Dissenting opinion of Judge Al-Khasawneh

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124-20110504-JUD-02-01-EN
Parent Document Number
124-20110504-JUD-02-00-EN
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374

dISSENTINg OpINION OF JUdgE AL-KHASAWNEH

The test of the “interest of a legal nature which may be affected”▯ under

Article 62 is a liberal one — The Court’s persistently restrictive approach to
Article 62 intervention — Protection of third State interests in maritime
delimitation cases — Protection of third State interests under Article 59 cannot
substitute for protection under Article 62 — The decision on intervention request
should be made on the basis of Article 62 and not on the basis of general policy
considerations or on the basis of the relative protection of Article 59 — Costa
Rica’s Application to intervene should have been granted — The concept of an
interest of a legal nature — There is no distinction between an “interest of a legal
nature” and a “right” for the purposes of intervention — The Court’s attempt to

define the concept of an “interest of a legal nature” is unnecessa▯ry in the present
case and does not bring clarity.

1. my purpose in appending this opinion is twofold : first, to set out
the reasons that led me — naturally with much regret — to dissent from

the Court’s finding that Costa Rica’s Application to intervene isn the main
proceedings cannot be granted (Judgment, para. 91), and, separately from
this, to comment on paragraph 26 of the Judgment in which my learned
colleagues in the majority attempted, for no apparent need nor with muchs

success, in my respectful opinion, to define and clarify the elusive csoncept
of “an interest of a legal nature”.

2. These two issues will be dealt with in parts I and II of the present

opinion, respectively.

I. Why Costa Rica’s Request Shsould

Have Been granted

(a) Some General Remarks

3. The municipal law institution of intervention was introduced for the

first time into international law in 1920 when the Advisory Committee of
Jurists — mandated by the League of Nations with drafting the Statute of
the permanent Court of International Justice — agreed on a text on the
basis of which Article 62 of the pCIJ, and of the present Court, was adopted.

4. Article 62 reads :
“1. Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature

which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.
2. It shall be for the Court to decide upon this request.”

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5. This language is plainly liberal. The word “affected” is not qualisfied
by a requirement that the effect be of a serious or irreversible nature.s The

word “interest” is likewise not qualified by any expression thats suggests
that the interest be a crucial or even an important one for the requesting
State, all that is needed is that the interest be of a legal nature and snot of
a political, economic, strategic, or other non-legal nature. Finally the
word “may” is also permissive. There is no need that the interest s“must”

or “shall” or is “likely to be” affected by the Court’s dsecision.

6. Notwithstanding this liberal language, the record of Article 62 over
the past 90 years or so since its inception must be judged to be dismal.s
Out of the fifteen requests for intervention starting with the S.S. “Wim ‑

bledon”, Judgments, 1923, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 1, thirteen requests were
dismissed, readily disclosing a persistently restrictive approach by the
Court to grant requests for intervention. Two recent cases : the Land,
Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras) and the
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria, have given

some hope that the institution of intervention was not dead beyond revivs -
ification. In the first case, the Court granted Nicaragua’s request to inter -
vene only in as far as the status of the gulf of Fonseca was concerned but
not with regard to maritime delimitation (Land, Island and Maritime
Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras), Application for Permission to

Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, pp. 120-121, paras. 69-72). In
the second case, it was the Court that had suggested that certain other s
States may wish to intervene (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cam ‑
eroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judg ‑
ment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 324, para. 116). Equatorial guinea requested
to intervene (while Sao Tome did not), and its request was unopposed

(Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon
v. Nigeria), Application for Permission to Intervene, Order of 21 October▯
1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 1034, para. 12). Their paucity and spe -
cial features would however set those two precedents apart and preclude s
the drawing of any inference that there exists another more expansive

trend to grant requests for intervention or that they herald such a trensd.
At any rate the present Judgment would have the effect of dashing any
such hope and of signalling a reversion to the earlier more restrictive s
jurisprudence of the admissibility of requests for intervention at leasts in
the field of maritime delimitation.

7. If the fault does not lie with the text of Article 62, where does it lie?
And why has the institution of intervention with its potential to avoid s
repetitive litigation and to afford a fair hearing to those States whoses
interest may be affected by the Court’s decision, and thus to ensure sa better
administration of justice, been so peripheral as an institution of intersna -
tional law?

8. The answer may be in part because, on the facts of some cases, the
would-be intervener failed to persuade the Court that its interests of a

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legal nature may be affected even by the relatively low threshold of Arti -
cle 62. For example, in the El Salvador/Honduras case the Chamber stated

its reason for rejecting Nicaragua’s Application to intervene in the smatter
of maritime delimitation as follows :

“the essential difficulty in which the Chamber finds itself, on thsis ma-t
ter of a possible delimitation within the waters of the gulf, is that
Nicaragua did not in its Application indicate any maritime spaces in

which Nicaragua might have a legal interest which could be said to
be affected by a possible delimitation line between El Salvador and
Honduras” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 125, para. 78).

It stands to reason that when an applicant for intervention in a maritimse
delimitation does not indicate the areas where its interest comes into pslay,
it cannot ex hypothesi demonstrate that they may be affected.

9. In other instances a request may be rejected because to grant it

would be tantamount to involving the Court in pronouncing on the
would-be intervener’s rights, and not merely that those may be affected,
as was the case with Italy’s Application to intervene in the Continental
Shelf case (Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Applica ‑
tion for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 19-22,

paras. 29-33). Or, when the would-be intervener’s interest is simply in
ascertaining the impact of the Court’s pronouncement on the applicablse
general principles and rules of international law (Continental Shelf (Tuni ‑
sia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Application for Permission to Intervene,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 17, para. 30), which is not a legal inter -
est but more of an academic interest, the request is also rejected.

10. Be all of this as it may, the almost total lack of success in invoking
Article 62 can be understood only when regard is had to a parallel devel -
opment in the Court’s practice relating to maritime delimitation. In sthis
field, the Court, whether responding to a request for intervention or swhen

it considers that its delimitations may have consequences for third Statses,
is careful not to tread on the rights and maritime entitlements of others
States. Where no request to intervene by potentially affected States hass
been made, the Court is right in shielding the interests/rights of thirds
States by stopping its delimitation short of those areas where third States

have rights, and in indicating that by an arrow (Maritime Delimitation in
the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009,
p. 100, para. 112, p. 129, para. 209, and pp. 130-131, para. 218 ; Maritime
Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain, Merits▯,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 109, paras. 221-222 and pp. 115-116,
paras. 249-250). Indeed the Court is required by the limits of its jurisdic -

tion to do so. On the other hand, where there has been a request to intesr-
vene, i.e., to implement the specific procedure designed in the Statute to

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safeguard the interests of a legal nature of third States, there is no jsustifi-

cation for falling back on the argument that as a matter of principle thse
Court will protect the interests of third States even if the area where sthey
come into play is only roughly indicated.
11. The conflation of the protection under Article 59 — which can, at
the utmost, shield third States from the effects of res judicata — and the

protection under Article 62 — which operates before the merits and hopes
to give the potentially affected State a fair hearing so as to best ensusre
that its interests are protected — has been responsible above any other
factor for the limited scope and impact of the institution of interventison.
This is regrettable, for the protection under Article 59 cannot substitute

for protection under Article 62. The protection under Article 62 is not
just quantitatively different from that afforded by Article 59 : it is of a dif-
ferent nature and operates in a different manner, giving the Court powerss
of an essentially procedural and preventative nature.

(b) Costa Rica’s Application

12. Both in its timing (coming after two cases where a breath of life

had been blown into the long moribund body of Article 62) and in rela -
tion to its facts (the two parties’ recognition of the existence of a Costa
Rican interest of a legal nature in at least some areas claimed by the msain
parties) (Judgment, para. 65), the (hopeful) expectation was that this was
a perfect occasion to put Article 62 of the Statute into effect (ut res magis

valeat quam pereat). Instead, the Judgment declined to grant permission
to Costa Rica to intervene notwithstanding, as shall be instantly demon -
strated, that all the requisites of Article 62 have been met. The reasoning
deployed in the Judgment was premised on three contentions, none of
which stands scrutiny : (a) that Costa Rica had abandoned its earlier

claim that the 1977 Facio-Fernández Treaty with Colombia and the
assumptions underlying it constitute its interests of a legal nature whisch
may be affected by the Court’s decision in the main case ; (b) that Costa
Rica should demonstrate that its interest of a legal nature “needs a spro -
tection that is not provided by the relative effect of decisions of the sCourt

under Article 59 of the Statute” (ibid., para. 87); and (c) that even with-
out defining with specificity the geographical limits of the area whsere the
interests may come into play, the Court will, as a matter of principle, s
protect third-party interests (ibid., para. 89).

