Declaration of Judge Keith

Document Number
136-20080604-JUD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
136-20080604-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

278

DECLARATION OF JUDGE KEITH

1. While I agree fully with the decision reached by the Court in this
case, I disagree with aspects of its reasoning relating to France’s refusal
to comply with Djibouti’s letter rogatory. I will take this opportunity to
explain why.

2. The Court concludes that France’s refusal to comply with Djibou-
ti’s letter rogatory was not in breach of France’s obligations under the
1986 Convention because the refusal was for reasons which fell within the
scope of Article 2 (c) of the Convention (Judgment, para. 148). The only
statement of reasons for that refusal on which the Court relies and, as it

explains (ibid., para. 146), may rely is that formulated by Judge Clément
in her soit-transmis of 8 February 2005.
3. Article 2 of the Convention provides as follows:

“Assistance may be refused:
(a) if the request concerns an offence which the requested State
considers a political offence, an offence connected with a politi-
cal offence, or a fiscal, customs or foreign exchange offence;

(b) if the request concerns an offence which is not punishable
under the law of both the requesting State and the requested
State;
(c) if the requested State considers that execution of the request is

likely to prejudice its sovereignty, its security, its ordre public or
others of its essential interests.”
4. The power of the requested State to refuse assistance under Arti-

cle 2 (c) is particularly broad, when all the features of its wording are
considered both in their own terms and by comparison with the wording
of subparagraphs (a) and (b) of the provision. Notwithstanding that, I
agree with the Court that it has power to examine the reasons even
though that power of examination is very limited. In support of its
power, the Court refers to the proposition codified in Article 26 of the

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and to two judgments of the
Permanent Court of International Justice as affirming that the concept of
good faith applies to the exercise of such broad powers, and to two judg-
ments of its own as affirming the competence of the Court when faced
with treaty provisions giving wide discretion (Judgment, para. 145). The

limited extent of that power, as understood by the Court, appears clearly
from its consideration of the reasons given by the judge for her conclu-
sion that transmitting the file would be “‘contrary to the essential inter-
ests of France’”: in the Court’s words, “the file contained declassified

105279 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL .KEITH )

‘defence secret’ documents, together with information and witness state-
ments in respect of another case in progress”. To support that conclu-
sion, the Court does no more than quote six sentences from the judge’s
reasons which appear to relate only to the declassified documents and not

at all to the other “case in progress” (Judgment, para. 147). The Court
also mentions the question whether part of the file could have been
handed over, but that, as it indicates, is not a matter which the judge
addresses in her reasons (ibid., para. 148). Before I consider her reasons,
I supplement the Court’s discussion of the law relevant to the exercise of

such broadly worded powers.

5. The two decisions of the Permanent Court of International Justice
to which the Court refers support not only absence of good faith but also
abuse of rights as a restraint on the exercise by a State of a power con-

ferred on it by a treaty. This Court in the Admissions opinion in 1948
similarly said that, while Article 4 of the Charter of the United Nations
exhaustively prescribes the conditions for the admission of new Mem-
bers, that provision did not “forbid the taking into account of any factor
which it is possible reasonably and in good faith to connect with [those]

conditions”; further, Article 4 allowed for “a wide liberty of apprecia-
tion” (Conditions of Admission of a State to Membership in the United
Nations (Article 4 of the Charter), Advisory Opinion, 1948, I.C.J. Reports
1947-1948, pp. 63-64; see also the joint dissenting opinion, pp. 91-92,
para. 20). And counsel for France accepted that the principles of abuse of

rights and misuse of power (abus de droit and détournement de pouvoir)
may be relevant to the exercise of the power in issue in this case. The
Agent added that, while the requested State retains for itself a wide dis-
cretion, this in no way means that States indiscriminately invoke these
derogation clauses; it is moreover obvious, she said, that the notion of

essential interests remains very narrow, as the words themselves indicate.

6. I now consider the reasons given by the judge in her soit-transmis

against the principles of good faith, abuse of rights and détournement de
pouvoir. Those principles require the State agency in question to exercise
the power for the purposes for which it was conferred and without regard
to improper purposes or irrelevant factors. In the words of the Court in
Gabcˇikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) the good faith obli-
gation reflected in Article 26 of the Vienna Convention “obliges the

Parties [to a treaty] to apply it in a reasonable way and in such a manner
that its purpose can be realized” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1997 ,p.79,
para. 142). (The International Law Commission similarly states in its
commentary to what became Article 26 of the Vienna Convention that it
is implicit in the requirement of the good faith application of treaty obli-

gations that a party must abstain from acts calculated to frustrate the
object and purpose of the treaty (Yearbook of the International Law

106280 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL . KEITH)

Commission, 1966, Vol. II, p. 211, para. 4; see also the other authorities
cited in paragraph 2). The general purpose of the 1986 Convention is
indicated by its Article 1: the Parties are to afford each other, in accord-
ance with the provisions of the Convention, the widest measure of judi-

cial assistance in criminal matters. Among the relevant provisions of the
Convention are Articles 2 and 3, the latter of which regulates in part the
obligation to respond to letters rogatory. In relation to Article 3, the
Court, as it says, cannot question the decision of the competent French
court that under French law it is the investigating judge who has the

determinative role (Judgment, para. 146). That brings the matter back to
Article 2 (c), for the investigating judge cites no other provision to justify
her refusal, and to the reasons which she gives in her soit-transmis for
that refusal.

