Declaration of Judge ad hoc Guillaume

Document Number
136-20080604-JUD-01-08-EN
Parent Document Number
136-20080604-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

288

DECLARATION OF JUDGE AD HOC GUILLAUME

[Translation]

Jurisdiction — Reference to the Court pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 5, of
the Rules of the Court — Scope of the consent given by the Parties — The
Court lacks jurisdiction to entertain new claims not formulated in the Applica-
tion.

1. This is the first time in the Court’s history that a case has been
referred to it pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules, according
to which:

“When the applicant State proposes to found the jurisdiction of
the Court upon a consent thereto yet to be given or manifested by
the State against which such application is made, the application
shall be transmitted to that State. It shall not however be entered in
the General List, nor any action be taken in the proceedings, unless

and until the State against which such application is made consents
to the Court’s jurisdiction for the purposes of the case.”

2. In this case, on 9 January 2006, Djibouti brought an action against
France based on Article 38, paragraph 5, expressing its confidence “that
the French Republic will agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the Court
to settle the present dispute”. By letter of 25 July 2006, France accepted
the jurisdiction of the Court “within the meaning of Article 38, para-

graph 5”, but made it clear that its consent applied “only for the pur-
poses of the case, i.e. in respect of the dispute forming the subject of the
Application and strictly within the limits of the claims formulated
therein”.
3. As paragraph 48 of the Judgment reminds us, in this case, as in any

other, it is necessary to determine the scope of the consent given by the
parties to the Court’s jurisdiction. Furthermore, it is stressed in para-
graph 62 of the Judgment that:

“The consent allowing for the Court to assume jurisdiction must
be certain. That is so, no more and no less, for jurisdiction based on
forum prorogatum. As the Court has recently explained, whatever
the basis of consent, the attitude of the respondent State must ‘be

capable of being regarded as ‘an unequivocal indication’ of the
desire of that State to accept the Court’s jurisdiction in a ‘voluntary
and indisputable manner’.”

4. A court’s jurisdiction is determined in the light of the claims sub-
mitted by the parties on which that court will be required to rule in the
operative part of its judgment. In this case, it is therefore necessary to

115 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL. GUILLAUME ) 289

establish what claims Djibouti submitted and the extent to which France
consented to the Court adjudicating on those claims.
5. In the final version of its submissions, Djibouti presented three sets
of claims to the Court:

(a) the first set relates to the execution by France of the letter rogatory

which Djibouti addressed to France on 3 November 2004;
(b) the second set relates to the decisions taken by the French investi-
gating judges before the Application was filed, i.e. the witness sum-
mons addressed to the President of the Republic of Djibouti on
17 May 2005 and the summonses to appear as témoins assistés

(legally assisted witnesses) addressed to two senior Djiboutian offi-
cials on 3 and 4 November 2004 and 17 June 2005;
(c) the third set relates to the decisions taken by the investigating judges
after the Application had been filed, i.e. the witness summons
addressed to the President of the Republic of Djibouti on 14 Feb-

ruary 2007 and the arrest warrants issued on 27 September 2006
against two senior Djiboutian officials.

6. France recognizes that the Court has jurisdiction to rule on the first
set of claims. It objects to the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae in
relation to the second set, and on grounds which it defines as ratione tem-
poris in relation to the third.

7. The Court has to determine whether or not, in its letter of
25 July 2006, France consented to the Court adjudicating on the second
and third sets of claims. To answer this question, it is necessary to exam-
ine Djibouti’s original submissions and France’s letter of consent, which
the Court has done.

8. At first sight, Djibouti’s Application appears to be limited in scope.
In paragraph 1, it is presented as an application concerning the violation
by France of its “international obligations in respect of mutual assistance
in criminal matters”. According to paragraph 2, “[t]he subject of the dis-
pute” concerns the refusal by the French governmental and judicial

authorities to execute an international letter rogatory regarding the trans-
mission to the judicial authorities in Djibouti of the “Borrel file”. Con-
sequently, the Court entitled the case between Djibouti and France:
“Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters”.

