Separate opinion of Judge Tomka

Document Number
136-20080604-JUD-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
136-20080604-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

269

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE TOMKA

[Translation]

Forum prorogatum — Application inviting the Respondent to consent to the
jurisdiction of the Court (Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court) —
Subject of the dispute — Legal grounds — Claims made in the Application —
Contradiction introduced by the Applicant between the subject of the dispute
and the claims — Interpretation of the agreement on jurisdiction established by
two unilateral acts — Jurisdiction of the Court ratione materiae — Jurisdiction
of the Court ratione temporis.

* * *

1. The Judgment which the Court has just delivered is more jurispru-
dential than practical in scope because the Court has been called upon to
interpret and clarify its jurisdiction established by forum prorogatum. It

may even be wondered whether it was really necessary to seise the prin-
cipal judicial organ of the United Nations for a ruling, after more than
four months of deliberations, on the refusal by a Parisian investigating
judge to comply with the request, presented in the form of an interna-
tional letter rogatory, to transmit copies of the record of a case she was

investigating to her Djiboutian opposite number. Each must take his own
view.
2. Although on 2 September 2005 Djibouti filed a declaration with the
United Nations Secretary-General, valid for a period of five years, rec-
ognizing the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, in accord-

ance with Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute, it well knew that the
Court did not have jurisdiction to entertain the dispute it wished to sub-
mit to the Court, because France had no longer been bound by such a
declaration since 1974.
3. In submitting its Application introducing proceedings on 9 January
2006, Djibouti therefore sought to found the jurisdiction of the Court on

the consent that it was counting on from France. This possibility is envis-
aged by Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court.
4. Eight months after a copy of Djibouti’s Application had been trans-
mitted to the French Government, the latter informed the Court on
9 August 2006, by a letter from its Minister for Foreign Affairs dated

25 July 2006, that “the French Republic consents to the Court’s jurisdic-
tion to entertain the Application pursuant to, and solely on the basis
of...Article38,paragraph5”,oftheRulesofCourt.Butitalsospeci-
fied that consent to the jurisdiction of the Court

“was valid only for the purposes of the case, within the meaning of
Article 38, paragraph 5, [of the Rules of Court] i.e., in respect of the

96 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE SEP .OP. TOMKA ) 270

dispute forming the subject of the Application and strictly within the
limits of the claims formulated therein ” by Djibouti (Judgment,
para. 4, emphasis added).

5. There is thus no doubt that France consented to the jurisdiction of
the Court in the present case. But the question which arises is that of the
scope of that jurisdiction ratione materiae and ratione temporis, all the
more so since, in its Counter-Memorial, France raised an objection,

asserting that “Djibouti’s Memorial goes beyond the claims formulated
in the Application” (Counter-Memorial of France (CMF), p. 7, para. 2.3).
In its Counter-Memorial, France asserts that

“the jurisdiction [of the International Court of Justice] is strictly lim-

ited ratione materiae and ratione temporis to facts connected to the
international letter rogatory of [3] November 2004, of which the
French authorities’ refusal of execution is described in the Applica-
tion as being ‘[t]he subject of the dispute’” (ibid., p. 16, para. 2.26).

France states that the jurisdiction of the Court “cannot extend to claims
involving facts arising subsequent to the Application which are not the
direct consequence of the alleged non-execution of this international let-
ter rogatory” (ibid.). According to France, the jurisdiction of the Court

does not extend to the claims by the Republic of Djibouti concerning
alleged violations of immunities said to be enjoyed by certain Djiboutian
officials, including, in particular, the President of the Republic of Dji-
bouti (ibid.).

6. In order to establish the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction in this
case, a determination is required on the scope of the case submitted to the
Court by Djibouti on 9 January 2006, because the French consent to
jurisdiction “is valid only for the purposes of the case”, in other words,
according to France, “in respect of the dispute forming the subject of the

Application and strictly within the limits of the claims formulated
therein”.
7. Both Parties agree that it is for the Court to declare

“to what extent these distinct acts [i.e. Djibouti’s Application,
France’s letter of acceptance], employing different words, give rise to
a real consent . . . that is to say an agreement on a single, specific
subject precisely delineating the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction”
(CR 2008/1, p. 23, para. 8, (Condorelli); CR 2008/4, p. 33, para. 20,

(Pellet)).

8. The dispute is circumscribed by its subject and by its parties. The
term “the subject of the dispute” was chosen for the Statute of the Court
in 1920, in preference to the term “the nature of the dispute”, because it

was regarded as more exact and more suitable from the point of view of

97 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE SEP .OP. TOMKA ) 271

res judicata . It is the parties and the subject of the dispute which cir-
cumscribe a particular case. The res judicata rule is set out in Article 59

of the Statute: the decision of the Court has no binding force except
between “the parties and in respect of that particular case”.
9. Djibouti identified the French Republic as the Party against which
it was seeking to bring proceedings before the Court. It has also clearly

indicated, on a number of occasions, that the refusal to execute the inter-
national letter rogatory (dated 3 November 2004) constitutes the subject
of the dispute.
10. To begin with, on 28 December 2005, the President of Djibouti

granted full powers to Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali
“[f]or the purpose of filing with the International Court of Justice

the Application by the Republic of Djibouti against the French
Republic concerning the violation by the latter of its international
obligations towards the Republic of Djibouti, notably the violation
of the Convention between the Republic of Djibouti and the Govern-

ment of the French Republic dated 27 September 1986 ” [the Conven-
tion on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters] (Application insti-
tuting proceedings, p. 37; emphasis added).

11. Then the Djiboutian Minister for Foreign Affairs and Interna-
tional Co-operation informed the President of the International Court of
Justice that

“in accordance with Article 42, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the
Court and Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Gov-

ernment of the Republic of Djibouti has appointed Mr. Djama
Souleiman Ali . . . as Agent in the following case : Republic of Dji-
bouti v. the French Republic, concerning the violation by the French
Republic of its international obligations to the Republic of Djibouti
under the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters

between the Government of the Republic of Djibouti and the Gov-
ernment of the French Republic, of 27 September 1986” (ibid.,p.39;
emphasis added).

12. Lastly, the Agent of Djibouti communicated to the President of
the International Court of Justice

“an Application whereby the Republic of Djibouti is instituting pro-
ceedings against the French Republic concerning the violation by the
latter of its international obligations to the Republic of Djibouti in

respect of mutual assistance in criminal matters ”( ibid., p. 3; empha-
sis added).

13. Djibouti’s Application is entitled: “Application by the Republic of
Djibouti against the French Republic for the violation, vis-à-vis the

1Permanent Court of International Justice, Advisory Committee of Jurists, Procès-ver-
baux of the Proceedings of the Committee (16 June-24 July 1920), p. 734.

98 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (SEP. OP. TOMKA ) 272

Republic of Djibouti, of its international obligations in respect of mutual
assistance in criminal matters (Application instituting proceedings, p. 5,
para. 1; emphasis added). What is important in the title of the Applica-

tion is the fact that the obligations allegedly breached by France related
to mutual assistance in criminal matters . The focus of the dispute was
therefore intended to be the (alleged) violation of the obligations assumed
by France with respect to mutual assistance in criminal matters vis-à-vis
Djibouti, and not of other international obligations of France. This

would indeed seem to be how France understood the case when it was
entered in the General List under the title “Case concerning Certain
Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v.
France)”. And this title has remained unchanged, despite the Court’s
conclusions as to its jurisdiction.