7. Did the judge in her soit-transmis have regard to matters not within
the scope of Article 2 (c) in breach of the principles of law mentioned
above? In two respects, she appears to have done that. First, the judge

says that the October 2004 opening of the investigation by Djibouti
“appears to be an abuse of process”; this may well have been a reason for
her saying in 2005, as she had said in 2004, that the request did not con-
form with the Convention in terms of its statement of the object of and
reason for the request, a requirement specifically laid down in Article 13

of the Convention; but the ground on which she is depending for refusing
the request is rather that she has reason under Article 2 (c) to take that
action. In my view this appears to be an abuse of power or a détournement
de pouvoir — an exercise of the power for wrong reasons and a thwarting
of the purpose of the Convention. Second, the judge refers to the refusal

of one of the Djibouti officials to respond to a witness summons. That is
again a matter that has nothing to do with Article 2 (c), and again is an
apparent abuse of power.
8. I say that in those two respects the judge “appears” to have refused
to exercise the power for the wrong reasons, outside the scope of Arti-

cle 2 (c), since it may be that she sets out those two matters simply as
part of the narrative. It is definitely the case however that in the final part
of the soit-transmis the judge not only returns to the requirement of Arti-
cle 13 but links it to the power of the requested State under Article 2 (c):

“Moreover, while Article 13 (b) of the Convention . . . states that
requests for assistance must indicate the object of and the reason for
the request, which was not done in the present case , Article 2 (c) of
the Convention also provides that the requested State may refuse a
request for mutual assistance if it considers that execution of the

request is likely to prejudice its sovereignty, its security, its ordre
public or others of its essential interests.

107281 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL .KEITH )

That is the case with regard to transmission of the record of our
proceedings.” (Emphasis added.)

The judge, having recalled in the next three sentences that certain docu-
ments which had earlier been classified as “defence secrets” had been
declassified and had been transmitted to her, concludes as follows:

“To accede to the Djiboutian judge’s request would amount to an

abuse of French law by permitting the handing over of documents
that are accessible only to the French judge.
Handing over our record would entail indirectly delivering French
intelligence service documents to a foreign political authority.

Without contributing in any way to the discovery of the truth,
such transmission would seriously compromise the fundamental
interests of the country and the security of its agents.”

It is striking that in that passage the judge makes no assessment at all, in
terms of Article 2 (c), of the likely prejudice that the release of the par-
ticular declassified documents would present to national security.

Although she knows those documents and it is she who, under French
law, is to make the definitive determination, she makes that determina-
tion only in the most general terms, without drawing in any express way
on her particular knowledge. The documents had been declassified, and,
in terms of the judge’s reference to the threat to “security of . . . agents”

resulting from the transmission of the file, the identity of the authors of
certain documents was, as appropriate, to be protected in terms of the
declassification ruling of the advisory committee (see its Avis 2004-12 of
2 December 2004 relating to 13 of the documents).

9. Moreover, to return to a point which the Court raises (Judgment,
para. 148 and see para. 4 above), the judge gives no indication of why it
would not be enough to withhold just the 25 declassified documents (con-
sisting of about 50 pages) which she identifies and why the totality of the

35 volumes of the record must be withheld. It is significant in that respect
that in a letter of 6 January 2005, the Minister of Defence had indicated
that he was not opposed to the partial handing over of the file (see para-
graphs 26 and 37 of the Judgment). The judge does not say, as counsel
for France does, consistently with France’s Counter-Memorial, that the
entire file in those volumes is rife (irrigué) with the sensitive information;

but that counsel frankly informed the Court that he had not seen the
notes in question. On what basis then could he argue that the record was
permeated by the declassified documents? Nor does the judge call atten-
tion to the fact, as counsel for France informed the Court, that Djibouti’s
request of seeking the whole file was particularly rare. Given that usual

practice, the presence of only 25 sensitive documents from the bulky file,
and given the purpose of the Convention, this appears to be a plain case

108282 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE DECL . KEITH )

for the judge to suggest to the Djiboutian authorities that they reconsider
the scope of their request. In failing to address expressly those two alter-
native methods of affording Djibouti the widest measure of judicial
assistance in terms of Article 1 of the Convention, while protecting the

interests stated in Article 2 (c), the judge has not, in my view, had proper
regard to the purpose of the Convention. This conclusion is supported by
the ruling of the Court, with which I agree, that the Convention is to be
interpreted and applied in a manner which takes into account the friend-
ship and co-operation which the two States posited as the basis of their

mutual relations in the Treaty of 1977 (Judgment, para. 113; see also
para. 114).

10. It may be countered that the examination of the soit-transmis

which I have undertaken in paragraphs 7 to 9 above is not appropriate,
given the extent of the power conferred by Article 2 (c), the nature of a
State’s assessment under that provision of its national interests and the
need to defer in the usual case to that assessment. Two responses may be
given. The first is that the examination does not in any way question the

substantive assessment by the requested State of likely prejudice to its
national interests. The examination is much more confined and directed
to a distinct matter — the purpose of the Convention under which the
power is to be exercised. It does not involve any attempt to assess and
weigh the matters covered by Article 2 (c). The second response relates

to the obligation, set out in Article 17, of a State refusing a request to
give reasons to the requesting State. Such an obligation has several pur-
poses: it places a discipline on the decision maker refusing a request
under Article 2 or any other relevant provision of the Convention includ-
ing Articles 1 (2), 10 or 13; the reasons inform the requesting State

whether the power has been properly exercised in accordance with the
law; and the statement may enable the requesting State to take follow-up
steps to repair any flaw in its request, as the Court says in its Judgment
(paragraph 152; see also paragraph 9 above). I should add that, while the
two Parties did not approach the case exactly in the way I have, both

accepted that the power conferred by Article 2 on the requested State was
subject to some limits and addressed the elements discussed above.