9. However, in paragraph 4, headed “Nature of the Claim”, the Appli-

cation proceeds to list a series of considerations which — following a
practice which is unfortunately all too common — mix together, in an
extremely confused way, submissions and the grounds supporting them
(for the Court’s condemnation of this practice, see the case concerning
Minquiers and Ecrehos, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1953 , p. 52). Para-

graph 4 (h) (ii) of this extensive list requests the Court to declare that
France must

“withdraw and cancel the summonses of the Head of State of the

116 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL . GUILLAUME ) 290

Republic of Djibouti and of internationally protected Djiboutian
nationals to testify as témoins assistés [legally represented witnesses]
in respect of subornation of perjury in the ‘Case against X for the
murder of Bernard Borrel’”.

It will be noted that:

— this claim is formulated in only the briefest of terms;
— it is inaccurate as regards the President of the Republic of Djibouti,

since he was not summoned to testify as a témoin assisté ;

— the Application does not mention the positions or names of the other
Djiboutian nationals affected by the summonses to which the claim
refers;

— the proceedings instituted in France in respect of subornation of per-
jury are confused with those concerning the death of Bernard Borrel.

Nonetheless, the Application did contain claims in respect of the sum-
monses addressed to the Djiboutian Head of State and to two other Dji-
boutian nationals by the French investigating judges.
10. France consented to the Court’s jurisdiction in respect of “the dis-
pute forming the subject of the Application and strictly within the limits

of the claims formulated therein”. It therefore placed two conditions on
its consent to the Court’s jurisdiction. That consent applies:

(1) to the dispute forming the subject of the Application;
(2) strictly within the limits of the claims formulated therein.

11. Consequently, France did not consent to the Court’s jurisdiction
to adjudicate on claims which were not formulated in the Application. In
other words, and as admirably specified by the Court in paragraph 83 of

its Judgment: “France had intended to prevent Djibouti from presenting
claims at a later stage of the proceedings which might have fallen within
the subject of the dispute but which would have been new claims”.
12. The Court does not, therefore, have jurisdiction to deal with the
arrest warrants and summonses issued after the Application was filed.

The Court rightly took that view in relation to the arrest warrants of
27 September 2006. However, it found that it did have jurisdiction to rule
on the summons addressed to the Djiboutian Head of State on 14 Feb-
ruary 2007, pointing out in paragraph 91 of the Judgment that this sum-
mons was “but a repetition” of the preceding one of 17 May 2005. That
is far from the case: the procedure applied in 2007 differed from that

applied in 2005 and, if the Djiboutian Head of State had agreed to testify,
his statement would have had to be taken not by investigating Judge Clé-
ment, but in writing by the President of the Court of Appeal or the judge
delegated by him, pursuant to Article 656 of the French Code of Crimi-
nal Procedure. Furthermore, over a period of nearly two years, there had

been developments in the case, and the questions put to the Head of State
would not necessarily have been the same as in 2005. Djibouti’s claim in

117 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL . GUILLAUME ) 291

relation to this new summons constituted a fresh claim, and did not fall
within the Court’s jurisdiction as defined in France’s letter of 25 July 2006.
13. The position is somewhat different as regards the summonses that
pre-dated the Application. Djibouti did present claims in its Application

relating to these summonses. Those claims were certainly brief, shrouded
in confusion and contained material errors. However, France was able to
identify them without great difficulty. Consequently, the second of the
conditions laid down by France in its consent to the Court’s jurisdiction
is satisfied in respect of the summonses pre-dating the Application.