14. In its Application, and in accordance with Article 40, paragraph 1,
of the Statute, Djibouti indicated the subject of the dispute . According to
Djibouti,

“The subject of the dispute concerns the refusal by the French gov-
ernmental and judicial authorities to execute an international letter

rogatory regarding the transmission to the judicial authorities in Dji-
bouti of the record relating to the investigation in the ‘Case against
X for the murder of Bernard Borrel ’, in violation of the Convention
on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Government
of the Republic of Djibouti and the Government of the French

Republic, of 27 September 1986, and in breach of other international
obligations borne by the French Republic to the Republic of Dji-
bouti.” (Application instituting proceedings, p. 5, para. 2; emphasis
added.)

Although Article 40 of the Statute merely requires that the subject of
the dispute shall be indicated, Djibouti was quite specific in its Applica-

tion. For it, “[t]he subject of the dispute concerns the refusal . . . to
execute an international letter rogatory”. The act at the origin of the dis-
pute is defined by Djibouti itself as the refusal by France to act upon the
international letter rogatory. According to Djibouti, France breached a

number of its obligations by that refusal: those arising from the Conven-
tion on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, as well as certain other
obligations. These other obligations are enumerated in the Application in
the section entitled “Legal Grounds”: mentioned here are the obligations
laid down in the 1977 Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation, the obliga-

tion “deriving from . . . principles . . . to prevent attacks on the person,
freedom or dignity of an internationally protected person”, and “the
principle . . . that a State may not invoke principles or doctrines under its
internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty” (Applica-
tion, p. 5, para. 3).

99 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE SEP .OP .TOMKA ) 273

15. The expression “legal grounds” (Application, p. 5, para. 3) is not

included in the Statute but does appear in the Rules of Court (Art. 38,
para. 2), which stipulate that the Application “shall also specify the pre-
cise nature of the claim, together with a succinct statement of the facts
and grounds on which the claim is based”. The requirement to indicate

the “grounds on which the claim is based” was first introduced in the
1936 Rules of Court, which thus implemented Article 63 of the Court’s
Statute. The preparatory documents reveal that “grounds” meant “the
indication of the stipulations of the interpretation on which the solution

of the case depends” and that “practice has shown the usefulness . . . of
these indications with regard to the provisions of Article 63 of the Stat-
ute” . The legal grounds are merely the legal arguments which, accord-
ing to the Applicant, support its claims.

16. Although the Court teaches that “[n]o applicant may come to the
Court without being able to indicate , in its Application, the State against
which the claim is brought and the subject of the dispute . . .” (Judgment,
para. 64; emphasis added), it nevertheless limits this requirement, since

“while indeed it is desirable that what the Applicant regards as the sub-
ject-matter of the dispute is specified under that heading in the Applica-
tion, nonetheless, the Court must look at the Application as a whole”
(ibid., para. 67).

17. The Court refers to its observation in the case concerning Right of
Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) (I.C.J. Reports 1960,
p. 33), in order to conclude “that the subject of the dispute was not to be
determined exclusively by reference to matters set out under the relevant

section heading of the Application” (Judgment, para. 70).
18. This jurisprudence concerning the determination of the dispute
and its subject was recalled by the Court ten years ago in the case con-
cerning Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), in which it observed

that “[i]t is for the Court itself, while giving particular attention to the
formulation of the dispute chosen by the Applicant, to determine on an
objective basis the dispute dividing the parties, by examining the position
of both parties” (Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports

1998, p. 448, para. 30). It went on to say that

“The Court’s jurisprudence shows that the Court will not confine

itself to the formulation by the Applicant when determining the sub-
ject of the dispute. Thus, in the case concerning the Right of Passage
over Indian Territory, the Court, in order to form a view as to its
jurisdiction, defined the subject of the dispute.” (Ibid., p. 449,

para. 30.)

2P.C.I.J., Series D, No. 2 , pp. 868-869 [translation by the Registry] . Article 63 of the
Statute confers on third States the right to intervene in the proceedings when what is at
issue is the interpretation of a convention in which not only the parties to the dispute have
participated but other States also.

100 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (SEP. OP. TOMKA ) 274

19. I doubt whether this jurisprudence can be followed where the juris-
diction of the Court is established, as in the present case, on the basis of
forum prorogatum. In the case concerning Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v.

Canada) and in the other cases mentioned there (I.C.J. Reports 1998,
pp. 447-449, paras. 29-31), in other words, Nauru, Interhandel, Right of
Passage over Indian Territory and Nuclear Tests, the unilateral declara-
tions recognizing the jurisdiction of the Court made under Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute were relied on as the basis of jurisdiction.

Those declarations had been made long before the birth of the disputes
unilaterally submitted to the Court. It is understandable that a State
which has seised the Court relying on the declarations made under Arti-
cle 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute should vigorously assert that the dis-
pute falls within the Court’s jurisdiction. It follows that it defines that

dispute in such a way as to prompt the Court to conclude that it has
jurisdiction. Through its objections, the Respondent will argue that, in
the light of the various unilateral declarations and the reservations they
contain, the dispute (or at least some aspects of it and the related claims)

eludes the jurisdiction of the Court. In all these cases, the Court must
itself determine the dispute between the parties and its subject, so as to be
able to decide whether or not it falls within its jurisdiction, given the
terms of the unilateral declarations made, including the various “reserva-
tions” (or rather limitations) which States sometimes add to them.

20. The Court has recalled its jurisprudence developed in the cases
brought before it under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, even
though the present case is covered by Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Stat-

ute; that gave the Court an opportunity to set out its perception of the
subject of the dispute between the Parties.
Hence the Court recalls the legal grounds relied on in Djibouti’s Appli-
cation (Judgment, para. 73), as well as certain claims made in it (ibid.,
para. 74), before concluding

“that, despite a confined description of the subject of the dispute (its

‘objet’) in the second paragraph of the Application, the said Appli-
cation, taken as a whole, has a wider scope which includes the sum-
monses sent to the Djiboutian President on 17 May 2005 and those
sent to other Djiboutian officials on 3 and 4 November 2004” (ibid.,
para. 75).

21. It is the Court which gives the subject of the dispute a wider scope,
despite the fact that Djibouti adopted a narrower view of it in its Appli-

cation. It is not certain that, when it consented to the jurisdiction of the
Court, France perceived the subject of the dispute in the same way as the
Court does in its Judgment.
22. There are elements in the case pointing to the fact that, from the
outset, France thought that the dispute, for which it had accepted the

jurisdiction of the Court, concerned “the interpretation given by each

101 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (SEP. OP.TOMKA ) 275

party to the implementation of the Convention on Mutual Assistance in
Criminal Matters between France and Djibouti” (Memorial of Djibouti
(MD), Ann. 32, Statement from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

20 October 2006).
A few days later, on 15 November 2006, the Minister of State for Co-
operation, Development and Francophony declared to the National
Assembly:

“In view of the difficulties we have had in implementing the Con-
vention on Mutual Assistance between France and Djibouti, this
issue has been brought before the International Court of Justice by

Djibouti. We have announced that we agree to the Court settling the
dispute between our two countries, which essentially concerns ques-
tions of procedure.” (MD, Ann. 33.)

23. However, according to the interpretation of the Court, France’s
acceptance of the Court’s jurisdiction “in respect of the dispute forming

the subject of the Application and strictly within the limits of the claims
formulated therein” constitutes consent whose scope is not limited “to
any particular aspect of the Application” (Judgment, para. 83).
24. In my view, France accepted the jurisdiction of the Court in
respect of “the dispute forming the subject of the Application”, in other

words, in respect of the dispute as circumscribed by Djibouti in its Appli-
cation. Every dispute is circumscribed by its subject and its parties. There
is no doubt that the wishes of the two Parties overlap in wanting the
Court to settle the dispute concerning France’s refusal to execute the
international letter rogatory.

