its case to the Court, so that the Cosurt
may take such an interest into account before reaching its decision on tshe

main proceedings. It therefore constitutes a means whereby the Court cans
be alerted to the broader interests of a legal nature which may be involsved
in the case besides the positions of the main parties to the dispute. It is
regrettable that the Court, by focusing on an unproven special “relatsion -
ship” between Article 59 and Article 62, has ignored these important

characteristics of the institution of intervention.

9 S. Rosenne, “Article 59 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice Revisited”,
in El Derecho Internacional en un Mundo en Transformación – Liber Am▯icorum en Home ‑
naje al Profesor E. Jiménez de Aréchaga (ed. m. Rama-montaldo), Vol. II, montevideo,
Fundación de Cultura Universitaria, 1994, p. 1157.

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1 CIJ1019.indb 132 10/04/13 19:29 414 territorial and maristime dispute

VI. Conclusion

29. The ICJ has not developed to date a consistent jurisprudence on the
institution of intervention in international proceedings, established ins Arti -

cle 62 of the Statute, despite the10act that it has had successive occasions sto
clarify the legal issues involved . There appears, however, to be a hardly
visible thread of avoidance of the concrete application of intervention,s run -
ning through the majority of the Court’s Judgments relating to Applicsations

for permission to intervene. In his dissenting opinion in the case concesrning
the Continental Shelf(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta)Application for Per ‑
mission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984), Judge Roberto Ago
went as far as to suggest that the Court’s decision in the cas d’espèce might
“well sound the [death] knell of the institution of intervention in isnterna -

tional legal proceedings” (paragraph 22). Somewhat distinctly, we are of the
view that the institution of intervention has not yet passed away ; it remains
alive in 2011, in spite of the fact that the Court’s practice to date seems to
amount to a slow-motion asphyxiation of the institution of intervention,s to

which we cannot at all subscribe, as such practice appears reminiscent osf
traditional bilateral arbitral proceedings where a barrier against thirds party
intervention may be considered desirable. It is our view that such practsice is
not in line with contemporary demands of the judicial settlement of dis -

putes, nor with challenges faced by present-day international law within the
framework of a universalist outlook.

(Signed) Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade.

(Signed) Abdulqawi A. Yusuf.

10Cf. notes (2) and (3), supra.

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1 CIJ1019.indb 134 10/04/13 19:29

Bilingual Content

402

JOINT dISSENTINg OpINION OF JUdgES CANÇAdO
TRINdAdE ANd YUSUF

Disagreement with Court’s decision not to grant permission to interve▯ne — We
consider decision to be based on simple policy grounds — Disagreement with the
Court’s affirmation that third party’s interest will be protected ▯by Court without
affording it a hearing — This closes the door to future applications for
interventions — Application of Costa Rica is classic example of where non‑party
intervention should be granted — Object of non‑party intervention is to alert the
Court to third State interest of a legal nature — It is not proper for the Court to

substitute itself to would‑be intervenors without affording them a heari▯ng —
Standard of proof for demonstrating existence of interest less demanding▯ than that
for rights — No requirement to show that protection by Article 59 might be
insufficient — Mischaracterization of Applicant’s “interest of a legal natur▯e” —
Disagreement with introduction of new standard of proof in application o▯f
Article 62 — Costa Rica has fully satisfied the criteria for intervention — Court
appears to exercise general discretionary powers which it does not posse▯ss under
Article 62 — The purported special relationship between Articles 62 and 59 neither
persuasive nor well‑founded — Court’s practice appears reminiscent of traditional

arbitral proceedings where third party intervention not considered desir▯able.

I. Introduction

1. We regret that we are unable to join the Court’s majority in the
present case concerning the Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicara ‑

gua v. Colombia) (Application by Costa Rica for permission to Inter -
vene), since we believe that the conditions under Article 62 of the ICJ
Statute have been met by the Applicant. We are of the view that the
Court’s decision is based on policy grounds, and not on a determinatison

of the fulfilment of the requisites of Article 62. Instead of assessing
whether the Applicant has succeeded to demonstrate the existence of an
interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision of the s
Court in the main proceedings, and coming to a clear conclusion on that,s

the Court has decided not to grant permission to intervene on the simples
policy ground that “a third party’s interest will, as a matter of sprinciple,
be protected by the Court, without it defining with specificity the sgeo -
graphical limits of an area where that interest may come into play” (spara-

graph 86 of the Judgment).
2. moreover, we cannot agree with the view of the Court that the aims
which Article 62 of the Statute was established to achieve can be attained

57

1 CIJ1019.indb 110 10/04/13 19:29 402

OpINION dISSIdENTE COmmUNE
dE mm. LES JUgES CANÇAdO TRINdAdE ET YUSUF

[Traduction]

Désaccord avec la décision de la Cour de ne pas accueillir la dema▯nde
d’intervention — Décision apparemment fondée sur de simples considérations
d’opportunité — Désaccord avec l’affirmation de la Cour selon laquelle la tie▯rce
partie verra son intérêt protégé sans avoir été entend▯ue — Signe d’une fin de
non‑recevoir à toute future demande d’intervention — Exemple classique de

demande d’intervention en tant que non‑partie méritant d’êtr▯e accueillie —
Intervention ayant pour objet d’appeler l’attention de la Cour sur▯ l’intérêt d’ordre
juridique d’un Etat tiers — Cour malavisée de vouloir se substituer aux Etats
souhaitant intervenir sans leur permettre d’être entendus — Niveau de preuve
requis aux fins d’établir l’existence d’un intérêt moi▯ndre que celui exigé aux fins
d’établir celle de droits — Absence d’obligation de démontrer que la protection
garantie par l’article59 pourrait être insuffisante — Présentation erronée de
l’«intérêt d’ordre juridique » de l’Etat demandant à intervenir — Désaccord avec

l’introduction d’un nouveau critère de la preuve fondé sur l’article 62 — Critères
requis en matière d’intervention pleinement remplis par le Costa Rica — Impression
que la Cour exerce des pouvoirs discrétionnaires généraux que n▯e lui confère pas
l’article 62 — Absence de fondement, et caractère non persuasif, de la préte▯ndue
relation spéciale entre les articles 62 et 59 — Pratique de la Cour à rattacher à la
procédure arbitrale traditionnelle, dans le cadre de laquelle l’in▯tervention de tierces
parties n’est pas jugée souhaitable.

I. Introduction

1. Nous sommes au regret de ne pouvoir faire nôtre la position qui est
celle de la majorité en cette affaire du Différend territorial et maritime
(Nicaragua c. Colombie) (requête du Costa Rica à fin d’intervention) :
nous estimons en effet que l’Etat demandant à intervenir a satisfait aux

conditions énoncées à l’article 62 du Statut de la Cour. Selon nous, la
Cour a fondé sa décision sur des considérations d’opportunité, et non sur
son appréciation de la question de savoir si les prescriptions de l’article 62

étaient remplies. Au lieu de chercher à déterminer si l’Etats demandant à
intervenir avait su démontrer qu’il possédait un intérêt d’ordre juridique
susceptible d’être affecté par la décision qu’elle étasit appelée à rendre en la
procédure principale, et de se prononcer clairement sur ce point, la sCour a

choisi de ne pas faire droit à sa demande au simple motif générsal que l«’in -
térêt des Etats tiers est, par principe, protégé par la Cours sans que celle-ci
n’ait à définir avec précision les limites géographiquess de la zone dans
laquelle leur intérêt pourrait entrer en jeu » (paragraphe 86 de l’arrêt).

2. En outre, nous ne saurions suivre la Cour lorsqu’elle affirme que les but
recherché avec l’article 62 du Statut peut être atteint par l’exercice de ce

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1 CIJ1019.indb 111 10/04/13 19:29 403 territorial and maristime dispute

through the exercise of some kind of “judicial due diligence” withs respect
to third-party interests of a legal nature, without affording a hearing sto

the would-be intervenor in the proceedings on the merits (paragraph 89
of the Judgment). Such an approach voids Article 62 of its object and
substance, which is to enable the intervenor, if granted permission, to s
inform the Court of what it considers as its interests of a legal natures so
that they may not be affected without a hearing. By affirming that it iss

able to protect the interests of a legal nature of would-be intervenors s
without affording them a hearing in the proceedings on the merits, the
Court is closing the door to future applications for intervention, espe -
cially in territorial and maritime delimitations, and depriving Article 62
of its purpose. Therein lies the essence of our joint dissenting opinion. We
shall elaborate it below by successively dealing with : (a) the scope and

object of Article 62 ; (b) the need to identify an “interest of a legal
nature” ; (c) the need to demonstrate that such interest “may be affected
by a decision in the case” ; (d) the purported special “relationship”
between Articles 62 and 59 of the Court’s Statute. We shall then present
our conclusion.