14. It thus remains to be seen whether the first condition is satisfied
too: do these claims fall within “the dispute forming the subject of the
Application”? If the Application had been drafted in a normal way, there
would be no doubt on this point: the subject of an application consists in

the various claims presented by the applicant State; a dispute exists
between the Parties as regards the determination of those claims. Usual-
ly, the claims, the subject of the Application and the subject of the dis-
pute are one and the same.
15. The problem in this case stems from the difference between:

(a) the subject of the Application, as set out in paragraph 2 thereof; and

(b) the claims regarding the contested summonses, which do not fall
within the subject of the Application as thus defined.

Such a presentation is unfortunate. Admittedly, the Court is not
required to attach to matters of form the same degree of importance
which they might possess in municipal law (Mavrommatis Palestine Con-
cessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2 ,p.34; Applica-
tion of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of

Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objec-
tions, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II) , p. 613, para. 26). But it is to
be regretted that the Parties should foster such confusion in the way that
they present their applications. I would therefore be inclined to take the
view that, once the subject of an application has been defined in accord-

ance with Article 40 of the Statute and Article 38 of the Rules of Court,
any submissions which fall outside that subject are inadmissible.
16. France did not, however, draw attention to these shortcomings
when it expressed its consent to the Court’s jurisdiction; nor did it
specify, at that point, that it was consenting to that jurisdiction solely in
respect of those claims falling within the subject of the dispute as defined

in paragraph 2 of the Application.
17. In these circumstances, the Court was faced with a very confused
Application and a somewhat elliptical consent to jurisdiction. It could
have focused on the shortcomings of either one or the other. It decided to
treat the former as a normal application, and concluded that France had

consented to its jurisdiction in respect of all the claims which Djibouti
had formulated in the Application. That decision is understandable in

118 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL . GUILLAUME ) 292

law, but it seems to me to set a bad precedent. It is, in fact, likely to
encourage the submission of applications drafted — sometimes deliber-
ately — with a complete lack of rigour, and to inhibit the use of Arti-

cle 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court. I have supported it in the
interest of Franco-Djiboutian relations, in order to secure a more com-
prehensive settlement of the dispute, but wished to record here my regrets
and my concerns.

(Signed) Gilbert G UILLAUME .

119

Bilingual Content

288

DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE AD HOC GUILLAUME

Compétence — Saisine de la Cour conformément à l’article 38, paragraphe 5,
du Règlement de la Cour — Etendue du consentement donné par les Parties —
Cour incompétente pour connaître de demandes nouvelles non formulées dans la
requête.

1. Cette affaire est la première dans l’histoire de la Cour où celle-ci a
été saisie conformément au paragraphe 5 de l’article 38 du Règlement,
selon lequel:

«Lorsque le demandeur entend fonder la compétence de la Cour
sur un consentement non encore donné ou manifesté par l’Etat
contre lequel la requête est formée, la requête est transmise à cet
Etat. Toutefois, elle n’est pas inscrite au rôle général de la Cour et
aucun acte de procédure n’est effectué tant que l’Etat contre lequel

la requête est formée n’a pas accepté la compétence de la Cour aux
fins de l’affaire.»

2. En l’espèce, Djibouti a introduit, le 9 janvier 2006, une instance
contre la France en se référant au paragraphe 5 de l’article 38 et en se
déclarant «confiant[e] que la République française acceptera de se sou-
mettre à la compétence de la Cour pour le règlement du présent diffé-
rend». La France, par lettre du 25 juillet 2006, a accepté la compétence

de la Cour «en application et sur le seul fondement de l’article 38, para-
graphe 5», tout en précisant que cette acceptation «ne [valait] qu’aux
fins de l’affaire ... c’est-à-dire pour le différend qui a fait l’objet de la
requête et dans les strictes limites des demandes formulées dans celle-ci».
3. Comme il est rappelé au paragraphe 48 de l’arrêt, il convient en

l’espèce, comme en toute autre affaire, de rechercher l’étendue du consen-
tement donné par les Parties à la compétence de la Cour. En outre, ainsi
qu’il est souligné au paragraphe 62:

«L’acceptation permettant à la Cour d’asseoir sa compétence doit
être avérée. Cela vaut que sa compétence soit fondée sur le forum
prorogatum ou non. Comme la Cour l’a rappelé récemment, quelle
que soit la source du consentement, l’attitude de l’Etat défendeur

doit «pouvoir être regardée comme une «manifestation non équi-
voque» de la volonté de cet Etat d’accepter de manière «volontaire,
indiscutable» la compétence de la Cour».»