25. The Court teaches that “[t]he consent allowing for the Court to
assume jurisdiction must be certain” (ibid., para. 62). I am not sure that
this is the case as regards the questions concerning the immunity of the
Head of State and of certain senior Djiboutian officials. One notes a
contradiction in the Application between the subject of the dispute

declared expressis verbis and the legal arguments and claims. The Appli-
cant should not benefit from any ambiguity on its part. In my view,
therefore, greater importance should have been given to the precise terms
of the Application; legal security requires it. Otherwise, the State which

has been invited to accept the jurisdiction of the Court, and has con-
sented to it, runs the risk of later discovering that the Court is giving the
dispute and its subject a different definition from its own at the time
when it declared its acceptance on the basis of the express terms of the
Application.

26. The Court was thus in a position to conclude that its jurisdiction
was limited ratione materiae to the dispute concerning France’s refusal to
execute the international letter rogatory regarding the transmission to
Djibouti of the record relating to the investigation in the Case against X
for the murder of Bernard Borrel .

102 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (SEP.OP .TOMKA ) 276

27. The majority voted for a broader jurisdiction (boni judicis est

ampliare jurisdictionem) . It was able to do so because France, in its
somewhat elliptical letter of acceptance, did not take the trouble to un-
derline the contradictions in the Application and to specify unequivocally
the scope of its consent. After long consideration, but not without some

hesitation, I voted with the majority of the Court.

28. But I cannot subscribe to the Court’s finding (Judgment, paras. 95
and 205 (1) (c)) that it has jurisdiction also to consider the second wit-

ness summons sent to the President of the Republic of Djibouti on
14 February 2007, in other words, over a year after the filing of Djibou-
ti’s Application and over five months after France’s acceptance of the
jurisdiction of the Court “in respect of the dispute forming the subject of

the Application and strictly within the limits of the claims formulated
therein by the Republic of Djibouti”.

To justify its finding, the Court emphasizes that “[t]he French letter of

acceptance did not, however, contain a temporal limitation” (ibid.,
para. 94).
29. For this aspect of the case, the Court treats France’s letter of
acceptance as a genuine declaration recognizing the compulsory jurisdic-

tion of the Court within the meaning of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute, which it patently is not.
30. The Court adds that what is decisive in this case is what France
expressly accepted in its letter of 25 July 2006 (ibid., para. 88). I fully con-

cur with that.
But I find it hard to see how France could expressly accept the jurisdic-
tion of the Court in respect of a dispute concerning a fact which had not
yet occurred. France accepted the jurisdiction of the Court “for the

claims described in Djibouti’s Application”, filed on 9 January 2006. The
claims concerned the alleged violations supposedly committed before the
filing of the Application. According to the majority, the summons of
14 February 2007 simply reiterated the preceding one dated 17 May 2005;

this does not strike me as convincing. Matters would be different if it had
been a continuous act having started in May 2005 and continued
until February 2007. But that is not the case. Each summons constituted
a separate act. It was therefore impossible for me to vote in favour of

subparagraph (1) (c) of the operative clause.

31. The case is now closed. What lessons does it hold? Despite the
apparent flexibility of forum prorogatum , this case shows that a State

which is invited to accept the jurisdiction of the Court according to the
procedure laid down in Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court

3See M. Bedjaoui, “The forum prorogatum before the International Court of Justice:
The resources of an institution or the hidden face of consensualism”, I.C.J. Yearbook
1996-1997, No. 51, pp. 216-234.

103 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (SEP.OP .TOMKA ) 277

must be meticulous in the drafting of its positive response if it wishes to
avoid any surprises on the part of the Court. I remain convinced that it is
always preferable, instead of accepting the jurisdiction of the Court by

means of this procedure, to propose that the Applicant should conclude
a special agreement, clearly specifying the legal matters which the Parties
in contention wish to see settled by the Court.

(Signed) Peter T OMKA .

104

Bilingual Content

269

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. LE JUGE TOMKA

Forum prorogatum — Requête invitant l’Etat défendeur à accepter la com-
pétence de la Cour (article 38, paragraphe 5, du Règlement) — Objet du dif-
férend — Moyen de droit — Demandes formulées dans la requête — Contradic-
tion introduite par le demandeur entre l’objet du différend et les demandes —
Interprétation de l’accord sur la compétence établie par deux actes unilaté-
raux — Compétence de la Cour ratione materiae — Compétence de la Cour
ratione temporis.

* * *

1. L’arrêt que la Cour vient de rendre a une portée plus jurispruden-
tielle que pratique, parce que la Cour a été appelée à interpréter et à cla-
rifier sa compétence établie par voie de forum prorogatum. On peut même

se demander s’il était vraiment nécessaire de saisir l’organe judiciaire
principal des Nations Unies afin qu’il se prononce, après plus de quatre
mois de délibérations, sur le refus opposé par un juge d’instruction pari-
sien à la demande, présentée sous la forme d’une commission rogatoire
internationale, de transmettre les copies d’un dossier qu’elle instruit à son

homologue djiboutien. A chacun de juger.

2. Bien que Djibouti ait déposé, le 2 septembre 2005, auprès du Secré-
taire général des Nations Unies une déclaration, valide pour une période
de cinq ans, reconnaissant la compétence de la Cour internationale de

Justice, conformément à l’article 36, paragraphe 2, de son Statut, il savait
bien que la Cour n’avait pas compétence pour connaître du différend
qu’il voulait soumettre à la Cour, parce que la France n’était plus,
depuis 1974, liée par une telle déclaration.
3. Djibouti a donc, en présentant sa requête introductive d’instance le
9 janvier 2006, entendu fonder la compétence de la Cour sur le consen-

tement qu’il escomptait de la France. Une telle possibilité est prévue par
l’article 38, paragraphe 5, du Règlement de la Cour.
4. Huit mois après que la copie de la requête de Djibouti eut été trans-
mise au Gouvernement français, celui-ci a informé la Cour le 9 août 2006,
par une lettre de son ministre des affaires étrangères en date du

25 juillet 2006, que «la République française accept[ait] la compétence de
la Cour pour connaître de la requête en application et sur le seul fonde-
ment de l’article 38, paragraphe 5», du Règlement. Mais il a aussi précisé
que l’acceptation de la compétence de la Cour

«ne va[lait] qu’aux fins de l’affaire, au sens de l’article 38, para-
graphe 5, [du Règlement de la Cour], c’est-à-dire pour le différend

96 269

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE TOMKA

[Translation]

Forum prorogatum — Application inviting the Respondent to consent to the
jurisdiction of the Court (Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court) —
Subject of the dispute — Legal grounds — Claims made in the Application —
Contradiction introduced by the Applicant between the subject of the dispute
and the claims — Interpretation of the agreement on jurisdiction established by
two unilateral acts — Jurisdiction of the Court ratione materiae — Jurisdiction
of the Court ratione temporis.

* * *

1. The Judgment which the Court has just delivered is more jurispru-
dential than practical in scope because the Court has been called upon to
interpret and clarify its jurisdiction established by forum prorogatum. It

may even be wondered whether it was really necessary to seise the prin-
cipal judicial organ of the United Nations for a ruling, after more than
four months of deliberations, on the refusal by a Parisian investigating
judge to comply with the request, presented in the form of an interna-
tional letter rogatory, to transmit copies of the record of a case she was

investigating to her Djiboutian opposite number. Each must take his own
view.
2. Although on 2 September 2005 Djibouti filed a declaration with the
United Nations Secretary-General, valid for a period of five years, rec-
ognizing the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, in accord-

ance with Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute, it well knew that the
Court did not have jurisdiction to entertain the dispute it wished to sub-
mit to the Court, because France had no longer been bound by such a
declaration since 1974.
3. In submitting its Application introducing proceedings on 9 January
2006, Djibouti therefore sought to found the jurisdiction of the Court on

the consent that it was counting on from France. This possibility is envis-
aged by Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court.
4. Eight months after a copy of Djibouti’s Application had been trans-
mitted to the French Government, the latter informed the Court on
9 August 2006, by a letter from its Minister for Foreign Affairs dated

25 July 2006, that “the French Republic consents to the Court’s jurisdic-
tion to entertain the Application pursuant to, and solely on the basis
of...Article38,paragraph5”,oftheRulesofCourt.Butitalsospeci-
fied that consent to the jurisdiction of the Court

“was valid only for the purposes of the case, within the meaning of
Article 38, paragraph 5, [of the Rules of Court] i.e., in respect of the

96270 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (OP. IND. TOMKA )

qui fait l’objet de la requête et dans les strictes limites des demandes
formulées dans celle-ci » par Djibouti (arrêt, par. 4; les italiques
sont de moi).

