Dissenting opinion of Judge Abraham

Document Number
124-20110504-JUD-02-02-EN
Parent Document Number
124-20110504-JUD-02-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

384

dISSENTINg OpINION OF JUdgE ABRAHAm

[Translation]

Conditional right of third States to intervene in the main proceedings — Lack
of discretionary power of the Court — Disagreement with the rejection of Costa
Rica’s request for permission to intervene — Existence of Costa Rica’s “minimum
area of interest” — Possibility of the future delimitation line entering Costa Rica’▯s
area of interests — Risk that the 1977 bilateral treaty might be rendered without

effect — The Judgment’s departure from the Court’s most recent jurispr▯udence —
Erroneous character of the reasoning followed in the Judgment.

1. I have voted against the operative clause of the Judgment whereby
the Court rejected Costa Rica’s Application for permission to intervesne in

the case concerning the dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia, which
relates in particular to the maritime delimitation between those two Stastes.
2. In another Judgment issued on the same day, the Court also rejected
Honduras’s Application to intervene in the same case. Since I was alsso

obliged to dissociate myself from the majority of my colleagues in respesct
of that decision, I have set forth my dissenting opinion, which is attacshed
to that Judgment.
3. In the present opinion, I shall not repeat the general considerations
concerning the nature of intervention, its statutory requirements and thse

role of the Court when called upon to rule on an application to intervense,
which I have set out in my opinion attached to the Judgment on Hondu -
ras’s Application.
I would ask interested readers to refer to that opinion. I believe that sthe

point of view which I develop therein naturally applies to any request tso
intervene, including that made by Costa Rica.

4. In summary, it is my opinion that intervention by a third State as

provided for in Article 62 of the Statute of the Court — at least when the
third State does not seek to become a party to the proceedings — is a
right, not in the sense that the State only has to express its desire tos inter
vene in order to be automatically granted permission by the Court to do s

so — that is clearly not the case — but in the sense that intervention is
not an option whose exercise is subject to permission to be granted or
withheld at the discretion of the Court, according to what it considers,s on
a case-by-case basis, to be in the interest of the sound administration sof

justice. Article 62 lays down a necessary and sufficient condition for a
third State to be authorized to intervene: it is necessary and sufficiesnt that
the Judgment to be delivered in the main proceedings might affect its
interests of a legal nature. It falls to the third State to persuade the Court

that this is so. Naturally, when making its assessment on the basis of tshe

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7 CIJ1019.indb 77 13/06/13 16:02 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. absraham) 385

arguments presented to it, and in light of any objections that the partises
to the main proceedings may have raised to the request by the third Statse,

the Court exercises a power which allows it some latitude: deciding
whether, in a particular case, a future Judgment might affect certain inster -
ests of a third party is not a purely objective process. Nevertheless, tshe
Court must always determine whether or not a legal requirement has been s
met, and not rule on the basis of policy considerations — and, no matter

what the extent of the Court’s margin of discretion in the former casse,
these two approaches are by nature very different.
5. Such is the jurisprudence of the Court to date, and the present Judg -
ment sets it out correctly in substance — even if in some places the word -
ing does not seem sufficiently clear to me — in the first part of the
Judgment, entitled “The Legal Framework”, which covers paragraphs 21

to 51, namely, approximately the first half of the Judgment.
6. I subscribe to most of what is stated in those paragraphs. In particu -
lar, I welcome the manner in which the Court distinguishes (in para -
graph 26 of the Judgment) between an “interest of a legal nature”, whicsh
the third State must prove in order for its request to intervene to be

declared admissible, and a “right” (which may be affected) whoses exis -
tence it does not have to establish at this stage.
It is well known and well recognized, both in doctrine and in jurispru -
dence, that an “interest” should not be confused with a “right”s; while it is
not always easy to define the dividing line between the two categoriess, it

is certainly not permissible to confuse them. doubtless, the authors of
Article 62 of the Statute required, as a condition for intervention, proof
that not just any interest of a third State may be affected, but an intesrest
“of a legal nature”. But even when thus qualified, an interest sshould not
be confused with a right: it is always a notion that is both more flexsible
and broader; any person or entity has a legitimate interest in protecting

the exercise of their rights; however one may have an interest to protecst
without its being linked, strictly speaking, to a corresponding right, osr at
least to an established right. If Article 62 specifies that the interest con -
cerned must be “of a legal nature”, it is, as explained in paragrasph 26 of
the Judgment, in order to distinguish such an interest from those which s

are “of a purely political, economic or strategic nature”, and whisch are
not sufficient to justify a request for permission to intervene.

7. I also concur with the Judgment in the proposition that Costa Rica
has sufficiently set out the “precise object of the intervention”s (for which

it seeks authorization), as required under Article 81, paragraph 2 (b), of
the Rules of Court. Since Costa Rica was not seeking permission to inters -
vene as a party, it merely had to state, as it did, that the object of ists
intervention was to inform the Court of the nature of its rights and intser -
ests of a legal nature that might be affected by the future decision. Thse
Court has consistently adjudged such an object to be adequate and suffis -

cient for the purpose of applying Article 81, paragraph 2 (b), of the Rules
of Court (see the decision cited in paragraph 34 of the Judgment, to which

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we might add the Order of 21 October 1999 rendered on Equatorial
guinea’s Application for permission to intervene in the case concerninsg

the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Camer‑
oon v. Nigeria), Application for Permission to Intervene (I.C.J. Reports
1999 (II), p. 1034, para. 14)).
8. I also agree with the Judgment in recalling that the State which seeks
to intervene does not need to establish the existence of a basis of jurissdic -

tion between that State and the parties to the main proceedings when it sis
not seeking permission to intervene as a party. On this point, the Judg -
ment also cites well-established jurisprudence (Judgment, para. 38).
9. Finally, the Court was correct in recalling that the fact that the State
seeking permission to intervene can, if need be, bring principal proceeds -
ings before the Court, through a separate application, in order to upholsd

its rights vis-à-vis one or other, or even both, of the parties in thse pro -
ceedings already under way — if there is a basis of jurisdiction to that
effect —, “in no way removes its right under Article 62 of the Statute to
apply to the Court for permission to intervene” (ibid., para. 42).
10. On the other hand, I strongly dissent from the second part of the

Court’s Judgment. In this part, in proceeding to examine the requiremsent
in the present case concerning an “interest of a legal nature which msay be
affected” by the future Judgment, which in my view, as I have said, iss a
necessary and sufficient requirement, the Court finds that the said rsequire -
ment has not been met and that therefore Costa Rica’s Application

should be rejected.
I feel that such a finding does not correspond to what is disclosed bys
careful examination of the case file; furthermore, it clearly departs from
the Court’s most recent jurisprudence in respect of intervention; fisnally, it
is based on grounds which are, to say the least, highly questionable, and
which are likely to puzzle the reader considerably as to the Court’s scur -

rent approach to the matter.

11. First, the Court’s finding is contradicted by a careful examinations
of the documents in the file.
Costa Rica defined a “minimum area of interest”, within which its main -

tains that it clearly has “interests of a legal nature” to protects. This area
is shown on the sketch-map inserted in the Judgment, page 366. It is
bounded in the south by the line established by the 1980 bilateral treaty
between the applicant State and panama, in the north-east by the line
established by the 1977 Treaty with Colombia, which is not yet ratifiesd,

and in the north-west by an equidistance line drawn, according to Costa
Rica, on the basis of the orientation of the adjacent coasts of Costa Risca
and Nicaragua — since there is no delimitation agreement between the
two countries.
Throughout the entire extent of this area, there are no sovereign rightss
which have been established with certainty and definitively to the bensefit

of Costa Rica. But the claims of that State are founded on legal bases
which at first sight are defendable; they are neither unfounded nor arstifi -

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cial. Accordingly, in my view Costa Rica has a legitimate interest in pro -
tecting its rights, namely, for the time being to preserve its future chsances

of successfully asserting them, of establishing the rights which it claisms to
possess — without allowing a decision taken by the Court in a case
between two other States to limit or nullify in advance its ability to esstab-
lish the (potential) merits of its claims in due course. That is precissely the
object of the intervention procedure. It remains for Costa Rica to show s
that the Judgment to be rendered by the Court in the case between Nica -

ragua and Colombia is liable to affect its own interests.

12. This is the case, in my opinion, for two reasons.

First, the delimitation line to be established by the Court will in all s
likelihood, given the position of the parties’ respective coasts, run from
north to south, with a more or less marked inclination to the north-east.
In the area bounded, on one side, by the line proposed by Colombia, situs-
ated fairly close to the Nicaraguan coast, and, on the other, by that prso -
posed by Nicaragua, situated much further east, it is impossible to foressee

where the line to be drawn by the Court in its Judgment will run, and thse
Court is not permitted, at the current stage of the proceedings, to pre -
judge its decision in even the slightest respect. All that can be said iss that,
in accordance with the principle that it cannot rule ultra petita, the Court
will have to keep within the limits defined by the parties’ claims, namely,

not to give either party more than it is seeking. For the rest, in order to
assess the interest of the State requesting permission to intervene, thes
Court must agree to consider all possible scenarios, and not rule out any
a priori.
However, if the Court accepts the line proposed by Colombia, or even
if it draws a line slightly further to the east, the line retained will extend

to the south and thus may enter Costa Rica’s area of interests. Theres is
thus a risk — albeit, of course, not a certainty — that the forthcoming
Judgment will affect Costa Rica’s legitimate interests, of a legal nasture, as
I have just defined them.
It is true that the Court will most probably use the “directional arrow”

method, as it has in similar cases. It will not extend the delimitation sline
too far south and will stop it at a certain point, where an arrow will isndi-
cate that it is intended to continue in the same direction until it meetss the
area in which a third State has rights. However, in order to determine
where it must stop the line it is drawing and place the arrow, the Courts
needs to be adequately informed of the rights claimed by one or more

third States. That is the purpose of the intervention procedure.

