Declaration of Judge Ranjeva

Document Number
130-20080523-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
130-20080523-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION BY JUDGE RANJEVA

[Translation]

Notion of law prevailing at the time — Relations between Johor and the Brit-
ish Crown — Notion of non-“civilized” “nation” — Hence: lack of valid acqui-
escence by the Sultan of Johor — Malaysia’s conduct in the post-colonial

period — Transfer of title.

1. The present Judgment raises no substantive objection: Malaysia’s
immemorial historic title to Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh has received
adequate consideration and the exercise of sovereignty over that island

by Singapore on the date of the Court’s Judgment cannot seriously be
questioned. On the other hand, the analysis and characterization of the
passage of sovereignty from Johor to the British Crown and, subse-
quently, Singapore, are not convincing. But as this declaration refers to
an approach which the Parties did not adopt, the general outlines of this
alternative basis need to be set out here.

2. The Judgment could rightly not be founded on an agreement at
whose expiry Johor would tacitly have consented to the passage of sov-
ereignty to the British Crown, in the absence of any relevant proof. In the
absence of the probatio probatissima, failing agreement between the

Parties concerned and without any reference to the notion of acquisitive
prescription, the Judgment concludes, in paragraph 276, that: “the rele-
vant facts, including the conduct of the Parties . . . reflect a convergent
evolution of the positions of the Parties regarding title to Pedra Branca”.
This conclusion is set out as follows in paragraph 121: “sovereignty over
territory might pass as a result of the failure of the State which has sov-

ereignty to respond to conduct à titre de souverain of the other State”.
The Judgment is based on the award by Max Huber in the Island of Pal-
mas case, and on the Judgment of the Chamber in the Gulf of Maine
case. The failure to respond may perfectly well be tantamount to acqui-
escence following

“from the fundamental principles of good faith and . . . equivalent to
tacit recognition manifested by unilateral conduct which the other

party may interpret as consent” (Delimitation of the Maritime Bound-
ary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984 , p. 305, para. 130).

3. Acquiescence is presented as a title, in other words, a substantive
basis for the right of territorial sovereignty. In this case, the Judgment
ascribes to Johor consent to the progressive transfer of the right to the

95British Power. This method of transfer of the title of sovereignty would
have benefited from further explanation for the Court’s analysis in this

case to be convincing. As the transfer of territorial sovereignty cannot be
presumed in international law, the Judgment cannot confine itself to
transposing traditional conceptual categories under judicial and arbitral
jurisprudence. The Judgment reasons on the basis of the formal concepts
of sovereignty and conventional liberty. On analysis, it is not certain that

this approach is relevant, for in the case law cited, the context is directly
international relations: United States of America/Spain in the Island of
Palmas case; the United States of America and Canada in the Gulf of
Maine case. Acquiescence in the area of territorial claims might also be

instanced in connection with the conduct of the Siamese authorities
(Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), Merits, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 23) or with the protest by Honduras (Land, Island
and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua inter-
vening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1992 , p. 577). In all these precedents,

the notion of title is used ambiguously, as it refers to the means of the
transfer of sovereignty, but not to the actual cause of this legal process.
Transfer of sovereignty may only result from two factors: either through
an equivalent act, a hypothesis rightly referred to in paragraph 120, or by
the emergence of a superior legal title. Where the second hypothesis does

not arise, it is hard to see how Johor’s title could have been extinguished
without its consent; all the more so as the Judgment relies on the pre-
sumption of consent in order to conclude that sovereignty was transferred.

4. The Judgment seeks to rehabilitate the history of peoples and
nations by constructing its edifice on the axiomatic bases of international
law, a praiseworthy intention from the angle of history and the demands
of cultural diversity. But this reduction of the reality of the facts to suit
the interpretation of the concepts and techniques of international law

does not tally with the legal and political order which prevailed when
sovereignty was transferred.
5. A glance at the history of the law of international relations reveals
that there have been double standards in the application of the applicable
norms. In the circumstances of the case, relations between the United

Kingdom and the Netherlands are governed by public international law,
without consideration of the territorial object of the agreement. The pur-
pose of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 was the apportionment of
spheres of influence between the two colonial Powers. In the policy of
expansion and the practice of colonial apportionment, these agreements

heralded the advent of the international colonial order. Relations between
the sovereign colonial Powers fell within the domain of international law.
On the other hand, it is difficult to assert that relations between the
United Kingdom and the Sultanate of Johor were established on the

basis of relations between sovereign, equal subjects of international law.
In view of the characteristics of colonial expansion, it is difficult to avoid