11. It does not follow that, because France, in my view, has not com-

plied with the Convention in making its decision under Article 2 (c),itis
obliged to transmit the file either in whole or within the terms and con-
ditions determined by the Court, as requested by Djibouti in its final sub-
missions. On the contrary, as I see the matter, France has yet to make a
decision, in accordance with the law, in response to the letter rogatory,

on the substance of the issues presented by the request and in particular
by Article 2 (c) of the Convention. For me, one fact is very significant in

109283 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL .KEITH )

determining what remedy, if any, would have been appropriate in respect

of that failure. That fact is the failure of Djibouti, following the receipt
by its Foreign Minister of the letter of 6 June 2005 from the French
ambassador communicating France’s refusal to comply with the request,
to take any action at all to seek the reversal or the elucidation of that

refusal. That was so, as the Court recalls (Judgment, paras. 30 and 144),
although the Minister, only 20 days earlier, had complained to the
Ambassador that France had not yet honoured “its commitments”, as he
put it, given in the letter of 27 January 2005, to hand over the file. That

failure, taken with the passage of time, would in my view have led to the
denial of any positive remedies such as those claimed by Djibouti in its
final submissions in respect of the French refusal.

(Signed) Kenneth K EITH.

110

Bilingual Content

278

DECLARATION OF JUDGE KEITH

1. While I agree fully with the decision reached by the Court in this
case, I disagree with aspects of its reasoning relating to France’s refusal
to comply with Djibouti’s letter rogatory. I will take this opportunity to
explain why.

2. The Court concludes that France’s refusal to comply with Djibou-
ti’s letter rogatory was not in breach of France’s obligations under the
1986 Convention because the refusal was for reasons which fell within the
scope of Article 2 (c) of the Convention (Judgment, para. 148). The only
statement of reasons for that refusal on which the Court relies and, as it

explains (ibid., para. 146), may rely is that formulated by Judge Clément
in her soit-transmis of 8 February 2005.
3. Article 2 of the Convention provides as follows:

“Assistance may be refused:
(a) if the request concerns an offence which the requested State
considers a political offence, an offence connected with a politi-
cal offence, or a fiscal, customs or foreign exchange offence;

(b) if the request concerns an offence which is not punishable
under the law of both the requesting State and the requested
State;
(c) if the requested State considers that execution of the request is

likely to prejudice its sovereignty, its security, its ordre public or
others of its essential interests.”
4. The power of the requested State to refuse assistance under Arti-

cle 2 (c) is particularly broad, when all the features of its wording are
considered both in their own terms and by comparison with the wording
of subparagraphs (a) and (b) of the provision. Notwithstanding that, I
agree with the Court that it has power to examine the reasons even
though that power of examination is very limited. In support of its
power, the Court refers to the proposition codified in Article 26 of the

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and to two judgments of the
Permanent Court of International Justice as affirming that the concept of
good faith applies to the exercise of such broad powers, and to two judg-
ments of its own as affirming the competence of the Court when faced
with treaty provisions giving wide discretion (Judgment, para. 145). The

limited extent of that power, as understood by the Court, appears clearly
from its consideration of the reasons given by the judge for her conclu-
sion that transmitting the file would be “‘contrary to the essential inter-
ests of France’”: in the Court’s words, “the file contained declassified

105 278

DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE KEITH

[Traduction]

1. Si je souscris pleinement à la décision à laquelle est parvenue la
Cour en l’espèce, je suis en désaccord avec elle sur certains points de son
raisonnement concernant le refus de la France d’exécuter la commission
rogatoire de Djibouti. Je saisis cette occasion pour en donner les raisons.

2. La Cour conclut que le refus de la France d’exécuter la commission
rogatoire de Djibouti ne constituait pas une violation des obligations lui
incombant en vertu de la convention de 1986 car il était fondé sur des
motifs qui entraient dans les prévisions de l’alinéa c) de l’article 2 de la
convention (arrêt, par. 148). Les seuls motifs du refus sur lesquels la Cour

s’appuie et peut s’appuyer, comme elle l’explique (ibid., par. 146), sont
ceux qu’expose le juge Clément dans son soit-transmis du 8 février 2005.
3. L’article 2 de la convention est ainsi libellé:

«L’entraide judiciaire pourra être refusée:
a) si la demande se rapporte à des infractions considérées par l’Etat
requis soit comme des infractions politiques, soit comme des
infractions connexes à des infractions politiques, soit comme des

infractions en matière de taxes et impôts, de douane et de change;
b) si la demande se rapporte à des infractions qui ne sont pas punis-
sables à la fois par la loi de l’Etat requérant et celle de l’Etat
requis;
c) si l’Etat requis estime que l’exécution de la demande est de

nature à porter atteinte à sa souveraineté, à sa sécurité, à son
ordre public ou à d’autres de ses intérêts essentiels.»
4. Le pouvoir qu’a l’Etat requis de refuser l’entraide judiciaire aux ter-

mes de l’alinéa c) du paragraphe 2 est particulièrement étendu, compte
tenu de tous les aspects de cette disposition, considérée tant isolément
qu’en conjonction avec les alinéas a) et b) du même paragraphe. La
Cour s’estime malgré tout, et je partage son avis, être habilitée à exami-
ner les motifs même si elle l’est dans une mesure très limitée. Elle invoque
à cet égard la disposition codifiée à l’article 26 de la convention de Vienne

sur le droit des traités et deux arrêts de la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale affirmant que l’obligation de bonne foi s’applique à l’exer-
cice de ce pouvoir étendu de l’Etat, ainsi que deux arrêts qu’elle a elle-
même rendus affirmant sa compétence à l’égard de dispositions conven-
tionnelles accordant un large pouvoir discrétionnaire (arrêt, par. 145). La

portée limitée de cette habilitation à examiner les motifs, telle qu’inter-
prétée par la Cour, ressort clairement de l’examen par celle-ci des raisons
que le juge a avancées à l’appui de sa conclusion selon laquelle la trans-
mission du dossier serait «contraire aux intérêts essentiels de la France»:

105279 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL .KEITH )

‘defence secret’ documents, together with information and witness state-
ments in respect of another case in progress”. To support that conclu-
sion, the Court does no more than quote six sentences from the judge’s
reasons which appear to relate only to the declassified documents and not

at all to the other “case in progress” (Judgment, para. 147). The Court
also mentions the question whether part of the file could have been
handed over, but that, as it indicates, is not a matter which the judge
addresses in her reasons (ibid., para. 148). Before I consider her reasons,
I supplement the Court’s discussion of the law relevant to the exercise of

such broadly worded powers.

5. The two decisions of the Permanent Court of International Justice
to which the Court refers support not only absence of good faith but also
abuse of rights as a restraint on the exercise by a State of a power con-

ferred on it by a treaty. This Court in the Admissions opinion in 1948
similarly said that, while Article 4 of the Charter of the United Nations
exhaustively prescribes the conditions for the admission of new Mem-
bers, that provision did not “forbid the taking into account of any factor
which it is possible reasonably and in good faith to connect with [those]

conditions”; further, Article 4 allowed for “a wide liberty of apprecia-
tion” (Conditions of Admission of a State to Membership in the United
Nations (Article 4 of the Charter), Advisory Opinion, 1948, I.C.J. Reports
1947-1948, pp. 63-64; see also the joint dissenting opinion, pp. 91-92,
para. 20). And counsel for France accepted that the principles of abuse of

rights and misuse of power (abus de droit and détournement de pouvoir)
may be relevant to the exercise of the power in issue in this case. The
Agent added that, while the requested State retains for itself a wide dis-
cretion, this in no way means that States indiscriminately invoke these
derogation clauses; it is moreover obvious, she said, that the notion of

essential interests remains very narrow, as the words themselves indicate.

6. I now consider the reasons given by the judge in her soit-transmis

against the principles of good faith, abuse of rights and détournement de
pouvoir. Those principles require the State agency in question to exercise
the power for the purposes for which it was conferred and without regard
to improper purposes or irrelevant factors. In the words of the Court in
Gabcˇikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) the good faith obli-
gation reflected in Article 26 of the Vienna Convention “obliges the

Parties [to a treaty] to apply it in a reasonable way and in such a manner
that its purpose can be realized” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1997 ,p.79,
para. 142). (The International Law Commission similarly states in its
commentary to what became Article 26 of the Vienna Convention that it
is implicit in the requirement of the good faith application of treaty obli-

gations that a party must abstain from acts calculated to frustrate the
object and purpose of the treaty (Yearbook of the International Law

106 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE DÉCL . KEITH ) 279

selon les termes employés par la Cour, «celui-ci contenait des documents
«secret-défense» qui avaient été déclassifiés, ainsi que des informations et
des témoignages sur une autre affaire en cours». Pour étayer cette conclu-

sion, la Cour se contente de citer six phrases des motifs exposés par
le juge qui semblent concerner seulement les documents déclassifiés et
nullement les autres «affaires en cours» (arrêt, par. 147). La Cour se
demande également si le dossier pouvait être transmis en partie, mais,
comme elle l’indique, il ne s’agit pas d’une question que le juge aborde

dans les motifs qu’il énonce (ibid., par. 148). Avant d’analyser ces motifs,
je considérerai l’examen fait par la Cour du droit concernant l’exercice de
pouvoirs définis de façon aussi vaste.
5. Dans les deux décisions de la Cour permanente de Justice interna-
tionale que mentionne la Cour, non seulement le manque de bonne foi

mais aussi l’abus de droit sont cités comme des restrictions valables à
l’exercice, par un Etat, du pouvoir que lui confère un traité. Dans l’avis
qu’elle a rendu en 1948 dans l’affaire relative aux Conditions de l’admis-
sion d’un Etat comme Membre des Nations Unies (article 4 de la Charte) ,