It is true that, in requesting permission to intervene, the third State s
must indicate to the Court which interests it claims to have that may bes
affected, so that, in maritime delimitation cases, that State will usualsly
submit a sketch-map to the Court showing the limits of the area within

which it claims potential rights — and this was so in this case. But it
would be strange and paradoxical to rely on the information provided in s

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the proceedings for permission to intervene to infer that, on the pretexst
that this information is sufficiently complete, intervention is unnecesssary

and permission should be refused. It is clear to see that such an argumesnt
could have perverse effects: third States would be encouraged to submit
applications to intervene for the sole purpose of providing the Court wisth
information which they know the Court will take account of in the main
proceedings, even if it refuses permission to intervene because the condsi -

tions have not been met. It is regrettable that the present Judgment migsht
appear to encourage such practices, because of the ambiguous wording of s
paragraph 51. In any event, the evidence provided by an applicant State
in proceedings for permission to intervene cannot replace the complete
information and observations which that State might submit once it has
been granted permission to intervene.

13. There is a second, more specific, reason why, to my mind, the legal
interests of Costa Rica might be affected. Costa Rica signed a maritime
delimitation treaty with Colombia in 1977. As it has not been ratifieds, this

treaty has not entered into force; but it is a fact that Costa Rica applies it
on a provisional basis, in agreement with Colombia, and that its ratifisca -
tion has been suspended until the conclusion of the case between Nicara -
gua and Colombia pending before the Court, the very case in which Costa s
Rica has sought to intervene. The link between the conclusion of that

case and the fate of the 1977 bilateral treaty is clear to see. If the Csourt
upholds Nicaragua’s claims, or even if, without going so far, it fisxes the
delimitation line in its future Judgment substantially east of the line spro -
posed by Colombia and, more specifically, east of the easternmost poinst
of the line established by the bilateral treaty as the maritime boundarys
between Colombia and Costa Rica, the effect would be to deny that treaty

any possibility of taking effect, and to render its ratification moot.s In
effect, the area situated immediately to the Colombian side of the line s
established by the bilateral treaty would fall within the scope of Nicarsa -
gua’s sovereign rights — subject only to potential claims by panama.
There is therefore at least a serious risk that the line agreed between sCosta

Rica and Colombia will be called into question, given that, since Nicaras -
gua has no treaty agreement with Costa Rica, it would be under no obli -
gation whatsoever to recognize the validity of the 1977 Treaty line.
Strictly speaking, such a situation would not call Costa Rica’s rightss into
question, because, in respect of the line under consideration, those rigshts

exist only in the relations between that State and Colombia. But it is hsard
not to accept that such a consequence could prejudice the interests of
Costa Rica, and those interests, since they are treaty based, are indeed “of
a legal nature”. In my view, this was an additional reason to allow Csosta
Rica’s intervention.

14. The very restrictive position adopted by the Court in the present
case is all the more surprising in that it runs contrary to its most recsent

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jurisprudence on the subject of intervention, and in particular to the dseci-
sion on Equatorial guinea’s request for permission to intervene in the

proceedings between Cameroon and Nigeria concerning, inter alia, their
maritime boundary (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and
Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Application for Permission to Intervene,
Order of 21 October 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 1029). The situa -
tion of Equatorial guinea in relation to the maritime areas in dispute

between Cameroon and Nigeria was hardly more capable of endowing it
with an interest such as to make its intervention admissible than that osf
Costa Rica in the present case in relation to the dispute between Nicara -
gua and Colombia. Equatorial guinea asserted that

“in accordance with its national law, [it] claim[ed] the sovereign risghts
and jurisdiction which pertain to it under international law up to the
median line between [itself] and Nigeria on the one hand, and between
[itself] and Cameroon on the other hand” (ibid., p. 1031, para. 3).

It added that its aim was not to become a party to the proceedings in

order to obtain from the Court a determination of its boundaries with
Cameroon and Nigeria, but to

“protect its legal rights and interests . . . and that requires that any
Cameroon-Nigeria maritime boundary that may be determined by the
Court should not cross over the median line with Equatorial
guinea . . . [and if it were to do so] Equatorial guinea’s rights and
interests would be prejudiced” (ibid., pp. 1031-1032, para. 3).

15. In the Judgment on the preliminary objections in the main pro -
ceedings, the Court had previously found that

“it is evident that the prolongation of the maritime boundary betweens
the parties . . . will eventually run into maritime zones where the rights

and interests of Cameroon and Nigeria will overlap those of third
States” (case concerning Land and Maritime Boundary between Cam ‑
eroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 324, para. 116),

and that

“[i]n order to determine where a prolonged maritime boundary . . .
would run, where and to what extent it would meet possible claims
of other States, . . . the Court would of necessity have to deal with
the merits of Cameroon’s request” (ibid.).

16. In its Order ruling on Equatorial guinea’s Application for permis -
sion to intervene, after recalling the key elements in the procedural hiss -
tory of the main proceedings up to that point, and after summarizing thes

reasons put forward in support of the Application, the Court considered s
that

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“Equatorial guinea had sufficiently established that it had an inter-
est of a legal nature which could be affected by any judgment which

the Court might hand down for the purpose of determining the mar -
itime boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria” (Order of 21 Octo ‑
ber 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 1034, para. 13).

The key factor for such a finding was manifestly the risk — and only the
risk — that the extension of the line that the Court might be led to indi -
cate in order to determine the maritime boundary between the two parties
in the main proceedings might cross into maritime areas over which the
third State requesting permission to intervene had claims that, at firsst

sight, were not without a serious legal basis.

17. Admittedly, in that case the task of the Court was no doubt facili -
tated by the fact that neither Cameroon nor Nigeria had objected to
Equatorial guinea’s intervention. But in accordance with the established
interpretation of Article 62 of the Statute, the absence of any objection by

the parties to the main proceedings has only a procedural consequence: ist
dispenses the Court from holding hearings before ruling on the applica -
tion for permission to intervene (which, moreover, has the rather dubiosus
consequence that its decision is called an “order” and not a “jsudgment”).
On the other hand, it does not dispense the Court from not only decidings
whether to allow the intervention, but from doing so after due consider -

ation of whether the requirement under Article 62 has been fulfilled, and
stating the reasons for its decision on this point — even though it is rea -
sonable to assume that, if the Court finds that the requirement has besen
fulfilled, and if, moreover, the parties to the main proceedings have snot
objected, the decision’s reasoning will be briefer than in other casess.
18. That is why the Order issued in 1999 on Equatorial guinea’s

Application is underpinned by legal and factual reasoning. On the basis s
of this precedent, it is difficult to see on what grounds Costa Rica’ss situa-
tion in this case did not warrant it being granted permission to intervesne,
as was the case for Equatorial guinea in circumstances which were no
more favourable — it being understood that this difference in treatment
cannot be explained by the mere fact that the parties to the main proceed-

ings in the previous case did not raise any objections, whilst one of thse
parties in the present case objected to Costa Rica’s intervention.
19. Unfortunately, reading the reasoning given by the Court in the
present Judgment will not shed any more light on the reasons which led
to the rejection of Costa Rica’s Application. On the contrary, in my sview
these reasons only add a large dose of confusion to what is an already

questionable solution in itself.
20. The reasoning is brief — which would be no bad thing if it were
only convincing. All in all, it takes up the last six paragraphs of the Judg -
ment — from paragraph 85 to paragraph 90 — and the last one should be
not be counted, as all it does is set out the negative conclusion reachesd by
the Court. It is necessary, therefore, to focus on two pages.

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21. It seems, at first sight, that there is some form of reasoning presents.
Thus the Court sets out a syllogism, which is presented in the followings

manner — I allow myself to reproduce the substance if not the actual terms.
For intervention to be permitted, the third State must show that the
future Judgment may affect one of its interests of a legal nature, and tshat
Article 59 of the Statute, which limits the force of res judicata to the par -
ties to the proceedings, does not offer it sufficient protection in this res -

pect (Judgment, para. 87).
However, the Court, “following its jurisprudence”, will end the lisne it is to
draw with a view to delimiting the maritime areas between the two parties to
the main proceedings “before it reaches an area in which the interestss of a legal
nature of third States may be involved” (ibid., para.89), and particularly in
view of the fact that neither Colombia nor Nicaragua have requested it tso fix

the southern endpoint of their maritime boundary (ibid., para. 88).
Therefore, Costa Rica’s legal interests are not liable to be affecteds,
since the line that the Court will draw will not extend southwards beyonsd
the point where it would come into contact with the area claimed by
Costa Rica: it follows that the latter State has no legal grounds to reqsuest

permission to intervene (ibid., paras. 89 and 90).
22. I find this reasoning flawed for the following reasons.
23. First, it is based on an error in law. It is not correct to say that
“following its jurisprudence” the Court ends the delimitation lines it draws
between the respective maritime areas of two parties to a case before it

reaches an area in which the interests of third States are involved. The
Court’s practice is to place an arrow at the end of the line it drawss, and
which it is careful not to prolong too far on its own sketch-map, and to
make clear that beyond the point where the arrow appears, the line is tos
continue until it reaches the area in which the rights of a third State are
involved. In other words, it is not the interests of a third State which may

interrupt the line representing the boundary between two States, but thes
rights of that third State, namely the point where the sovereign rights of
one State must end because the sovereign rights of another State begin. s
moreover, how could it be otherwise? The rights of a State can only be
bounded by the rights of another State, and not by the interests of another

State, which would make no sense at all. What kind of boundary would
be intended merely to extend until it met the “interest” of a thirsd State? It
is regrettable that having taken such care, in paragraph 26 of the Judg -
ment, to make a distinction between a “right” and an “interest”s, even
when the latter is qualified as it is in Article 62 of the Statute (“of a legal

nature”), the Court confuses the two in paragraph 88 and thus signifi -
cantly weakens its reasoning.