5. La France a ainsi sans aucun doute accepté la compétence de la
Cour en la présente affaire. Mais la question qui se pose est celle de
l’étendue de cette compétence ratione materiae et ratione temporis,e t
cela d’autant plus que la France a soulevé dans son contre-mémoire

une objection en soutenant que «le mémoire djiboutien va au-delà des
demandes formulées dans la requête» (contre-mémoire de la France, p. 8,
par. 2.3). La France, dans son contre-mémoire, fait valoir que

«la compétence de la [Cour internationale de Justice] est strictement

limitée ratione materiae et ratione temporis aux faits liés à la com-
mission rogatoire internationale du [3] novembre 2004 dont le refus
d’exécution par les autorités françaises est présenté dans la requête
comme constituant «[l’]objet du différend»» (ibid., p. 16, par. 2.26).

La France précise que la compétence de la Cour «ne saurait ...
s’étendre à des demandes portant sur des faits postérieurs à la
requête qui ne constituent pas la suite directe de la non-exécution
alléguée de cette commission rogatoire internationale» (ibid.).

Selon la France, la compétence de la Cour ne s’étend pas aux
demandes de la République de Djibouti concernant les prétendues
atteintes à des immunités dont devraient bénéficier certains officiels
djiboutiens, y compris, en particulier, le président de la République de
Djibouti (ibid.).

6. Pour établir l’étendue de la compétence de la Cour en la présente
affaire, il faut se prononcer sur la portée de l’affaire qui a été soumise à
la Cour par Djibouti le 9 janvier 2006, parce que l’acceptation française
de la compétence «ne vaut qu’aux fins de l’affaire» c’est-à-dire, selon la
France, «pour le différend qui fait l’objet de la requête et dans les strictes

limites des demandes formulées dans celle-ci».

7. Les deux Parties conviennent qu’il s’agit pour la Cour de dire

«dans quelle mesure de ces actes distincts [i.e. la requête de Djibouti,
la lettre d’acceptation de la France] formulés par des mots différents
se dégage un réel consentement, ... c’est-à-dire un accord sur un
objet unique et précis identifiant avec exactitude la sphère de com-
pétence [de la Cour]» (CR 2008/1, p. 23, par. 8 (Condorelli);

CR 2008/4, p. 33, par. 20 (Pellet)).

8. Le différend est circonscrit par son objet et par ses parties. Les ter-
mes «l’objet du différend» ont été choisis pour le Statut de la Cour en
1920, prioritairement aux termes «la nature du différend» parce qu’ils

étaient considérés comme plus précis et plus utiles du point de vue de

97 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE SEP .OP. TOMKA ) 270

dispute forming the subject of the Application and strictly within the
limits of the claims formulated therein ” by Djibouti (Judgment,
para. 4, emphasis added).

5. There is thus no doubt that France consented to the jurisdiction of
the Court in the present case. But the question which arises is that of the
scope of that jurisdiction ratione materiae and ratione temporis, all the
more so since, in its Counter-Memorial, France raised an objection,

asserting that “Djibouti’s Memorial goes beyond the claims formulated
in the Application” (Counter-Memorial of France (CMF), p. 7, para. 2.3).
In its Counter-Memorial, France asserts that

“the jurisdiction [of the International Court of Justice] is strictly lim-

ited ratione materiae and ratione temporis to facts connected to the
international letter rogatory of [3] November 2004, of which the
French authorities’ refusal of execution is described in the Applica-
tion as being ‘[t]he subject of the dispute’” (ibid., p. 16, para. 2.26).

France states that the jurisdiction of the Court “cannot extend to claims
involving facts arising subsequent to the Application which are not the
direct consequence of the alleged non-execution of this international let-
ter rogatory” (ibid.). According to France, the jurisdiction of the Court

does not extend to the claims by the Republic of Djibouti concerning
alleged violations of immunities said to be enjoyed by certain Djiboutian
officials, including, in particular, the President of the Republic of Dji-
bouti (ibid.).

6. In order to establish the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction in this
case, a determination is required on the scope of the case submitted to the
Court by Djibouti on 9 January 2006, because the French consent to
jurisdiction “is valid only for the purposes of the case”, in other words,
according to France, “in respect of the dispute forming the subject of the

Application and strictly within the limits of the claims formulated
therein”.
7. Both Parties agree that it is for the Court to declare

“to what extent these distinct acts [i.e. Djibouti’s Application,
France’s letter of acceptance], employing different words, give rise to
a real consent . . . that is to say an agreement on a single, specific
subject precisely delineating the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction”
(CR 2008/1, p. 23, para. 8, (Condorelli); CR 2008/4, p. 33, para. 20,

(Pellet)).

8. The dispute is circumscribed by its subject and by its parties. The
term “the subject of the dispute” was chosen for the Statute of the Court
in 1920, in preference to the term “the nature of the dispute”, because it

was regarded as more exact and more suitable from the point of view of

97271 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (OP. IND. TOMKA )

l’effet de la chose jugée . Ce sont les parties et l’objet du différend qui

circonscrivent une affaire donnée. La règle de l’autorité de la chose jugée
est énoncée dans l’article 59 du Statut: un arrêt ne vaut que «pour les
parties en litige et dans le cas qui a été décidé».
9. Djibouti a identifié la République française en tant que Partie

contre laquelle il entendait introduire une instance devant la Cour. Il a
aussi clairement indiqué, à plusieurs reprises, que le refus d’exécuter la
commission rogatoire internationale (en date du 3 novembre 2004) cons-
titue l’objet du différend.

10. En premier lieu, le président de Djibouti a donné, le 28 décembre
2005, pleins pouvoirs à M. Djama Souleiman Ali

«[à] l’effet de déposer, auprès de la Cour internationale de Justice, la
requête de la République de Djibouti contre la République française
au sujet de la violation par cette dernière de ses obligations interna-
tionales envers la République de Djibouti et notamment la violation

de la convention entre la République de Djibouti et le Gouvernement
de la République française, en date du 27 septembre 1986 » [la
convention d’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale] (requête intro-
ductive d’instance, p. 36; les italiques sont de moi).

11. Puis le ministre des affaires étrangères et de la coopération inter-
nationale de Djibouti a informé le président de la Cour internationale de

Justice que

«conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 42 du Statut de la Cour
et au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Règlement de la Cour, le Gou-
vernement de la République de Djibouti a nommé comme agent
M. Djama Souleiman Ali, ... dans l’affaire suivante : République de

Djibouti contre République française, concernant la violation par la
République française envers la République de Djibouti de ses obli-
gations internationales découlant de la convention d’entraide judi-
ciaire en matière pénale entre le Gouvernement de la République de

Djibouti et le Gouvernement de la République française du 27 sep-
tembre 1986» (ibid., p. 38; les italiques sont de moi).