4. La compétence d’une juridiction s’apprécie au regard des demandes
présentées par les parties sur lesquelles cette juridiction aura à se pronon-
cer dans le dispositif de son jugement. Il convient donc en l’espèce de

115 288

DECLARATION OF JUDGE AD HOC GUILLAUME

[Translation]

Jurisdiction — Reference to the Court pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 5, of
the Rules of the Court — Scope of the consent given by the Parties — The
Court lacks jurisdiction to entertain new claims not formulated in the Applica-
tion.

1. This is the first time in the Court’s history that a case has been
referred to it pursuant to Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules, according
to which:

“When the applicant State proposes to found the jurisdiction of
the Court upon a consent thereto yet to be given or manifested by
the State against which such application is made, the application
shall be transmitted to that State. It shall not however be entered in
the General List, nor any action be taken in the proceedings, unless

and until the State against which such application is made consents
to the Court’s jurisdiction for the purposes of the case.”

2. In this case, on 9 January 2006, Djibouti brought an action against
France based on Article 38, paragraph 5, expressing its confidence “that
the French Republic will agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the Court
to settle the present dispute”. By letter of 25 July 2006, France accepted
the jurisdiction of the Court “within the meaning of Article 38, para-

graph 5”, but made it clear that its consent applied “only for the pur-
poses of the case, i.e. in respect of the dispute forming the subject of the
Application and strictly within the limits of the claims formulated
therein”.
3. As paragraph 48 of the Judgment reminds us, in this case, as in any

other, it is necessary to determine the scope of the consent given by the
parties to the Court’s jurisdiction. Furthermore, it is stressed in para-
graph 62 of the Judgment that:

“The consent allowing for the Court to assume jurisdiction must
be certain. That is so, no more and no less, for jurisdiction based on
forum prorogatum. As the Court has recently explained, whatever
the basis of consent, the attitude of the respondent State must ‘be

capable of being regarded as ‘an unequivocal indication’ of the
desire of that State to accept the Court’s jurisdiction in a ‘voluntary
and indisputable manner’.”

4. A court’s jurisdiction is determined in the light of the claims sub-
mitted by the parties on which that court will be required to rule in the
operative part of its judgment. In this case, it is therefore necessary to

115289 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE DÉCL . GUILLAUME )

rechercher quelles sont les demandes présentées par Djibouti et dans quelle
mesure la France a consenti à ce que la Cour statue sur ces demandes.
5. Dans le dernier état de ses conclusions, Djibouti a soumis à la Cour

trois séries de demandes:

a) les premières concernent l’exécution par la France de la commission
rogatoire adressée par Djibouti à la France le 3 novembre 2004;
b) les deuxièmes concernent des décisions prises par les juges d’instruc-
tion français avant l’introduction de la requête, à savoir la convoca-
tion en tant que témoin adressée le 17 mai 2005 au président de la

République de Djibouti, et les convocations en tant que témoins
assistés adressées les 3 et 4 novembre 2004 et 17 juin 2005 à deux
hauts fonctionnaires djiboutiens;
c) les troisièmes concernent des décisions prises par les juges d’instruc-
tion après l’introduction de la requête, à savoir la convocation en tant

que témoin adressée le 14 février 2007 au président de la République
de Djibouti, et les mandats d’arrêt délivrés le 27 septembre 2006 à
l’encontre des deux hauts fonctionnaires djiboutiens.