24. It is true that paragraph 89 refers to paragraph 112 of the Judgment - rens
dered in the case concerninM g aritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romav n.ia
Ukraine). In that paragraph, the Court noted that “the delimitation [would]

occur within the . . . Black Sea . . . north of any area where third party interests
could become involved” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 20p 0.9, 00, para. 112).

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But when it came to fixing the delimitation line and determining the

endpoint, the operative clause of the same Judgment unambiguously
chose the only appropriate wording: “From point [X] the maritime
boundary line shall continue . . . in a southerly direction starting at
a[n] . . . azimuth of [Y] until it reaches the area where the rights of third
States may be affected” (I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 131, para. 219; emphasis

added). All other precedents use essentially the same wording to defisne (in
abstract terms) the endpoint of the line which ends in an arrow on the s
sketch-map attached to the Judgment: this line continues until it comes
into contact with an area where a third State has rights (see, for examsple,
among others, the Judgment rendered in the case concerning the Territo ‑

rial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Carib ‑
bean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II),
p. 760, para. 321).
25. Accordingly, it follows that a Judgment of the Court, in maritime
delimitation as well as elsewhere for that matter, cannot prejudice the s

rights of a third State. But it can prejudice the interests of a third Sstate —
if we accept, as the Court does expressly in paragraph 26, that these two
notions are not to be confused. And this is precisely why the interventison
procedure was conceived.

26. Further, if we follow the reasoning set out in paragraphs 85 to 90
of the present Judgment, it is hard to see in what circumstances the Cousrt
would ever grant permission in the future for a third State to intervenes in
a maritime delimitation case. If the Court is wise enough, without any
need of help from an intervening party, not to render a decision which

would prejudice the interests of third parties, simply by reserving thosse
interests in the actual decision, logic dictates that it is pointless fosr any
State to request permission to intervene, as the requirement to which
Article 62 of the State makes intervention subject will never be fulfilled.
27. more generally, we may ask ourselves whether the intervention

procedure itself is not rendered meaningless by the extremely restrictivse
reasoning applied in this case.
28. I doubt that the Court intended to go as far as the reasoning it
adopted here would imply, if it were taken literally. However, I can onlsy
regret that it was unable — and no doubt it would have found it diffi -

cult — to give a reasonably solid legal basis for refusing to grant Costa s
Rica permission to intervene.

(Signed) Ronny Abraham.

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Bilingual Content

384

OpINION dISSIdENTE dE m. LE JUgE ABRAHAm

Droit conditionné pour les Etats tiers d’intervenir dans l’inst▯ance principale —
Absence de pouvoir discrétionnaire de la Cour — Désaccord avec le rejet de la
demande d’intervention du Costa Rica — Existence d’une « zone minimum
d’intérêt» du Costa Rica — Possibilité que la ligne de délimitation future pénètre
la zone des intérêts du Costa Rica — Risque que le traité bilatéral de 1977 ne

puisse sortir ses effets — Rupture de l’arrêt avec la jurisprudence la plus récente d▯e
la Cour — Caractère erroné du raisonnement suivi par l’arrêt.

1. J’ai voté contre le dispositif de l’arrêt par lequel la Cours a rejeté la
requête du Costa Rica tendant à être autorisé à intervenir dans l’instances

relative au différend qui oppose le Nicaragua et la Colombie, et qui sporte
notamment sur la délimitation maritime entre ces deux Etats.
2. par un autre arrêt du même jour, la Cour a également rejeté lsa
requête à fin d’intervention du Honduras dans la même instsance. Ayant

dû aussi me dissocier de la majorité de mes collègues en ce quis concerne
cette dernière décision, j’ai exposé mon opinion dissidente squi est jointe à
cet arrêt.
3. dans la présente opinion, je ne reproduirai pas les considérations
générales relatives à la nature de l’intervention, à ses conditions statu -

taires et au rôle de la Cour lorsqu’elle est appelée à statuser sur une requête
à fin d’intervention, que j’ai exposées dans mon opinion jsointe à l’arrêt
rendu sur la requête du Honduras.
Je prie le lecteur intéressé de bien vouloir se reporter à cette dernière

opinion. Le point de vue que j’y développe est évidemment valabsle, à mes
yeux, pour toute demande d’intervention, donc également pour celles du
Costa Rica.
4. En résumé, je suis d’avis que l’intervention d’un Etat tisers prévue à

l’article 62 du Statut de la Cour — en tout cas lorsque l’Etat tiers ne
demande pas à devenir partie à l’instance — est un droit, non pas en ce
sens qu’il suffirait à cet Etat d’exprimer le souhait d’intservenir pour y être
automatiquement autorisé par la Cour — tel n’est évidemment pas le

cas —, mais au sens où l’intervention n’est pas une faculté dsont l’exercice
serait subordonné à une autorisation que la Cour pourrait décidser discré -
tionnairement d’accorder ou de refuser, selon sa perception, au cas psar
cas, de l’intérêt d’une bonne administration de la justice. sL’article 62 pose

une condition nécessaire et suffisante pour qu’un Etat tiers soits autorisé à
intervenir : il faut et il suffit que l’arrêt à venir dans l’instance prsincipale
soit susceptible d’affecter ses intérêts d’ordre juridique. sIl appartient à
l’Etat tiers de convaincre la Cour que tel est le cas. Naturellement,s en se

livrant à son appréciation sur la base de la démonstration qui slui est pré -

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7 CIJ1019.indb 76 13/06/13 16:02 384

dISSENTINg OpINION OF JUdgE ABRAHAm

[Translation]

Conditional right of third States to intervene in the main proceedings — Lack
of discretionary power of the Court — Disagreement with the rejection of Costa
Rica’s request for permission to intervene — Existence of Costa Rica’s “minimum
area of interest” — Possibility of the future delimitation line entering Costa Rica’▯s
area of interests — Risk that the 1977 bilateral treaty might be rendered without

effect — The Judgment’s departure from the Court’s most recent jurispr▯udence —
Erroneous character of the reasoning followed in the Judgment.

1. I have voted against the operative clause of the Judgment whereby
the Court rejected Costa Rica’s Application for permission to intervesne in

the case concerning the dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia, which
relates in particular to the maritime delimitation between those two Stastes.
2. In another Judgment issued on the same day, the Court also rejected
Honduras’s Application to intervene in the same case. Since I was alsso

obliged to dissociate myself from the majority of my colleagues in respesct
of that decision, I have set forth my dissenting opinion, which is attacshed
to that Judgment.
3. In the present opinion, I shall not repeat the general considerations
concerning the nature of intervention, its statutory requirements and thse

role of the Court when called upon to rule on an application to intervense,
which I have set out in my opinion attached to the Judgment on Hondu -
ras’s Application.
I would ask interested readers to refer to that opinion. I believe that sthe

point of view which I develop therein naturally applies to any request tso
intervene, including that made by Costa Rica.

4. In summary, it is my opinion that intervention by a third State as

provided for in Article 62 of the Statute of the Court — at least when the
third State does not seek to become a party to the proceedings — is a
right, not in the sense that the State only has to express its desire tos inter
vene in order to be automatically granted permission by the Court to do s

so — that is clearly not the case — but in the sense that intervention is
not an option whose exercise is subject to permission to be granted or
withheld at the discretion of the Court, according to what it considers,s on
a case-by-case basis, to be in the interest of the sound administration sof

justice. Article 62 lays down a necessary and sufficient condition for a
third State to be authorized to intervene: it is necessary and sufficiesnt that
the Judgment to be delivered in the main proceedings might affect its
interests of a legal nature. It falls to the third State to persuade the Court

that this is so. Naturally, when making its assessment on the basis of tshe

40

7 CIJ1019.indb 77 13/06/13 16:02 385 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. abraham)

sentée, et le cas échéant des objections que les parties à ls’instance princi -
pale ont pu opposer à la demande de l’Etat tiers, la Cour exerce usn

pouvoir qui lui laisse une certaine latitude : décider si, dans tel cas parti -
culier, un arrêt futur est susceptible d’affecter certains intésrêts d’un tiers,
ne procède pas d’une opération purement objective. Il n’en rseste pas
moins qu’il s’agit toujours pour la Cour d’apprécier si une scondition
légale est remplie, et non de se prononcer en opportunité — et les deux

choses sont, quelle que soit l’étendue de la marge d’évaluatsion que pos -
sède la Cour dans le premier cas, très différentes par nature.
5. Telle est la jurisprudence de la Cour à ce jour, et le présent arrsêt
l’expose correctement en substance — même si certaines formulations me
paraissent insuffisamment claires — dans la première partie de l’arrêt,
intitulée « Le cadre juridique », qui couvre les paragraphes 21 à 51, soit

environ la première moitié de l’arrêt.
6. J’adhère à l’essentiel de ces développements. En particulsier, j’ap -
prouve la manière dont la Cour distingue (au paragraphe 26 de l’arrêt)
l’«intérêt d’ordre juridique » dont l’Etat tiers doit justifier pour que sa
demande d’intervention puisse être déclarée recevable d’usn « droit» (sus -

ceptible d’être affecté) dont il n’a pas, à ce stade, às établir l’existence.