12. Finalement, l’agent de Djibouti a communiqué au président de la
Cour internationale de Justice

«une requête par laquelle la République de Djibouti introduit une
instance contre la République française au sujet de la violation par
cette dernière de ses obligations internationales envers la République
de Djibouti, relative à l’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale »( ibid.,

p. 2; les italiques sont de moi).
13. La requête de Djibouti est ainsi intitulée: «Requête de la Répu-

blique de Djibouti contre la République française pour violation, envers

1Cour permanente de Justice internationale, Comité consultatif de juristes, Procès-
verbaux des séances du Comité (16 juin-24 juillet 1920), p. 734.

98 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE SEP .OP. TOMKA ) 271

res judicata . It is the parties and the subject of the dispute which cir-
cumscribe a particular case. The res judicata rule is set out in Article 59

of the Statute: the decision of the Court has no binding force except
between “the parties and in respect of that particular case”.
9. Djibouti identified the French Republic as the Party against which
it was seeking to bring proceedings before the Court. It has also clearly

indicated, on a number of occasions, that the refusal to execute the inter-
national letter rogatory (dated 3 November 2004) constitutes the subject
of the dispute.
10. To begin with, on 28 December 2005, the President of Djibouti

granted full powers to Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali
“[f]or the purpose of filing with the International Court of Justice

the Application by the Republic of Djibouti against the French
Republic concerning the violation by the latter of its international
obligations towards the Republic of Djibouti, notably the violation
of the Convention between the Republic of Djibouti and the Govern-

ment of the French Republic dated 27 September 1986 ” [the Conven-
tion on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters] (Application insti-
tuting proceedings, p. 37; emphasis added).

11. Then the Djiboutian Minister for Foreign Affairs and Interna-
tional Co-operation informed the President of the International Court of
Justice that

“in accordance with Article 42, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the
Court and Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Gov-

ernment of the Republic of Djibouti has appointed Mr. Djama
Souleiman Ali . . . as Agent in the following case : Republic of Dji-
bouti v. the French Republic, concerning the violation by the French
Republic of its international obligations to the Republic of Djibouti
under the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters

between the Government of the Republic of Djibouti and the Gov-
ernment of the French Republic, of 27 September 1986” (ibid.,p.39;
emphasis added).

12. Lastly, the Agent of Djibouti communicated to the President of
the International Court of Justice

“an Application whereby the Republic of Djibouti is instituting pro-
ceedings against the French Republic concerning the violation by the
latter of its international obligations to the Republic of Djibouti in

respect of mutual assistance in criminal matters ”( ibid., p. 3; empha-
sis added).

13. Djibouti’s Application is entitled: “Application by the Republic of
Djibouti against the French Republic for the violation, vis-à-vis the

1Permanent Court of International Justice, Advisory Committee of Jurists, Procès-ver-
baux of the Proceedings of the Committee (16 June-24 July 1920), p. 734.

98272 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (OP. IND. TOMKA )

la République de Djibouti, de ses obligations internationales se ratta-
chant à l’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale» (requête introductive
d’instance, p. 4, par. 1; les italiques sont de moi). Ce qui est important

dans l’intitulé de la requête est que les obligations prétendument violées
par la France se rattachaient à l’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale .
Le différend devrait donc porter sur la violation (alléguée) des obli-
gations assumées par la France dans le domaine de l’entraide judiciaire
en matière pénale vis-à-vis de Djibouti, et non pas d’autres obligations

internationales de la France. Apparemment, c’est bien ainsi que la Cour
comprenait l’affaire lorsqu’elle fut inscrite à son rôle général sous le
titre «Affaire relative à Certaines questions concernant l’entraide ju-
diciaire en matière pénale (Djibouti c. France) ». Et ce titre est resté
inchangé malgré les conclusions auxquelles la Cour est parvenue quant à

sa compétence.
14. Djibouti a précisé, dans sa requête, conformément à l’article 40,
paragraphe 1, du Statut de la Cour, l’objet du différend. Selon Djibouti,

«L’objet du différend porte sur le refus des autorités gouverne-
mentales et judiciaires françaises d’exécuter une commission roga-

toire internationale concernant la transmission aux autorités judi-
ciaires djiboutiennes du dossier relatif à la procédure d’information
relative à l’Affaire contre X du chef d’assassinat sur la personne de
Bernard Borrel et ce, en violation de la convention d’entraide judi-
ciaire en matière pénale entre le Gouvernement de la République de

Djibouti et le Gouvernement de la République française du 27 sep-
tembre 1986, ainsi qu’en violation d’autres obligations internationa-
les pesant sur la République française envers la République de Dji-
bouti» (requête introductive d’instance, p. 4, par. 2; les italiques
sont de moi).

Bien que l’article 40 du Statut se borne à exiger l’indication de l’objet
du différend, Djibouti a été, dans sa requête, tout à fait spécifique. Pour

lui, «l’objet du différend porte sur le refus ... d’exécuter une commission
rogatoire internationale». L’acte qui est à l’origine du différend est défini
par Djibouti lui-même comme le refus par la France de donner une suite
favorable à la commission rogatoire internationale. Par ce refus, la France

aurait violé, selon Djibouti, plusieurs de ses obligations, les obligations
découlant de la convention d’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale entre
Djibouti et la France, ainsi que certaines autres obligations. Ces autres
obligations sont énumérées dans la requête dans la section intitulée
«moyens de droit»: y sont mentionnés les obligations prévues par le

traité d’amitié et de coopération de 1977, les obligations «découlant des
principes ... de prévenir les atteintes à la personne, la liberté ou la dignité
d’une personne jouissant d’une protection internationale», ainsi que le
«principe selon lequel un Etat ne peut invoquer les principes ou doctrines
de son droit comme justifiant la non-exécution d’un traité» (requête, p. 4,

par. 3).

99 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (SEP. OP. TOMKA ) 272

Republic of Djibouti, of its international obligations in respect of mutual
assistance in criminal matters (Application instituting proceedings, p. 5,
para. 1; emphasis added). What is important in the title of the Applica-

tion is the fact that the obligations allegedly breached by France related
to mutual assistance in criminal matters . The focus of the dispute was
therefore intended to be the (alleged) violation of the obligations assumed
by France with respect to mutual assistance in criminal matters vis-à-vis
Djibouti, and not of other international obligations of France. This

would indeed seem to be how France understood the case when it was
entered in the General List under the title “Case concerning Certain
Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v.
France)”. And this title has remained unchanged, despite the Court’s
conclusions as to its jurisdiction.

14. In its Application, and in accordance with Article 40, paragraph 1,
of the Statute, Djibouti indicated the subject of the dispute . According to
Djibouti,

“The subject of the dispute concerns the refusal by the French gov-
ernmental and judicial authorities to execute an international letter

rogatory regarding the transmission to the judicial authorities in Dji-
bouti of the record relating to the investigation in the ‘Case against
X for the murder of Bernard Borrel ’, in violation of the Convention
on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Government
of the Republic of Djibouti and the Government of the French

Republic, of 27 September 1986, and in breach of other international
obligations borne by the French Republic to the Republic of Dji-
bouti.” (Application instituting proceedings, p. 5, para. 2; emphasis
added.)

Although Article 40 of the Statute merely requires that the subject of
the dispute shall be indicated, Djibouti was quite specific in its Applica-

tion. For it, “[t]he subject of the dispute concerns the refusal . . . to
execute an international letter rogatory”. The act at the origin of the dis-
pute is defined by Djibouti itself as the refusal by France to act upon the
international letter rogatory. According to Djibouti, France breached a

number of its obligations by that refusal: those arising from the Conven-
tion on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, as well as certain other
obligations. These other obligations are enumerated in the Application in
the section entitled “Legal Grounds”: mentioned here are the obligations
laid down in the 1977 Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation, the obliga-

tion “deriving from . . . principles . . . to prevent attacks on the person,
freedom or dignity of an internationally protected person”, and “the
principle . . . that a State may not invoke principles or doctrines under its
internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty” (Applica-
tion, p. 5, para. 3).