13. With regard to Costa Rica’s interest of a legal nature (point (a)
above), the majority misses the point and mischaracterizes Costa Rica’ss
arguments. Costa Rica never claimed — as far as I can ascertain — that

the 1977 Treaty and its underlying assumptions are, as such, its interesst of

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a legal nature. That interest was clearly set out in its Application as s“[a]n
interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision of the s

Court” that is “Costa Rica’s interest in the exercise of its sosvereign rights
and jurisdiction in the maritime area in the Caribbean Sea to which it iss
entitled under international law by virtue of its coast facing on that ssea”
(Judgment, para. 54). True, Costa Rica advanced arguments regarding
the 1977 Treaty and its underlying assumptions to demonstrate how its

interests, namely in the exercise of its rights and jurisdiction, would sbe
affected by a decision of the Court on the basis of more than one possibsle
scenario. For example, the enclaving of San Andrés as Nicaragua woulds
wish, while at the same time not giving them the full weight to which thsey
are at present entitled under the 1977 Treaty, would have ramifications
for Costa Rica’s entitlements in the same area. This is not the legals inter -

est itself but rather a demonstration of how the legal interest in the esxer -
cise of sovereign rights may be affected.

14. Turning to point (b) above, namely that Costa Rica must show

that its interest of a legal nature needs protection beyond and above thsat
provided under Article 59, all I need to say — indeed reiterate since I
have already commented on this argument — is that this argument has no
foundation in law or in logic. protection under Article 59, in the sense of
shielding a non-intervening third party from the effects of res judicata,

and protection under Article 62, designed to give a would-be intervener a
chance to be heard in order to protect an interest before the merits, arse
entirely different provisions in their purpose and scope. In other wordss,
the differences between them are qualitative and not quantitative.

15. It is also somewhat ironic that the Judgment argues in para -
graph 26 for a less stringent test for what constitutes an interest of a legals
nature, but then in effect, requires a higher standard of proof than thast
based on the adequacy of the protection provided under Article 59.
16. With regard to point (c) above, namely that the Court will, as a

matter of principle, always protect third State interests, all that needs to
be said is that when there is no request for intervention this policy cosnsid -
eration (for it is nothing other than that) is commendable. However susch
protection will of necessity be speculative, rough and negative since thse
Court does not require that the geographical limits of an area where thes

interest come into play be defined by it i.e., by the Court, with specsificity
(Judgment, para. 86). moreover, requests for intervention do not always
relate to maritime or spatial delimitation. In other areas such protectison
will be even more difficult to speculate on.

17. For all these reasons, I regret that the Court has rejected Costa

Rica’s request to intervene since all the requisites for meeting the stest set
out in Article 62 of the Statute have been met.

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II. An Interest of a Legal Natsure

18. In the present case, Costa Rica contended that the “interest of a
legal nature” that it sought to protect under Article 62 was nothing other
than its “interest in the exercise of its sovereign rights and jurisdsiction in
the maritime area in the Caribbean Sea to which it is entitled under intser-

national law by virtue of its coast facing on that sea” (Judgment, para.54).
19. Costa Rica’s use of the expression “rights and jurisdiction” ansd the
expression “to which it is entitled” is in line with similar expresssions used
by the parties and by the Court itself in previous jurisprudence dealing

with maritime delimitation. For example, Italy, in its Application to
intervene, in the Libya/Malta Continental Shelf case, defined the concept
of “an interest of a legal nature” as “an interest of the Appliscant State
covered . . . by international legal rules or principles”, and specified its legal
interest in the case as “nothing less than respect for its sovereign rights

over certain areas of continental shelf in issue in the present case”s (Conti‑
nental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Application for Permissio▯n
to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 10-11, para. 15 and
pp. 19-22, paras. 29-33 ; emphasis added). Similarly, Nicaragua in the
Land, Island and Maritime Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras) stated as the

two objects for its intervention pursuant to Article 62 :

“[f]irst, generally to protect the legal rights of the Republic of Nica -
ragua in the gulf of Fonseca and the adjacent maritime areas by all
legal means available [and] [s]econdly, to intervene in the proceedings
in order to inform the Court of the nature of the legal rights of Nica-

ragua which are in issue in the dispute” (Land, Island and Maritime
Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras), Application for Permission
to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 108, para. 38 ; empha-
sis added).

In the Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan, the philippines
likewise defined as the object of its intervention :

“[f]irst, to preserve and safeguard the historical and legal rights . . .

of the philippines arising from its claim to dominion and sovereignty
over the territory of North Borneo, to the extent that these rights are s
affected, or may be affected, by a determination of the Court of the
question of sovereignty over pulau Ligitan and pulau Sipadan”

and

“[s]econd, to intervene in the proceedings in order to inform the Hons -
ourable Court of the nature and extent of the historical and legal

rights of the Republic of the philippines which may be affected by the

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Court’s decision” (Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan
(Indonesia/Malaysia), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judg ‑

ment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 604, para. 84 ; emphasis added).
20. What is of direct interest in the present case is that whilst there may s

be distinctions at the theoretical level between interests of a legal nasture
and rights, the issue simply does not arise here : Costa Rica is claiming
rights, jurisdiction, as well as entitlements. This therefore was the wrong
case to try to define the concept of a legal interest by distinguishinsg it from
the concept of a right. moreover, while proposing such a distinction,

the majority did not follow it through. A lower threshold for proving
the existence of a legal interest than for a right leads one to believe
that this implies a greater readiness to grant permission to intervene, but
here the situation is otherwise : the lower threshold still leads to refusal to
grant permission. First of all, nothing turns on the distinction betweens
rights and legal interests, thus rendering such a distinction unnecessarsy.

moreover, if this is going to be a model for future judgments in intervens -
tion proceedings, the Court has inevitably placed itself, unnecessarily,s in
a straightjacket of a lower threshold for proving that an interest of a slegal
nature which may be affected existed and yet refused to grant permissions
to intervene. Would it not have been preferable to have adhered to all tshe

elements of the test of Article 62, rather than try to clarify only one of its
elements, namely the phrase “an interest of a legal nature”?

21. The expression “an interest of a legal nature” was born out of a

compromise struck in the meetings of the Advisory Committee of Jurists
charged with the drafting of the Statute of the permanent Court of Inter -
national Justice in 1920. The relevant parts of the discussion bear quotsing :

“Lord phillimore suggested the following wording :

‘Should a third State consider that a dispute submitted to the
Court affects its interests, it may request to be allowed to inter -
vene; the Court shall grant permission if it thinks fit.’

m. Fernandes agreed with Lord phillimore on principle, but wished
to make the right of intervention dependent upon certain conditions ;

for instance, it should be stated that the interests affected must be
legitimate interests.
The president thought that the solution of the question of interven -
tion should be drawn from common law. He proposed a wording
based on this idea :

‘Should a State consider that its rights may be affected by a
dispute, it may request the Court to grant it permission to inter -
vene, and the Court shall accord such permission.’

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m. Adatci suggested to amend the wording proposed by mr. Loder,
by replacing the word ‘right’ by the word ‘interest.’

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The president proposed to following new wording :

‘Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.’” (Procès‑

Verbaux of the Proceedings of the Advisory Committee of Jurists
(1920), pp. 593-594.)

22. It was not long after, that the incoherence apparent in this compro -
mise was noticed by Farag, the first commentator on the subject of intser-
vention who described the expression as “a monster that defies definition”
(W. m. Farag, L’intervention devant la Cour permanente de Justice inter ‑

nationale (articles 62 et 63 du Statut de la Cour), Librairie générale de
droit et de jurisprudence, 1927, p. 59). It is apparent that the Committee
of Jurists was concerned with excluding any intervention of a political,s
economic or strategic nature but, inopportune as the compromise was,
there is nothing in the travaux préparatoires to suggest that the Commit -
tee intended (nor logically could) create a third category, a hybrid wshich

is neither a right nor an interest.
23. It is remarkable that notwithstanding the inherent contradiction of
the phrase “an interest of a legal nature”, it nevertheless gaineds accep -
tance and currency in legal parlance relating to intervention and was
rarely commented on. A notable exception is however to be found in

Judge Roberto Ago’s dissenting opinion in Continental Shelf (Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) :

“However, I feel it is being overlooked here that the fact of a thirds
State asserting the existence of a right of its own (an interest of a legal
nature being nothing other than a right) in a field constituting the

subject-matter of a dispute between two other States, is the very
essence and raison d’être of the institution of intervention in its strict -
est and most uncontroversial sense. It was for the very purpose of
protecting the potential rights of third parties that the institution wass
devised and enshrined in Article 62 of the Statute.” (Continental Shelf

(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Application for Permission to Inter ‑
vene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, dissenting opinion of Judge Ago,
p. 124, para. 16 ; emphasis added.)

24. Whilst it is true that it was only Judge Ago — as far as I could ascer -
tain — who addressed the question of legal interests being nothing other
than rights, this does not mean that there was general acceptance that tshey
are different from each other. On the contrary, any reading of the case slaw,

whether relating to intervention or whether dealing, more generally, witsh
the potential effects of the Court’s decisions on third States, reveasls that the

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words “right”, “legal interests” and “entitlements” arse used interchange -
ably (see for example, Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v.