II. The Scope and Object of Arsticle62 of the Statute

3. By dismissing the Application of Costa Rica for permission to inter -
vene, which we believe is a classic example of where non-party interven -
tion should be granted, the Court appears to have misconstrued the scopes
and object of Article 62 of the Statute. There is no doubt that the subject
of intervention is a difficult one for an international judicial body wshose
jurisdiction is based on the consent of the main parties. moreover, Arti -

cle 62 has always been considered as one of the most difficult provisions
to apply to concrete cases. It is not, however, so much the difficulty sof the
application in concreto of the provision itself, but rather the restrictive
manner in which it has been interpreted and applied by the Court over
the years, including in the present instance, that has substantially redsuced

its role in the case law of the Court and risks pushing it progressivelys into
irrelevance.
4. Although Article 62 itself does not specify it, a State applying for
permission to intervene may do so either as a party or as a non-party ins
the main proceedings. Intervention as a party has many legal implicationss

for the adjudication of the case on the merits and is much wider in scopse
than intervention as a non-party. Conversely, the purpose of the limiteds
intervention as a non-party is to permit a State which considers that its has
“an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision sin the
case” to alert the Court of the manner in which the decision in the msain
proceedings may affect such interest in order to protect it without becosm -

ing a party to those proceedings. Thus, if granted permission to intervesne,
the opportunity given to such a non-party is meant to have an effect in

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1 CIJ1019.indb 112 10/04/13 19:29 différend territorisal et maritime 403

qu’on pourrait appeler la « diligence (due diligence) judiciaire requise » à
l’égard des intérêts d’ordre juridique de tierces partiess, sans que soit offerte

à celles souhaitant intervenir la possibilité d’être entenduses dans le cadre de
la procédure au fond (paragraphe 89 de l’arrêt). Une telle manière de voir
revient à vider de sa raison d’être et de son contenu l’artiscle 62, censé per-
mettre aux Etats demandant à intervenir d’éclairer la Cour sur sce qu’ils
tiennent pour leurs intérêts d’ordre juridique, afin d’ésviter qu’il ne leur soit

porté atteinte parce qu’ils n’auraient pas été entendus. sEn se déclarant à
même de protéger les intérêts d’ordre juridique de tels Etats sans qu’il soit
nécessaire de leur permettre de s’exprimer dans le cadre de la procédure sur
le fond, la Cour ferme la porte à de nouvelles demandes d’intervenstion, tout
particulièrement dans les affaires de délimitation territoriale ets maritime,
privant ainsi l’article 62 de son objet. Telles sont, fondamentalement, les

raisons qui nous amènent à nous dissocier de l’arrêt par la sprésente opinion.
Nous nous proposons de les exposer plus en détail, en examinant tour à
tour : a) la portée et l’objet de l’article 62 ; b) la nécessité de spécifier un
« intérêt d’ordre juridique »c;) celle de démontrer que cet intérêt «est … en
cause » ; etd) le «lien» particulier qui existerait entre les articles 62 et 59 du

Statut de la Cour. Nous en viendrons ensuite à notre conclusion.

II. portée et objet de l’asrticle62 du Statut

3. En rejetant la requête à fin d’intervention du Costa Rica, qui consti -
tuait selon nous l’exemple même d’une demande d’interventions méritant
d’être admise, la Cour semble avoir mal interprété la portése et l’objet de
l’article 62 du Statut. Il ne fait aucun doute que la question de l’interven -
tion est une question épineuse pour un organe judiciaire internationasl
dont la compétence repose sur le consentement des parties à la proscédure

principale ; du reste, l’article 62 a toujours été considéré comme l’une des
dispositions les plus difficiles à appliquer concrètement. Toutefsois, c’est
moins la difficulté de l’appliquer concrètement que le sens resstrictif dans
lequel la Cour l’a interprétée et appliquée au fil des anss, y compris en la
présente instance, qui a considérablement amoindri la place qu’soccupe

cette disposition dans la jurisprudence de la Cour, au risque de la reléguer
progressivement au rang de quantité négligeable.
4. Bien que cette précision ne figure pas dans l’article 62 lui-même, un
Etat peut demander à intervenir soit en tant que partie soit en tant sque
non-partie à la procédure principale. L’intervention en tant que pasrtie a

nombre d’implications juridiques en ce qui concerne la décision aus fond,
et revêt une portée bien plus vaste que l’intervention en tant sque non-par -
tie. Inversement, l’intervention, limitée, en tant que non-partie a pour but
de permettre à un Etat estimant que, « dans un différend, un intérêt
d’ordre juridique est pour lui en cause » d’appeler l’attention de la Cour
sur la manière dont cet intérêt, qu’il s’agit ainsi de protéger, est suscep -

tible d’être d’affecté par la décision qu’elle rendra sdans la procédure prin-
cipale sans devenir partie à cette dernière. La possibilité donsnée à l’Etat

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1 CIJ1019.indb 113 10/04/13 19:29 404 territorial and maristime dispute

the main proceedings through the substantive information provided by
the intervenor to the Court.

5. In the present Judgment, the Court has decided that there is no need
to grant the Applicant permission to provide such information to the
Court in the main proceedings on the grounds that :

“The Court, following its jurisprudence, when drawing a line delim -
iting the maritime areas between the parties to the main proceedings,
will, if necessary, end the line in question before it reaches an area isn

which the interests of a legal nature of third States may be involved”s
(paragraph 89 of the Judgment).
This reasoning suffers from several fundamental flaws. First, it is based

on the assumption that the delimitation of all maritime areas in conten -
tion between two parties can be somewhat mechanically effected in the
same manner without taking into account all the circumstances of a par -
ticular case or the facts specific to each case. Secondly, even in thes only
Judgment of the Court cited in support of this proposition (Maritime

Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 100, para. 112), the reference to “interests of third
parties” is contained in the reasoning ; while in the operative clause it is
stated that :

“From point 5 the maritime boundary line shall continue along the
line equidistant from the opposite coasts of Romania and Ukraine in
a southerly direction starting at a geodetic azimuth of 185 23´ 54.5˝

until it reaches the area where the rights of third States may be affected.”
(ibid., p. 131, para. 219 ; emphasis added).

In delimiting maritime boundaries between contending parties, the Court s
can of course take cognizance of the areas where the rights of third Stastes
may be involved. It is not, however, clear how it would know about areass
where third State interests of a legal nature may exist, without affordisng
a hearing to such States in the main proceedings. Thirdly, the Judgment s

fails to address this issue and to clarify how, and by whom, the Court wsill
be informed of the extent of such third State interests in the relevant smar -
itime area. In order to end a delimitation line before it reaches an aresa
where third State interests of a legal nature may exist, is the Court tos base
its decision on the merits on the main parties’ conception of what cosnsti -

tutes third States interests of a legal nature or is it to determine by sitself,
without the requisite information, where such interests may lie? This
question remains unanswered in the Judgment.

6. We find it very surprising that the Court wishes to take upon itself as

task for which non-party intervention under Article 62 of the Statute was
specifically conceived. Indeed, it is the function of such non-party isnter -

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1 CIJ1019.indb 114 10/04/13 19:29 différend territorisal et maritime 404

autorisé à intervenir en cette qualité est donc censée inflsuer sur la procé -
dure principale par l’effet des informations touchant au fond que celsui-ci

aura communiquées à la Cour.
5. dans le présent arrêt, la Cour a jugé inutile d’autoriser l’sEtat deman -
dant à intervenir à lui communiquer de telles informations dans les cadre
de la procédure principale au motif que,

«suivant en ceci sa jurisprudence, lorsqu’elle tracera une ligne désli -
mitant les espaces maritimes entre les deux parties à la procédure
principale, [elle] arrêtera, selon que de besoin, la ligne en questiosn

avant qu’elle n’atteigne la zone où les intérêts d’ordre juridique
d’Etats tiers peuvent être en cause » (paragraphe 89 de l’arrêt).
Or, ce raisonnement présente certaines lacunes rédhibitoires. première -

ment, il repose sur le postulat selon lequel la délimitation de tous les
espaces maritimes en litige entre deux parties pourrait être effectuése d’une
seule et même façon, quelque peu mécaniquement, sans qu’il soit besoin
de tenir compte de tous les aspects ou circonstances propres au cas d’ses -
pèce. deuxièmement, même dans le seul arrêt de la Cour cité à l’sappui de

cette affirmation (Délimitation maritime en mer Noire (Roumanie c.
Ukraine), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 100, par. 112), il n’est fait réfé -
rence aux «intérêts d’Etats tiers » que dans les motifs. dans son dispositif,
en revanche, la Cour indique ceci :

«A partir du point 5, la frontière maritime se poursuit vers le sud
le long de la ligne équidistante des côtes de la Roumanie et de
l’Ukraine qui se font face, selon un azimut géodésique initial sde

185° 23΄ 54,5˝, jusqu’à atteindre la zone où les droits d’Etats tiers
peuvent entrer en jeu. » (Ibid., p. 131, par. 219 ; les italiques sont de
nous.)