99273 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (OP. IND .TOMKA )

15. L’expression «moyens de droit» (requête, p. 4, par. 3) ne figure pas
dans le Statut mais dans le Règlement de la Cour (art. 38, par. 2), qui
prévoit que la requête «indique en outre la nature précise de la demande
et contient un exposé succinct des faits et moyens sur lesquels cette

demande repose». On a introduit pour la première fois l’exigence d’indi-
quer les «moyens sur lesquels cette demande repose» dans le Règlement
en 1936; on mettait ainsi en Œuvre l’article 63 du Statut de la Cour. Les
documents préparatoires révèlent que, par «moyens», on avait à l’esprit

«l’indication des stipulations de l’interprétation desquelles dépend la
solution de l’affaire» et que «[la] pratique a démontré l’utilité ... de ces
indications eu égard aux dispositions de l’article 63 du Statut» . Les 2
moyens de droit ne sont que les arguments juridiques qui, selon le requé-

rant, étayent ses demandes.
16. Bien que la Cour enseigne qu’«aucun demandeur ne saurait se pré-
senter devant la Cour sans être en mesure d’indiquer dans sa requête

l’Etat contre lequel la demande est formée et l’objet du différend ...»
(arrêt, par. 64; les italiques sont de moi), elle relativise malgré tout cette
exigence puisque, «s’il est effectivement souhaitable que ce qui constitue
cet objet pour le demandeur soit indiqué sous une telle rubrique dans

la requête, la Cour doit néanmoins examiner cette dernière dans son en-
semble» (ibid., par. 67).
17. La Cour se réfère à son observation dans l’affaire du Droit de pas-
sage sur territoire indien (Portugal c. Inde) (C.I.J. Recueil 1960,p.33)

pour conclure «que l’objet du différend ne devait pas être déterminé
exclusivement par référence aux questions énoncées dans la rubrique cor-
respondante de la requête» (arrêt, par. 70).
18. Cette jurisprudence concernant la détermination du différend et de

son objet a été rappelée par la Cour il y a dix ans dans l’affaire de la
Compétence en matière de pêcheries (Espagne c. Canada), où elle a
observé qu’«[il] incombe à la Cour, tout en consacrant une attention

particulière à la formulation du différend utilisée par le demandeur,
de définir elle-même, sur une base objective, le différend qui oppose
les parties, en examinant la position de l’une et de l’autre» (compé-
tence de la Cour, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998 , p. 448, par. 30). Elle a

poursuivi:

«Il ressort de la jurisprudence de la Cour que celle-ci ne se contente
pas de la formulation employée par le demandeur, lorsqu’elle déter-

mine l’objet du différend. Ainsi, dans l’affaire du Droit de passage
sur territoire indien, la Cour, pour apprécier sa compétence, a pré-
cisé l’objet du litige.» (Ibid., p. 449, par. 30.)

2 o
C.P.J.I. série D n 2, p. 868-869. L’article 63 du Statut confère aux Etats tiers le droit
d’intervenir au procès lorsqu’il s’agit de l’interprétation d’une convention à laquelle ont
participé non seulement les parties en litige mais aussi d’autres Etats.

100 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE SEP .OP .TOMKA ) 273

15. The expression “legal grounds” (Application, p. 5, para. 3) is not

included in the Statute but does appear in the Rules of Court (Art. 38,
para. 2), which stipulate that the Application “shall also specify the pre-
cise nature of the claim, together with a succinct statement of the facts
and grounds on which the claim is based”. The requirement to indicate

the “grounds on which the claim is based” was first introduced in the
1936 Rules of Court, which thus implemented Article 63 of the Court’s
Statute. The preparatory documents reveal that “grounds” meant “the
indication of the stipulations of the interpretation on which the solution

of the case depends” and that “practice has shown the usefulness . . . of
these indications with regard to the provisions of Article 63 of the Stat-
ute” . The legal grounds are merely the legal arguments which, accord-
ing to the Applicant, support its claims.

16. Although the Court teaches that “[n]o applicant may come to the
Court without being able to indicate , in its Application, the State against
which the claim is brought and the subject of the dispute . . .” (Judgment,
para. 64; emphasis added), it nevertheless limits this requirement, since

“while indeed it is desirable that what the Applicant regards as the sub-
ject-matter of the dispute is specified under that heading in the Applica-
tion, nonetheless, the Court must look at the Application as a whole”
(ibid., para. 67).

17. The Court refers to its observation in the case concerning Right of
Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) (I.C.J. Reports 1960,
p. 33), in order to conclude “that the subject of the dispute was not to be
determined exclusively by reference to matters set out under the relevant

section heading of the Application” (Judgment, para. 70).
18. This jurisprudence concerning the determination of the dispute
and its subject was recalled by the Court ten years ago in the case con-
cerning Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), in which it observed

that “[i]t is for the Court itself, while giving particular attention to the
formulation of the dispute chosen by the Applicant, to determine on an
objective basis the dispute dividing the parties, by examining the position
of both parties” (Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports

1998, p. 448, para. 30). It went on to say that

“The Court’s jurisprudence shows that the Court will not confine

itself to the formulation by the Applicant when determining the sub-
ject of the dispute. Thus, in the case concerning the Right of Passage
over Indian Territory, the Court, in order to form a view as to its
jurisdiction, defined the subject of the dispute.” (Ibid., p. 449,

para. 30.)

2P.C.I.J., Series D, No. 2 , pp. 868-869 [translation by the Registry] . Article 63 of the
Statute confers on third States the right to intervene in the proceedings when what is at
issue is the interpretation of a convention in which not only the parties to the dispute have
participated but other States also.

100274 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (OP.IND .TOMKA )

19. Je doute que l’on puisse suivre cette jurisprudence dans le cas où la
compétence de la Cour est établie, comme en la présente espèce, sur la
base du forum prorogatum. Dans l’affaire de la Compétence en matière de

pêcheries (Espagne c. Canada) et dans les affaires qui y sont mention-
nées (C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 447-449, par. 29-31), c’est-à-dire Nauru,
Interhandel, Droit de passage sur territoire indien , Essais nucléaires,on
invoquait comme bases de compétence les déclarations unilatérales
reconnaissant la juridiction de la Cour faites en vertu de l’article 36, para-

graphe 2, du Statut. Les déclarations avaient été faites bien avant
la naissance des différends soumis unilatéralement à la Cour. On
peut comprendre que l’Etat qui a saisi la Cour en invoquant les décla-
rations faites en vertu de l’article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut, sou-
tienne vigoureusement que le différend relève de la compétence de

celle-ci. Il s’ensuit qu’il définit ce différend de manière à amener la Cour
à conclure qu’elle est compétente. Le défendeur, par ses objections,
fait valoir que, à la lumière des diverses déclarations unilatérales et
des réserves qui y sont contenues, le différend (ou au moins certains

de ses aspects et les demandes s’y rattachant) échappe à la com-
pétence de la Cour. La Cour doit dans tous ces cas déterminer
elle-même le différend qui oppose les parties et son objet afin qu’elle
puisse décider s’il relève, ou non, de sa compétence vu les termes des
déclarations unilatérales faites, y compris les différentes «réserves»

(ou plutôt limitations) que les Etats parfois ajoutent à ces
déclarations.
20. La Cour a rappelé sa jurisprudence élaborée dans le cadre des
affaires portées devant elle en vertu de l’article 36, paragraphe 2, du
Statut, bien que la présente espèce soit visée par le paragraphe 1 de

l’article 36 du Statut; cela a donné à la Cour l’occasion d’exposer sa
perception de l’objet du différend opposant les Parties.
Ainsi, la Cour rappelle les moyens de droit invoqués dans la requête
djiboutienne (arrêt, par. 73) ainsi que certaines demandes y formulées
(ibid., par. 74) pour parvenir à la conclusion

«que, en dépit d’une description sommaire de l’objet du différend au

paragraphe 2 de la requête, celle-ci, prise dans son ensemble, a un
objet plus large qui inclut la convocation adressée au président de
Djibouti le 17 mai 2005 et celles adressées à d’autres responsables
djiboutiens les 3 et 4 novembre 2004» (ibid., par. 75).