Ukraine), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, pp. 128-129, paras. 208-209, and
pp. 130-131, para. 218 ; Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan
(Indonesia/Malaysia), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment ▯ ,
I.C.J. Reports 2001, pp. 596-597, paras. 49-51 and p. 598, para. 60 ; Land
and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nige ‑

ria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 421,
para. 238 and p. 432, para. 269; Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute
(El Salvador/Honduras), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1990, pp. 130-131, paras. 89-90 and 92).
25. This being the case with regard to the jurisprudence of the Court
what remains to be explored — briefly — is whether legal reasoning

admits of a hybrid category of legal interests that falls short of rightss, or
to be more precise, of asserted rights. The concepts of rights and intersests
are of course among the basic tools of lawyers and the Court had a
chance, in a celebrated passage in paragraph 46 of its Judgment in the
Barcelona Traction, to draw a distinction between the two concepts :

“[n]ot a mere interest affected, but solely a right infringed” (Barcelona
Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, (Belgium v. Spain), Second
Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 36, para. 46). However when the
word “interest” is qualified by the adjective “legal”, we sare of necessity
expressing the concept of “rights” through other words. Thus, if Csosta

Rica’s interest is not to have Nicaragua as its neighbour in the maritime
area under consideration that would definitely be a strategic or a polsitical
interest but not a legal interest. If malta seeks to intervene simply on the
basis that it has “an interest” in the Court’s pronouncement ins the case
regarding the applicable general principle and rules of international law
(Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Application for Pe▯r‑

mission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 17, para. 30), that
interest is an academic interest and it is significant that the Court sreferred
to this as “an interest” and not as a “legal interest”. To msy mind a legal
interest cannot but be a right asserted.
26. paragraph 26 of this Judgment in fact recognizes this, stating, inter

alia: “Article 62 requires the interest relied upon by the State seeking to
intervene to be of a legal nature, in the sense that this interest has tso be
the object of a real and concrete claim of that State, based on law”.s

27. If a real and concrete claim based on law is not an assertion of a

right or rights, what is? I also fail to discern the causal link betweens this
statement and the last paragraph of paragraph 26 which reads : “[a]ccord-
ingly, an interest of a legal nature within the meaning of Article 62 does
not benefit from the same protection as an established right and is not
subject to the same requirements in terms of proof”.

28. The contents of this sentence do not flow from the arguments
advanced in the first sentence, but even as a proposition standing on sits

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own, it is neither self-evident nor does it say much. Thus, even if one were
to accept arguendo that a right and an interest of a legal nature can be
different, it does not follow that they will always be different. A righst can
be seen as a form of a legal interest, namely, when a State claims that sits

interest is to exercise a right in a maritime area.

29. Ultimately, the out-of-context elaboration of the expression “an
interest of a legal nature” does not bring one nearer to understanding that

concept nor will it be of help to counsel or to the Court. On the contrary,
this attempt seems to be terminally confused.

(Signed) Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh.

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Bilingual Content

374

dISSENTINg OpINION OF JUdgE AL-KHASAWNEH

The test of the “interest of a legal nature which may be affected”▯ under

Article 62 is a liberal one — The Court’s persistently restrictive approach to
Article 62 intervention — Protection of third State interests in maritime
delimitation cases — Protection of third State interests under Article 59 cannot
substitute for protection under Article 62 — The decision on intervention request
should be made on the basis of Article 62 and not on the basis of general policy
considerations or on the basis of the relative protection of Article 59 — Costa
Rica’s Application to intervene should have been granted — The concept of an
interest of a legal nature — There is no distinction between an “interest of a legal
nature” and a “right” for the purposes of intervention — The Court’s attempt to

define the concept of an “interest of a legal nature” is unnecessa▯ry in the present
case and does not bring clarity.

1. my purpose in appending this opinion is twofold : first, to set out
the reasons that led me — naturally with much regret — to dissent from

the Court’s finding that Costa Rica’s Application to intervene isn the main
proceedings cannot be granted (Judgment, para. 91), and, separately from
this, to comment on paragraph 26 of the Judgment in which my learned
colleagues in the majority attempted, for no apparent need nor with muchs

success, in my respectful opinion, to define and clarify the elusive csoncept
of “an interest of a legal nature”.

2. These two issues will be dealt with in parts I and II of the present

opinion, respectively.

I. Why Costa Rica’s Request Shsould

Have Been granted

(a) Some General Remarks

3. The municipal law institution of intervention was introduced for the

first time into international law in 1920 when the Advisory Committee of
Jurists — mandated by the League of Nations with drafting the Statute of
the permanent Court of International Justice — agreed on a text on the
basis of which Article 62 of the pCIJ, and of the present Court, was adopted.

4. Article 62 reads :
“1. Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature

which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.
2. It shall be for the Court to decide upon this request.”

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OpINION dISSIdENTE dE m. LE JUgE AL-KHASAWNEH

[Traduction]

Caractère peu exigeant du critère d’intérêt d’ordre juridique susceptible d’être
affecté tel qu’énoncé à l’article 62 — Peu d’inclination qu’a toujours eu la Cour à
admettre l’intervention d’un Etat en vertu de l’article 62 — Protection des intérêts
d’Etats tiers dans les affaires de délimitation maritime — Protection des intérêts

d’Etats tiers garantie par l’article 59 non substituable à celle apportée par
l’article 62 — Nécessité de fonder la décision relative à la demande d▯’intervention
sur l’article 62 et non sur des déclarations d’intention ou sur la protection rela▯tive
offerte par l’article 59 — Conviction que la requête à fin d’intervention du
Costa Rica aurait dû être admise — Notion d’intérêt d’ordre juridique — Absence
de distinction, en matière d’intervention, entre «intérêt d’ordre juridique » et
«droit » — Inutilité de la tentative faite par la Cour de définir la not▯ion d’« intérêt
d’ordre juridique » en l’espèce, et absence de toute clarification ainsi escomptée▯.

1. En joignant à l’arrêt la présente opinion, je poursuis un dosuble obje-c
tif: tout d’abord, exposer les raisons qui m’ont conduit — à mon grand
regret, cela va sans dire — à me dissocier de la conclusion de la Cour
selon laquelle la requête à fin d’intervention déposée sen l’instance par le

Costa Rica ne peut être admise (arrêt, par. 91) et, indépendamment de
cela, revenir sur le paragraphe 26 de l’arrêt, dans lequel mes éminents
collègues de la majorité ont tenté, sans nécessité apparesnte ni, à mon
humble avis, grand succès, de définir et de préciser une notison pour le

moins difficile à cerner — celle d’« intérêt d’ordre juridique ».
2. J’aborderai successivement ces deux questions dans la première et sla
seconde partie de la présente opinion.

I. Raisons pour lesquelless la demande du CostaRica
aurait dû être admises

a) Observations générales

3. L’intervention, institution de droit national, fut introduite en droist
international en 1920 lorsque le comité consultatif de juristes — chargé
par la Société des Nations de rédiger le Statut de la Cour permsanente de
Justice internationale — se mit d’accord sur le texte de ce qui allait deve -

nir l’article 62 du Statut de la Cour permanente, puis de la présente Cour.
4. L’article 62 se lit comme suit :

«1. Lorsqu’un Etat estime que, dans un différend, un intérêt
d’ordre juridique est pour lui en cause, il peut adresser à la Cousr une
requête, à fin d’intervention.
2. La Cour décide. »

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7 CIJ1019.indb 57 13/06/13 16:02 375 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. als-khasawneh)

5. This language is plainly liberal. The word “affected” is not qualisfied
by a requirement that the effect be of a serious or irreversible nature.s The

word “interest” is likewise not qualified by any expression thats suggests
that the interest be a crucial or even an important one for the requesting
State, all that is needed is that the interest be of a legal nature and snot of
a political, economic, strategic, or other non-legal nature. Finally the
word “may” is also permissive. There is no need that the interest s“must”

or “shall” or is “likely to be” affected by the Court’s dsecision.

6. Notwithstanding this liberal language, the record of Article 62 over
the past 90 years or so since its inception must be judged to be dismal.s
Out of the fifteen requests for intervention starting with the S.S. “Wim ‑

bledon”, Judgments, 1923, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 1, thirteen requests were
dismissed, readily disclosing a persistently restrictive approach by the
Court to grant requests for intervention. Two recent cases : the Land,
Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras) and the
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria, have given

some hope that the institution of intervention was not dead beyond revivs -
ification. In the first case, the Court granted Nicaragua’s request to inter -
vene only in as far as the status of the gulf of Fonseca was concerned but
not with regard to maritime delimitation (Land, Island and Maritime
Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras), Application for Permission to

Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, pp. 120-121, paras. 69-72). In
the second case, it was the Court that had suggested that certain other s
States may wish to intervene (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cam ‑
eroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judg ‑
ment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 324, para. 116). Equatorial guinea requested
to intervene (while Sao Tome did not), and its request was unopposed

(Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon
v. Nigeria), Application for Permission to Intervene, Order of 21 October▯
1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (II), p. 1034, para. 12). Their paucity and spe -
cial features would however set those two precedents apart and preclude s
the drawing of any inference that there exists another more expansive

trend to grant requests for intervention or that they herald such a trensd.
At any rate the present Judgment would have the effect of dashing any
such hope and of signalling a reversion to the earlier more restrictive s
jurisprudence of the admissibility of requests for intervention at leasts in
the field of maritime delimitation.