Or, lorsqu’elle délimite les frontières maritimes entre les parsties en litige,
la Cour peut bien entendu prendre connaissance des zones dans lesquelless
les droits d’Etats tiers pourraient être en cause, mais on voit masl com -
ment elle pourrait avoir connaissance des zones dans lesquelles ces Etatss
pourraient avoir des intérêts d’ordre juridique sans donner à ceux-ci la

possibilité d’être entendus dans le cadre de la procédure prsincipale.
Troisièmement — outre qu’elle n’aborde pas cette question dans son
arrêt —, la Cour ne précise pas comment, ni par qui, elle sera informése du
contenu de tels intérêts dans la zone maritime pertinente. pour arrêter
une ligne de délimitation avant que celle-ci n’atteigne la zone dans laquelle

des Etats tiers sont susceptibles d’avoir des intérêts d’ordsre juridique, la
Cour doit-elle baser sa décision au fond sur l’idée que se font les partises à
la procédure principale de ce qui relève de tels intérêts, osu déterminer
elle-même, sans être en possession des informations nécessaires, en quoi
ceux-ci pourraient consister ? La Cour ne le dit pas.
6. Nous trouvons fort surprenant que la Cour veuille assumer elle-même

une tâche qui, par définition, relève de l’intervention ens tant que non-par -
tie en vertu de l’article 62 du Statut. En effet, l’intervention en tant que

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1 CIJ1019.indb 115 10/04/13 19:29 405 territorial and maristime dispute

vention, when granted by the Court, to inform the Court of the interve -
nor’s specific interest of a legal nature in the maritime areas on swhich

there is a dispute between the main parties in order to ensure that suchs
interest is protected. It is not, therefore, proper for the Court, in ousr view,
to portray itself as a potential substitute to would-be non-party intervse -
nors in the main proceedings to justify its refusal to grant permission sto

the Applicant to intervene. Such refusal should be based on a clear detesr -
mination of the failure of the Applicant to show in the specific case sat
hand that it has an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by sthe
decision on the merits of the case.

7. Article 81, paragraph 2 (b) of the Rules of Court requires a State
applying for permission to intervene to set out “the precise object osf the
intervention”. In the present case, Costa Rica has indicated in its Asppli -
cation that the object of its request for permission to intervene is twos-

fold : (a) to inform the Court of what it regards as its interest of a legal
nature in the adjacent maritime spaces on which there is a dispute betwesen
Nicaragua and Colombia ; and (b) to protect its rights and interests by
all legal means available. The Court recognizes that “the object of tshe

intervention, as indicated by Costa Rica, is in conformity with the requsire -
ments of the Statute and the Rules of Court” (paragraph 35 of the Judg -
ment). Yet, the Court concludes that “a third party’s interest wisll, as a
matter of principle, be protected by the Court without it defining witsh

specificity the geographical limits of an area where that interest mays come
into play” (paragraph 86 of the Judgment). If the Court is to claim, as it
does in this case, that it can always protect by itself and on its own wsis -

dom the interests of would-be non-party intervenors, without affording
such parties a hearing in the main proceedings, then the object of inters -
vention of any State applying to intervene loses all significance, despite
recognition by the Court that such object of intervention is in conformisty

with the Statute.

III. The Need to Identify an s“Interest of a Legal Natsure”

8. Looking back at the case law of the Court in respect of applications
for intervention, we find that, in most cases, the Court did not recogsnise
an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the

case pursuant to Article 62 of the Statute, and thus rejected the Appli -
cants’ requests for permission to intervene . Yet, on two occasions so far,

1
Cf. cases of Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Application for
Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports1981, pp. 3 et seq. (Application by
malta) ; Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia),▯ Ap‑li
cation for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 20pp. 575 et seq., paras.
81-83, 93 (Application by the philippines). Cf. also case of Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya/Malta), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I▯.C.J. Reports 1984,
pp. 3 et seq. (Application by Italy — note, however, that in this case the Court dismissed
Italy’s claim, inter alia, because to have granted it would involve the Court pronouncing

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1 CIJ1019.indb 116 10/04/13 19:29 différend territorisal et maritime 405

non-partie aurait eu ici pour fonction d’informer la Cour de l’intérêt
d’ordre juridique de l’intervenant dans les zones maritimes en litsige dans la
procédure principale, aux fins de garantir la protection de cet intsérêt. Aussi

la Cour a-t-elle été malavisée, selon nous, de se faire fort de pouvoir se
substituer aux Etats demandant à intervenir pour justifier son refuss d’ac-
cueillir les demandes d’intervention présentées en l’espèsce. pareil refus ne
devrait être motivé que par la conclusion indubitable que l’Etat deman -

dant à intervenir n’a pas, au cas d’espèce, établi qu’un intérêt d’ordre juri-
dique était pour lui en cause.

7. Le paragraphe 2 b) de l’article 81 du Règlement impose à l’Etat

demandant à intervenir de spécifier « l’objet précis de l’intervention ». En
l’espèce, le Costa Rica a indiqué, dans sa requête, que sa demande d’in -
tervention avait pour double objet : a) d’informer la Cour de ce qu’il
considère comme ses intérêts d’ordre juridique dans les espasces maritimes

adjacents en litige entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie; et b) de protéger ses
droits et intérêts par tous les moyens juridiques disponibles. La sCour
reconnaît « que l’objet de l’intervention tel qu’indiqué par le Costa Rica
satisfait aux prescriptions de son Statut et de son Règlement » (para -

graphe 35 de l’arrêt). mais cela ne l’empêche pas de conclure que « l’inté-
rêt des Etats tiers est, par principe, protégé par la Cour sanss que celle-ci
n’ait à définir avec précision les limites géographiquess de la zone dans
laquelle leur intérêt pourrait entrer en jeu » (paragraphe 86 de l’arrêt). Si
la Cour devait désormais se targuer, comme elle le fait en l’espèsce, d’être

toujours en mesure de protéger, seule et en se fiant à sa propres sagesse, les
intérêts des Etats qui pourraient souhaiter intervenir sans qu’sil lui soit
besoin d’offrir à ces derniers la possibilité d’être entesndus dans le cadre de
la procédure principale, toute demande d’intervention perdrait sa ssignifi -

cation, quand bien même l’objet d’une telle intervention seraits reconnu
par la Cour conforme à son Statut.

III. Nécessité de spécifier sun «intérêt d’ordre jurisdique»

8. En nous penchant sur sa jurisprudence en matière de demandes d’in -
tervention, nous avons pu constater que, dans la plupart des cas, la Cousr,

n’ayant pas jugé établie l’existence de l’intérêt ds’ordre juridique suscep -
tible d’être affecté par sa décision visé par l’article 62 du Statut, avait
rejeté les requêtes à fin d’intervention qui lui avaient ésté soumises 1. En

1 Voir, par exemple, les affaires suivantesPlateau continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya
arabe libyenne), requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J▯. Recueil 1981, p. 3 et suiv. (requête
de malte) ; Souveraineté sur Pulau Ligitan et Pulau Sipadan (Indonésie/Malaisie), requête
à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 575 et suiv., par. 81-83 et 93 (requête des
philippines). Voir aussi l’affaire du Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte),
requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil p. 3 et suiv. (requête de l’Italie —
relevons toutefois que, dans cette affaire, la Cour a rejeté la demansde de l’Italie entre autres
motifs parce que, l’eût-elle admise, elle aurait eu à se prononcer sur les «droits souverains »

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1 CIJ1019.indb 117 10/04/13 19:29 406 territorial and maristime dispute

the Court found that the respective Applicants (one from Latin America s
(Nicaragua in 1990) and one from Africa (Equatorial guinea in 1999))

had demonstrated an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by s
the decision in the case pursuant to Article 62 of the Statute and, accor -
dingly, granted the Application for permission to intervene . 2

9. For the first time in its history, the Court attempts, in the present s
Judgment, to bring some clarification to the concept of an “interesst of a
legal nature” (paragraph 26). This is a welcome development. Yet, the

Court does not make full use of this clarification in assessing whethesr the
requirements of Article 62 have been met by the Applicant. It might
therefore be useful to say a few words about the origins, meaning and

scope of that concept.
10. The origins of the expression “interest of a legal nature” lie in sthe
work of the Advisory Committee of Jurists, appointed by the League of

Nations, which drafted the pCIJ Statute in 1920. The Advisory Commit -
tee of Jurists, drawing on domestic law principles, considered and com -
bined various elements which led to the adoption of that concept 3. It

appears from the travaux préparatoires that the choice of the formulation
of an “interest of a legal nature”, as opposed to “rights” osr general “inter -

est” was reached as somewhat of a “hybrid” compromise between distinct
proposals by some of the members of the Advisory Committee of Jurists.
The final choice of words prompted the comment that “the desire to s

accommodate opposing views prevailed over the need for clarity and pre -

upon Italy’s “sovereign rights”). — It also occurred, in previous cases, that requests for
permission to intervene were dismissed when the main case was found inadsmissible. Cf.
cases of Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Application for Permission to Intervene, Order
of 20 December 1974, I.C.J. Reports 1974, pp. 530 et seq.; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v.
France), Application for Permission to Intervene, Order of 20 December 1974, I.C.J. Reports

1974, pp. 535 et seq.; Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Para‑
graph 63 of the Court’s Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand
v. France) Case, Order of 22 December 1995, I.C.J. Reports 1995, pp. 288 et seq.
2 Cf. case of Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras),
Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, pp. 92 et seq. Note,
however, that it was held that Nicaragua had an “interest of a legal snature which may
be affected” by part of the Chamber’s Judgment on the merits and tshus the Chamber
decided that Nicaragua was accordingly permitted to intervene in certain respects in the

case (concerning the status of the gulf); and cf. case of Land and Maritime Boundary
between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Application for Permission to Inter‑
vene, Order of 21 October 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), pp. 1029 et seq. (Application by
Equatorial guinea).
3 For a detailed account of distinct proposals made within the Advisory Cosmmittee of
Jurists, cf. S. Oda, “Intervention in the International Court of Justice – Articles 62 and 63
of the Statute”, in Völkerrecht als Rechtsordnung Internationale Gerichtsbarkeit Mensche▯n ‑

rechte – Festschrift für H. Mosler (eds. R. Bernhardt et alii), Berlin/ Heidelberg, Sprin -
ger-Verlag, 1983, pp. 630-635 ; S. Torres Bernárdez, “L’intervention dans la procédure de
la Cour Internationale de Justice”, 256 Recueil des cours de l’Académie de droit inter‑a
tional de La Haye (1995), pp. 238-245.