la Cour a pareillement indiqué que, même si l’article 4 de la Charte des
Nations Unies posait de manière exhaustive les conditions de l’admission
de nouveaux membres, cette disposition «n’interdi[sai]t la prise en consi-
dération d’aucun élément de fait qui, raisonnablement et en toute bonne
foi, peut être ramené [à ces] conditions»; en outre, l’article 4 fixait un

cadre qui «comport[ait] une large liberté d’appréciation» (Conditions de
l’admission d’un Etat comme Membre des Nations Unies (article 4 de la
Charte), avis consultatif, 1948, C.I.J. Recueil 1947-1948 , p. 63-64; voir
également l’opinion dissidente collective, p. 91-92, par. 20). Et le conseil
de la France a reconnu que les principes d’abus de droit et de détourne-

ment de pouvoir pouvaient être pertinents, en l’espèce, quant à l’exercice
du pouvoir en question. L’agent a ajouté que, même si l’Etat requis
conserve un large pouvoir discrétionnaire, cela ne signifie nullement que
les Etats invoquent ces clauses de dérogation sans discernement; il est en
outre évident, a-t-elle signalé, que la notion d’intérêts essentiels reste très

étroite, comme l’indiquent les termes eux-mêmes.
6. Je vais à présent examiner les raisons que le juge a données dans son
soit-transmis pour écarter les principes de bonne foi, d’abus de droit et de
détournement de pouvoir. Ces principes imposent à l’organisme d’Etat en

question d’exercer le pouvoir aux fins pour lesquelles celui-ci lui a été
conféré et non à des fins erronées ou au gré de facteurs sans rapport avec
les objectifs visés. Selon les termes employés par la Cour dans l’affaire
relative au Projet Gabc ˇíkovo-Nagymaros (Hongrie/Slovaquie) , le prin-
cipe de bonne foi qui apparaît à l’article 26 de la convention de Vienne

«oblige les Parties [à un traité] à l’appliquer de façon raisonnable et de
telle sorte que son but puisse être atteint» (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1997 ,
p. 79, par. 142). (La Commission du droit international indique de la
même façon, dans son commentaire de ce qui est devenu l’article 26 de la
convention de Vienne, que la règle selon laquelle les parties doivent s’abs-

tenir de tout acte visant à réduire à néant l’objet et le but du traité est

106280 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL . KEITH)

Commission, 1966, Vol. II, p. 211, para. 4; see also the other authorities
cited in paragraph 2). The general purpose of the 1986 Convention is
indicated by its Article 1: the Parties are to afford each other, in accord-
ance with the provisions of the Convention, the widest measure of judi-

cial assistance in criminal matters. Among the relevant provisions of the
Convention are Articles 2 and 3, the latter of which regulates in part the
obligation to respond to letters rogatory. In relation to Article 3, the
Court, as it says, cannot question the decision of the competent French
court that under French law it is the investigating judge who has the

determinative role (Judgment, para. 146). That brings the matter back to
Article 2 (c), for the investigating judge cites no other provision to justify
her refusal, and to the reasons which she gives in her soit-transmis for
that refusal.

7. Did the judge in her soit-transmis have regard to matters not within
the scope of Article 2 (c) in breach of the principles of law mentioned
above? In two respects, she appears to have done that. First, the judge

says that the October 2004 opening of the investigation by Djibouti
“appears to be an abuse of process”; this may well have been a reason for
her saying in 2005, as she had said in 2004, that the request did not con-
form with the Convention in terms of its statement of the object of and
reason for the request, a requirement specifically laid down in Article 13

of the Convention; but the ground on which she is depending for refusing
the request is rather that she has reason under Article 2 (c) to take that
action. In my view this appears to be an abuse of power or a détournement
de pouvoir — an exercise of the power for wrong reasons and a thwarting
of the purpose of the Convention. Second, the judge refers to the refusal

of one of the Djibouti officials to respond to a witness summons. That is
again a matter that has nothing to do with Article 2 (c), and again is an
apparent abuse of power.
8. I say that in those two respects the judge “appears” to have refused
to exercise the power for the wrong reasons, outside the scope of Arti-

cle 2 (c), since it may be that she sets out those two matters simply as
part of the narrative. It is definitely the case however that in the final part
of the soit-transmis the judge not only returns to the requirement of Arti-
cle 13 but links it to the power of the requested State under Article 2 (c):

“Moreover, while Article 13 (b) of the Convention . . . states that
requests for assistance must indicate the object of and the reason for
the request, which was not done in the present case , Article 2 (c) of
the Convention also provides that the requested State may refuse a
request for mutual assistance if it considers that execution of the

request is likely to prejudice its sovereignty, its security, its ordre
public or others of its essential interests.

107 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (DÉCL . KEITH ) 280

implicitement contenue dans l’obligation d’exécuter le traité de bonne foi
(rapport de 1966, Annuaire de la Commission du droit international ,
1966, vol. II, p. 211, par. 4; voir également les autres références citées au

paragraphe 2)). L’article 1 de la convention de 1986 énonce le but général
de celle-ci: les parties s’engagent à s’accorder mutuellement, selon les dis-
positions de la convention, l’entraide judiciaire la plus large possible dans
toutes affaires pénales. Parmi les dispositions pertinentes de la conven-
tion figurent les articles 2 et 3, lequel article 3 réglemente en partie l’obli-