6. La France reconnaît que la Cour a compétence pour statuer sur la
première série de conclusions. Elle oppose une exception d’incompétence

ratione materiae à la deuxième série et une exception qu’elle qualifie de
ratione temporis à la troisième.
7. La question qui se pose à la Cour est de déterminer si la France
avait ou non consenti dans sa lettre du 25 juillet 2006 à ce que la Cour
statue sur ces deux dernières séries de demandes. Pour répondre à cette

question, il convient, comme la Cour l’a fait, d’analyser les conclusions
initiales de Djibouti et la lettre d’acceptation de la France.
8. La requête introductive d’instance de Djibouti semble à première
vue d’une portée limitée. Elle se présente en son paragraphe premier
comme une requête pour violation par la France de «ses obligations

internationales se rattachant à l’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale».
«L’objet du différend», selon le paragraphe 2, porte sur le refus des auto-
rités gouvernementales et judiciaires françaises d’exécuter une commis-
sion rogatoire internationale concernant la transmission aux autorités

judiciaires djiboutiennes du dossier «Borrel». Aussi la Cour a-t-elle inti-
tulé l’affaire opposant Djibouti à la France: «Certaines questions concer-
nant l’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale».
9. Toutefois la requête se poursuit en son paragraphe 4, intitulé «nature
de la demande», par des développements qui, selon une pratique mal-

heureusement trop répandue, mêlent, dans la plus grande confusion,
conclusions et moyens développés à l’appui de ces conclusions (pour la
condamnation par la Cour de cette pratique, voir l’affaire des Min-
quiers et Ecréhous, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1953 , p. 52). Dans cette longue
énumération figure au paragraphe 4, alinéa h), point ii), une demande

tendant à ce que la Cour décide que la France doit

«retirer et mettre à néant les convocations en qualité de témoins

116 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL. GUILLAUME ) 289

establish what claims Djibouti submitted and the extent to which France
consented to the Court adjudicating on those claims.
5. In the final version of its submissions, Djibouti presented three sets
of claims to the Court:

(a) the first set relates to the execution by France of the letter rogatory

which Djibouti addressed to France on 3 November 2004;
(b) the second set relates to the decisions taken by the French investi-
gating judges before the Application was filed, i.e. the witness sum-
mons addressed to the President of the Republic of Djibouti on
17 May 2005 and the summonses to appear as témoins assistés

(legally assisted witnesses) addressed to two senior Djiboutian offi-
cials on 3 and 4 November 2004 and 17 June 2005;
(c) the third set relates to the decisions taken by the investigating judges
after the Application had been filed, i.e. the witness summons
addressed to the President of the Republic of Djibouti on 14 Feb-

ruary 2007 and the arrest warrants issued on 27 September 2006
against two senior Djiboutian officials.

6. France recognizes that the Court has jurisdiction to rule on the first
set of claims. It objects to the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae in
relation to the second set, and on grounds which it defines as ratione tem-
poris in relation to the third.

7. The Court has to determine whether or not, in its letter of
25 July 2006, France consented to the Court adjudicating on the second
and third sets of claims. To answer this question, it is necessary to exam-
ine Djibouti’s original submissions and France’s letter of consent, which
the Court has done.

8. At first sight, Djibouti’s Application appears to be limited in scope.
In paragraph 1, it is presented as an application concerning the violation
by France of its “international obligations in respect of mutual assistance
in criminal matters”. According to paragraph 2, “[t]he subject of the dis-
pute” concerns the refusal by the French governmental and judicial

authorities to execute an international letter rogatory regarding the trans-
mission to the judicial authorities in Djibouti of the “Borrel file”. Con-
sequently, the Court entitled the case between Djibouti and France:
“Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters”.