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1 CIJ1019.indb 118 10/04/13 19:29 différend territorisal et maritime 406

deux occasions, elle y a néanmoins fait droit, après avoir conclu sque leur
auteur — respectivement un Etat latino-américain (le Nicaragua en 1990)

et un Etat africain (la guinée équatoriale en 1999) — avait bien démontré
qu’un intérêt d’ordre juridique était pour lui en cause asu sens de cet
article .

9. dans le présent arrêt, la Cour s’efforce, pour la première fosis de son
existence, d’éclaircir la notion d’« intérêt d’ordre juridique » (par. 26). Si
la démarche est louable, la Cour n’en tire pas toutes les consésquences

lorsqu’elle se penche sur la question de savoir si l’Etat demandant à inter -
venir a satisfait aux prescriptions de l’article 62. Aussi pourrait-il être
utile de dire quelques mots des origines, du sens et de la portée de scette

notion.
10. Ces origines sont à rechercher dans les travaux du comité consultas -
tif de juristes constitué par la Société des Nations, qui résdigea le Statut de

la Cour permanente de Justice internationale en 1920. S’inspirant des
principes de droit interne, le comité adopta ce concept après en avoir ana -
lysé et combiné divers éléments . des travaux préparatoires, il ressort que

le choix de l’expression « intérêt d’ordre juridique » — par opposition à
des « droits» ou « intérêts» d’ordre général — constituait une sorte de

solution « hybride», un compromis entre différentes propositions avan -
cées par les membres du comité. de la locution finalement retenue, on a
pu dire que «le désir de concilier des visions antagonistes l’a[vait] emportés

de l’Italie). des demandes d’intervention ont également été rejetées lorssque la demande
principale a été jugée irrecevable. Voir les affaires suivantess : Essais nucléaires (Australie
c. France), requête à fin d’intervention, ordonnance du 20 décembre 1974, C.I.J. Recueil 1974,
p. 530 et suiv. ; Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle‑Zélande c. France), requête à fin d’intervention,
ordonnance du 20 décembre 1974, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 535 et suiv. ;Demande d’examen de

la situation au titre du paragraphe 63 de l’arrêt rendu par la Cour le 20 décembre 1974 dans
l’affaire des Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle-Zélande c. France) (Nouvelle‑Zélande c. France),
ordonnance du 22 septembre 1995, C.I.J. Recueil 1995, p. 288 et suiv.
2 Voir l’affaire du Différend frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/
Honduras), requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1990p. 92 et suiv. Notons
toutefois que, ayant estimé qu’un «intérêt d’ordre juridique » du Nicaragua était susceptible
d’être affecté par une partie de l’arrêt sur le fond, la sChambre autorisa le Nicaragua - inter
venir à certains égards (en ce qui concerne le statut du golfe) en l’affaire. Voir aussi ls’affaire

de la Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria),
requête à fin d’intervention, ordonnance du 21 octobre 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (II),p. 1029
et suiv. (requête de la guinée équatoriale).

3 pour une relation circonstanciée des différentes propositions faitess par les membres
du comité consultatif de juristes, voir S. Oda, « Intervention in the International Court of
Justice — Articles 62 and 63 of the Statute », in Völkerrecht als Rechtsordnung Internatio ‑

nale Gerichtsbarkeit Menschenrechte — Festschrift für H. Mosler (R. Bernhardt et al., dir.
publ.), Berlin/Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 1983, p. 630-635 ; S. Torres Bernárdez, « L’in
tervention dans la procédure de la Cour internationale de Justice », Recueil des cours de
l’Académie de droit international de La Haye, t. 256 (1995), p. 238-245.

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1 CIJ1019.indb 119 10/04/13 19:29 407 territorial and maristime dispute

cision” . In fact, the resulting formulation has been criticized as “an
5
almost indefinable monster” .
11. In his thematic course delivered at The Hague Academy of Inter -
national Law in 1988, Judge Kéba mbaye pointed out, as to the afore -

mentioned formulation, that :

“It was evidently a sort of compromise whereby the two notions
(interest and right) were combined into a single formulation. This
compromise is hardly satisfactory for some, who take the view that,

while it is clear what is meant by ‘interest’ and ‘right’ sesparately, it i6
much less clear what is meant by an ‘interest of a legal nature’”s.

Judge mbaye then clarified an interest of a legal nature as meaning “an
interest which can be justified by reference to a rule of law ” . And, in his
projection of this matter into the future, he ventured to state that “locus

standi will develop so as to keep pace with an international society which
is moving inexorably towards solidarity and therefore interdependence”s 8.
12. In a similar line of reasoning, in his dissenting opinion in the case

concerning the Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta, Appli ‑
cation for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 71
(Application by Italy for permission to Intervene), Judge Sette-Câmara

argued that “there is a considerable difference between the object ofs a
principal case (. . .) and an incidental procedure of intervention, which is
intended only to seek the protection of interests of a legal nature” s(para -
graph 64). To him, “intervention is an important device of procedural law s

in all legal systems of the world without exception (. . .). It is an instru -
ment indispensable for good administration of justice” (la bonne adminis ‑
tration de la justice) (paragraph 85). And Judge Sette-Câmara added that

“When the founding fathers of the Statute of the old Court decided

to find a place in the draft prepared by the Hague Advisory Commit -
tee of Jurists for the institution of intervention, they were not inno -
vating in any way. They did nothing but introduce in the basic

document of the Court a procedural remedy known and recognized
by all the legal systems of the world as a legitimate means by which
third parties, extraneous to a legal dispute, have the right to come
into the proceedings to defend their legal rights or interests which

might be impaired or threatened by the course of the contentious
proceedings” (paragraph 2).

4
T. Licari, “Intervention under Article 62 of the Statute of the I.C.J.”, 8 Brooklyn
Jou5nal of International Law (1982), p. 271.
W. m. Farag, L’Intervention devant la Cour Permanente de Justice Internationale,
paris, LgdJ, 1927, p. 59 ; he added that “the desire to please everyone prevailed over
precision and legal clarity” (ibid., p. 60[translation by the Registry]).
6 K. mbaye, “L’intérêt pour agir devant la Cour Internationale de sJustice”, 209 Recueil
des cours de l’Académie de droit international de La Haye (1988), p. 290 [translation by the
Registry].
7 Ibid., p. 263.
8 Ibid., p. 340 [translation by the Registry].

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1 CIJ1019.indb 120 10/04/13 19:29 différend territorisal et maritime 407

sur le besoin de clarté et de précision » , voire qu’elle constituait un
5
« monstre presque indéfinissable » .
11. dans son cours thématique à l’Académie de droit internationals de
La Haye, le juge Kéba mbaye a noté, à propos de cette formulation, que

«[i]l s’agissait manifestement d’une sorte de compromis par lequel les

deux notions (intérêt et droit) étaient réunies dans une fsormule
unique. pour certains, ce compromis n’est guère satisfaisant car ils
estiment que, si l’on sait ce que veulent dire «intérêt» et «droit» sépa -
6
rément, on sait bien moins ce que signifie un « intérêt juridique»» .
Il ajoutait que la notion d’intérêt d’ordre juridique renvoysait à l’intérêt
7
«qui peut se justifier par référence à une règle de droit » et, se projetant
dans l’avenir, n’hésitait pas à affirmer que « l’intérêt pour agir se dévelop -
pera[it] au rythme de l’évolution de la société internationasle condamnée à
8
la solidarité et donc à l’interdépendance » .
12. dans un même ordre d’esprit, le juge Sette-Câmara, dans son opi -
nion dissidente jointe à l’arrêt rendu en l’affaire du Plateau continental

(Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte) (requête à fin d’intervent▯ion, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1984), soutenait qu’il existe « une différence considérable
entre l’objet d’une affaire principale … et une procédure incidente d’inter -
vention, qui a pour seule fin d’obtenir la protection d’intérsêts d’ordre jur-i

dique» (par. 64). Selon lui, l’intervention constitue «un important procédé
du droit judiciaire dans tous les systèmes juridiques du monde, sans
exception … un instrument indispensable pour la bonne administration s

de la justice » (par. 85). Le juge Sette-Câmara notait en outre ceci :

«Quand les pères fondateurs du Statut de l’ancienne Cour déci -
dèrent de faire place à l’institution de l’intervention danss le projet
rédigé par le comité consultatif de juristes de la Haye, ils n’sinno -

vaient d’aucune manière. Ils ne faisaient qu’inscrire dans l’sacte fon -
damental de la Cour une procédure reconnue par tous les systèmes
juridiques du monde, comme moyen légitime d’attribuer aux Etats
tiers, étrangers à un différend juridique donné, le droit des participer

au procès pour défendre leurs droits ou intérêts juridiques ssuscep -
tibles d’être compromis ou menacés par le déroulement de la sprocé -
dure contentieuse.» (par. 2).