7. If the fault does not lie with the text of Article 62, where does it lie?
And why has the institution of intervention with its potential to avoid s
repetitive litigation and to afford a fair hearing to those States whoses
interest may be affected by the Court’s decision, and thus to ensure sa better
administration of justice, been so peripheral as an institution of intersna -
tional law?

8. The answer may be in part because, on the facts of some cases, the
would-be intervener failed to persuade the Court that its interests of a

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7 CIJ1019.indb 58 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. al-khasawneh) 375

5. Cette formulation n’est manifestement pas restrictive. Qu’un tel

intérêt puisse être affecté ne dépend pas de la question sde savoir s’il le sera
de manière grave ou irréversible. de même, cet intérêt n’a pas à être cru -
cial, ni même important pour l’Etat demandant à intervenir ; il suffit que
cet intérêt soit d’ordre juridique, par opposition à un intésrêt politique,
économique, stratégique ou à tout autre intérêt de natures non juridique.

Enfin, dans la version anglaise, l’auxiliaire « may» n’est guère plus restric -
tif: il n’est nullement nécessaire que l’intérêt en questions doive être
(«must»), soit («shall») ou soit vraisemblablement («likely to be») affecté
par la décision de la Cour ; il suffit qu’il soit susceptible (« may») de l’être.
6. pour autant, l’on ne peut que qualifier de bien piètre le succèss ren -

contré par l’article 62 en quelque quatre-vingt-dix années d’existence. Sur
les quinze requêtes à fin d’intervention soumises depuis l’affaire dus Vapeur
Wimbledon (arrêts, 1923, C.P.J.I. série A n o1), treize ont été rejetées,
preuve du peu d’inclination qu’a toujours eu la Cour à faire drsoit à de
telles demandes. deux affaires récentes — celle du Différend frontalier ter ‑

restre, insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/Honduras) et celle de la Fron ‑
tière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria — ont pu faire
naître l’espoir que l’institution de l’intervention n’éstait pas morte et enter -
rée. dans la première, la Cour a admis la requête à fin d’intervention du
Nicaragua pour autant que pouvait être en cause le statut du golfe des

Fonseca, mais l’a rejetée pour autant qu’elle concernait la déslimitation
maritime (Différend frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/
Honduras), requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1990,
p. 120-121, par. 69-72). dans la seconde, la Cour elle-même avait donné
à entendre que certains autres Etats pourraient souhaiter intervenir (Fron ‑

tière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun
c. Nigéria), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 324,
par. 116), et la guinée équatoriale (mais non Sao Tomé-et-principe) avait
soumis en ce sens une requête qui n’avait suscité aucune objectsion (Fron ‑
tière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun

c. Nigéria), requête à fin d’intervention, ordonnance du 21 octobre 1999,
C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (II), p. 1034, par. 12). Ces précédents, de par leur
spécificité et leur rareté, ne sauraient être considérés comme augurant ou
témoignant d’une propension de la Cour à faire davantage droit saux
demandes d’intervention. Le présent arrêt aura en tout état sde cause pour

effet d’anéantir tout espoir en ce sens et de signaler un retour às la juris -
prudence antérieure, plus restrictive quant à l’admission des rsequêtes à fin
d’intervention, du moins dans le domaine de la délimitation maritisme.
7. Si l’origine de cette situation ne se trouve pas dans le texte de l’sar -
ticle 62, où faut-il la rechercher ? Et pourquoi l’institution de l’interven -

tion — qui évite la réplique de procédures judiciaires et permet aux Estats
dont l’intérêt est susceptible d’être affecté par une sdécision de la Cour
d’être entendus, garantissant ainsi une meilleure administration dse la jus -
tice — joue-t-elle un rôle si marginal en droit international ?
8. plusieurs facteurs l’expliquent sans doute. Ainsi, l’Etat demandants à

intervenir peut ne pas avoir réussi à convaincre la Cour que, au vu des

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7 CIJ1019.indb 59 13/06/13 16:02 376 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. als-khasawneh)

legal nature may be affected even by the relatively low threshold of Arti -
cle 62. For example, in the El Salvador/Honduras case the Chamber stated

its reason for rejecting Nicaragua’s Application to intervene in the smatter
of maritime delimitation as follows :

“the essential difficulty in which the Chamber finds itself, on thsis ma-t
ter of a possible delimitation within the waters of the gulf, is that
Nicaragua did not in its Application indicate any maritime spaces in

which Nicaragua might have a legal interest which could be said to
be affected by a possible delimitation line between El Salvador and
Honduras” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 125, para. 78).

It stands to reason that when an applicant for intervention in a maritimse
delimitation does not indicate the areas where its interest comes into pslay,
it cannot ex hypothesi demonstrate that they may be affected.

9. In other instances a request may be rejected because to grant it

would be tantamount to involving the Court in pronouncing on the
would-be intervener’s rights, and not merely that those may be affected,
as was the case with Italy’s Application to intervene in the Continental
Shelf case (Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Applica ‑
tion for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 19-22,

paras. 29-33). Or, when the would-be intervener’s interest is simply in
ascertaining the impact of the Court’s pronouncement on the applicablse
general principles and rules of international law (Continental Shelf (Tuni ‑
sia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Application for Permission to Intervene,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 17, para. 30), which is not a legal inter -
est but more of an academic interest, the request is also rejected.

10. Be all of this as it may, the almost total lack of success in invoking
Article 62 can be understood only when regard is had to a parallel devel -
opment in the Court’s practice relating to maritime delimitation. In sthis
field, the Court, whether responding to a request for intervention or swhen

it considers that its delimitations may have consequences for third Statses,
is careful not to tread on the rights and maritime entitlements of others
States. Where no request to intervene by potentially affected States hass
been made, the Court is right in shielding the interests/rights of thirds
States by stopping its delimitation short of those areas where third States

have rights, and in indicating that by an arrow (Maritime Delimitation in
the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009,
p. 100, para. 112, p. 129, para. 209, and pp. 130-131, para. 218 ; Maritime
Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain, Merits▯,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 109, paras. 221-222 and pp. 115-116,
paras. 249-250). Indeed the Court is required by the limits of its jurisdic -

tion to do so. On the other hand, where there has been a request to intesr-
vene, i.e., to implement the specific procedure designed in the Statute to

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7 CIJ1019.indb 60 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. al-khasawneh) 376

faits de l’affaire, ses intérêts d’ordre juridique étaienst susceptibles d’être
affectés, et ce, même si le critère prévu à l’article 62 est relativement peu

exigeant. dans l’affaire El Salvador/Honduras, par exemple, la Chambre
de la Cour a exposé en ces termes la raison pour laquelle elle avait srejeté
la demande d’intervention du Nicaragua pour autant qu’elle touchaist à la
délimitation maritime :

«la principale difficulté que rencontre la Chambre à propos d’usne
éventuelle délimitation à l’intérieur des eaux du golfe tient à ce que le
Nicaragua n’a pas indiqué, dans sa requête, d’espaces maritismes où

il pourrait avoir un intérêt juridique susceptible d’être cosnsidéré
comme affecté par une éventuelle ligne de délimitation entre Els Sal -
vador et le Honduras » (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1990, p. 125, par. 78).

Or, un Etat demandant à intervenir dans une affaire de délimitatiosn ma-
ritime qui n’aurait pas indiqué de zones dans lesquelles son intésrêt pour -
rait entrer en jeu ne peut, en toute logique, démontrer que celui-ci est
susceptible d’être affecté.
9. mais une requête à fin d’intervention peut aussi être rejetsée parce

que, en l’admettant, la Cour serait amenée à se prononcer sur les droits de
l’Etat dont elle émane, et non simplement à reconnaître que sceux-ci sont
susceptibles d’être affectés ; tel fut le cas de la demande d’intervention
présentée par l’Italie en l’affaire du Plateau continental (Plateau continen ‑
tal (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte), requête à fin d’interv▯ention, arrêt,