Il est bien connu et parfaitement admis en doctrine comme en jurispru -
dence qu’un «intérêt» ne se confond pas avec un « droit»; même s’il n’est
pas toujours facile de définir la limite qui sépare l’une et sl’autre de ces

catégories, il est certainement interdit de les confondre. Sans doutes les
rédacteurs de l’article 62 du Statut ont-ils exigé, comme condition de l’in -
tervention, la démonstration du risque que soit affecté non pas n’simporte
quel intérêt de l’Etat tiers, mais un intérêt « d’ordre juridique» (en anglais
«an interest of a legal nature »). mais, même ainsi qualifié, l’intérêt ne se
confond pas avec le droit : c’est toujours une notion à la fois plus souple

et plus large ; toute personne ou entité possède un intérêt légitime às pro -
téger l’exercice de ses droits, mais l’on peut avoir un intérêt à protéger
sans que celui-ci soit lié, à proprement parler, à un droit correspondant,
en tout cas à un droit déjà établi. Si l’article 62 comporte la précision que
l’intérêt visé doit être « d’ordre juridique », c’est, comme l’explique le

paragraphe 26 de l’arrêt, pour distinguer un tel intérêt de ceux qui sosnt
«de nature exclusivement politique, économique ou stratégique », et qui
ne peuvent pas suffire à justifier une demande d’intervention.
7. Je suis également d’accord avec l’arrêt pour considérer qsue le Costa
Rica a suffisamment spécifié « l’objet précis de l’intervention » (qu’il sou -

haitait être autorisé à faire), comme l’exige le paragraphes 2 b) de l’ar -
ticle 81 du Règlement. dès lors que le Costa Rica ne demandait pas à être
autorisé à intervenir en qualité de partie, il lui suffisait d’indiquer, comme
il l’a fait, que l’objet de son intervention était de porter às la connaissance
de la Cour la nature de ses droits et intérêts d’ordre juridiquse auxquels la
décision future pourrait porter atteinte. Un tel objet a été cosnstamment

jugé par la Cour adéquat et suffisant aux fins de l’applicatsion du para -
graphe 2 b) de l’article 81 du Règlement (voir la référence mentionnée au

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7 CIJ1019.indb 78 13/06/13 16:02 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. absraham) 385

arguments presented to it, and in light of any objections that the partises
to the main proceedings may have raised to the request by the third Statse,

the Court exercises a power which allows it some latitude: deciding
whether, in a particular case, a future Judgment might affect certain inster -
ests of a third party is not a purely objective process. Nevertheless, tshe
Court must always determine whether or not a legal requirement has been s
met, and not rule on the basis of policy considerations — and, no matter

what the extent of the Court’s margin of discretion in the former casse,
these two approaches are by nature very different.
5. Such is the jurisprudence of the Court to date, and the present Judg -
ment sets it out correctly in substance — even if in some places the word -
ing does not seem sufficiently clear to me — in the first part of the
Judgment, entitled “The Legal Framework”, which covers paragraphs 21

to 51, namely, approximately the first half of the Judgment.
6. I subscribe to most of what is stated in those paragraphs. In particu -
lar, I welcome the manner in which the Court distinguishes (in para -
graph 26 of the Judgment) between an “interest of a legal nature”, whicsh
the third State must prove in order for its request to intervene to be

declared admissible, and a “right” (which may be affected) whoses exis -
tence it does not have to establish at this stage.
It is well known and well recognized, both in doctrine and in jurispru -
dence, that an “interest” should not be confused with a “right”s; while it is
not always easy to define the dividing line between the two categoriess, it

is certainly not permissible to confuse them. doubtless, the authors of
Article 62 of the Statute required, as a condition for intervention, proof
that not just any interest of a third State may be affected, but an intesrest
“of a legal nature”. But even when thus qualified, an interest sshould not
be confused with a right: it is always a notion that is both more flexsible
and broader; any person or entity has a legitimate interest in protecting

the exercise of their rights; however one may have an interest to protecst
without its being linked, strictly speaking, to a corresponding right, osr at
least to an established right. If Article 62 specifies that the interest con -
cerned must be “of a legal nature”, it is, as explained in paragrasph 26 of
the Judgment, in order to distinguish such an interest from those which s

are “of a purely political, economic or strategic nature”, and whisch are
not sufficient to justify a request for permission to intervene.

7. I also concur with the Judgment in the proposition that Costa Rica
has sufficiently set out the “precise object of the intervention”s (for which

it seeks authorization), as required under Article 81, paragraph 2 (b), of
the Rules of Court. Since Costa Rica was not seeking permission to inters -
vene as a party, it merely had to state, as it did, that the object of ists
intervention was to inform the Court of the nature of its rights and intser -
ests of a legal nature that might be affected by the future decision. Thse
Court has consistently adjudged such an object to be adequate and suffis -

cient for the purpose of applying Article 81, paragraph 2 (b), of the Rules
of Court (see the decision cited in paragraph 34 of the Judgment, to which

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7 CIJ1019.indb 79 13/06/13 16:02 386 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. abraham)

paragraphe 34 de l’arrêt, à quoi l’on pourrait ajouter l’ordonnance du
21 octobre 1999 rendue sur la requête à fin d’intervention de la guinée

équatoriale dans l’affaire de la Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le
Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), requête à fin d’intervention
(C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (II), p. 1034, par. 14)).
8. J’approuve également l’arrêt pour avoir rappelé que l’sEtat qui
cherche à intervenir n’a pas besoin d’établir l’existences d’une base de

compétence entre lui et les parties à l’instance principale lorsqu’il ne
demande pas à être admis à intervenir en qualité de partie. Sur ce point,
l’arrêt renvoie aussi à une jurisprudence bien établie (arrsêt, par. 38).
9. Enfin, la Cour a eu raison de rappeler que la circonstance que l’Etat
qui cherche à intervenir puisse, le cas échéant, saisir la Cours à titre prin -
cipal, par une nouvelle requête, pour faire valoir ses droits à l’égard de

l’une ou l’autre des parties à l’instance déjà engagése, voire des deux — s’il
existe à cette fin une base de compétence —, «n’enlève rien au droit que
lui reconnaît l’article 62 du Statut de demander à la Cour de l’autoriser à
intervenir » (ibid., par. 42).
10. En revanche, je me sépare nettement de la Cour en ce qui concerne

la seconde partie de l’arrêt. dans cette partie, procédant à l’examen au
cas d’espèce de la condition relative à un « intérêt d’ordre juridique sus -
ceptible d’être affecté » par l’arrêt futur, condition à mon sens, comme
je l’ai dit, nécessaire et suffisante, la Cour conclut que ladite cosndition
n’est pas remplie et qu’il y a lieu en conséquence de rejeter la requête du

Costa Rica.
Une telle conclusion me paraît ne pas correspondre à ce que révèle un
examen attentif des éléments du dossier ; elle est, au surplus, en nette rup -
ture avec la jurisprudence la plus récente de la Cour en matière ds’inter -
vention; enfin, elle est appuyée sur des motifs dont le moins qu’on puissse
dire est qu’ils sont fortement contestables, et qu’ils sont de nature à plon -

ger le lecteur dans une grande perplexité quant à l’approche acstuelle de la
Cour en la matière.
11. d’abord, la conclusion de la Cour est infirmée par un examen attesn -
tif des pièces du dossier.
Le Costa Rica a défini une « zone minimum d’intérêt » à l’intérieur de

laquelle il soutient avoir, de manière indiscutable, des « intérêts de nature
juridique» à protéger. Cette zone apparaît sur le croquis insérés dans l’ar -
rêt, page 366. Elle est délimitée au sud par la ligne établie par un traité
bilatéral conclu en 1980 par l’Etat requérant avec le panama, vers le
nord-est par la ligne établie par le traité signé avec la Colombie esn 1977,

mais non encore ratifié, et au nord-ouest par une ligne d’équidistance tra -
cée, selon le Costa Rica, en fonction de l’orientation des côtes adjacentes
du Costa Rica et du Nicaragua — puisqu’il n’existe aucun accord de déli -
mitation entre les deux pays.
Sur toute l’étendue de cette zone, il n’existe pas de droits sosuverains qui
soient certainement et définitivement établis au profit du Cossta Rica.

mais les revendications de cet Etat reposent sur des bases juridiques às
première vue défendables, elles ne sont ni futiles ni artificielles. En consé -