4 T. Licari, «Intervention under Article 62 of the Statute of the ICJ »,Brooklyn Journal
of International Law, vol. 8 (1982), p. 271.
5 W. m. Farag,L’intervention devant la Cour permanente de Justice internationale, paris,
LgdJ, 1927, p. 59 ;l’auteur ajoutait d’ailleurs que « le désir de contenter tout le monde l’a
emporté sur la précision et la clarté scientifique » (ibid., p. 60).
6 K. mbaye, «L’Intérêt pour agir devant la Cour internationale de Justice »,Recueil des
cours de l’Académie de droit international de La Haye, t. 209 (1988), p. 290.

7
8 Ibid., p. 263.
Ibid., p. 340.

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1 CIJ1019.indb 121 10/04/13 19:29 408 territorial and maristime dispute

13. The clarification put forward by the Court in the present case does
not substantially differ from the above descriptions of the concept of asn

interest of a legal nature (paragraph 26 of the Judgment). It also recog -
nizes that “an interest of a legal nature within the meaning of Articsle 62
does not benefit from the same protection as an established right and sis
not subject to the same requirements in terms of proof”. We are in agree -
ment with this conclusion ; but we find it regrettable that it has not been

applied in the Court’s assessment of whether the requirements of Artis -
cle 62 have been met by Costa Rica. Indeed, this less demanding standard
of proof should have been applied by the Court in assessing whether the s
Application meets the requisites of Article 62 of the Statute.
14. An “interest of a legal nature” constitutes a legitimate means
whereby a third party may request permission to intervene in contentiouss

proceedings to seek protection from a future judgment which may, in the s
absence of such intervention, affect its claims. As a matter of fact, Arsti -
cle 59 of the Statute has no relevance for the assessment of the require -
ments of a request for permission to intervene under Article 62, whose
purpose is for the Applicant to seek the permission of the Court so as to

be able to provide substantive information to the Court in the course ofs
the main proceedings and prior to the issuance of a judgment by the
Court. Thus, it is our view that the standard of proof applied in the
assessment of such requirements should neither be as demanding as that
applicable to the establishment of the existence of a right, nor should sit be

made dependent, as the Court does in this Judgment, on showing that the s
“protection” afforded by Article 59 might be insufficient. We shall return
to the analysis of this point in Section V below.

IV. The Need to demonstrate that such Isnterest

“may Be Affected by the decision in the Case”

15. The Court recognizes in paragraph 66 of the Judgment that
Costa Rica “has indicated the maritime area in which it considers it has
an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision of tshe

Court in the main proceedings”. It does not however assess, on the bassis
of the facts specific to this case and the evidence placed before it bsy the
Applicant, whether or not Costa Rica has an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision of the Court in that maritime area.
Instead, the Court appears to have decided not to grant Costa Rica per -

mission to intervene on the basis of general considerations, which, in osur
view, are neither well-founded nor persuasive. First, the Court, in paras -
graphs 71-72 of the Judgment, sets aside one of the main arguments of
Costa Rica aimed at showing how its interest of a legal nature may be
affected by a decision of the Court on the factually erroneous ground thsat
Costa Rica had initially claimed its 1977 Facio-Fernandez Treaty with

Colombia, and the assumptions underlying it, as an interest of a legal
nature, but later retracted that claim. Secondly, the Court introduces as

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1 CIJ1019.indb 122 10/04/13 19:29 différend territorisal et maritime 408

13. Les précisions apportées par la Cour en la présente espèce (spara -
graphe 26 de l’arrêt) ne relèvent pas d’une optique foncièremenst distincte.

La Cour ajoute que « l’intérêt d’ordre juridique visé à l’article 62 ne béné -
ficie pas de la même protection qu’un droit établi et n’esst pas soumis aux
mêmes exigences en matière de preuve ». Nous nous rangeons à cette
conclusion, mais regrettons qu’elle n’ait pas été appliquése lorsque la Cour
s’est demandé si le Costa Rica avait satisfait aux prescriptions de l’ar -

ticle 62. La Cour aurait effectivement dû appliquer ces moindres exigences s
en matière de preuve pour déterminer si la requête satisfaisaits aux condi -
tions requises par l’article 62 de son Statut.
14. Une tierce partie est fondée, au titre d’un « intérêt d’ordre juri -
dique», à solliciter l’autorisation d’intervenir dans une procédure conten -
tieuse, afin de se prémunir contre un arrêt qui, n’était sson intervention,

pourrait avoir une incidence sur ses prétentions. L’article 59 du Statut est
en réalité dépourvu de pertinence lorsqu’il s’agit de déterminer si les
conditions requises par l’article 62 en matière d’intervention — dont le
but est de permettre à l’Etat auteur de la demande d’obtenir des la Cour
qu’elle l’autorise à lui fournir des informations touchant au fsond dans le

cadre de la procédure principale, et avant le prononcé de son arrêt — ont
été remplies. Aussi pensons-nous que le critère à l’aune duquel il convient
de déterminer si elles l’ont bien été ne doit pas être ausssi strict que celui
applicable aux fins d’établir l’existence d’un droit, ni êstre rattaché, comme
il l’est dans le présent arrêt, à la nécessité de désmontrer que la « protec-

tion» garantie par l’article 59 pourrait être insuffisante. Nous reviendrons
sur ce point dans la section V ci-dessous.

IV. Nécessité de démontrers qu’un tel intérêt
« est… en cause » »

15. Bien que la Cour reconnaisse, au paragraphe 66 de son arrêt, que
le Costa Rica « a spécifié la zone maritime dans laquelle il estime avoir un
intérêt d’ordre juridique susceptible d’être affecté psar la décision de la
Cour dans la procédure principale », elle omet d’examiner sur la base des

faits propres à l’affaire et des éléments de preuve produits par l’Etat
demandant à intervenir la question de savoir si celui-ci possède effective -
ment un tel intérêt. Il semble au contraire que ce soit en se fondsant sur
des considérations générales qui ne sont, selon nous, ni légitimes ni
convaincantes qu’elle a décidé de ne pas admettre le Costa Rica à interve -

nir. premièrement, aux paragraphes 71-72 de l’arrêt, la Cour écarte l’un
des principaux arguments du Costa Rica tendant à montrer de quelle
manière la décision de la Cour est susceptible d’affecter son isntérêt d’ordre
juridique, au motif — factuellement erroné — que le Costa Rica aurait
initialement prétendu que le traité Facio-Fernández conclu en 1977 avec
la Colombie et les hypothèses sur lesquelles celui-ci reposait constituaient

pour lui un intérêt d’ordre juridique, avant de revenir sur cetste affirma -
tion. deuxièmement, la Cour introduit un nouveau niveau de preuve,

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1 CIJ1019.indb 123 10/04/13 19:29 409 territorial and maristime dispute

new standard of proof based on the adequacy of the protection provided

under Article 59 of the Statute by stating that “Costa Rica must show
that its interest of a legal nature (. . .) needs a protection that is not pro -
vided by the relative effect of decisions of the Court under Article 59 of
the Statute”. Thirdly, by observing, in paragraph 86, that “a third State’s
interest will, as a matter of principle, be protected by the Court, withsout

it defining with specificity the geographical limits of an area where that
interest may come into play”, the Court resorts to policy grounds ands to
the exercise of a general discretionary power, instead of determining ons
the basis of the evidence placed before it, whether Costa Rica has fulfislled
the conditions required for intervention under Article 62 (1). Our views

on these issues are elaborated in the paragraphs that follow.

(a) The Mischaracterization of Costa Rica’s

“Interest of a Legal Nature”

16. It is stated in paragraph 71 of the Judgment that

“Costa Rica has acknowledged that the 1977 Treaty does not itself
constitute an interest of a legal nature that may be affected by the
decision in this case and that it does not seek any particular outcome
from this case in relation to this Treaty”.

The Court then concludes, on the basis of this statement, that “theres is no
need for the Court to consider Costa Rica’s arguments contained in [tshe

preceding paragraph 70] or the contentions set forth by Nicaragua and
Colombia in response to those arguments” (paragraph 72). It should,
however, be pointed out that Costa Rica had never claimed that the 1977 s
Treaty represented an interest of a legal nature for it.
17. In its Application, as quoted under paragraph 54 of the Judgment,

Costa Rica states that its :
“interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision of

the Court is Costa Rica’s interest in the exercise of its sovereign rights
and jurisdiction in the maritime area in the Caribbean Sea to which
it is entitled under international law by virtue of its coast facing on s
that sea”.

It is clear from the above quotation that Costa Rica had clearly specifised
in its Application what it considered to constitute its interest of a legal
nature in the maritime area disputed by the main parties to the case, and

that the 1977 Treaty, between itself and Colombia, was not claimed to
constitute for it “an interest of a legal nature that may be affecteds by the
decision in this case”. Thus, in its reply to the question put to it sby a
member of the Court, it reiterated this position by stating that neithers the
assumptions underlying the 1977 Treaty nor the treaty itself constitute san

interest of a legal nature that may be affected by the decision in the csase.