9. However, in paragraph 4, headed “Nature of the Claim”, the Appli-

cation proceeds to list a series of considerations which — following a
practice which is unfortunately all too common — mix together, in an
extremely confused way, submissions and the grounds supporting them
(for the Court’s condemnation of this practice, see the case concerning
Minquiers and Ecrehos, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1953 , p. 52). Para-

graph 4 (h) (ii) of this extensive list requests the Court to declare that
France must

“withdraw and cancel the summonses of the Head of State of the

116290 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (DÉCL. GUILLAUME )

assistés du chef de l’Etat de la République de Djibouti et de ressor-
tissants djiboutiens jouissant d’une protection internationale pour
subornation de témoins dans l’Affaire contre X du chef d’assassinat

sur la personne de Bernard Borrel ».

On notera que:
— cette demande ne fait l’objet que d’un bref développement;

— ce développement est erroné en ce qui concerne le président de la
République de Djibouti, puisque celui-ci n’a pas été convoqué en tant
que témoin assisté;
— la requête ne mentionne ni la qualité ni le nom des autres ressortis-
sants djiboutiens concernés par les convocations évoquées;

— la procédure engagée en France pour subornation de témoins est
confondue avec celle concernant le décès de Bernard Borrel.

Il n’en reste pas moins que la requête contenait des demandes concer-
nant les convocations par les juges d’instruction français du chef de l’Etat
djiboutien et de deux autres ressortissants de ce pays.

10. La France a accepté la compétence de la Cour pour ce qui est du
«différend qui fait l’objet de la requête et dans les strictes limites des
demandes formulées dans celle-ci». Elle a donc posé deux conditions à
son acceptation de la compétence de la Cour. Cette acceptation concerne:

1) le différend faisant l’objet de la requête;
2) dans les strictes limites des demandes formulées dans ladite requête.

11. Ainsi, la France n’a pas accepté la compétence de la Cour pour

statuer sur des demandes non formulées dans la requête. En d’autres ter-
mes et comme l’a excellemment précisé la Cour au paragraphe 83 de son
jugement, «la France a entendu empêcher Djibouti de présenter, à un
stade ultérieur de la procédure, des demandes qui, bien que pouvant ren-
trer dans l’objet du litige, auraient été nouvelles».

12. La Cour est dès lors incompétente pour connaître des mandats
d’arrêt et convocations délivrés après le dépôt de la requête. La Cour en
a à juste titre décidé ainsi pour ce qui est des mandats d’arrêt du 27 sep-
tembre 2006. Elle s’est en revanche déclarée compétente pour statuer sur

la convocation du chef de l’Etat djiboutien du 14 février 2007 en souli-
gnant au paragraphe 91 de l’arrêt que cette convocation n’était qu’une
«simple répétition» de celle du 17 mai 2005. Or il n’en est rien: la pro-
cédure suivie était différente en 2007 de celle de 2005 et, si le chef de
l’Etat djiboutien avait accepté de témoigner, sa déposition aurait dû être

reçue non par le juge d’instruction Clément, mais par écrit par le premier
président de la cour d’appel ou par le magistrat délégué par lui confor-
mément à l’article 656 du Code de procédure pénale français. En outre,
en près de deux années, le dossier avait évolué et les questions posées au
chef de l’Etat n’auraient pas nécessairement été les mêmes qu’en 2005. La

demande de Djibouti relative à cette nouvelle convocation constituait une

117 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL . GUILLAUME ) 290

Republic of Djibouti and of internationally protected Djiboutian
nationals to testify as témoins assistés [legally represented witnesses]
in respect of subornation of perjury in the ‘Case against X for the
murder of Bernard Borrel’”.

It will be noted that:

— this claim is formulated in only the briefest of terms;
— it is inaccurate as regards the President of the Republic of Djibouti,

since he was not summoned to testify as a témoin assisté ;

— the Application does not mention the positions or names of the other
Djiboutian nationals affected by the summonses to which the claim
refers;

— the proceedings instituted in France in respect of subornation of per-
jury are confused with those concerning the death of Bernard Borrel.