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7 CIJ1019.indb 80 13/06/13 16:02 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. absraham) 386

we might add the Order of 21 October 1999 rendered on Equatorial
guinea’s Application for permission to intervene in the case concerninsg

the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Camer‑
oon v. Nigeria), Application for Permission to Intervene (I.C.J. Reports
1999 (II), p. 1034, para. 14)).
8. I also agree with the Judgment in recalling that the State which seeks
to intervene does not need to establish the existence of a basis of jurissdic -

tion between that State and the parties to the main proceedings when it sis
not seeking permission to intervene as a party. On this point, the Judg -
ment also cites well-established jurisprudence (Judgment, para. 38).
9. Finally, the Court was correct in recalling that the fact that the State
seeking permission to intervene can, if need be, bring principal proceeds -
ings before the Court, through a separate application, in order to upholsd

its rights vis-à-vis one or other, or even both, of the parties in thse pro -
ceedings already under way — if there is a basis of jurisdiction to that
effect —, “in no way removes its right under Article 62 of the Statute to
apply to the Court for permission to intervene” (ibid., para. 42).
10. On the other hand, I strongly dissent from the second part of the

Court’s Judgment. In this part, in proceeding to examine the requiremsent
in the present case concerning an “interest of a legal nature which msay be
affected” by the future Judgment, which in my view, as I have said, iss a
necessary and sufficient requirement, the Court finds that the said rsequire -
ment has not been met and that therefore Costa Rica’s Application

should be rejected.
I feel that such a finding does not correspond to what is disclosed bys
careful examination of the case file; furthermore, it clearly departs from
the Court’s most recent jurisprudence in respect of intervention; fisnally, it
is based on grounds which are, to say the least, highly questionable, and
which are likely to puzzle the reader considerably as to the Court’s scur -

rent approach to the matter.

11. First, the Court’s finding is contradicted by a careful examinations
of the documents in the file.
Costa Rica defined a “minimum area of interest”, within which its main -

tains that it clearly has “interests of a legal nature” to protects. This area
is shown on the sketch-map inserted in the Judgment, page 366. It is
bounded in the south by the line established by the 1980 bilateral treaty
between the applicant State and panama, in the north-east by the line
established by the 1977 Treaty with Colombia, which is not yet ratifiesd,

and in the north-west by an equidistance line drawn, according to Costa
Rica, on the basis of the orientation of the adjacent coasts of Costa Risca
and Nicaragua — since there is no delimitation agreement between the
two countries.
Throughout the entire extent of this area, there are no sovereign rightss
which have been established with certainty and definitively to the bensefit

of Costa Rica. But the claims of that State are founded on legal bases
which at first sight are defendable; they are neither unfounded nor arstifi -

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7 CIJ1019.indb 81 13/06/13 16:02 387 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. abraham)

quence, le Costa Rica possède à mes yeux un intérêt légitime à protéger
les revendications qui sont les siennes, c’est-à-dire, pour le moment, à pré-

server ses chances futures de les faire valoir avec succès, d’éstablir les
droits qu’il prétend ainsi posséder — sans qu’une décision prise par la
Cour dans une instance opposant deux autres Etats ne vienne limiter ou
anéantir par avance sa capacité à établir le moment venu le sbien-fondé
(éventuel) de ses prétentions. Tel est précisément l’obsjet de la procédure
d’intervention. Encore faut-il que le Costa Rica démontre que l’arrêt que

doit rendre la Cour entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie est susceptible d’saf-
fecter ses propres intérêts.
12. Tel est le cas à mon avis, pour deux raisons.

En premier lieu, la ligne de délimitation que la Cour va définir suivra
très vraisemblablement, compte tenu des positions des côtes respecstives
des parties, une orientation nord-sud, avec une inclinaison plus ou moins
marquée vers le nord-est. dans l’espace délimité par, d’un côté, la ligne
proposée par la Colombie, située à une distance assez proche des la côte
nicaraguayenne, et, de l’autre, celle proposée par le Nicaragua, ssituée

beaucoup plus à l’est, il est impossible de prévoir où se trsouvera la ligne
que tracera la Cour dans son arrêt, et il est interdit à la Cour, au stade
actuel, d’en préjuger si peu que ce soit. Tout ce que l’on peuts dire, c’est
que la Cour devra, en vertu du principe qui lui interdit de statuer ultra
petita, rester dans les limites définies par les revendications des parties,

c’est-à-dire ne pas donner à l’une d’elles plus qu’elle ne demande. spour le
reste, en vue d’apprécier l’intérêt de l’Etat qui demasnde à intervenir, la
Cour doit accepter de se placer dans toutes les hypothèses envisageabsles,
sans en écarter aucune a priori.
Or, si la Cour retient la ligne suggérée par la Colombie, ou mêsme si elle
trace une ligne située un peu plus à l’est, la ligne retenue se prolosngera

vers le sud de telle sorte qu’elle risque de pénétrer dans la zsone des inté -
rêts du Costa Rica. Il existe donc bien un risque — si ce n’est, bien sûr,
une certitude — que l’arrêt à venir affecte les intérêts légitimess, d’ordre
juridique, du Costa Rica, tels que je viens de les définir.
Il est vrai que la Cour procédera très vraisemblablement, comme elsle le

fait en pareil cas, en suivant la méthode de la « flèche directionnelle ». Elle
ne prolongera pas la ligne de délimitation trop loin vers le sud, l’sarrêtera
à un certain point à partir duquel une flèche indiquera qu’selle est appelée
à se prolonger en suivant la même direction jusqu’à ce qu’selle rencontre la
zone dans laquelle un Etat tiers possède des droits. mais encore faut-il
que la Cour, pour savoir à quel point elle doit arrêter la ligne qsu’elle trace

et placer la flèche, soit suffisamment éclairée sur les droists revendiqués par
un ou des Etats tiers. La procédure d’intervention tend à cettes fin.
Il est vrai que, en demandant l’autorisation d’intervenir, l’Etsat tiers
doit indiquer à la Cour quels sont les intérêts qu’il prétend posséder et qui
sont susceptibles d’être affectés, de telle sorte que, dans less affaires de
délimitation maritime, cet Etat va généralement soumettre à sla Cour un

croquis faisant apparaître les limites de la zone à l’intériseur de laquelle il
revendique des droits potentiels — et tel a bien été le cas en l’espèce. mais

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7 CIJ1019.indb 82 13/06/13 16:02 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. absraham) 387

cial. Accordingly, in my view Costa Rica has a legitimate interest in pro -
tecting its rights, namely, for the time being to preserve its future chsances

of successfully asserting them, of establishing the rights which it claisms to
possess — without allowing a decision taken by the Court in a case
between two other States to limit or nullify in advance its ability to esstab-
lish the (potential) merits of its claims in due course. That is precissely the
object of the intervention procedure. It remains for Costa Rica to show s
that the Judgment to be rendered by the Court in the case between Nica -

ragua and Colombia is liable to affect its own interests.

12. This is the case, in my opinion, for two reasons.

First, the delimitation line to be established by the Court will in all s
likelihood, given the position of the parties’ respective coasts, run from
north to south, with a more or less marked inclination to the north-east.
In the area bounded, on one side, by the line proposed by Colombia, situs-
ated fairly close to the Nicaraguan coast, and, on the other, by that prso -
posed by Nicaragua, situated much further east, it is impossible to foressee

where the line to be drawn by the Court in its Judgment will run, and thse
Court is not permitted, at the current stage of the proceedings, to pre -
judge its decision in even the slightest respect. All that can be said iss that,
in accordance with the principle that it cannot rule ultra petita, the Court
will have to keep within the limits defined by the parties’ claims, namely,

not to give either party more than it is seeking. For the rest, in order to
assess the interest of the State requesting permission to intervene, thes
Court must agree to consider all possible scenarios, and not rule out any
a priori.
However, if the Court accepts the line proposed by Colombia, or even
if it draws a line slightly further to the east, the line retained will extend

to the south and thus may enter Costa Rica’s area of interests. Theres is
thus a risk — albeit, of course, not a certainty — that the forthcoming
Judgment will affect Costa Rica’s legitimate interests, of a legal nasture, as
I have just defined them.
It is true that the Court will most probably use the “directional arrow”

method, as it has in similar cases. It will not extend the delimitation sline
too far south and will stop it at a certain point, where an arrow will isndi-
cate that it is intended to continue in the same direction until it meetss the
area in which a third State has rights. However, in order to determine
where it must stop the line it is drawing and place the arrow, the Courts
needs to be adequately informed of the rights claimed by one or more

third States. That is the purpose of the intervention procedure.