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1 CIJ1019.indb 124 10/04/13 19:29 différend territorisal et maritime 409

fondé sur le caractère suffisant de la protection garantie par l’article 59 du
Statut, lorsqu’elle affirme que « le Costa Rica doit … démontrer que son

intérêt d’ordre juridique … requiert une protection qui n’est pas offerte
par l’effet relatif des décisions de la Cour consacré à l’article 59 du Sta -
tut ». Troisièmement, en indiquant, au paragraphe 86, que « l’intérêt des
Etats tiers est, par principe, protégé par la Cour sans que celle-ci n’ait à
définir avec précision les limites géographiques de la zone dsans laquelle

leur intérêt pourrait entrer en jeu », la Cour se rabat sur des considéra -
tions d’opportunité et l’exercice d’un pouvoir discrétionsnaire général au
lieu de déterminer, à la lumière des éléments de preuve qsui lui ont été
soumis, si le Costa Rica a satisfait aux conditions requises au para -
graphe 1 de l’article 62 en matière d’intervention. dans les paragraphes
qui suivront, nous préciserons nos vues sur ces questions.

a) Présentation erronée de l’« intérêt d’ordre juridique »
du Costa Rica

16. Au paragraphe 71 de l’arrêt, la Cour indique que le Costa Rica a

«reconnu … que le traité de 1977 ne constituait pas par lui-même un
intérêt d’ordre juridique susceptible d’être affecté par la décision de

la Cour en l’affaire et qu’il ne cherchait en aucune manière, par le
biais de la présente procédure, à ce que la Cour se prononce reslative -
ment à cet instrument ».

Elle en conclut que «[p]oint n’est dès lors besoin pour [elle] d’examiner les
arguments du Costa Rica rappelés [au paragraphe 70 ci-dessus] ni ceux
présentés en réponse par le Nicaragua ou la Colombie » (paragraphe 72).
Il convient toutefois de relever que le Costa Rica n’a jamais prétendu que
le traité de 1977 constituait pour lui un intérêt juridique.

17. dans sa requête, telle que citée au paragraphe 54 de l’arrêt, le
Costa Rica écrit en effet que

«[l]’intérêt d’ordre juridique qui … est pour lui en cause concerne
l’exercice de ses droits souverains et de sa juridiction dans l’esspace
maritime de la mer des Caraïbes auquel lui donne droit, selon le droist
international, sa côte bordant cette mer ».

Ainsi, le Costa Rica avait bien spécifié, dans sa requête, l’intérêts d’ordre
juridique qu’il estimait pour lui en cause dans la zone maritime en litige

entre les parties à la procédure principale, et n’avait pas présentés comme
un « intérêt d’ordre juridique susceptible d’être affecté psar la décision de
la Cour en l’affaire » le traité de 1977 conclu entre lui-même et la Colom -
bie. En réponse à une question posée par un membre de la Cour, il a réi -
téré cette position, affirmant que l’intérêt d’ordre juridique susceptible

d’être affecté par la décision de la Cour en l’affaire n’sétait constitué ni par
les hypothèses sous-tendant ce traité ni par le traité lui-même. Selon nous,

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1 CIJ1019.indb 125 10/04/13 19:29 410 territorial and maristime dispute

It is our view that the purpose of the arguments presented by Costa Ricas
with respect to the 1977 Treaty was to demonstrate the manner in which

its interest of a legal nature, as specified in its Application, may bse affected
by a decision of the Court.
18. Indeed, Costa Rica contended, first, that its 1977 delimitation
agreement with Colombia is based on giving full weight and effect to
Colombia’s San Andres Island, recognizing a notional 200 nautical mile

entitlement. This resulted, according to Costa Rica, in the negotiation s
and conclusion of a simplified equidistant maritime border by drawing sa
median line between the islands and the Costa Rican coast. In the view of
Costa Rica, since Nicaragua’s claim calls for the enclaving of those s
islands, the premise on which the 1977 delimitation with Colombia was

based would be eliminated, thus necessitating the re-evaluation of Costas
Rica’s entitlements in the relevant maritime area. Secondly, Costa Rica
argued that if Nicaragua’s claims prevail in this area, Colombia woulsd no
longer be Costa Rica’s neighbour in this part of the Caribbean Sea, a
situation which would effectively extinguish the essential basis of the s1977

Treaty and require new delimitation between Costa Rica and its new
neighbour — Nicaragua.

19. It is unfortunate that the Court decided to exclude Costa Rica’s

arguments related to the 1977 Treaty and the assumptions underlying it
on the erroneous ground that Costa Rica had initially claimed the said
treaty as an interest of a legal nature, but later retracted that claim,s
instead of assessing whether the arguments of Costa Rica relating to thes
maritime area in which it considers to have an interest of a legal naturse

show the possibility that its interests may be affected by such a decisison in
view of the existence of overlapping interests and claims in that area. sAn
unwarranted and erroneous link appears to have been established between s
the requirement that Costa Rica’s request has to satisfy in terms of sdem -

onstrating the manner in which its interest of a legal nature may be
affected by a decision and the fact that the 1977 Treaty is not its legasl
interest per se. We find it also surprising, to say the least, that the Court
has decided to base its conclusions on a misunderstanding of the manner
in which Costa Rica characterized its interest of a legal nature.

(b) A Decision that Introduces a New Standard of Proof

20. Although the burden of proof of the existence of an interest of a legal
nature which may be affected by a decision in the case clearly lies withs the
Applicant, this does not imply that the standard of proof is a very demasn -

ding one. As pointed out by the Chamber of the Court in the case concer-
ning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispu( teEl Salvador/Honduras) :

“[I]t is clear, first, that it is for a State seeking to intervene to demon
strate convincingly what it asserts, and thus to bear the burden of

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1 CIJ1019.indb 126 10/04/13 19:29 différend territorisal et maritime 410

les arguments qu’il a présentés à cet égard visaient en rsevanche à montrer
la manière dont cette décision était susceptible d’affecter sl’intérêt d’ordre

juridique qu’il avait spécifié dans sa requête.

18. En effet, le Costa Rica a tout d’abord fait valoir que l’accord de
délimitation conclu en 1977 avec la Colombie reposait sur l’idée que l’île
colombienne de San Andrés devait se voir reconnaître plein effet et donc,

théoriquement, une zone de 200 milles marins, affirmant que c’est sur la
base de cette hypothèse qu’avait été négociée et arrêstée une frontière
maritime fondée sur le principe de l’équidistance simplifiése, représentée
par une ligne médiane entre les îles et la côte costa-ricienne. La prétention
du Nicaragua supposant l’enclavement de ces îles, le Costa Rica a sou -

tenu que l’hypothèse sur laquelle reposait la délimitation effesctuée en 1977
avec la Colombie pourrait se trouver invalidée, de sorte qu’il fausdrait
revoir les espaces auxquels il avait droit dans la zone maritime pertinesnte.
Le Costa Rica a ensuite plaidé que, si la Cour devait faire droit aux
revendications du Nicaragua dans cette zone, il cesserait d’avoir unes fron -

tière commune avec la Colombie dans cette partie de la mer des Caraïsbes,
situation qui reviendrait de fait à priver de sa raison d’être sle traité
de 1977 et nécessiterait une nouvelle délimitation entre le Costa Rica et
son nouveau voisin dans cette zone — le Nicaragua.
19. Il est regrettable que la Cour ait décidé d’écarter les arguments

relatifs au traité de 1977 et aux hypothèses sous-tendant celui-ci au motif,
erroné, que le Costa Rica aurait initialement présenté ledit traité comme
constituant son intérêt d’ordre juridique avant de se dédire, au lieu de
chercher à savoir s’il ressortait des moyens du Costa Rica concernant la
zone maritime dans laquelle il estimait avoir un tel intérêt que cse dernier

était susceptible d’être affecté par sa décision compte tsenu du chevauche -
ment de certains intérêts et revendications dans la zone en questison. Elle
semble avoir établi un lien que l’on rechercherait en vain entre lsa condi -
tion à laquelle devait satisfaire la demande du Costa Rica s’agissant d’éta-

blir de quelle manière l’intérêt d’ordre juridique pourrait être affecté par
sa décision et le fait que le traité de 1977 ne constitue pas en soi son inté -
rêt juridique. L’on ne peut que s’étonner que la conclusion sà laquelle elle
est parvenue repose sur une interprétation erronée de la manièrse dont le
Costa Rica a défini son intérêt d’ordre juridique.

b) Introduction d’un nouveau niveau de preuve

20. Si c’est incontestablement à l’Etat demandant à intervenir qsu’il
incombe d’établir l’existence d’un intérêt d’ordre sjuridique susceptible
d’être en cause, il ne s’ensuit pas que le critère de la presuve requis soit très

strict. Comme l’a relevé la Chambre de la Cour dans l’affaire dsu Différend
frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/Honduras),

«il est … clair, d’une part, que c’est à l’Etat qui demande à intersvenir
d’établir de façon convaincante ce qu’il allègue et donc sde supporter

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proof; and, second, that it has only to show that its interest ‘may’ bes
affected, not that it will or must be affected.” (I.C.J Reports 1990,

p. 117, para. 61.)

Article 62 cannot however be interpreted to require, as stated in para -
graph 87 of the Judgment, that “to succeed with its request, Costa Rica
must show that its interest of a legal nature in the maritime area bordesr -
ing the area in dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia needs a protec -
tion that is not provided by the relative effect of decisions of the Cousrt

under Article 59 of the Statute”.