C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 19-22, par. 29-33). Elle le sera de même lorsque
l’intérêt de l’Etat demandant à intervenir consiste simplsement à savoir
quel sera l’effet de la décision de la Cour sur les principes et rsègles géné -
raux de droit international (Plateau continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe
libyenne), requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1981, p. 17,
par. 30), ce qui ne constitue pas un intérêt juridique mais plutôt sun intérêt

théorique.
10. Quoi qu’il en soit, le peu de succès rencontré par l’articles 62 ne peut
être compris qu’en relation avec une évolution intervenue en pasrallèle
dans la pratique de la Cour en matière de délimitation maritime. dans ce
domaine, en effet, qu’elle fasse suite à une demande d’intervenstion ou

qu’elle considère les conséquences que peuvent avoir pour de tierces par -
ties les délimitations auxquelles elle procède, la Cour est désormais atten -
tive à ne pas empiéter sur les droits et prétentions d’autress Etats en
matière d’espaces maritimes. En l’absence de toute demande d’sinterven -
tion, la Cour a raison de protéger les intérêts ou les droits ds’Etats tiers en

arrêtant sa délimitation avant d’atteindre les zones où ces sEtats possèdent
des droits et en l’indiquant à l’aide d’une flèche (Délimitation maritime en
mer Noire (Roumanie c. Ukraine), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 100,
par. 112, p. 129, par. 209, et p. 130-131, par. 218 ; Délimitation maritime
et questions territoriales entre Qatar et Bahreïn, fond, arrêt, C.▯I.J.
Recueil 2001, p. 109, par. 221-222, et p. 115-116, par. 249-250). de fait, les

limites de sa compétence ne lui laissent pas d’autre choix. En revsanche,
lorsqu’un Etat tiers demande à intervenir, c’est-à-dire às voir mise en œuvre

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7 CIJ1019.indb 61 13/06/13 16:02 377 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. als-khasawneh)

safeguard the interests of a legal nature of third States, there is no jsustifi-

cation for falling back on the argument that as a matter of principle thse
Court will protect the interests of third States even if the area where sthey
come into play is only roughly indicated.
11. The conflation of the protection under Article 59 — which can, at
the utmost, shield third States from the effects of res judicata — and the

protection under Article 62 — which operates before the merits and hopes
to give the potentially affected State a fair hearing so as to best ensusre
that its interests are protected — has been responsible above any other
factor for the limited scope and impact of the institution of interventison.
This is regrettable, for the protection under Article 59 cannot substitute

for protection under Article 62. The protection under Article 62 is not
just quantitatively different from that afforded by Article 59 : it is of a dif-
ferent nature and operates in a different manner, giving the Court powerss
of an essentially procedural and preventative nature.

(b) Costa Rica’s Application

12. Both in its timing (coming after two cases where a breath of life

had been blown into the long moribund body of Article 62) and in rela -
tion to its facts (the two parties’ recognition of the existence of a Costa
Rican interest of a legal nature in at least some areas claimed by the msain
parties) (Judgment, para. 65), the (hopeful) expectation was that this was
a perfect occasion to put Article 62 of the Statute into effect (ut res magis

valeat quam pereat). Instead, the Judgment declined to grant permission
to Costa Rica to intervene notwithstanding, as shall be instantly demon -
strated, that all the requisites of Article 62 have been met. The reasoning
deployed in the Judgment was premised on three contentions, none of
which stands scrutiny : (a) that Costa Rica had abandoned its earlier

claim that the 1977 Facio-Fernández Treaty with Colombia and the
assumptions underlying it constitute its interests of a legal nature whisch
may be affected by the Court’s decision in the main case ; (b) that Costa
Rica should demonstrate that its interest of a legal nature “needs a spro -
tection that is not provided by the relative effect of decisions of the sCourt

under Article 59 of the Statute” (ibid., para. 87); and (c) that even with-
out defining with specificity the geographical limits of the area whsere the
interests may come into play, the Court will, as a matter of principle, s
protect third-party interests (ibid., para. 89).

13. With regard to Costa Rica’s interest of a legal nature (point (a)
above), the majority misses the point and mischaracterizes Costa Rica’ss
arguments. Costa Rica never claimed — as far as I can ascertain — that

the 1977 Treaty and its underlying assumptions are, as such, its interesst of

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7 CIJ1019.indb 62 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. al-khasawneh) 377

la procédure spécifiquement conçue, dans le Statut, pour sauvsegarder les
intérêts d’ordre juridique de tierces parties, rien ne justifise de se rabattre sur

l’argument selon lequel la Cour protégera, par principe, ses intérêts, fût-ce en
indiquant approximativement la zone dans laquelle ceux-ci entrent en jeu.
11. mais, plus qu’à tout autre facteur, c’est au télescopage entrse la pro -
tection prévue à l’article 59 — qui peut, tout au plus, mettre les Etats tiers
à l’abri des effets de l’autorité de la chose jugée — et celle offerte par

l’article 62 — qui trouve à s’appliquer avant l’examen au fond et tend à
offrir à l’Etat susceptible d’être affecté la possibilité d’être entendu, de
manière à garantir au mieux la sauvegarde de ses intérêts — que l’on peut
imputer la faible portée et l’incidence limitée de l’institustion de l’interven-
tion. Cette situation est fort regrettable, car la protection garantie psar

l’article 59 ne saurait se substituer à celle qu’offre l’article 62. Cette der -
nière ne se distingue pas uniquement d’un point de vue quantitatifs de celle
prévue par l’article 59 : elle est d’une autre nature et opère différemment,
conférant à la Cour des pouvoirs d’ordre essentiellement procésdural et
préventif.

b) Requête du Costa Rica

12. Tant pour des raisons de chronologie (en ce qu’elle fait suite à sdeux
affaires dans lesquelles un peu de vie avait été insufflée dans le texte depuis
longtemps moribond de l’article 62) que compte tenu des faits (les deux
parties ayant reconnu que le Costa Rica possédait un intérêt d’ordre juri -

dique dans certaines au moins des zones revendiquées par elles dans lsa
procédure principale) (arrêt, par. 65), il était permis de voir dans cette
affaire l’occasion parfaite de mettre en œuvre l’article 62 du Statut (ut res
magis valeat quam pereat). Au lieu de quoi la Cour, dans son arrêt, a
rejeté la demande d’intervention du Costa Rica, et ce, alors même que,

comme je le démontrerai plus loin, toutes les conditions de l’article 62
étaient réunies. Le raisonnement qu’elle a suivi était fondés sur trois affir -
mations, dont aucune ne résiste à un examen minutieux : a) le Costa Rica
avait renoncé à avancer ce qu’il avait initialement prétendu, à savoir que
le traité Facio-Fernández de 1977 qu’il avait conclu avec la Colombie et

les hypothèses sur lesquelles celui-ci reposait constituaient pour lui des
intérêts d’ordre juridique auxquels la décision de la Cour dsans la procé -
dure principale risquait de porter atteinte ; b) le Costa Rica aurait dû
démontrer que son intérêt d’ordre juridique « requ[érait] une protection
qui n’[était] pas offerte par l’effet relatif des décisions sde la Cour consacré

à l’article 59 du Statut » (ibid., par. 87) ; et c) même sans définir avec pré -
cision les limites géographiques de la zone dans laquelle pourraient sentrer
en jeu les intérêts d’Etats tiers, la Cour, par principe, protésgerait ceux-ci
(ibid., par. 89).
13. En ce qui concerne l’intérêt d’ordre juridique (point a) ci-dessus),
la majorité n’a pas pleinement saisi la logique de l’argumentatsion du

Costa Rica et en a rendu compte de manière erronée. Le Costa Rica
n’a jamais fait valoir — à ma connaissance — que le traité de 1977

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7 CIJ1019.indb 63 13/06/13 16:02 378 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. als-khasawneh)

a legal nature. That interest was clearly set out in its Application as s“[a]n
interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision of the s

Court” that is “Costa Rica’s interest in the exercise of its sosvereign rights
and jurisdiction in the maritime area in the Caribbean Sea to which it iss
entitled under international law by virtue of its coast facing on that ssea”
(Judgment, para. 54). True, Costa Rica advanced arguments regarding
the 1977 Treaty and its underlying assumptions to demonstrate how its

interests, namely in the exercise of its rights and jurisdiction, would sbe
affected by a decision of the Court on the basis of more than one possibsle
scenario. For example, the enclaving of San Andrés as Nicaragua woulds
wish, while at the same time not giving them the full weight to which thsey
are at present entitled under the 1977 Treaty, would have ramifications
for Costa Rica’s entitlements in the same area. This is not the legals inter -

est itself but rather a demonstration of how the legal interest in the esxer -
cise of sovereign rights may be affected.

14. Turning to point (b) above, namely that Costa Rica must show

that its interest of a legal nature needs protection beyond and above thsat
provided under Article 59, all I need to say — indeed reiterate since I
have already commented on this argument — is that this argument has no
foundation in law or in logic. protection under Article 59, in the sense of
shielding a non-intervening third party from the effects of res judicata,

and protection under Article 62, designed to give a would-be intervener a
chance to be heard in order to protect an interest before the merits, arse
entirely different provisions in their purpose and scope. In other wordss,
the differences between them are qualitative and not quantitative.

15. It is also somewhat ironic that the Judgment argues in para -
graph 26 for a less stringent test for what constitutes an interest of a legals
nature, but then in effect, requires a higher standard of proof than thast
based on the adequacy of the protection provided under Article 59.
16. With regard to point (c) above, namely that the Court will, as a

matter of principle, always protect third State interests, all that needs to
be said is that when there is no request for intervention this policy cosnsid -
eration (for it is nothing other than that) is commendable. However susch
protection will of necessity be speculative, rough and negative since thse
Court does not require that the geographical limits of an area where thes

interest come into play be defined by it i.e., by the Court, with specsificity
(Judgment, para. 86). moreover, requests for intervention do not always
relate to maritime or spatial delimitation. In other areas such protectison
will be even more difficult to speculate on.