It is true that, in requesting permission to intervene, the third State s
must indicate to the Court which interests it claims to have that may bes
affected, so that, in maritime delimitation cases, that State will usualsly
submit a sketch-map to the Court showing the limits of the area within

which it claims potential rights — and this was so in this case. But it
would be strange and paradoxical to rely on the information provided in s

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7 CIJ1019.indb 83 13/06/13 16:02 388 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. abraham)

il serait étrange et paradoxal de s’appuyer sur les informations fsournies à
l’occasion de la procédure relative à l’autorisation d’intervenir pour en

déduire, sous le prétexte que ces informations sont suffisamment scom -
plètes, que l’intervention est inutile et que l’autorisation dosit être refusée.
On voit bien à quels effets pervers un tel raisonnement pourrait condsuire :
les Etats tiers seraient incités à présenter des requêtes en intervention à
seule fin de fournir à la Cour des informations dont ils sauraient sque la

Cour tiendra compte dans la procédure principale, même si elle refsuse
l’autorisation d’intervenir parce que les conditions n’en sont spas remplies.
Il est regrettable que le présent arrêt puisse paraître encourasger une telle
pratique, en raison de la formulation ambiguë de son paragraphe 51. En
tout état de cause, les éléments fournis par l’Etat requésrant lors de la
procédure relative à l’autorisation d’intervenir ne sauraienst remplacer les

informations et observations complètes que cet Etat pourrait soumettrse
une fois autorisé à intervenir.
13. Il existe une seconde raison, plus spécifique, pour laquelle selon moi
les intérêts juridiques du Costa Rica risquent d’être affectés. Le Costa Rica
a signé en 1977 un traité de délimitation maritime avec la Colosmbie. Ce

traité, n’ayant pas été ratifié, n’est pas entré sen vigueurm; ais il est constant
que le Costa Rica l’applique provisoirement, d’un commun accord avec la
Colombie, et que sa ratification est suspendue à l’issue de l’sinstance pen -
dante devant la Cour entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie, celle-là mêsme
dans laquelle le Costa Rica cherchait à intervenir. Le lien entre l’issue de

cette instance et le sort du traité bilatéral de 1977 est facile às apercevoir. Si
la Cour fait droit aux prétentions du Nicaragua, ou même si, sans aller
aussi loin, elle fixe la ligne de délimitation, dans l’arrêt qu’elle rendra, net-
tement à l’est de la ligne proposée par la Colombie, et plus précisément à
l’est du point le plus oriental de la ligne tracée par le traités bilatéral comme
étant la frontière maritime entre la Colombie et le Costa Rica, cela aura

pour conséquence de priver ce traité de toute possibilité de prsoduire un
effet, et de rendre sa ratification inutile. En effet, il en résultsera que les
espaces situés immédiatement du côté colombien de la ligne rsetenue par le
traité bilatéral relèveront des droits souverains du Nicaragua — sous la
seule réserve d’éventuelles revendications du panama. Il y a donc pour le

moins un risque sérieux que la ligne agréée entre le Costa Rica et la Colom -
bie soit remise en cause, puisque le Nicaragua, n’ayant aucun engagemsent
conventionnel à l’égard du Costa Rica, n’aurait nulle obligation de recon -
naître comme valide la ligne du traité de 1977. A proprement parler, une
telle situation ne remettrait pas en cause les droits du Costa Rica, puisque

de tels droits n’existent, en ce qui concerne la ligne considérése, que dans les
relations entre ce dernier Etat et la Colombie. mais il est difficile de ne pas
admettre qu’une telle conséquence serait préjudiciable aux intésrêts du
Costa Rica, intérêts qui, parce qu’ils trouvent leur source dans un tsraité,
sont bien «d’ordre juridique ». C’était là à mon avis une raison supplémen -
taire d’admettre l’intervention du Costa Rica.

14. La position très restrictive adoptée par la Cour dans la présenste
affaire est d’autant plus surprenante qu’elle contraste avec sa jusrispru -

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7 CIJ1019.indb 84 13/06/13 16:02 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. absraham) 388

the proceedings for permission to intervene to infer that, on the pretexst
that this information is sufficiently complete, intervention is unnecesssary

and permission should be refused. It is clear to see that such an argumesnt
could have perverse effects: third States would be encouraged to submit
applications to intervene for the sole purpose of providing the Court wisth
information which they know the Court will take account of in the main
proceedings, even if it refuses permission to intervene because the condsi -

tions have not been met. It is regrettable that the present Judgment migsht
appear to encourage such practices, because of the ambiguous wording of s
paragraph 51. In any event, the evidence provided by an applicant State
in proceedings for permission to intervene cannot replace the complete
information and observations which that State might submit once it has
been granted permission to intervene.

13. There is a second, more specific, reason why, to my mind, the legal
interests of Costa Rica might be affected. Costa Rica signed a maritime
delimitation treaty with Colombia in 1977. As it has not been ratifieds, this

treaty has not entered into force; but it is a fact that Costa Rica applies it
on a provisional basis, in agreement with Colombia, and that its ratifisca -
tion has been suspended until the conclusion of the case between Nicara -
gua and Colombia pending before the Court, the very case in which Costa s
Rica has sought to intervene. The link between the conclusion of that

case and the fate of the 1977 bilateral treaty is clear to see. If the Csourt
upholds Nicaragua’s claims, or even if, without going so far, it fisxes the
delimitation line in its future Judgment substantially east of the line spro -
posed by Colombia and, more specifically, east of the easternmost poinst
of the line established by the bilateral treaty as the maritime boundarys
between Colombia and Costa Rica, the effect would be to deny that treaty

any possibility of taking effect, and to render its ratification moot.s In
effect, the area situated immediately to the Colombian side of the line s
established by the bilateral treaty would fall within the scope of Nicarsa -
gua’s sovereign rights — subject only to potential claims by panama.
There is therefore at least a serious risk that the line agreed between sCosta

Rica and Colombia will be called into question, given that, since Nicaras -
gua has no treaty agreement with Costa Rica, it would be under no obli -
gation whatsoever to recognize the validity of the 1977 Treaty line.
Strictly speaking, such a situation would not call Costa Rica’s rightss into
question, because, in respect of the line under consideration, those rigshts

exist only in the relations between that State and Colombia. But it is hsard
not to accept that such a consequence could prejudice the interests of
Costa Rica, and those interests, since they are treaty based, are indeed “of
a legal nature”. In my view, this was an additional reason to allow Csosta
Rica’s intervention.

14. The very restrictive position adopted by the Court in the present
case is all the more surprising in that it runs contrary to its most recsent

44

7 CIJ1019.indb 85 13/06/13 16:02 389 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. abraham)

dence la plus récente en matière d’intervention, et notamment asvec la déci -
sion relative à la demande d’intervention de la guinée équatoriale dans

l’instance opposant le Cameroun et le Nigéria au sujet, notamment,s de
leur frontière maritime (Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun
et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), requête à fin d’int ▯ ervention, ordon ‑
nance du 21 octobre 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (II), p. 1029). La situation
de la guinée équatoriale par rapport aux zones maritimes qui étaient esn

litige entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria n’était guère plus prsopre à lui confé -
rer un intérêt de nature à rendre recevable son intervention quse, dans la
présente affaire, celle du Costa Rica par rapport au différend entre le Nica -
ragua et la Colombie. La guinée équatoriale faisait valoir que,

«conformément à son droit interne, [elle] revendiqu[ait] les droitss
souverains et la compétence que lui confère le droit internationals
jusqu’à la ligne médiane entre [elle-même] et le Nigéria,s d’une part,
et entre [elle-même] et le Cameroun, d’autre part » (ibid., p. 1031,

par. 3).
Elle ajoutait que son but était, non de devenir partie à l’instsance pour

obtenir de la Cour qu’elle déterminât ses frontières avec les Cameroun et
le Nigéria, mais de

«protéger ses droits et ses intérêts d’ordre juridique en souslignant
qu’aucune frontière maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria quse la
Cour pourrait déterminer ne [devait] couper la ligne médiane avec sla
guinée équatoriale … [car en pareil cas] il serait porté atteinte aux
droits et aux intérêts de la guinée équatoriale » (ibid., p. 1031-1032,

par. 3).
15. La Cour avait déjà constaté, dans l’arrêt rendu sur les esxceptions
préliminaires dans l’instance principale, que,

«en toute probabilité le prolongement de la frontière maritime entrse
les parties … finira par atteindre les zones maritimes dans lesquelles

les droits et intérêts du Cameroun et du Nigéria chevaucheront sceux
d’Etats tiers » (affaire de la Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le
Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions prélimi ‑
naires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 324, par. 116),

et que,

«[p]our pouvoir déterminer quel serait le tracé d’une frontièsre mari-
time prolongée … en quel lieu et dans quelle mesure elle se heurterait
aux revendications éventuelles d’autres Etats, … il [était] snécessaire
que la Cour examine la demande du Cameroun au fond » (ibid.).

16. dans son ordonnance statuant sur la requête à fin d’intervention
de la guinée équatoriale, la Cour, après avoir rappelé les élésments essen -
tiels de la procédure suivie jusqu’alors dans l’instance princispale et résumé

les raisons avancées au soutien de la requête, a estimé que

45

7 CIJ1019.indb 86 13/06/13 16:02 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. absraham) 389

jurisprudence on the subject of intervention, and in particular to the dseci-
sion on Equatorial guinea’s request for permission to intervene in the

proceedings between Cameroon and Nigeria concerning, inter alia, their
maritime boundary (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and
Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Application for Permission to Intervene,
Order of 21 October 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 1029). The situa -
tion of Equatorial guinea in relation to the maritime areas in dispute

between Cameroon and Nigeria was hardly more capable of endowing it
with an interest such as to make its intervention admissible than that osf
Costa Rica in the present case in relation to the dispute between Nicara -
gua and Colombia. Equatorial guinea asserted that

“in accordance with its national law, [it] claim[ed] the sovereign risghts
and jurisdiction which pertain to it under international law up to the
median line between [itself] and Nigeria on the one hand, and between
[itself] and Cameroon on the other hand” (ibid., p. 1031, para. 3).