21. C’est la Cour qui donne à l’objet du différend une portée plus large
malgré le fait que Djibouti en a fait valoir dans sa requête une vision plus

réduite. Il n’est pas certain que la France, quand elle a accepté la com-
pétence de la Cour, a perçu l’objet du différend de la même manière que
la Cour dans son arrêt.
22. On trouve dans le dossier des éléments tendant à indiquer que la
France, dès le départ, pensait que le différend, pour lequel elle avait

accepté la compétence de la Cour, concernait «l’interprétation donnée

101 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (SEP. OP. TOMKA ) 274

19. I doubt whether this jurisprudence can be followed where the juris-
diction of the Court is established, as in the present case, on the basis of
forum prorogatum. In the case concerning Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v.

Canada) and in the other cases mentioned there (I.C.J. Reports 1998,
pp. 447-449, paras. 29-31), in other words, Nauru, Interhandel, Right of
Passage over Indian Territory and Nuclear Tests, the unilateral declara-
tions recognizing the jurisdiction of the Court made under Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute were relied on as the basis of jurisdiction.

Those declarations had been made long before the birth of the disputes
unilaterally submitted to the Court. It is understandable that a State
which has seised the Court relying on the declarations made under Arti-
cle 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute should vigorously assert that the dis-
pute falls within the Court’s jurisdiction. It follows that it defines that

dispute in such a way as to prompt the Court to conclude that it has
jurisdiction. Through its objections, the Respondent will argue that, in
the light of the various unilateral declarations and the reservations they
contain, the dispute (or at least some aspects of it and the related claims)

eludes the jurisdiction of the Court. In all these cases, the Court must
itself determine the dispute between the parties and its subject, so as to be
able to decide whether or not it falls within its jurisdiction, given the
terms of the unilateral declarations made, including the various “reserva-
tions” (or rather limitations) which States sometimes add to them.

20. The Court has recalled its jurisprudence developed in the cases
brought before it under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, even
though the present case is covered by Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Stat-

ute; that gave the Court an opportunity to set out its perception of the
subject of the dispute between the Parties.
Hence the Court recalls the legal grounds relied on in Djibouti’s Appli-
cation (Judgment, para. 73), as well as certain claims made in it (ibid.,
para. 74), before concluding

“that, despite a confined description of the subject of the dispute (its

‘objet’) in the second paragraph of the Application, the said Appli-
cation, taken as a whole, has a wider scope which includes the sum-
monses sent to the Djiboutian President on 17 May 2005 and those
sent to other Djiboutian officials on 3 and 4 November 2004” (ibid.,
para. 75).

21. It is the Court which gives the subject of the dispute a wider scope,
despite the fact that Djibouti adopted a narrower view of it in its Appli-

cation. It is not certain that, when it consented to the jurisdiction of the
Court, France perceived the subject of the dispute in the same way as the
Court does in its Judgment.
22. There are elements in the case pointing to the fact that, from the
outset, France thought that the dispute, for which it had accepted the

jurisdiction of the Court, concerned “the interpretation given by each

101275 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (OP. IND. TOMKA )

par chacune des parties à la mise en Œuvre de la convention d’entraide
judiciaire entre la France et Djibouti» (mémoire de Djibouti, annexe 32,
communiqué du ministère français des affaires étrangères, 20 octobre

2006).
Quelques jours plus tard, le 15 novembre 2006, la ministre déléguée à
la coopération, au développement et à la francophonie a déclaré à
l’Assemblée nationale:

«Compte tenu des difficultés que nous avons à mettre en Œuvre
la convention d’entraide judiciaire entre la France et Djibouti, la
Cour internationale de Justice a été saisie par Djibouti de cette

question. Nous avons fait savoir que nous étions d’accord pour
que la Cour règle ce différend entre nos deux pays, qui repose essen-
tiellement sur des problèmes de procédures.» (Mémoire de Djibouti,
annexe 33.)

23. Néanmoins, selon l’interprétation de la Cour, l’acceptation par la
France de la compétence de la Cour «pour le différend qui fait l’objet de

la requête et dans les strictes limites des demandes formulées dans celle-
ci» constitue un consentement dont la portée n’est pas limitée «à un
aspect particulier de la requête» (arrêt, par. 83).
24. Je suis d’avis que la France a accepté la compétence de la Cour
pour «le différend qui fait l’objet de la requête», c’est-à-dire pour le dif-

férend tel que circonscrit par Djibouti dans sa requête. Et chaque diffé-
rend est circonscrit par son objet et ses parties. Nul doute que les volon-
tés des deux Parties se chevauchent pour que la Cour tranche le différend
concernant le refus de la France d’exécuter la commission rogatoire inter-
nationale.

25. La Cour enseigne que «[l’]acceptation permettant à la Cour
d’asseoir sa compétence doit être avérée» (ibid., par. 62). Je ne suis pas
certain que tel est le cas pour ce qui est des questions relatives à l’immu-
nité du chef de l’Etat et de certains hauts fonctionnaires djiboutiens. On
relève dans la requête une contradiction entre l’objet du différend déclaré

expressis verbis et les arguments de droit et les demandes. Le requérant
ne devrait pas bénéficier d’une ambiguïté qui lui est imputable. Il fallait
donc à mon avis accorder plus de poids aux termes précis de la requête;
la sécurité juridique l’exige. Autrement, l’Etat qui a été invité à accepter

la compétence de la Cour et qui y a consenti risque de découvrir plus tard
que la Cour donne au différend et à son objet une définition différente de
la sienne au moment où il a exprimé son acceptation en se fondant sur les
termes exprès de la requête.

26. La Cour pouvait ainsi conclure que sa compétence était limitée
ratione materiae au différend relatif au refus de la France d’exécuter
la commission rogatoire internationale concernant la transmission à
Djibouti du dossier relatif à la procédure d’information dans
l’affaire contre X du chef d’assassinat sur la personne de Bernard

Borrel.

102 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (SEP. OP.TOMKA ) 275

party to the implementation of the Convention on Mutual Assistance in
Criminal Matters between France and Djibouti” (Memorial of Djibouti
(MD), Ann. 32, Statement from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

20 October 2006).
A few days later, on 15 November 2006, the Minister of State for Co-
operation, Development and Francophony declared to the National
Assembly:

“In view of the difficulties we have had in implementing the Con-
vention on Mutual Assistance between France and Djibouti, this
issue has been brought before the International Court of Justice by

Djibouti. We have announced that we agree to the Court settling the
dispute between our two countries, which essentially concerns ques-
tions of procedure.” (MD, Ann. 33.)

23. However, according to the interpretation of the Court, France’s
acceptance of the Court’s jurisdiction “in respect of the dispute forming

the subject of the Application and strictly within the limits of the claims
formulated therein” constitutes consent whose scope is not limited “to
any particular aspect of the Application” (Judgment, para. 83).
24. In my view, France accepted the jurisdiction of the Court in
respect of “the dispute forming the subject of the Application”, in other

words, in respect of the dispute as circumscribed by Djibouti in its Appli-
cation. Every dispute is circumscribed by its subject and its parties. There
is no doubt that the wishes of the two Parties overlap in wanting the
Court to settle the dispute concerning France’s refusal to execute the
international letter rogatory.