17. For all these reasons, I regret that the Court has rejected Costa

Rica’s request to intervene since all the requisites for meeting the stest set
out in Article 62 of the Statute have been met.

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7 CIJ1019.indb 64 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. al-khasawneh) 378

et les hypothèses qui le sous-tendaient auraient, en tant que tels, constitué
pour lui un intérêt d’ordre juridique. dans sa requête, il avait clairement

spécifié que l’« intérêt d’ordre juridique … pour lui en cause »
concernait « l’exercice de ses droits souverains et de sa juridiction dans
l’espace maritime de la mer des Caraïbes auquel lui donn[ait] droit,
selon le droit international, sa côte bordant cette mer » (arrêt, par. 54).
Certes, il a avancé des arguments en ce qui concerne le traité de 1977

et les hypothèses sur lesquelles celui-ci reposait pour démontrer que la
décision de la Cour affecterait ses intérêts concernant l’exsercice de ses
droits et de sa juridiction dans différents cas de figure. par exemple,
l’enclavement de San Andrés, défendu par le Nicaragua, aurait pour
conséquence de ne pas donner à l’archipel le plein effet que lusi reconnaît
le traité de 1977 et aurait en même temps des répercussions sur les droits

du Costa Rica dans la même zone. Il ne s’agissait donc pas d’un intérêt
juridique proprement dit, mais d’une démonstration de la manièrse dont
l’intérêt juridique concernant l’exercice de ses droits souvserains pourrait
être affecté.
14. En ce qui concerne l’affirmation selon laquelle le Costa Rica aurait

dû démontrer que son intérêt d’ordre juridique requérasit une protection
allant au-delà de celle garantie par l’article 59 (point b) ci-dessus), je me
contenterai de dire — de réitérer, en réalité, puisque j’ai déjà fait cerstaines
observations à ce propos — qu’elle n’est fondée ni en droit ni du point de
vue de la logique. La protection prévue à l’article 59, tendant à prémunir

une tierce partie non intervenante contre les effets de la chose jugése, et
celle offerte par l’article 62, conçue pour donner à l’Etat demandant à
intervenir la possibilité d’être entendu afin de sauvegarder sun intérêt
avant l’examen de l’affaire au fond, sont totalement distinctes tasnt par
l’objectif recherché que par leur portée. En d’autres termess, ce qui les
distingue est d’ordre qualitatif et non quantitatif.

15. J’ajouterai qu’il est un rien paradoxal que la Cour défende, aus para -
graphe 26 de son arrêt, des exigences moins strictes dans le cas de l’intsérêt
d’ordre juridique, pour ensuite imposer de fait un niveau de preuve plus
élevé s’agissant du caractère suffisant de la protection prsévue à l’article 59.
16. En ce qui concerne l’affirmation selon laquelle la Cour, par prin -

cipe, protégera toujours les intérêts des tiers (point c) ci-dessus), qu’il me
suffise de dire qu’en l’absence de requête à fin d’intservention cette décla -
ration d’intention (puisqu’il ne s’agit de rien d’autre) esst parfaitement
louable. Toutefois, la protection ainsi accordée présentera nécsessairement
un caractère spéculatif, approximatif et négatif, la Cour ayants spécifié

qu’elle n’avait pas à définir avec précision les limitess géographiques de la
zone où ces intérêts pourraient entrer en jeu (arrêt, par. 86). En outre, les
demandes d’intervention ne portent pas toujours sur une délimitation
maritime ou géographique. dans d’autres domaines, il sera plus difficile
encore de déterminer la nature d’une telle protection.
17. pour toutes ces raisons, et dès lors que toutes les conditions pré -

vues à l’article 62 du Statut étaient réunies, je regrette que la Cour ait
rejeté la requête du Costa Rica à fin d’intervention.

34

7 CIJ1019.indb 65 13/06/13 16:02 379 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. als-khasawneh)

II. An Interest of a Legal Natsure

18. In the present case, Costa Rica contended that the “interest of a
legal nature” that it sought to protect under Article 62 was nothing other
than its “interest in the exercise of its sovereign rights and jurisdsiction in
the maritime area in the Caribbean Sea to which it is entitled under intser-

national law by virtue of its coast facing on that sea” (Judgment, para.54).
19. Costa Rica’s use of the expression “rights and jurisdiction” ansd the
expression “to which it is entitled” is in line with similar expresssions used
by the parties and by the Court itself in previous jurisprudence dealing

with maritime delimitation. For example, Italy, in its Application to
intervene, in the Libya/Malta Continental Shelf case, defined the concept
of “an interest of a legal nature” as “an interest of the Appliscant State
covered . . . by international legal rules or principles”, and specified its legal
interest in the case as “nothing less than respect for its sovereign rights

over certain areas of continental shelf in issue in the present case”s (Conti‑
nental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Application for Permissio▯n
to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 10-11, para. 15 and
pp. 19-22, paras. 29-33 ; emphasis added). Similarly, Nicaragua in the
Land, Island and Maritime Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras) stated as the

two objects for its intervention pursuant to Article 62 :

“[f]irst, generally to protect the legal rights of the Republic of Nica -
ragua in the gulf of Fonseca and the adjacent maritime areas by all
legal means available [and] [s]econdly, to intervene in the proceedings
in order to inform the Court of the nature of the legal rights of Nica-

ragua which are in issue in the dispute” (Land, Island and Maritime
Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras), Application for Permission
to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 108, para. 38 ; empha-
sis added).

In the Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan, the philippines
likewise defined as the object of its intervention :

“[f]irst, to preserve and safeguard the historical and legal rights . . .

of the philippines arising from its claim to dominion and sovereignty
over the territory of North Borneo, to the extent that these rights are s
affected, or may be affected, by a determination of the Court of the
question of sovereignty over pulau Ligitan and pulau Sipadan”

and

“[s]econd, to intervene in the proceedings in order to inform the Hons -
ourable Court of the nature and extent of the historical and legal

rights of the Republic of the philippines which may be affected by the

35

7 CIJ1019.indb 66 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. al-khasawneh) 379

II. Un intérêt d’ordre jsuridique

18. En l’espèce, le Costa Rica a affirmé que « l’intérêt d’ordre juri-
dique » qu’il cherchait à protéger en ayant recours à l’article 62 concernait
précisément « l’exercice de ses droits souverains et de sa juridiction dans
l’espace géographique de la mer des Caraïbes auquel lui donne dsroit,
selon le droit international, sa côte bordant cette mer » (arrêt, par. 54).

19. L’utilisation par le Costa Rica des termes « droits »et « juridiction »
et du membre de phrase «auquel lui donne droit »fait écho à l’emploi d’ex-
pressions similaires par les parties et par la Cour elle-même dans sa juris -
prudence en matière de délimitation maritime. Ainsi, dans sa requêste à fin
d’intervention en l’affaire du Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/

Malte), l’Italie, ayant défini l’«intérêt d’ordre juridique »comme «un inté-
rêt de l’Etat qui demande à intervenir, découlant … de règles ou de principes
du droit international », avait précisé que son intérêt juridique en l’instance
n’était «rien de moins que [le] respect de ses droits souverains sur certaines
zones de plateau continental en cause dans [celle-ci] » (Plateau continental

(Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte), requête à fin d’interventio ▯ n, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 10-11, par. 15, et p. 19-22, par. 29-33 ; les italiques
sont de moi). de la même façon, le Nicaragua, en l’affaire du Différend
frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/Honduras)a ,vait indi-
qué que le double objet de son intervention au titre de l’article 62 était :

«[p]remièrement, de protéger généralement, par tous les moyens
juridiques possibles, les droits de la République du Nicaragua dans

le golfe de Fonseca et dans les espaces maritimes adjacents [et]
[d]euxièmement, d’intervenir dans l’instance pour informer la Cour
de la nature des droits du Nicaragua qui sont en cause dans le
litige » (Différend frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El
Salvador/Honduras), requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.▯I.J.