It added that its aim was not to become a party to the proceedings in

order to obtain from the Court a determination of its boundaries with
Cameroon and Nigeria, but to

“protect its legal rights and interests . . . and that requires that any
Cameroon-Nigeria maritime boundary that may be determined by the
Court should not cross over the median line with Equatorial
guinea . . . [and if it were to do so] Equatorial guinea’s rights and
interests would be prejudiced” (ibid., pp. 1031-1032, para. 3).

15. In the Judgment on the preliminary objections in the main pro -
ceedings, the Court had previously found that

“it is evident that the prolongation of the maritime boundary betweens
the parties . . . will eventually run into maritime zones where the rights

and interests of Cameroon and Nigeria will overlap those of third
States” (case concerning Land and Maritime Boundary between Cam ‑
eroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 324, para. 116),

and that

“[i]n order to determine where a prolonged maritime boundary . . .
would run, where and to what extent it would meet possible claims
of other States, . . . the Court would of necessity have to deal with
the merits of Cameroon’s request” (ibid.).

16. In its Order ruling on Equatorial guinea’s Application for permis -
sion to intervene, after recalling the key elements in the procedural hiss -
tory of the main proceedings up to that point, and after summarizing thes

reasons put forward in support of the Application, the Court considered s
that

45

7 CIJ1019.indb 87 13/06/13 16:02 390 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. abraham)

«la guinée équatoriale [avait] suffisamment établi qu’elle [avaist] un
intérêt d’ordre juridique susceptible d’être affecté psar un arrêt que la

Cour rendrait aux fins de déterminer la frontière maritime entres le
Cameroun et le Nigéria » (ordonnance du 21 octobre 1999, C.I.J.
Recueil 1999 (II), p. 1034, par. 13).

L’élément déterminant, pour une telle appréciation, étsait manifestement
le risque — et le simple risque — que le prolongement de la ligne que la
Cour pourrait être conduite à tracer pour déterminer la frontièsre mari -
time entre les deux parties au principal pénètre dans les zones maritimes
sur lesquelles l’Etat tiers demandant à intervenir avait des préstentions,

fondées sur une base juridique qui n’était pas, à premièrse vue, dépourvue
de caractère sérieux.
17. Certes, la tâche de la Cour avait, dans cette affaire, été sanss doute
rendue plus facile par le fait que ni le Cameroun ni le Nigéria n’savaient
objecté à l’intervention de la guinée équatoriale. mais, selon l’interpréta -
tion constante de l’article 62 du Statut, l’absence d’objection des parties

au principal n’a qu’une conséquence procédurale: elle dispense la Cour de
tenir des audiences avant de statuer sur la requête à fin d’intervention (ce
qui a par ailleurs la conséquence assez discutable que sa décisions prend la
dénomination d’« ordonnance» et non d’« arrêt»). En revanche, elle ne
dispense pas la Cour non seulement de statuer sur l’admission de l’sinter -
vention, mais de le faire après avoir dûment apprécié si la scondition de

l’article 62 était remplie, et en motivant sa décision sur ce point — même
s’il est raisonnable d’admettre que, si la Cour conclut que la condition
est remplie, et si en outre les parties au principal n’ont pas objectés, la
motivation de la décision soit plus succincte qu’elle ne l’est sdans les
autres cas.
18. C’est pourquoi l’ordonnance rendue en 1999 sur la requête de las gui -

née équatoriale est motivée en droit et en fait. Sur la base des ce précédent,
on a bien du mal à comprendre en quoi la situation du Costa Rica dans la
présente affaire ne justifiait pas que lui fût accordée l’sautorisation d’inte-ve
nir accordée à la guinée équatoriale dans des circonstances qui n’étaient pas
plus favorables — étant entendu que cette différence de traitement ne saurait
s’expliquer par le seul fait qu’aucune objection n’avait étés soulevée par les

parties au principal dans l’affaire précédente, alors que l’usne des parties
dans la présente affaire a objecté à l’intervention du Costas Rica.
19. Ce n’est malheureusement pas la lecture des motifs donnés par la
Cour dans le présent arrêt qui permet d’y voir plus clair quants aux raisons
qui ont conduit au rejet de la requête du Costa Rica. Au contraire, ces
motifs ne font, selon moi, qu’ajouter une bonne dose de confusion à une

solution déjà contestable en elle-même.
20. Ces motifs sont brefs — ce qui ne serait pas un défaut s’ils étaient
convaincants. Ils tiennent, en tout et pour tout, dans les six derniers spara -
graphes de l’arrêt — du paragraphe 85 au paragraphe 90 — et encore
faut-il en écarter le dernier, qui ne fait rien d’autre que formuler las concl-
sion négative à laquelle parvient la Cour. Il faut donc concentrers son

attention sur deux pages.

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7 CIJ1019.indb 88 13/06/13 16:02 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. absraham) 390

“Equatorial guinea had sufficiently established that it had an inter-
est of a legal nature which could be affected by any judgment which

the Court might hand down for the purpose of determining the mar -
itime boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria” (Order of 21 Octo ‑
ber 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 1034, para. 13).

The key factor for such a finding was manifestly the risk — and only the
risk — that the extension of the line that the Court might be led to indi -
cate in order to determine the maritime boundary between the two parties
in the main proceedings might cross into maritime areas over which the
third State requesting permission to intervene had claims that, at firsst

sight, were not without a serious legal basis.

17. Admittedly, in that case the task of the Court was no doubt facili -
tated by the fact that neither Cameroon nor Nigeria had objected to
Equatorial guinea’s intervention. But in accordance with the established
interpretation of Article 62 of the Statute, the absence of any objection by

the parties to the main proceedings has only a procedural consequence: ist
dispenses the Court from holding hearings before ruling on the applica -
tion for permission to intervene (which, moreover, has the rather dubiosus
consequence that its decision is called an “order” and not a “jsudgment”).
On the other hand, it does not dispense the Court from not only decidings
whether to allow the intervention, but from doing so after due consider -

ation of whether the requirement under Article 62 has been fulfilled, and
stating the reasons for its decision on this point — even though it is rea -
sonable to assume that, if the Court finds that the requirement has besen
fulfilled, and if, moreover, the parties to the main proceedings have snot
objected, the decision’s reasoning will be briefer than in other casess.
18. That is why the Order issued in 1999 on Equatorial guinea’s

Application is underpinned by legal and factual reasoning. On the basis s
of this precedent, it is difficult to see on what grounds Costa Rica’ss situa-
tion in this case did not warrant it being granted permission to intervesne,
as was the case for Equatorial guinea in circumstances which were no
more favourable — it being understood that this difference in treatment
cannot be explained by the mere fact that the parties to the main proceed-

ings in the previous case did not raise any objections, whilst one of thse
parties in the present case objected to Costa Rica’s intervention.
19. Unfortunately, reading the reasoning given by the Court in the
present Judgment will not shed any more light on the reasons which led
to the rejection of Costa Rica’s Application. On the contrary, in my sview
these reasons only add a large dose of confusion to what is an already

questionable solution in itself.
20. The reasoning is brief — which would be no bad thing if it were
only convincing. All in all, it takes up the last six paragraphs of the Judg -
ment — from paragraph 85 to paragraph 90 — and the last one should be
not be counted, as all it does is set out the negative conclusion reachesd by
the Court. It is necessary, therefore, to focus on two pages.

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7 CIJ1019.indb 89 13/06/13 16:02 391 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. abraham)

21. Il semble, à première vue, qu’il y ait là un raisonnement. Lsa Cour
expose en effet un syllogisme qui se présente de la façon suivantes — je me

permets d’en restituer la substance, sinon les termes mêmes.
pour que l’intervention soit admise, l’Etat tiers doit démontrers que l’ar -
rêt à venir est susceptible d’affecter l’un de ses intérêsts d’ordre juridique,
et que l’article 59 du Statut, qui limite l’autorité de la chose jugée aux
parties à l’instance, ne lui offre pas à cet égard une protection suffisante

(arrêt, par. 87).
Or, la Cour, «suivant en ceci sa jurisprudence », arrêtera la ligne qu’elle
tracera aux fins de la délimitation des espaces maritimes entre less deux
parties au principal « avant qu’elle n’atteigne la zone où des intérêts
d’ordre juridique d’Etats tiers peuvent être en cause » (ibid., par. 89), et ce
d’autant plus que ni la Colombie ni le Nicaragua ne lui ont demandé de

fixer le point terminal sud de leur frontière maritime (ibid., par. 88).
donc, les intérêts juridiques du Costa Rica ne risquent pas d’être affec -
tés puisque la ligne que la Cour tracera ne descendra pas vers le suds
jusqu’au point où elle entrerait en contact avec la zone revendiqusée par le
Costa Rica : il suit de là que cet Etat n’a aucune raison juridiquement

fondée de demander à intervenir (ibid., par. 89 et 90).
22. Ce raisonnement me paraît erroné pour les raisons suivantes.
23. Il repose d’abord sur une erreur de droit. Il n’est pas exact de dsire
que « suivant sa jurisprudence » la Cour arrête la ligne de délimitation
qu’elle trace entre les espaces maritimes respectifs des deux Etats psarties à

une affaire avant qu’elle n’atteigne la zone où des intérêts d’Etats tiers
sont en cause. La pratique de la Cour est de placer une flèche às l’extrémité
de la ligne qu’elle trace, et qu’elle prend soin de ne pas trop prsolonger sur
son propre croquis, en précisant qu’au-delà du point où figure la flèche la
ligne est appelée à se prolonger jusqu’à ce qu’elle atteisgne la zone dans
laquelle les droits d’un Etat tiers seraient mis en cause. En d’autres termes,