gation de répondre aux commissions rogatoires. En ce qui concerne cet
article, la Cour, comme elle l’indique, ne saurait remettre en cause
la décision de la juridiction française compétente, aux termes de la-
quelle c’est le juge d’instruction qui a le rôle déterminant (arrêt, par. 146).
Cela ramène donc la question à l’alinéa c) de l’article 2, car le juge

d’instruction ne cite aucune autre disposition pour justifier son refus,
ainsi qu’aux motifs qu’elle donne à l’appui de ce refus dans son
soit-transmis.
7. Le juge a-t-elle tenu compte dans son soit-transmis de questions

n’entrant pas dans le cadre de l’alinéa c) de l’article 2, en violation des
principes de droit mentionnés ci-dessus? Il semble que tel est le cas à deux
égards. Premièrement, le juge indique que l’ouverture de l’enquête par
Djibouti, en octobre 2004, lui «apparaît comme un détournement de pro-
cédure»; cela peut bien avoir été pour elle une raison de déclarer en 2005,

comme elle l’avait fait en 2004, que la demande n’était pas conforme à la
convention, dont l’article 13 pose précisément comme condition d’indi-
quer l’objet et le motif de la demande; mais c’est en fait sur le fondement
de l’alinéa c) de l’article 2 que le juge rejette la demande. Cela me semble
constituer un excès de pouvoir ou un détournement de pouvoir — c’est

un exercice du pouvoir pour des motifs erronés et cela est contraire au
but de la convention. Deuxièmement, le juge fait état du refus de l’un des
hauts fonctionnaires djiboutiens de répondre à une convocation à témoi-
gner. Encore une fois, cette question ne concerne en rien l’alinéa c) de
l’article 2 et il s’agit là d’un excès de pouvoir manifeste.

8. Je dis que, sur ces deux points, le juge «semble» avoir exercé son
pouvoir de refuser l’entraide pour des motifs erronés, qui n’entrent pas
dans les prévisions de l’alinéa c) de l’article 2, car elle a peut-être énoncé
simplement ces deux éléments au détour de son exposé. Il se trouve

cependant que, dans la partie finale du soit-transmis, le juge non seule-
ment revient à la condition de l’article 13 mais la relie au pouvoir que
l’Etat requis tient de l’alinéa c) de l’article 2:

«D’autre part, s’il est précisé dans l’alinéa b) de l’article 13 de la

convention ... que les demandes d’entraide doivent indiquer l’objet et
le motif de la demande, ce qui n’est pas le cas en l’espèce , il est éga-
lement prévu par l’alinéa c) de l’article 2 que l’Etat requis peut refu-
ser l’entraide judiciaire s’il estime que l’exécution de la demande est
de nature à porter atteinte à sa souveraineté, à sa sécurité, à son

ordre public ou à d’autres de ses intérêts essentiels.

107281 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL .KEITH )

That is the case with regard to transmission of the record of our
proceedings.” (Emphasis added.)

The judge, having recalled in the next three sentences that certain docu-
ments which had earlier been classified as “defence secrets” had been
declassified and had been transmitted to her, concludes as follows:

“To accede to the Djiboutian judge’s request would amount to an

abuse of French law by permitting the handing over of documents
that are accessible only to the French judge.
Handing over our record would entail indirectly delivering French
intelligence service documents to a foreign political authority.

Without contributing in any way to the discovery of the truth,
such transmission would seriously compromise the fundamental
interests of the country and the security of its agents.”

It is striking that in that passage the judge makes no assessment at all, in
terms of Article 2 (c), of the likely prejudice that the release of the par-
ticular declassified documents would present to national security.

Although she knows those documents and it is she who, under French
law, is to make the definitive determination, she makes that determina-
tion only in the most general terms, without drawing in any express way
on her particular knowledge. The documents had been declassified, and,
in terms of the judge’s reference to the threat to “security of . . . agents”

resulting from the transmission of the file, the identity of the authors of
certain documents was, as appropriate, to be protected in terms of the
declassification ruling of the advisory committee (see its Avis 2004-12 of
2 December 2004 relating to 13 of the documents).

9. Moreover, to return to a point which the Court raises (Judgment,
para. 148 and see para. 4 above), the judge gives no indication of why it
would not be enough to withhold just the 25 declassified documents (con-
sisting of about 50 pages) which she identifies and why the totality of the

35 volumes of the record must be withheld. It is significant in that respect
that in a letter of 6 January 2005, the Minister of Defence had indicated
that he was not opposed to the partial handing over of the file (see para-
graphs 26 and 37 of the Judgment). The judge does not say, as counsel
for France does, consistently with France’s Counter-Memorial, that the
entire file in those volumes is rife (irrigué) with the sensitive information;

but that counsel frankly informed the Court that he had not seen the
notes in question. On what basis then could he argue that the record was
permeated by the declassified documents? Nor does the judge call atten-
tion to the fact, as counsel for France informed the Court, that Djibouti’s
request of seeking the whole file was particularly rare. Given that usual

practice, the presence of only 25 sensitive documents from the bulky file,
and given the purpose of the Convention, this appears to be a plain case

108 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (DÉCL .KEITH ) 281

Tel est le cas concernant la transmission de notre procédure.» (Les
italiques sont de moi.)