96recourse to the historical-critical method. To begin with, in the nine-
teenth century, agreements signed between the European Powers and the

indigenous political authorities were not recognized as international trea-
ties. The award in the Delagoa Bay case is the acknowledged authority
on this issue (Delagoa Bay (Great Britain/Portugal) , S.A. MacMahon,
24 July 1875, in A. de Lapradelle and N. Politis, Recueil des arbitrages
internationaux, Vol. III, 1954, p. 633). The text of Article 38 (c) of the

Statute of the Permanent Court, and then of the present Court, still con-
tains traces of this philosophy. A contrario, it recognizes the possibility of
the existence in law of non-civilized nations who would have no access to
international law. Also, the sovereignty granted to indigenous authorities

did not have the same significance as that in relations between colonial
Powers: sovereignty could not be held against the latter. The indigenous
authority had but one right and one obligation, to submit to the will of
the colonial Power, whereas for the colonial Powers vis-à-vis the indig-
enous authorities, it was not certain that pacta sunt servanda. This was

the characteristic of classical colonial international law: public interna-
tional law in relations between European Powers, and unequal domina-
tion in relations with the indigenous authorities. Hence the Sultan of
Johor could not express the slightest opposition to a decision by the Brit-
ish. The consultation of the Sultan of Johor, of which the Judgment

makes so much, was not the expression of a request for legal approval,
but an administrative measure situated somewhere between courteously
informing him and inviting him to endorse unhesitatingly and unreserv-
edly the proposals of the colonial authority. Conscious as he was of the
policy of colonial expansion, the Sultan had no alternative but to pursue

a policy of evasion: to contemplate the machinations of the colonial
Power as a passive and impotent spectator. Great Britain thus gradually
and discreetly substituted the exercise of its territorial colonial authority
for the power of running and administering the navigation and maritime
safety service on Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, accepted by the Sultan

of Johor.
Thus it is surreal to speak of the international transfer of title by acqui-
escence when, according to the rules and practice of the colonial Powers,
it was the exercising of colonial territorial title. To follow the reasoning
of the Judgment, requiring Malaysia to provide proof of its refusal to

accept the act progressively performed by the United Kingdom means
asking it to organize a war for the liberation of Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu
Puteh! The exercising of the territorial title by the United Kingdom was
not legitimate under international law, but is a fact of colonial law, which
organized the map of the world and apportioned all its areas.

In the specific circumstances of the case, Johor could not be blamed for
its silence, even if it is established that proof of the acceptance of the ces-
sion of the island exists.
6. But where relations between Malaysia and Singapore on the Pedra

Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh question are concerned, international law redis-
covers its titles. Johor’s reply to the request for information from the

97Colonial Secretary of Singapore may also be considered unimportant in

terms of establishing Johor’s acquiescence to the transfer of territorial
title. Johor’s reply is not an answer to the question raised, since Singa-
pore took no decision whatever following Johor’s assertion. Yet one cer-
tainty remains: the problem of the territorial title over the island which

forms the subject of the dispute. Singapore’s succession to the United
Kingdom’s rights also obliged it to take over the practices of its predeces-
sor. In law, and during the colonial period, silence could not be held
against Malaysia. But since the accession of the Parties to independence,

Malaysia cannot rely on its indifference and silence in the light of con-
duct that simply and irrebuttably presumes Singapore’s sovereignty over
Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh.

7. In conclusion, through succession to the colonial territorial title,
Singapore has sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh.

(Signed) Raymond R ANJEVA .

98

Bilingual Content

DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE RANJEVA

Notion de droit qui prévalait à l’époque — Rapports entre Johor et la Cou-
ronne britannique — Notion de «nation» non «civilisée» — Dans ces circons-
tances: absence d’acquiescement valide du sultan de Johor — Comportement de

la Malaisie après la période coloniale — Transfert de titre.

1. Le présent arrêt ne soulève pas d’objection de fond: le titre histo-
rique immémorial de la Malaisie sur Pedra Branca/Palu Batu Puteh a été
examiné de manière satisfaisante et l’exercice de la souveraineté sur ladite