21. While the purported existence of a special relationship between
Article 62 and Article 59 of the Statute will be examined below (Section

V), we consider it important to emphasize here that the requirement of sa
standard of proof based on the adequacy of the protection provided by
“the relative effect of decisions of the Court under Article 59 of the Stat -
ute” cannot be founded in the wording of Article 62 (1) of the Statute.
This does not only constitute a new, and hitherto unheard of, require -
ment under Article 62 (1) of the Statute or Article 81 (2) of the Rules, but

it also appears to contradict the statement by the Court in paragraph 27
of the Judgment that “[t]he decision of the Court granting permissions to
intervene can be understood as a preventive one, since it is aimed at
allowing the intervening State to take part in the main proceedings in
order to protect an interest of a legal nature which risks being affected in

those proceedings”.

(c) A Decision Apparently Based on Policy Grounds

22. It is our view that Article 62 (2) does not confer a discretionary
power on the Court so as to allow it to refuse an application for interven -
tion even though the applicant has satisfied all criteria for intervention
established under Article 62 (1). The Court itself recognized this in Tuni ‑
sia/Libya and observed that it had no discretion “to accept or reject a

request for permission to intervene for reasons simply of policy” (Appli ‑
cation for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 12,
para. 17). This appears however to be the case in the present instance
although the policy underlying the Court’s decision has not been cleasrly
enunciated in the present Judgment. We believe that Costa Rica has fully

satisfied the criteria for intervention and clearly shown that it has san inte -
rest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision of the Court
in the proceedings. Nevertheless, the Court appears to exercise general s
discretionary powers with respect to the application for intervention wist -
hout assessing whether or not the requirements for intervention under
that paragraph have been met by Costa Rica. This is confirmed by the

fact that the Court observes in paragraph 86 that “a third party’s interest
will, as a matter of principle, be protected by the Court”.

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la charge de la preuve, d’autre part, qu’il doit seulement démosntrer
que son intérêt « peut » être affecté et non qu’il le sera ou qu’il le sera

nécessairement » (requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1990, p. 117, par. 61).

pour autant, l’on ne saurait considérer, ainsi que la Cour le fait sau para -
graphe 87 de son arrêt, qu’il découle de l’article 62 que, « [p]our qu’il soit
fait droit à sa demande d’intervention, le Costa Rica doit … démontrer
que son intérêt d’ordre juridique dans l’espace maritime borsdant la zone

en litige entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie requiert une protection qui s
n’est pas offerte par l’effet relatif des décisions de la Cour sconsacré à l’ar -
ticle 59 du Statut ».
21. Nous reviendrons plus loin sur la prétendue relation spéciale qui s
existerait entre l’article 62 et l’article 59 du Statut (section V) mais, d’ores

et déjà, il nous paraît important de souligner que l’on ne saurait inférer
du libellé du paragraphe 1 de l’article 62 du Statut un critère de la preuve
fondé sur le caractère suffisant de la protection offerte par «s l’effet relatif
des décisions de la Cour consacré à l’article 59 du Statut ». Cette interpré -
tation, outre qu’elle fait découler du paragraphe 1 de l’article 62 du Statut
et du paragraphe 2 de l’article 81 du Règlement une exigence que nul n’y

avait jamais lue, semble en contradiction avec l’affirmation, au para -
graphe 27 de l’arrêt, selon laquelle « [l]a décision de la Cour autorisant
l’intervention peut être considérée comme préventive puissqu’elle a pour
objectif de permettre à l’Etat intervenant de participer à la psrocédure
principale dans le but de protéger un intérêt d’ordre juridisque qui risque

d’être affecté dans cette procédure ».

c) Décision apparemment fondée sur des raisons d’opportunité

22. Selon nous, l’article 62, par son paragraphe 2, ne confère pas à la
Cour un pouvoir discrétionnaire qui l’autoriserait à rejeter unse demande
d’intervention alors même que l’Etat qui en est l’auteur a ssatisfait à tous
les critères prescrits en la matière en son premier paragraphe. Las Cour
elle-même l’a reconnu en l’affaire Tunisie/Libye, notant qu’elle ne jouissait

pas d’un pouvoir discrétionnaire lui permettant « d’accepter ou de rejeter
une requête à fin d’intervention pour de simples raisons d’sopportunité »
(requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1981, p. 12, par. 17). Or,
c’est ce qu’elle paraît faire en l’espèce, même si less considérations fondant
sa décision ne sont pas clairement énoncées dans le présent sarrêt. Selon

nous, le Costa Rica a rempli tous les critères requis en matière d’interven -
tion, et clairement établi qu’un intérêt d’ordre juridiquse était pour lui en
cause. Il semble donc bien que la Cour ait exercé un pouvoir discrétion -
naire général à l’égard de la requête à fin d’sintervention, sans se demander
si le Costa Rica avait respecté les conditions énoncées au paragraphe 62
en matière d’intervention. Son observation, au paragraphe 86, selon

laquelle « l’intérêt des Etats tiers est, par principe, protégé par sla Cour »
vient du reste le confirmer.

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23. In determining whether or not the conditions for intervention
established under Article 62 (1) have been met by the Applicant, the

Court has to assess whether the grounds invoked by the Applicant are
sufficiently convincing. This does not however give it unfettered latitsude.
As observed by Judge Jennings, in his dissenting opinion on Italy’s Asppli -
cation for intervention in the Continental Shelf case (Libyan Arab Jama ‑
hiriya/Malta) :

“This is far from saying the Court has a complete discretion. What

it has to do is to decide whether the requirements of intervention
under Article 62 are complied with or not : that is to say it has to
decide in this case whether there are sufficiently cogent and convincinsg
grounds upon which Italy might reasonably ‘consider’ that it does s
indeed have interests of a legal nature which ‘may’ be affected by the
decision in the case between Libya and malta. And that is all.”

(I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 151, para. 9)
Instead of examining and assessing whether the arguments and evidence

presented by Costa Rica convincingly show that its interest of a legal
nature may be affected by the decision in the case between Nicaragua ands
Colombia, the Court appears to have taken a short cut and opted for a
policy decision, although the grounds of the policy itself have not beens
clearly specified.

V. The purported Special “Relastionship” between Artiscles62
and 59 of the Statute

24. Article 59 of the ICJ Statute determines that “[t]he decision of the
Court has no binding force except between the parties and in respect of
that particular case”. For its part, Article 62 provides that

“1. Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.
2. It shall be for the Court to decide upon this request”.

The view that Article 59 of the Statute extends protection to third States’
interests of a legal nature remains, in our perception, to be demonstratsed.

Article 59 limits the binding force of a Court’s decision to the contending
parties in the concrete case. It does not, however, ensure the protectiosn to
third States’ interests of a legal nature, unless such States are granted
permission to intervene under Article 62 so that they can inform the
Court of their interest of a legal nature before a final decision is asdopted.
moreover, Article 59 has a specific and narrow focus and applies to all

decisions of the Court, and not in any particular way those relating to s
Article 62.

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23. Lorsqu’elle est appelée à déterminer si l’Etat demandant sà interve-
nir a satisfait aux prescriptions du paragraphe 1 de l’article 62 en matière

d’intervention, la Cour doit rechercher si les motifs invoqués sont suffi -
samment convaincants. pour autant, elle n’a pas toute latitude pour
prendre sa décision. Comme l’a fait observer le juge Jennings, danss l’ex -
posé de son opinion dissidente jointe à l’arrêt sur la requêste de l’Italie à
fin d’intervention dans l’affaire du Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe

libyenne/Malte) :
«Cela ne signifie pas que la Cour ait sur ce point un pouvoir dis -

crétionnaire absolu, tant s’en faut. Elle doit seulement décidesr si les
conditions de l’intervention prévues à l’article 62 sont remplies ou
non — autrement dit, en l’espèce, s’il y avait pour l’Italie des msotifs
suffisamment solides et convaincants d’« estime[r]» avoir effective -
ment des intérêts d’ordre juridique «en cause» dans le différend entre
la Libye et malte. Et c’est tout. » (C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 151, par. 9.)

Au lieu de se livrer à l’analyse et à l’appréciation des sarguments et élé -

ments de preuve présentés par le Costa Rica, aux fins de déterminer si
celui-ci avait démontré de manière convaincante que son intérêts d’ordre
juridique était susceptible d’être affecté par la décisiosn à rendre en l’affaire
opposant le Nicaragua et la Colombie, la Cour semble avoir opté pour sun
raccourci, et fait le choix d’une décision fondée sur des consisdérations

d’opportunité, alors même que celles-ci ne sont pas clairement motivées.

V. La prétendue « relation spéciale»
entre les articles 62 et 59 du Statut

24. L’article 59 du Statut dispose que « [l]a décision de la Cour n’est
obligatoire que pour les parties en litige et dans le cas qui a été décidé ».
L’article 62, quant à lui, se lit comme suit :

«1. Lorsqu’un Etat estime que, dans un différend, un intérêt
d’ordre juridique est pour lui en cause, il peut adresser à la Cousr une
requête, à fin d’intervention.
2. La Cour décide. »

La thèse selon laquelle l’article 59 du Statut offrirait une protection des
intérêts d’ordre juridique d’Etats tiers reste, selon nous, sà démontrer.