Après avoir rappelé dans les trois phrases suivantes que certains docu-
ments qui avaient auparavant été classés «secret-défense» avaient été

déclassifiés et lui avaient été transmis, le juge conclut comme suit:

«Faire droit à la demande du juge djiboutien reviendrait à détour-
ner les termes de la loi française en permettant la communication de
pièces qui ne sont accessibles qu’au seul juge français.
Communiquer notre dossier aurait pour conséquence de livrer
indirectement des documents des services de renseignement français

à une autorité politique étrangère.
Sans concourir en aucune façon à la manifestation de la vérité,
cette transmission compromettrait gravement les intérêts fondamen-
taux du pays et la sécurité de ses agents.»

Il est étonnant que, dans ce passage, le juge n’évalue absolument pas, au

regard de l’alinéa c) de l’article 2, le préjudice probable que la pu-
blication de ces documents déclassifiés représenterait pour la sécurité
nationale. Bien qu’elle connaisse ces documents et que ce soit à elle qu’il
incombe, aux termes du droit français, de prendre la décision définitive,
elle se contente de se prononcer dans les termes les plus généraux, sans

faire appel de quelque manière explicite que ce soit à ses connaissances
particulières. Les documents avaient été déclassifiés et, en ce qui concerne
la mention, par le juge, de la menace contre «la sécurité de[s] ... agents»
résultant de la transmission du dossier, l’identité des auteurs de certains
documents devait, le cas échéant, être protégée selon les modalités expo-

sées dans l’avis deola commission consultative concernant la déclassifica-
tion (voir l’avis n 2004-12 du 2 décembre 2004 qui porte sur treize des
documents).
9. En outre, pour revenir sur un point que soulève la Cour (arrêt,
par. 148, et voir paragraphe 4 ci-dessus), le juge n’indique pas pourquoi il

n’avait pas suffi de retenir seulement les vingt-cinq documents déclassifiés
(environ cinquante pages) qu’elle identifie, ni pourquoi il y avait lieu de
retenir la totalité des trente-cinq volumes du dossier. Il est notable à cet
égard que, dans la lettre du 6 janvier 2005, le ministre de la défense avait

indiqué qu’il ne s’opposait pas à la communication partielle du dossier
(arrêt, par. 26 et 37). Le juge ne signale pas, comme le fait le conseil de la
France qui reprend à cet égard le contre-mémoire, que l’intégralité du
dossier est imprégnée ou irriguée d’informations sensibles. Mais ce conseil
a fait savoir, sans détour, à la Cour qu’il n’avait pas vu les notes en ques-

tion. Sur quelle base pouvait-il alors se fonder pour faire valoir que les
informations contenues dans les documents déclassifiés étaient omnipré-
sentes dans le dossier? Le juge n’appelle pas non plus l’attention sur le
fait que, comme le conseil de la France l’a indiqué à la Cour, la requête
de Djibouti, demandant la totalité du dossier, était particulièrement inha-

bituelle. Compte tenu de la pratique habituelle, de la présence de seule-

108282 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE DECL . KEITH )

for the judge to suggest to the Djiboutian authorities that they reconsider
the scope of their request. In failing to address expressly those two alter-
native methods of affording Djibouti the widest measure of judicial
assistance in terms of Article 1 of the Convention, while protecting the

interests stated in Article 2 (c), the judge has not, in my view, had proper
regard to the purpose of the Convention. This conclusion is supported by
the ruling of the Court, with which I agree, that the Convention is to be
interpreted and applied in a manner which takes into account the friend-
ship and co-operation which the two States posited as the basis of their

mutual relations in the Treaty of 1977 (Judgment, para. 113; see also
para. 114).

10. It may be countered that the examination of the soit-transmis

which I have undertaken in paragraphs 7 to 9 above is not appropriate,
given the extent of the power conferred by Article 2 (c), the nature of a
State’s assessment under that provision of its national interests and the
need to defer in the usual case to that assessment. Two responses may be
given. The first is that the examination does not in any way question the

substantive assessment by the requested State of likely prejudice to its
national interests. The examination is much more confined and directed
to a distinct matter — the purpose of the Convention under which the
power is to be exercised. It does not involve any attempt to assess and
weigh the matters covered by Article 2 (c). The second response relates

to the obligation, set out in Article 17, of a State refusing a request to
give reasons to the requesting State. Such an obligation has several pur-
poses: it places a discipline on the decision maker refusing a request
under Article 2 or any other relevant provision of the Convention includ-
ing Articles 1 (2), 10 or 13; the reasons inform the requesting State

whether the power has been properly exercised in accordance with the
law; and the statement may enable the requesting State to take follow-up
steps to repair any flaw in its request, as the Court says in its Judgment
(paragraph 152; see also paragraph 9 above). I should add that, while the
two Parties did not approach the case exactly in the way I have, both

accepted that the power conferred by Article 2 on the requested State was
subject to some limits and addressed the elements discussed above.