25. The Court teaches that “[t]he consent allowing for the Court to
assume jurisdiction must be certain” (ibid., para. 62). I am not sure that
this is the case as regards the questions concerning the immunity of the
Head of State and of certain senior Djiboutian officials. One notes a
contradiction in the Application between the subject of the dispute

declared expressis verbis and the legal arguments and claims. The Appli-
cant should not benefit from any ambiguity on its part. In my view,
therefore, greater importance should have been given to the precise terms
of the Application; legal security requires it. Otherwise, the State which

has been invited to accept the jurisdiction of the Court, and has con-
sented to it, runs the risk of later discovering that the Court is giving the
dispute and its subject a different definition from its own at the time
when it declared its acceptance on the basis of the express terms of the
Application.

26. The Court was thus in a position to conclude that its jurisdiction
was limited ratione materiae to the dispute concerning France’s refusal to
execute the international letter rogatory regarding the transmission to
Djibouti of the record relating to the investigation in the Case against X
for the murder of Bernard Borrel .

102276 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (OP. IND. TOMKA )

27. La majorité s’est prononcée en faveur d’une compétence plus large

(boni judicis est ampliare jurisdictionem). Elle pouvait le faire parce que
la France, dans sa lettre d’acceptation, un peu elliptique, n’a pas pris la
peine de souligner les contradictions contenues dans la requête et de pré-
ciser l’étendue de son consentement sans équivoque. Après une longue

réflexion, je me suis rallié, mais non sans hésitation, à la majorité de la
Cour.
28. Mais je ne peux pas souscrire à la conclusion de la Cour (arrêt,
par. 95 et 205, point 1, alinéa c)) selon laquelle elle a compétence

pour examiner aussi la deuxième convocation en tant que témoin
envoyée au président de la République de Djibouti le 14 février 2007,
c’est-à-dire plus d’un an après le dépôt de la requête djiboutienne et
plus de cinq mois après l’acceptation par la France de la compétence

de la Cour «pour le différend qui fait l’objet de la requête et dans
les strictes limites des demandes formulées dans celle-ci par la Répu-
blique de Djibouti».
Pour justifier sa conclusion, la Cour souligne que «[l]a lettre d’accepta-

tion de la France ne contient cependant pas de restriction temporelle»
(ibid., par. 94).
29. La Cour, pour cet aspect du différend, assimile la lettre d’accepta-
tion de la France à une véritable déclaration de reconnaissance de la

compétence obligatoire de la Cour au sens de l’article 36, paragraphe 2,
du Statut, ce qu’elle n’est évidemment pas.
30. La Cour ajoute que ce qui est décisif en l’espèce est ce que la
France a expressément accepté dans sa lettre du 25 juillet 2006 (ibid.,

par. 88). J’abonde dans ce sens.
Mais je vois mal comment la France pouvait expressément accepter la
compétence de la Cour pour un différend concernant un fait qui ne s’était
pas encore produit. La France a accepté la compétence de la Cour «pour

les demandes formulées dans la requête de Djibouti», déposée le 9 jan-
vier 2006. Les demandes concernaient les prétendues violations qui
auraient été déjà commises avant le dépôt de la requête. Selon la majo-
rité, la convocation du 14 février 2007 répétait simplement la précédente

en date du 17 mai 2005; cela ne me paraît pas convaincant. Il en irait
autrement s’il s’agissait d’un acte continu qui aurait commencé en
mai 2005 et se serait poursuivi jusqu’en février 2007. Mais tel n’est pas le
cas. Chaque convocation constituait un acte distinct. Par conséquent,

il m’était impossible de voter en faveur de l’alinéa c) du point 1 du
dispositif.
31. L’affaire est arrivée à son terme. Quelles leçons peut-on en tirer?
Malgré l’apparente souplesse du forum prorogatum , cette affaire montre

que l’Etat qui est invité à accepter la compétence de la Cour selon la pro-
cédure prévue dans l’article 38, paragraphe 5, du Règlement doit rédiger

3Voir M. Bedjaoui, «Le forum prorogatum devant la Cour internationale de Justice :
les ressources d’une institution ou la face cachée du consensualisme», C.I.J. Annuaire
1996-1997, p. 230-248.

103 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (SEP.OP .TOMKA ) 276

27. The majority voted for a broader jurisdiction (boni judicis est

ampliare jurisdictionem) . It was able to do so because France, in its
somewhat elliptical letter of acceptance, did not take the trouble to un-
derline the contradictions in the Application and to specify unequivocally
the scope of its consent. After long consideration, but not without some

hesitation, I voted with the majority of the Court.

28. But I cannot subscribe to the Court’s finding (Judgment, paras. 95
and 205 (1) (c)) that it has jurisdiction also to consider the second wit-

ness summons sent to the President of the Republic of Djibouti on
14 February 2007, in other words, over a year after the filing of Djibou-
ti’s Application and over five months after France’s acceptance of the
jurisdiction of the Court “in respect of the dispute forming the subject of

the Application and strictly within the limits of the claims formulated
therein by the Republic of Djibouti”.

To justify its finding, the Court emphasizes that “[t]he French letter of

acceptance did not, however, contain a temporal limitation” (ibid.,
para. 94).
29. For this aspect of the case, the Court treats France’s letter of
acceptance as a genuine declaration recognizing the compulsory jurisdic-

tion of the Court within the meaning of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute, which it patently is not.
30. The Court adds that what is decisive in this case is what France
expressly accepted in its letter of 25 July 2006 (ibid., para. 88). I fully con-

cur with that.
But I find it hard to see how France could expressly accept the jurisdic-
tion of the Court in respect of a dispute concerning a fact which had not
yet occurred. France accepted the jurisdiction of the Court “for the

claims described in Djibouti’s Application”, filed on 9 January 2006. The
claims concerned the alleged violations supposedly committed before the
filing of the Application. According to the majority, the summons of
14 February 2007 simply reiterated the preceding one dated 17 May 2005;

this does not strike me as convincing. Matters would be different if it had
been a continuous act having started in May 2005 and continued
until February 2007. But that is not the case. Each summons constituted
a separate act. It was therefore impossible for me to vote in favour of

subparagraph (1) (c) of the operative clause.

31. The case is now closed. What lessons does it hold? Despite the
apparent flexibility of forum prorogatum , this case shows that a State

which is invited to accept the jurisdiction of the Court according to the
procedure laid down in Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court

3See M. Bedjaoui, “The forum prorogatum before the International Court of Justice:
The resources of an institution or the hidden face of consensualism”, I.C.J. Yearbook
1996-1997, No. 51, pp. 216-234.

103277 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (OP. IND. TOMKA )

méticuleusement sa réponse positive s’il veut éviter toute surprise de la
part de la Cour. Je demeure convaincu qu’il est toujours préférable, au

lieu d’accepter la compétence de la Cour par cette procédure, de proposer
à l’Etat requérant de conclure un compromis spécifiant clairement les
questions juridiques que les Parties en litige désirent voir tranchées par la

Cour.

(Signé) Peter T OMKA .

104 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (SEP.OP .TOMKA ) 277

must be meticulous in the drafting of its positive response if it wishes to
avoid any surprises on the part of the Court. I remain convinced that it is
always preferable, instead of accepting the jurisdiction of the Court by

means of this procedure, to propose that the Applicant should conclude
a special agreement, clearly specifying the legal matters which the Parties
in contention wish to see settled by the Court.

(Signed) Peter T OMKA .

104

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