Recueil 1990, p. 108, par. 38 ; les italiques sont de moi).
dans l’affaire relative à la Souveraineté sur Pulau Ligitan et Pulau Sipadan,

les philippines avaient, de même, exposé en ces termes l’objet de leur
intervention :

«[p]remièrement, de préserver et sauvegarder les droits d’ordre
historique et juridique du gouvernement … des philippines qui
découlent de la revendication de possession et de souveraineté ques ce
gouvernement forme sur le territoire du Bornéo septentrional dans la s
mesure où ces droits sont ou pourraient être mis en cause par une s

décision de la Cour relative à la question de la souveraineté ssur
pulau Ligitan et pulau Sipadan »

et
«[d]euxièmement, d’intervenir dans l’instance pour informer la Csour

de la nature et de la portée des droits d’ordre historique et juridique
de la République des philippines qui pourraient être mis en cause

35

7 CIJ1019.indb 67 13/06/13 16:02 380 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. als-khasawneh)

Court’s decision” (Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan
(Indonesia/Malaysia), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judg ‑

ment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 604, para. 84 ; emphasis added).
20. What is of direct interest in the present case is that whilst there may s

be distinctions at the theoretical level between interests of a legal nasture
and rights, the issue simply does not arise here : Costa Rica is claiming
rights, jurisdiction, as well as entitlements. This therefore was the wrong
case to try to define the concept of a legal interest by distinguishinsg it from
the concept of a right. moreover, while proposing such a distinction,

the majority did not follow it through. A lower threshold for proving
the existence of a legal interest than for a right leads one to believe
that this implies a greater readiness to grant permission to intervene, but
here the situation is otherwise : the lower threshold still leads to refusal to
grant permission. First of all, nothing turns on the distinction betweens
rights and legal interests, thus rendering such a distinction unnecessarsy.

moreover, if this is going to be a model for future judgments in intervens -
tion proceedings, the Court has inevitably placed itself, unnecessarily,s in
a straightjacket of a lower threshold for proving that an interest of a slegal
nature which may be affected existed and yet refused to grant permissions
to intervene. Would it not have been preferable to have adhered to all tshe

elements of the test of Article 62, rather than try to clarify only one of its
elements, namely the phrase “an interest of a legal nature”?

21. The expression “an interest of a legal nature” was born out of a

compromise struck in the meetings of the Advisory Committee of Jurists
charged with the drafting of the Statute of the permanent Court of Inter -
national Justice in 1920. The relevant parts of the discussion bear quotsing :

“Lord phillimore suggested the following wording :

‘Should a third State consider that a dispute submitted to the
Court affects its interests, it may request to be allowed to inter -
vene; the Court shall grant permission if it thinks fit.’

m. Fernandes agreed with Lord phillimore on principle, but wished
to make the right of intervention dependent upon certain conditions ;

for instance, it should be stated that the interests affected must be
legitimate interests.
The president thought that the solution of the question of interven -
tion should be drawn from common law. He proposed a wording
based on this idea :

‘Should a State consider that its rights may be affected by a
dispute, it may request the Court to grant it permission to inter -
vene, and the Court shall accord such permission.’

36

7 CIJ1019.indb 68 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. al-khasawneh) 380

par la décision de la Cour » (Souveraineté sur Pulau Ligitan et Pulau
Sipadan (Indonésie/Malaisie), requête à fin d’intervention▯, arrêt,

C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 604, par. 84 ; les italiques sont de moi).
20. Or, s’il peut y avoir, en théorie, une distinction entre intérêts d’ordre

juridique et droits, la question ne se pose tout simplement pas en l’sespèce:
le Costa Rica mentionne ses droits et sa juridiction. L’occasion était doncs
mal choisie de chercher à définir la notion d’intérêt jsuridique par opposi -
tion à celle de droit. En outre, même si elle a avancé une tellse distinction,
la majorité n’en a pas tiré toutes les conséquences. de ce qu’elle impose de

moindres exigences en matière de preuve lorsqu’il s’agit de désmontrer
l’existence d’un intérêt juridique que lorsqu’il s’agist de démontrer celle
d’un droit, l’on aurait pu être tenté d’inférer une plsus grande disposition
de la Cour à admettre les interventions ; or, il n’en est rien en l’espèce : si
l’exigence est moindre, la demande n’en est pas moins une fois de splus
rejetée. pour commencer, la distinction entre droit et intérêt juridique ne

portant en rien à conséquence, elle était parfaitement superflsue. de plus, si
cette décision doit servir de modèle pour ses arrêts à venirs en matière d’in -
tervention, la Cour, avec ce précédent, s’est, d’elle-même, définitivement et
inutilement placée dans un carcan, en abaissant le niveau de preuve rsequis
aux fins d’établir qu’un intérêt d’ordre juridique esst susceptible d’être

affecté, sans que cela l’ait pour autant empêchée de refusers d’admettre
l’intervention. N’eût-il pas été préférable de s’en tsenir au critère défini
globalement à l’article 62 plutôt que d’essayer d’en clarifier un élément
isolé — l’expression «un intérêt d’ordre juridique»?
21. Cette dernière expression est née d’un compromis auquel était par -

venu le comité consultatif de juristes chargé de rédiger le Stastut de la
Cour permanente de Justice internationale en 1920, au terme d’une dis -
cussion dont les parties pertinentes méritent d’être citées :

«Lord phillimore suggère la formule suivante :

«Lorsqu’un Etat tiers pense qu’un différend soumis à la Cour
touche ses intérêts, cet Etat peut former une requête aux finss
d’admission à l’intervention ; et la Cour, si bon lui semble, y fera
droit. »

m. Fernandes se trouve quant au fond d’accord avec lord phil-
limore, mais il voudrait qu’on fît dépendre le droit d’intervention de

certaines conditions: par exemple, il faudrait indiquer que les intérêts
en jeu doivent être des intérêts légitimes.
Le président croit que la solution de la question de l’intervention
doit être empruntée au droit commun ; il propose un texte basé sur
cette thèse :

«Lorsqu’un Etat estime que, dans un différend, il peut être
porté atteinte à ses droits, cet Etat peut adresser à la Cour usne
-
requête aux fins d’intervention, et la Cour peut y donner satisfsac
tion … »

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7 CIJ1019.indb 69 13/06/13 16:02 381 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. als-khasawneh)

m. Adatci suggested to amend the wording proposed by mr. Loder,
by replacing the word ‘right’ by the word ‘interest.’

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The president proposed to following new wording :

‘Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.’” (Procès‑

Verbaux of the Proceedings of the Advisory Committee of Jurists
(1920), pp. 593-594.)

22. It was not long after, that the incoherence apparent in this compro -
mise was noticed by Farag, the first commentator on the subject of intser-
vention who described the expression as “a monster that defies definition”
(W. m. Farag, L’intervention devant la Cour permanente de Justice inter ‑

nationale (articles 62 et 63 du Statut de la Cour), Librairie générale de
droit et de jurisprudence, 1927, p. 59). It is apparent that the Committee
of Jurists was concerned with excluding any intervention of a political,s
economic or strategic nature but, inopportune as the compromise was,
there is nothing in the travaux préparatoires to suggest that the Commit -
tee intended (nor logically could) create a third category, a hybrid wshich

is neither a right nor an interest.
23. It is remarkable that notwithstanding the inherent contradiction of
the phrase “an interest of a legal nature”, it nevertheless gaineds accep -
tance and currency in legal parlance relating to intervention and was
rarely commented on. A notable exception is however to be found in

Judge Roberto Ago’s dissenting opinion in Continental Shelf (Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) :

“However, I feel it is being overlooked here that the fact of a thirds
State asserting the existence of a right of its own (an interest of a legal
nature being nothing other than a right) in a field constituting the

subject-matter of a dispute between two other States, is the very
essence and raison d’être of the institution of intervention in its strict -
est and most uncontroversial sense. It was for the very purpose of
protecting the potential rights of third parties that the institution wass
devised and enshrined in Article 62 of the Statute.” (Continental Shelf

(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Application for Permission to Inter ‑
vene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, dissenting opinion of Judge Ago,
p. 124, para. 16 ; emphasis added.)

24. Whilst it is true that it was only Judge Ago — as far as I could ascer -
tain — who addressed the question of legal interests being nothing other
than rights, this does not mean that there was general acceptance that tshey
are different from each other. On the contrary, any reading of the case slaw,

whether relating to intervention or whether dealing, more generally, witsh
the potential effects of the Court’s decisions on third States, reveasls that the

37

7 CIJ1019.indb 70 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. al-khasawneh) 381

m. Adatci propose d’amender le texte proposé par m. Loder en y
remplaçant le mot « droit» par le mot « intérêt».

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Le président propose la nouvelle formule suivante :

«Lorsqu’un Etat estime que, dans un différend, un intérêt
d’ordre juridique le concernant est pour lui en cause, il peut adres-
ser à la Cour une requête, à fin d’intervention. » » (Procès‑verbaux

des séances du comité consultatif de juristes (1920), p. 593-594.)