L’article 59 limite l’effet obligatoire d’une décision de la Cour aux partises
en présence dans une affaire donnée. En revanche, il ne garantit psas la
protection d’intérêts d’ordre juridique d’Etats tiers autsres que ceux qui
auraient été autorisés à intervenir au titre de l’article 62 de manière à pou -
voir éclairer la Cour sur ces intérêts avant qu’elle ne se psrononce définiti-
vement. En outre, l’article 59 a une portée bien précise : il s’applique à

l’ensemble des décisions de la Cour, et non de manière spécisfique à celles
en rapport avec l’article 62.

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25. distinctly from the provision of Article 59, third States are enti -
tled, by means of intervention under Article 62, to submit arguments to
the Court in order to fully defend their interests of a legal nature, sos that
the Court’s decision does not impinge on them. The provision of Arti -

cle 59, on its part, does not have a direct bearing on the aforementioned
procedure of intervention under Article 62, which, if granted, actually
takes place prior to the issuance of the final decision on the merits.s
26. The question of the purported “relationship” between Articles 62

and 59 was the object of much discussion in the case concerning the Con ‑
tinental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Application for Permis ‑
sion to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984. In his dissenting opinion,
Judge Jennings argued that the idea that Article 59 was protective of third
States’ interests was rather illusory. We fully agree with this assesssment.

27. The institution of intervention was conceived in a broader perspec -
tive, which should be kept in mind in our days, even more so with the
growing complexity of issues in contemporary international disputes. As
aptly pointed out a few years ago,

“the ever-increasing complexity and multilateralization of interna -

tional relations (. . .) must give rise to doubts whether a dispute set -
tlement mechanism based on the single assumption that disputes exist
only between two parties is adequate or even appropriate for modern
needs” 9.

28. To conclude this section, it is important to emphasize that Arti -
cle 62 does not say anything about the necessity for a State applying for

permission to intervene to show that an interest of a legal nature needss a
protection that is not provided by the relative effect of decisions of the
Court under Article 59. Intervention under Article 62 was conceived, for
the purposes of the sound administration of justice, to operate prior tos

the issuance of a final decision by the Court, and thus before Articles 59
comes into operation, to enable a third party which considers to have an
interest of a legal nature to make its case to the Court, so that the Cosurt
may take such an interest into account before reaching its decision on tshe

main proceedings. It therefore constitutes a means whereby the Court cans
be alerted to the broader interests of a legal nature which may be involsved
in the case besides the positions of the main parties to the dispute. It is
regrettable that the Court, by focusing on an unproven special “relatsion -
ship” between Article 59 and Article 62, has ignored these important

characteristics of the institution of intervention.

9 S. Rosenne, “Article 59 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice Revisited”,
in El Derecho Internacional en un Mundo en Transformación – Liber Am▯icorum en Home ‑
naje al Profesor E. Jiménez de Aréchaga (ed. m. Rama-montaldo), Vol. II, montevideo,
Fundación de Cultura Universitaria, 1994, p. 1157.

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25. Tout à fait indépendamment des prescriptions de l’article 59, les
Etats tiers peuvent, par le jeu de l’intervention prévue à l’sarticle 62, pré -
senter à la Cour des arguments pour défendre en détail leurs instérêts
d’ordre juridique, afin d’éviter de voir la décision de las Cour porter

atteinte à ceux-ci. Les prescriptions de l’article 59, quant à elles, n’ont pas
d’incidence directe sur cette procédure d’intervention, qui, les cas échéant,
intervient avant le prononcé de l’arrêt définitif sur le fsond.
26. L’on a beaucoup glosé sur la question de la prétendue « relation»

entre les articles 62 et 59 dans l’affaire du Plateau continental (Jamahiriya
arabe libyenne/Malte) (requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt▯, C.I.J. Recueil
1984). dans son opinion dissidente, le juge Jennings a ainsi estimé
quelque peu illusoire l’idée que l’article 59 protégeait les intérêts d’Etats
tiers. Nous souscrivons pleinement à cette appréciation.

27. L’institution de l’intervention a été conçue dans une persspective
plus large, qu’il importe tout particulièrement de garder présesnte à l’esprit
à notre époque où les questions en jeu dans le cadre des diffésrends inter -
nationaux ne cessent de gagner en complexité. Ainsi qu’il a étés très juste-

ment relevé voici quelques années,
«la complexité et la multilatéralisation sans cesse croissantes dess rela -

tions internationales … doivent nous amener à nous demander si l’on
peut se contenter d’un mécanisme de règlement des différendss fondé
sur l’hypothèse unique que ceux-ci n’opposent que deux parties, voire
si ce mécanisme est réellement adapté aux besoins contemporainss» 9.

28. pour clore cette section, il importe de souligner que l’article 62 ne
mentionne nullement la nécessité pour un Etat demandant à intersvenir de

démontrer que son intérêt d’ordre juridique requiert une prostection qui
n’est pas offerte par l’effet relatif des décisions de la Cour consacré à l’ar -
ticle 59. L’intervention visée à l’article62 a été conçue, dans une optique de
bonne administration de la justice, pour entrer en jeu avant que la Cours ne

rende sa décision définitive et, donc, avant que l’article 59 ne trouve à s’ap -
pliquer, afin de permettre à une tierce partie estimant posséder un intérêt
d’ordre juridique d’exposer ses arguments à la Cour, et à ceslle-ci de prendre
en compte cet intérêt avant de se prononcer au principal. Elle consstitue

donc un mécanisme permettant d’aviser la Cour des intérêts d’ordre juri -
dique plus vastes que l’affaire est susceptible de mettre en jeu, au-delà des
positions respectives des parties à la procédure principale. Il esst regrettable
que, en se polarisant sur une « relation» spéciale entre les articles 59 et 62
qui reste en réalité à démontrer, la Cour n’ait pas tenu scompte de ces

importantes caractéristiques de l’institution de l’interventions.

9 S. Rosenne, « Article 59 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice -evi
sited », in El Derecho Internacional en un Mundo en Transformación – Liber Amicorum en
Homenaje al Profesor E. Jiménez de Aréchaga (m. Rama-montaldo, dir. publ.), vol. II,
montevideo, Fundación de Cultura Universitaria, 1994, p. 1157.

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VI. Conclusion

29. The ICJ has not developed to date a consistent jurisprudence on the
institution of intervention in international proceedings, established ins Arti -

cle 62 of the Statute, despite the10act that it has had successive occasions sto
clarify the legal issues involved . There appears, however, to be a hardly
visible thread of avoidance of the concrete application of intervention,s run -
ning through the majority of the Court’s Judgments relating to Applicsations

for permission to intervene. In his dissenting opinion in the case concesrning
the Continental Shelf(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta)Application for Per ‑
mission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984), Judge Roberto Ago
went as far as to suggest that the Court’s decision in the cas d’espèce might
“well sound the [death] knell of the institution of intervention in isnterna -

tional legal proceedings” (paragraph 22). Somewhat distinctly, we are of the
view that the institution of intervention has not yet passed away ; it remains
alive in 2011, in spite of the fact that the Court’s practice to date seems to
amount to a slow-motion asphyxiation of the institution of intervention,s to

which we cannot at all subscribe, as such practice appears reminiscent osf
traditional bilateral arbitral proceedings where a barrier against thirds party
intervention may be considered desirable. It is our view that such practsice is
not in line with contemporary demands of the judicial settlement of dis -

putes, nor with challenges faced by present-day international law within the
framework of a universalist outlook.

(Signed) Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade.

(Signed) Abdulqawi A. Yusuf.

10Cf. notes (2) and (3), supra.

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1 CIJ1019.indb 134 10/04/13 19:29 différend territorisal et maritime 414

VI. Conclusion

29. A ce jour, la CIJ n’a pas développé de jurisprudence constante ssur
l’institution de l’intervention dans la procédure internationalse, créée par

l’article 62 du Statut, nonobstant les occasions succe10ives qui lui ont été
données d’éclaircir les questions juridiques en jeu . Quoique à peine per-
ceptible, nous croyons toutefois pouvoir déceler, dans la majorités des
arrêts rendus par la Cour en la matière, une tendance à évitser toute mise

en œuvre concrète de l’intervention. dans son opinion dissidente, le
juge Roberto Ago était allé jusqu’à affirmer que la décision prise par la
Cour en l’affaire du Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/
Malte) (requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984) pourrait
bien «sonner le glas de l’institution de l’intervention dans les procès inter -

nationaux » (p. 130, par. 22). Or, pour nous, cette institution conserve un
souffle de vie en 2011, même si la pratique de la Cour, à ce jour, semble
tendre vers sa lente asphyxie. Cette pratique est à rattacher, selon snous, à
la traditionnelle procédure arbitrale bilatérale, dans le cadre des laquelle il

peut être jugé souhaitable de se protéger contre l’interventsion de tierces
parties ; pour ce qui nous concerne, nous ne saurions donc nous y
résoudre : elle n’est, pensons-nous, pas conforme aux exigences qui sont
celles de notre époque en matière de règlement judiciaire des dsifférends, et

ne permet pas davantage de répondre aux défis que, dans une persspective
universaliste, le droit international contemporain est appelé à reslever.

(Signé) Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade.

(Signé) Abdulqawi A. Yusuf.

10 Voir notes 2 et 3 supra.

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Joint dissenting opinion of Judges Cançado Trindade and Yusuf

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