ce ne sont pas les intérêts d’un Etat tiers qui peuvent interrompre la ligne
qui représente la frontière entre deux Etats, ce sont les droits de cet
Etat tiers, c’est-à-dire le point où les droits souverains d’un Estat doivent
prendre fin parce que les droits souverains d’un autre Etat commencsent.
Comment, d’ailleurs, pourrait-il en être autrement ? Les droits d’un Etat

ne peuvent être bornés que par les droits d’un autre Etat, et nson pas, ce
qui serait un non-sens, par les intérêts d’un autre Etat. Que serait une
frontière qui aurait seulement vocation à se prolonger jusqu’às ce qu’elle
rencontre l’«intérêt» d’un Etat tiers ? Il est regrettable qu’après avoir pris
tant de soin à distinguer, dans le paragraphe 26 de l’arrêt, le « droit» de

l’«intérêt», même quand celui-ci est qualifié comme le fait l’articlse 62 du
Statut (« d’ordre juridique »), la Cour commette au paragraphe 88 une
confusion qui affaiblit considérablement son raisonnement.
24. Il est vrai que le paragraphe 89 se réfère au paragraphe 112 de l’ar -
rêt rendu dans l’affaire de la Délimitation maritime en mer Noire (Rouma ‑
nie c. Ukraine). dans ce paragraphe, la Cour relevait que «la délimitation

sera[it] effectuée en mer Noire… au nord de toute zone qui pourrait impli -
quer des intérêts de tiers» (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 100, par. 112).

47

7 CIJ1019.indb 90 13/06/13 16:02 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. absraham) 391

21. It seems, at first sight, that there is some form of reasoning presents.
Thus the Court sets out a syllogism, which is presented in the followings

manner — I allow myself to reproduce the substance if not the actual terms.
For intervention to be permitted, the third State must show that the
future Judgment may affect one of its interests of a legal nature, and tshat
Article 59 of the Statute, which limits the force of res judicata to the par -
ties to the proceedings, does not offer it sufficient protection in this res -

pect (Judgment, para. 87).
However, the Court, “following its jurisprudence”, will end the lisne it is to
draw with a view to delimiting the maritime areas between the two parties to
the main proceedings “before it reaches an area in which the interestss of a legal
nature of third States may be involved” (ibid., para.89), and particularly in
view of the fact that neither Colombia nor Nicaragua have requested it tso fix

the southern endpoint of their maritime boundary (ibid., para. 88).
Therefore, Costa Rica’s legal interests are not liable to be affecteds,
since the line that the Court will draw will not extend southwards beyonsd
the point where it would come into contact with the area claimed by
Costa Rica: it follows that the latter State has no legal grounds to reqsuest

permission to intervene (ibid., paras. 89 and 90).
22. I find this reasoning flawed for the following reasons.
23. First, it is based on an error in law. It is not correct to say that
“following its jurisprudence” the Court ends the delimitation lines it draws
between the respective maritime areas of two parties to a case before it

reaches an area in which the interests of third States are involved. The
Court’s practice is to place an arrow at the end of the line it drawss, and
which it is careful not to prolong too far on its own sketch-map, and to
make clear that beyond the point where the arrow appears, the line is tos
continue until it reaches the area in which the rights of a third State are
involved. In other words, it is not the interests of a third State which may

interrupt the line representing the boundary between two States, but thes
rights of that third State, namely the point where the sovereign rights of
one State must end because the sovereign rights of another State begin. s
moreover, how could it be otherwise? The rights of a State can only be
bounded by the rights of another State, and not by the interests of another

State, which would make no sense at all. What kind of boundary would
be intended merely to extend until it met the “interest” of a thirsd State? It
is regrettable that having taken such care, in paragraph 26 of the Judg -
ment, to make a distinction between a “right” and an “interest”s, even
when the latter is qualified as it is in Article 62 of the Statute (“of a legal

nature”), the Court confuses the two in paragraph 88 and thus signifi -
cantly weakens its reasoning.

24. It is true that paragraph 89 refers to paragraph 112 of the Judgment - rens
dered in the case concerninM g aritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romav n.ia
Ukraine). In that paragraph, the Court noted that “the delimitation [would]

occur within the . . . Black Sea . . . north of any area where third party interests
could become involved” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 20p 0.9, 00, para. 112).

47

7 CIJ1019.indb 91 13/06/13 16:02 392 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. abraham)

mais, quand il s’est agi de fixer la ligne de délimitation et d’sen détermi-
ner l’extrémité, le dispositif du même arrêt a choisi sans ambiguïté la seule

formulation adéquate : « A partir du point [X], la frontière maritime se
poursuit vers le sud … selon un azimut … de [Y], jusqu’à atteindre la
zone où les droits d’Etats tiers peuvent entrer en jeu » (C.I.J. Recueil 2009,
p. 131, par. 219 ; les italiques sont de moi). Tous les autres précédents
emploient, en substance, la même formule pour définir (abstraitement) le

point terminal de la ligne qui s’achève, sur le croquis joint às l’arrêt, par
une flèche : cette ligne se prolonge jusqu’à entrer en contact avec la zone
où un Etat tiers a des droits (voir par exemple, entre autres, l’sarrêt rendu
en l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua et le
Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Honduras), C.I.J.
Recueil 2007 (II), p. 760, par. 321).

25. Il en résulte que, par construction, un arrêt de la Cour, en matièsre
de délimitation maritime comme d’ailleurs en toute matière, ne ssaurait
préjudicier aux droits d’un Etat tiers. mais il n’en résulte pas qu’il ne
saurait préjudicier aux intérêts d’un Etat tiers — si l’on admet, comme le

fait expressément la Cour au paragraphe 26, que ces deux notions ne se
confondent pas. Et c’est bien pour cela que la procédure d’intesrvention a
été conçue.
26. d’ailleurs, si l’on suit le raisonnement exposé dans les paragrasphes 85
à 90 du présent arrêt, on voit mal dans quelle circonstance la Cour sautori -

serait jamais, à l’avenir, l’intervention d’un Etat tiers dasns une affaire de
délimitation maritime. Si la Cour est assez sage, sans avoir besoin à cette fin
du concours d’aucun intervenant, pour ne pas rendre de décision qusi préju -
dicierait aux intérêts des tiers, en réservant tout simplement ces intérêts
dans la décision elle-même, il est, en bonne logique, inutile que squiconque
lui demande l’autorisation d’intervenir, car la condition à laqsuelle l’ar -

ticle 62 du Statut subordonne l’intervention ne sera jamais remplie.
27. plus généralement, on peut se demander si ce n’est pas la procésdure
d’intervention elle-même qui se trouve vidée de toute substance, par le
raisonnement extrêmement restrictif tenu en la présente affaire.
28. Je doute que la Cour ait entendu aller aussi loin que l’impliquerait,s

si on la prenait à la lettre, la motivation qu’elle a adoptée isci. Je ne peux
cependant que déplorer qu’elle n’ait pas su — et sans doute le pouvait-elle
difficilement — donner un fondement juridique un tant soit peu consis -
tant à son refus d’autoriser l’intervention du Costa Rica.

(Signé) Ronny Abraham.

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7 CIJ1019.indb 92 13/06/13 16:02 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. absraham) 392

But when it came to fixing the delimitation line and determining the

endpoint, the operative clause of the same Judgment unambiguously
chose the only appropriate wording: “From point [X] the maritime
boundary line shall continue . . . in a southerly direction starting at
a[n] . . . azimuth of [Y] until it reaches the area where the rights of third
States may be affected” (I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 131, para. 219; emphasis

added). All other precedents use essentially the same wording to defisne (in
abstract terms) the endpoint of the line which ends in an arrow on the s
sketch-map attached to the Judgment: this line continues until it comes
into contact with an area where a third State has rights (see, for examsple,
among others, the Judgment rendered in the case concerning the Territo ‑

rial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Carib ‑
bean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II),
p. 760, para. 321).
25. Accordingly, it follows that a Judgment of the Court, in maritime
delimitation as well as elsewhere for that matter, cannot prejudice the s

rights of a third State. But it can prejudice the interests of a third Sstate —
if we accept, as the Court does expressly in paragraph 26, that these two
notions are not to be confused. And this is precisely why the interventison
procedure was conceived.

26. Further, if we follow the reasoning set out in paragraphs 85 to 90
of the present Judgment, it is hard to see in what circumstances the Cousrt
would ever grant permission in the future for a third State to intervenes in
a maritime delimitation case. If the Court is wise enough, without any
need of help from an intervening party, not to render a decision which

would prejudice the interests of third parties, simply by reserving thosse
interests in the actual decision, logic dictates that it is pointless fosr any
State to request permission to intervene, as the requirement to which
Article 62 of the State makes intervention subject will never be fulfilled.
27. more generally, we may ask ourselves whether the intervention

procedure itself is not rendered meaningless by the extremely restrictivse
reasoning applied in this case.
28. I doubt that the Court intended to go as far as the reasoning it
adopted here would imply, if it were taken literally. However, I can onlsy
regret that it was unable — and no doubt it would have found it diffi -

cult — to give a reasonably solid legal basis for refusing to grant Costa s
Rica permission to intervene.

(Signed) Ronny Abraham.

48

7 CIJ1019.indb 93 13/06/13 16:02

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Judge Abraham

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