22. Très rapidement, m. Farag, qui fut le premier à commenter l’insti -
tution de l’intervention, nota l’incohérence que révélaits ce compromis,
qualifiant de « monstre presque indéfinissable » l’expression « intérêt
d’ordre juridique » (W. m. Farag, L’intervention devant la Cour perma ‑

nente de Justice internationale (articles 62 et 63 du Statut de la Cour),
Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1927, p. 59). A l’évidence,
le comité de juristes était soucieux d’exclure toute interventison de nature
politique, économique ou stratégique, mais, pour inopportun que fûst le
compromis, il n’est rien dans les travaux préparatoires qui laisses penser
que le comité entendait (ou aurait pu, sans faire entorse à la losgique) créer

une troisième catégorie, un hybride qui ne fût ni un droit ni usn intérêt.
23. Il est remarquable que, malgré la contradiction intrinsèque de l’sex -
pression «intérêt d’ordre juridique», cette notion en soit néanmoins venue
à être acceptée, pour avoir finalement largement cours, dans sle langage
juridique propre à l’intervention et n’ait suscité que de rares commen -

taires — avec toutefois une exception notable, que l’on trouve dans l’opi -
nion dissidente du juge Roberto Ago en l’affaire du Plateau continental
(Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte) :

«mais l’on me semble oublier que le fait pour un Etat tiers d’affirs -
mer l’existence d’un droit propre (un intérêt d’ordre juridique n’est
pas autre chose qu’un droit) dans un domaine faisant l’objet d’un dif -

férend entre deux autres Etats est l’essence même, la raison d’sêtre de
l’institution de l’intervention dans son sens le plus strict et les plus
indiscutable. C’est précisément pour protéger les droits ésventuels des
tiers que cette institution a été conçue et consacrée à ls’article 62 du
Statut. » (Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte),

requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, opinion dissi -
dente du juge Ago, p. 124, par. 16 ; les italiques sont de moi.)

24. S’il est exact que le juge Ago — à ma connaissance — soit le seul à
avoir mentionné que les intérêts juridiques n’étaient rien d’autre que des
droits, il n’était pas pour autant unanimement admis qu’il s’sagissait de
deux notions distinctes. Au contraire, une lecture de la jurisprudence rela -

tive à l’intervention, comme, plus généralement, aux effets spotentiels des
décisions de la Cour pour des Etats tiers, révèle que les termess « droit» et

37

7 CIJ1019.indb 71 13/06/13 16:02 382 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. als-khasawneh)

words “right”, “legal interests” and “entitlements” arse used interchange -
ably (see for example, Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v.

Ukraine), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, pp. 128-129, paras. 208-209, and
pp. 130-131, para. 218 ; Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan
(Indonesia/Malaysia), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment ▯ ,
I.C.J. Reports 2001, pp. 596-597, paras. 49-51 and p. 598, para. 60 ; Land
and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nige ‑

ria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 421,
para. 238 and p. 432, para. 269; Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute
(El Salvador/Honduras), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1990, pp. 130-131, paras. 89-90 and 92).
25. This being the case with regard to the jurisprudence of the Court
what remains to be explored — briefly — is whether legal reasoning

admits of a hybrid category of legal interests that falls short of rightss, or
to be more precise, of asserted rights. The concepts of rights and intersests
are of course among the basic tools of lawyers and the Court had a
chance, in a celebrated passage in paragraph 46 of its Judgment in the
Barcelona Traction, to draw a distinction between the two concepts :

“[n]ot a mere interest affected, but solely a right infringed” (Barcelona
Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, (Belgium v. Spain), Second
Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 36, para. 46). However when the
word “interest” is qualified by the adjective “legal”, we sare of necessity
expressing the concept of “rights” through other words. Thus, if Csosta

Rica’s interest is not to have Nicaragua as its neighbour in the maritime
area under consideration that would definitely be a strategic or a polsitical
interest but not a legal interest. If malta seeks to intervene simply on the
basis that it has “an interest” in the Court’s pronouncement ins the case
regarding the applicable general principle and rules of international law
(Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Application for Pe▯r‑

mission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 17, para. 30), that
interest is an academic interest and it is significant that the Court sreferred
to this as “an interest” and not as a “legal interest”. To msy mind a legal
interest cannot but be a right asserted.
26. paragraph 26 of this Judgment in fact recognizes this, stating, inter

alia: “Article 62 requires the interest relied upon by the State seeking to
intervene to be of a legal nature, in the sense that this interest has tso be
the object of a real and concrete claim of that State, based on law”.s

27. If a real and concrete claim based on law is not an assertion of a

right or rights, what is? I also fail to discern the causal link betweens this
statement and the last paragraph of paragraph 26 which reads : “[a]ccord-
ingly, an interest of a legal nature within the meaning of Article 62 does
not benefit from the same protection as an established right and is not
subject to the same requirements in terms of proof”.

28. The contents of this sentence do not flow from the arguments
advanced in the first sentence, but even as a proposition standing on sits

38

7 CIJ1019.indb 72 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. al-khasawneh) 382

«intérêts juridiques » ont été employés de manière interchangeable (voir,
par exemple, Délimitation maritime en mer Noire (Roumanie c. Ukraine),

arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 128-129, par. 208-209, et p. 130-131, par. 218;
Souveraineté sur Pulau Ligitan et Pulau Sipadan (Indonésie/Malaisie),
requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 596-597, par. 49-
51, et p. 598, par. 60 ; Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et
le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria ; Guinée équatoriale (intervenant)), arrêt,

C.I.J. Recueil 2002, p. 421, par. 238, et p. 432, par. 269 ; et Différend fron‑
talier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/Honduras), requête à fin
d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1990, p. 130-131, par. 89-90 et 92).

25. Tel étant ce qui ressort de la jurisprudence de la Cour, il reste às se
demander — brièvement — si la logique juridique admet une catégorie

hybride d’intérêts juridiques qui ne seraient pas tout à faist des droits ou,
plus exactement, des revendications de droits. droit et intérêt figurent
bien évidemment parmi les notions de base utilisées par les juristses, et la
Cour a eu l’occasion, dans un célèbre passage de son arrêt esn l’affaire de
la Barcelona Traction, d’établir entre eux la distinction suivante: «[l]a res-

ponsabilité n’est pas engagée si un simple intérêt est tosuché ; elle ne l’est
que si un droit est violé » (Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company,
Limited (Belgique c. Espagne), deuxième phase, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1970,
p. 36, par. 46). Toutefois, lorsque le mot « intérêt» est qualifié de « juri-
dique», il ne peut s’agir, exprimé sous une autre forme, que d’uns droit.

Ainsi, si l’intérêt du Costa Rica est d’éviter d’avoir le Nicaragua pour
voisin dans la zone maritime en cause, il s’agit indubitablement d’sun inté-
rêt stratégique ou politique, mais pas juridique. Si malte cherche à inter -
venir au simple motif qu’elle a « un intérêt» à l’égard des prononcés de la
Cour concernant les principes et règles généraux de droit intersnational
(Plateau continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne), requête à▯ fin

d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1981, p. 17, par. 30), son intérêt est un
intérêt théorique, et l’on relèvera d’ailleurs que la Cour a employé à cet
égard le mot « intérêt» sans le qualificatif « juridique». pour moi, un inté-
rêt juridique ne peut être autre chose qu’une revendication de sdroits.
26. du reste, la Cour le reconnaît lorsque, au paragraphe 26 de son

arrêt, elle indique que « [l]’article 62 requiert que l’intérêt dont se prévaut
l’Etat qui demande à intervenir soit d’ordre juridique, dans les sens où
cet intérêt doit faire l’objet d’une prétention concrète est réelle de cet Etat,
fondée sur le droit».
27. Qu’est-ce donc, en effet, qu’une prétention réelle et concrèste fondée

sur le droit sinon l’affirmation d’un ou plusieurs droits ? par ailleurs, je ne
parviens pas à discerner le lien de cause à effet entre cette désclaration et le
dernier alinéa du paragraphe 26, qui se lit comme suit: «dès lors, l’intérêt
d’ordre juridique visé à l’article 62 ne bénéficie pas de la même protection
qu’un droit établi et n’est pas soumis aux mêmes exigences en matière de
preuve. »

28. Cette proposition ne découle effectivement pas de ce qui précèdse.
mais, même prise indépendamment, elle ne va pas de soi ni ne dit grsand-

38

7 CIJ1019.indb 73 13/06/13 16:02 383 territorial and maristime dispute (diss. op. als-khasawneh)

own, it is neither self-evident nor does it say much. Thus, even if one were
to accept arguendo that a right and an interest of a legal nature can be
different, it does not follow that they will always be different. A righst can
be seen as a form of a legal interest, namely, when a State claims that sits

interest is to exercise a right in a maritime area.

29. Ultimately, the out-of-context elaboration of the expression “an
interest of a legal nature” does not bring one nearer to understanding that

concept nor will it be of help to counsel or to the Court. On the contrary,
this attempt seems to be terminally confused.

(Signed) Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh.

39

7 CIJ1019.indb 74 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (op. disss. al-khasawneh) 383

chose. Ainsi, même si l’on devait admettre, pour les besoins de l’sargumen -
tation, qu’un droit et un intérêt d’ordre juridique puissents constituer deux
choses distinctes, il ne s’ensuivrait pas qu’ils le soient toujourss. Un droit
peut être considéré comme une forme d’intérêt juridiquse, comme c’est le
cas lorsqu’un Etat prétend que l’intérêt pour lui en causse consiste à exer -

cer un droit dans une zone maritime.
29. Enfin, l’analyse, hors contexte, de l’expression « intérêt d’ordre
juridique» ne permet pas de mieux cerner cette notion et ne sera utile ni
aux conseils ni à la Cour. Au contraire, cette tentative de l’ésclairer me
semble avoir été peine perdue.

(Signé) Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh.

39

7 CIJ1019.indb 75 13/06/13 16:02

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Judge Al-Khasawneh

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