11. It does not follow that, because France, in my view, has not com-

plied with the Convention in making its decision under Article 2 (c),itis
obliged to transmit the file either in whole or within the terms and con-
ditions determined by the Court, as requested by Djibouti in its final sub-
missions. On the contrary, as I see the matter, France has yet to make a
decision, in accordance with the law, in response to the letter rogatory,

on the substance of the issues presented by the request and in particular
by Article 2 (c) of the Convention. For me, one fact is very significant in

109 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (DÉCL .KEITH ) 282

ment vingt-cinq documents sensibles dans le volumineux dossier et de
l’objectif de la convention, il y avait semble-t-il tout lieu pour le juge de
suggérer aux autorités djiboutiennes qu’elles réexaminent la portée de

leur demande. Faute d’avoir expressément envisagé ces deux moyens pos-
sibles d’offrir à Djibouti toute l’assistance judiciaire que prévoit l’article 1
de la convention, tout en protégeant les intérêts visés à l’alinéa c) de
l’article 2, le juge n’a pas, selon moi, tenu correctement compte de
l’objectif de la convention. Cette conclusion est étayée par la décision de

la Cour, à laquelle je souscris, selon laquelle la convention doit être inter-
prétée et appliquée d’une manière qui prenne en considération l’amitié et
la coopération posées par les deux Etats comme constituant le fondement
de leurs relations mutuelles dans le traité de 1977 (arrêt, par. 113; voir
également par. 114).

10. On pourrait répliquer que l’examen du soit-transmis auquel j’ai
procédé aux paragraphes 7 à 9 ci-dessus ne s’imposait pas, compte tenu
de l’étendue du pouvoir que confère l’alinéa c) de l’article 2, de la nature
de l’estimation que fait l’Etat requis de ses intérêts nationaux en vertu de

cette disposition et de la nécessité de s’en remettre d’ordinaire à cette esti-
mation. Deux réponses peuvent être données. En premier lieu, cet exa-
men ne remet nullement en cause l’évaluation de fond que fait l’Etat
requis des préjudices que risquent de subir ses intérêts nationaux. Il est
bien plus circonscrit et porte sur une question différente — celle de

l’objectif de la convention que l’exercice du pouvoir doit poursuivre. Il ne
comporte aucune tentative d’apprécier ou d’évaluer les questions couver-
tes par l’alinéa c) de l’article 2. La seconde réponse concerne l’obligation,
énoncée à l’article 17, qui incombe à l’Etat rejetant une demande d’en
donner les motifs à l’Etat requérant. Cette obligation a plusieurs objec-

tifs: elle impose une discipline à celui qui prend la décision de rejeter une
demande en vertu de l’article 2 ou de toute autre disposition pertinente de
la convention, y compris les articles 1, point 2), 10 ou 13; l’exposé des
motifs indique à l’Etat requérant si le pouvoir de rejeter la demande a été
exercé conformément au droit; et cela peut permettre à l’Etat requérant

de prendre des mesures complémentaires pour pallier les éventuelles la-
cunes de sa demande, comme la Cour l’indique dans son arrêt (par. 152;
voir également le paragraphe 9 ci-dessus). Je dois ajouter que, même si les
deux Parties n’ont pas envisagé l’affaire exactement de la même manière

que moi, elles ont toutes deux reconnu que le pouvoir conféré par l’ar-
ticle 2 à l’Etat requis était soumis à certaines limites et ont examiné les
éléments dont j’ai parlé plus haut.
11. Si la France n’a, selon moi, pas respecté la convention lorsqu’elle a
pris sa décision en vertu de l’alinéa c) de l’article 2, il ne s’ensuit pas

qu’elle est tenue de transmettre le dossier dans son intégralité ou dans les
conditions et modalités déterminées par la Cour, comme l’a demandé
Djibouti dans ses conclusions finales. Au contraire, à mon sens, pour
répondre à la commission rogatoire, la France doit encore se prononcer,
conformément au droit, sur le fond des problèmes soulevés par la requête

et ayant trait en particulier à l’alinéa c) de l’article 2 de la convention.

109283 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (DECL .KEITH )

determining what remedy, if any, would have been appropriate in respect

of that failure. That fact is the failure of Djibouti, following the receipt
by its Foreign Minister of the letter of 6 June 2005 from the French
ambassador communicating France’s refusal to comply with the request,
to take any action at all to seek the reversal or the elucidation of that

refusal. That was so, as the Court recalls (Judgment, paras. 30 and 144),
although the Minister, only 20 days earlier, had complained to the
Ambassador that France had not yet honoured “its commitments”, as he
put it, given in the letter of 27 January 2005, to hand over the file. That

failure, taken with the passage of time, would in my view have led to the
denial of any positive remedies such as those claimed by Djibouti in its
final submissions in respect of the French refusal.

(Signed) Kenneth K EITH.

110 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (DÉCL . KEITH ) 283

J’estime qu’un fait est très important pour déterminer quel remède, s’il en

est, cette lacune aurait appelé. Il s’agit du fait que Djibouti, après la
réception par son ministre des affaires étrangères de la lettre du 6 juin 2005
par laquelle l’ambassadeur français lui a fait part du refus de la France de
donner suite à la demande, n’a pas pris de mesure pour solliciter une

reconsidération ou une explication de ce refus. Il en a été ainsi, comme le
rappelle la Cour (arrêt, par. 30 et 144), même si le ministre, vingt jours
plus tôt seulement, s’était plaint auprès de l’ambassadeur de ce que la
France n’avait pas encore honoré «les engagements» — pour reprendre

ses termes — de remettre le dossier qu’elle avait pris dans la lettre du
27 janvier 2005. C’est cette absence de réaction, à laquelle il faut ajouter
le temps écoulé, qui aurait selon moi dû conduire la Cour à n’accorder
aucun remède positif tel que ceux qu’a demandés Djibouti dans ses

conclusions finales à raison du refus français.

(Signé) Kenneth K EITH .

110

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Keith

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