Nonetheless, the Application did contain claims in respect of the sum-
monses addressed to the Djiboutian Head of State and to two other Dji-
boutian nationals by the French investigating judges.
10. France consented to the Court’s jurisdiction in respect of “the dis-
pute forming the subject of the Application and strictly within the limits

of the claims formulated therein”. It therefore placed two conditions on
its consent to the Court’s jurisdiction. That consent applies:

(1) to the dispute forming the subject of the Application;
(2) strictly within the limits of the claims formulated therein.

11. Consequently, France did not consent to the Court’s jurisdiction
to adjudicate on claims which were not formulated in the Application. In
other words, and as admirably specified by the Court in paragraph 83 of

its Judgment: “France had intended to prevent Djibouti from presenting
claims at a later stage of the proceedings which might have fallen within
the subject of the dispute but which would have been new claims”.
12. The Court does not, therefore, have jurisdiction to deal with the
arrest warrants and summonses issued after the Application was filed.

The Court rightly took that view in relation to the arrest warrants of
27 September 2006. However, it found that it did have jurisdiction to rule
on the summons addressed to the Djiboutian Head of State on 14 Feb-
ruary 2007, pointing out in paragraph 91 of the Judgment that this sum-
mons was “but a repetition” of the preceding one of 17 May 2005. That
is far from the case: the procedure applied in 2007 differed from that

applied in 2005 and, if the Djiboutian Head of State had agreed to testify,
his statement would have had to be taken not by investigating Judge Clé-
ment, but in writing by the President of the Court of Appeal or the judge
delegated by him, pursuant to Article 656 of the French Code of Crimi-
nal Procedure. Furthermore, over a period of nearly two years, there had

been developments in the case, and the questions put to the Head of State
would not necessarily have been the same as in 2005. Djibouti’s claim in

117291 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE DÉCL . GUILLAUME )

nouvelle demande et n’entrait pas dans la compétence de la Cour telle
que fixée dans la lettre de la France du 25 juillet 2006.

13. La situation est quelque peu différente pour ce qui est des convo-
cations antérieures à la requête. Djibouti avait en effet présenté dans sa
requête des demandes concernant ces convocations. Ces demandes étaient
certes brèves, noyées dans des développements confus, et comportaient
des erreurs substantielles. Mais la France pouvait les identifier sans dif-

ficulté majeure. Dès lors, la seconde des conditions posées par la France
à l’acceptation de la compétence de la Cour est remplie en ce qui
concerne les convocations antérieures à la requête.
14. Reste à savoir si la première condition l’est aussi: ces demandes

entraient-elles dans «le différend faisant l’objet de la requête»? Si celle-ci
avait été normalement rédigée, aucun doute n’existerait à cet égard: une
requête a pour objet les diverses demandes présentées par l’Etat requé-
rant; un différend oppose les Parties quant au sort à réserver à ces
demandes. D’ordinaire, demandes, objet de la requête et objet du diffé-

rend se confondent.

15. La difficulté en l’espèce provient de la divergence existant entre:

a) l’objet de la requête, tel que précisé au paragraphe 2 de cette dernière
et
b) les demandes relatives aux convocations contestées, qui n’entrent pas

dans l’objet ainsi défini.
Une telle présentation est regrettable. En effet, la Cour n’est certes pas

tenue d’attacher aux considérations de forme la même importance qu’elles
peuvent avoir en droit interne (Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine,
arrêt n 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A n 2, p. 34; Application de la convention
pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzé-

govine c. Yougoslavie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1996 (I), p. 613, par. 26). Mais on doit regretter que les Parties entretien-
nent une telle confusion dans la présentation de leurs requêtes. Aussi
aurais-je pour ma part tendance à penser que, une fois l’objet d’une requête

défini conformément à l’article 40 du Statut et à l’article 38 du Règlement,
toutes conclusions n’entrant pas dans cet objet sont irrecevables.

16. La France n’a cependant pas relevé ces imperfections au moment
où elle a accepté la compétence de la Cour et n’a pas alors précisé qu’elle

n’acceptait celle-ci qu’en ce qui concerne les demandes entrant dans
l’objet du différend tel que défini au paragraphe 2 de cette requête.

17. La Cour s’est trouvée dans ces conditions devant une requête fort

confuse et devant une acceptation de compétence quelque peu elliptique.
Elle pouvait mettre l’accent sur les imperfections de l’une ou de l’autre.
Elle a décidé de traiter la première comme une requête normale et en
a déduit que la France avait accepté sa compétence pour toutes les de-
mandes formulées par Djibouti dans ladite requête. Cette solution est

118 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL . GUILLAUME ) 291

relation to this new summons constituted a fresh claim, and did not fall
within the Court’s jurisdiction as defined in France’s letter of 25 July 2006.
13. The position is somewhat different as regards the summonses that
pre-dated the Application. Djibouti did present claims in its Application

relating to these summonses. Those claims were certainly brief, shrouded
in confusion and contained material errors. However, France was able to
identify them without great difficulty. Consequently, the second of the
conditions laid down by France in its consent to the Court’s jurisdiction
is satisfied in respect of the summonses pre-dating the Application.

14. It thus remains to be seen whether the first condition is satisfied
too: do these claims fall within “the dispute forming the subject of the
Application”? If the Application had been drafted in a normal way, there
would be no doubt on this point: the subject of an application consists in

the various claims presented by the applicant State; a dispute exists
between the Parties as regards the determination of those claims. Usual-
ly, the claims, the subject of the Application and the subject of the dis-
pute are one and the same.
15. The problem in this case stems from the difference between:

(a) the subject of the Application, as set out in paragraph 2 thereof; and

(b) the claims regarding the contested summonses, which do not fall
within the subject of the Application as thus defined.

Such a presentation is unfortunate. Admittedly, the Court is not
required to attach to matters of form the same degree of importance
which they might possess in municipal law (Mavrommatis Palestine Con-
cessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2 ,p.34; Applica-
tion of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of

Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objec-
tions, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II) , p. 613, para. 26). But it is to
be regretted that the Parties should foster such confusion in the way that
they present their applications. I would therefore be inclined to take the
view that, once the subject of an application has been defined in accord-

ance with Article 40 of the Statute and Article 38 of the Rules of Court,
any submissions which fall outside that subject are inadmissible.
16. France did not, however, draw attention to these shortcomings
when it expressed its consent to the Court’s jurisdiction; nor did it
specify, at that point, that it was consenting to that jurisdiction solely in
respect of those claims falling within the subject of the dispute as defined

in paragraph 2 of the Application.
17. In these circumstances, the Court was faced with a very confused
Application and a somewhat elliptical consent to jurisdiction. It could
have focused on the shortcomings of either one or the other. It decided to
treat the former as a normal application, and concluded that France had

consented to its jurisdiction in respect of all the claims which Djibouti
had formulated in the Application. That decision is understandable in

118292 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (DÉCL .GUILLAUME )

compréhensible en droit, mais me paraît de mauvaise jurisprudence
pour l’avenir. Elle risque en effet d’encourager la présentation de requêtes
rédigées, parfois volontairement, sans qu’un minimum de rigueur soit ob-

servé et de décourager le recours au paragraphe 5 de l’article 38 du Règle-
ment. Je m’y suis rallié dans l’intérêt des relations franco-djiboutiennes
en vue de vider plus complètement le litige, mais souhaitais faire part ici

de mes regrets et de mes craintes.

(Signé) Gilbert G UILLAUME .

119 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL . GUILLAUME ) 292

law, but it seems to me to set a bad precedent. It is, in fact, likely to
encourage the submission of applications drafted — sometimes deliber-
ately — with a complete lack of rigour, and to inhibit the use of Arti-

cle 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court. I have supported it in the
interest of Franco-Djiboutian relations, in order to secure a more com-
prehensive settlement of the dispute, but wished to record here my regrets
and my concerns.

(Signed) Gilbert G UILLAUME .

119

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge ad hoc Guillaume

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