île par Singapour à la date du jugement de la Cour ne peut être sérieu-
sement remis en cause. En revanche, l’analyse et la qualification du pas-
sage de la souveraineté de Johor vers la Couronne britannique et, par la
suite, Singapour ne sont pas convaincantes. Mais, dans la mesure où la
présente déclaration se réfère à une démarche que les Parties n’ont pas
adoptée, il convient d’exposer les grandes lignes de cette base alternative

dans une déclaration sommaire.
2. A juste titre, l’arrêt ne pouvait se fonder sur un accord au terme
duquel Johor aurait, de manière tacite, consenti au passage de la souve-
raineté au profit de la Couronne britannique en l’absence d’un commen-
cement de preuve pertinente. En l’absence de la probatio probatissima,

faute d’accord entre les Parties concernées et en ne faisant pas référence
à la notion de prescription acquisitive, l’arrêt conclut au para-
graphe 276: «les faits pertinents, dont le comportement des Parties ...
témoignent d’une évolution convergente des positions de celles-ci concer-
nant le titre sur ... Pedra Blanca». Cette conclusion est énoncée ainsi
au paragraphe 121: «la souveraineté sur un territoire peut passer à un

autre Etat en l’absence de réaction de celui qui la détenait ... à titre de
souverain». L’arrêt s’appuie sur la sentence de Max Huber dans
l’affaire de l’Ile de Palmas et sur l’arrêt de la Chambre dans l’affaire
du Golfe du Maine. L’absence de réaction peut tout à fait valoir acquies-
cement découlant

«des principes fondamentaux de la bonne foi ... et ... équiv[aut] à
une reconnaissance tacite manifestée par un comportement unilaté-

ral que l’autre partie peut interpréter comme un consentement»
(Délimitation de la frontière maritime dans la région du golfe du
Maine (Canada/Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984 ,
p. 305, par. 130).

3. L’acquiescement est présenté comme un titre, c’est-à-dire une cause
substantielle du droit de souveraineté territoriale. En l’espèce, l’arrêt
prête à Johor un consentement au transfert progressif de droit au profit

95 DECLARATION BY JUDGE RANJEVA

[Translation]

Notion of law prevailing at the time — Relations between Johor and the Brit-
ish Crown — Notion of non-“civilized” “nation” — Hence: lack of valid acqui-
escence by the Sultan of Johor — Malaysia’s conduct in the post-colonial

period — Transfer of title.

1. The present Judgment raises no substantive objection: Malaysia’s
immemorial historic title to Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh has received
adequate consideration and the exercise of sovereignty over that island

by Singapore on the date of the Court’s Judgment cannot seriously be
questioned. On the other hand, the analysis and characterization of the
passage of sovereignty from Johor to the British Crown and, subse-
quently, Singapore, are not convincing. But as this declaration refers to
an approach which the Parties did not adopt, the general outlines of this
alternative basis need to be set out here.

2. The Judgment could rightly not be founded on an agreement at
whose expiry Johor would tacitly have consented to the passage of sov-
ereignty to the British Crown, in the absence of any relevant proof. In the
absence of the probatio probatissima, failing agreement between the

Parties concerned and without any reference to the notion of acquisitive
prescription, the Judgment concludes, in paragraph 276, that: “the rele-
vant facts, including the conduct of the Parties . . . reflect a convergent
evolution of the positions of the Parties regarding title to Pedra Branca”.
This conclusion is set out as follows in paragraph 121: “sovereignty over
territory might pass as a result of the failure of the State which has sov-

ereignty to respond to conduct à titre de souverain of the other State”.
The Judgment is based on the award by Max Huber in the Island of Pal-
mas case, and on the Judgment of the Chamber in the Gulf of Maine
case. The failure to respond may perfectly well be tantamount to acqui-
escence following

“from the fundamental principles of good faith and . . . equivalent to
tacit recognition manifested by unilateral conduct which the other

party may interpret as consent” (Delimitation of the Maritime Bound-
ary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984 , p. 305, para. 130).

3. Acquiescence is presented as a title, in other words, a substantive
basis for the right of territorial sovereignty. In this case, the Judgment
ascribes to Johor consent to the progressive transfer of the right to the

95de la Puissance britannique. Ce mode de transfert de titre de souveraineté
aurait mérité de plus amples explications pour que l’analyse de la Cour,

en l’espèce, puisse être convaincante. Le transfert de souveraineté terri-
toriale ne pouvant se présumer en droit international, l’arrêt ne peut se
limiter à la transposition des catégories conceptuelles traditionnelles de la
jurisprudence judiciaire et arbitrale. L’arrêt raisonne sur la base des
concepts formels de souveraineté et de liberté conventionnelle. A l’ana-

lyse, il n’est pas certain que cette démarche soit pertinente, car dans la
jurisprudence citée on se situe dans le cadre de relations immédiatement
internationales: Etats-Unis/Espagne pour l’Ile de Palmas ; Canada/Etats-
Unis pour le Golfe du Maine. On peut aussi mentionner l’acquiescement

dans le domaine des prétentions territoriales à propos du comportement
des autorités siamoises (Temple de Préah Vihéar (Cambodge
c. Thaïlande), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962 , p. 23) ou de la protesta-
tion du Honduras (Différend frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime
(El Salvador/Honduras; Nicaragua (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil

1992, p. 577). En effet, dans tous ces précédents, la notion de titre est uti-
lisée de manière ambiguë, car on y vise le mode de transfert de souverai-
neté, mais non la cause même de cette opération juridique. La cause du
transfert de souveraineté ne peut résulter que de deux facteurs: soit par la
survenance d’un acte équipollent, hypothèse visée à juste titre au paragra-

phe 120, soit par l’introduction d’un titre juridique supérieur. En l’absence
de la réalisation de cette seconde hypothèse, on ne voit pas comment le
titre de Johor pouvait être détruit en l’absence de son consentement; ce
d’autant plus que c’est sur la base d’une présomption de consentement
que se fonde l’arrêt pour conclure au transfert de souveraineté.

4. L’arrêt vise à réhabiliter l’histoire des peuples et nations en échafau-
dant sa construction sur les bases axiomatiques du droit international,
intention louable au regard de l’histoire et des exigences de la diversité
culturelle. Mais cette réduction de la réalité des faits à l’aune de l’inter-
prétation des concepts et des techniques du droit international n’est pas

conforme à l’ordre juridique et politique qui a prévalu pour la réalisation
du transfert de la souveraineté.
5. Le survol de l’histoire du droit des relations internationales révèle
l’application de la pratique du double standard des normes applicables.
Dans les circonstances de l’affaire, les relations entre le Royaume-Uni et

les Pays-Bas sont régies par le droit international public, sans considéra-
tion de l’objet territorial de l’accord. Le traité anglo-néerlandais de 1824
avait pour objet le partage des zones d’influence entre les deux puissances
coloniales. Dans la politique d’expansion et de pratique de partage colo-
nial, ces accords auguraient l’avènement de l’ordre colonial international.

Les relations entre les puissances coloniales souveraines relevaient du
droit international.
En revanche, il est difficile de soutenir que les relations entre le Royaume-
Uni et le Sultanat de Johor étaient établies sur la base de rapports entre

sujets souverains et égaux de droit international. Du fait des caractéris-
tiques de l’expansion coloniale, il est en effet difficile de se passer de la

96British Power. This method of transfer of the title of sovereignty would
have benefited from further explanation for the Court’s analysis in this

case to be convincing. As the transfer of territorial sovereignty cannot be
presumed in international law, the Judgment cannot confine itself to
transposing traditional conceptual categories under judicial and arbitral
jurisprudence. The Judgment reasons on the basis of the formal concepts
of sovereignty and conventional liberty. On analysis, it is not certain that

this approach is relevant, for in the case law cited, the context is directly
international relations: United States of America/Spain in the Island of
Palmas case; the United States of America and Canada in the Gulf of
Maine case. Acquiescence in the area of territorial claims might also be

instanced in connection with the conduct of the Siamese authorities
(Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), Merits, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 23) or with the protest by Honduras (Land, Island
and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua inter-
vening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1992 , p. 577). In all these precedents,

the notion of title is used ambiguously, as it refers to the means of the
transfer of sovereignty, but not to the actual cause of this legal process.
Transfer of sovereignty may only result from two factors: either through
an equivalent act, a hypothesis rightly referred to in paragraph 120, or by
the emergence of a superior legal title. Where the second hypothesis does

not arise, it is hard to see how Johor’s title could have been extinguished
without its consent; all the more so as the Judgment relies on the pre-
sumption of consent in order to conclude that sovereignty was transferred.

4. The Judgment seeks to rehabilitate the history of peoples and
nations by constructing its edifice on the axiomatic bases of international
law, a praiseworthy intention from the angle of history and the demands
of cultural diversity. But this reduction of the reality of the facts to suit
the interpretation of the concepts and techniques of international law

does not tally with the legal and political order which prevailed when
sovereignty was transferred.
5. A glance at the history of the law of international relations reveals
that there have been double standards in the application of the applicable
norms. In the circumstances of the case, relations between the United

Kingdom and the Netherlands are governed by public international law,
without consideration of the territorial object of the agreement. The pur-
pose of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 was the apportionment of
spheres of influence between the two colonial Powers. In the policy of
expansion and the practice of colonial apportionment, these agreements

heralded the advent of the international colonial order. Relations between
the sovereign colonial Powers fell within the domain of international law.
On the other hand, it is difficult to assert that relations between the
United Kingdom and the Sultanate of Johor were established on the

basis of relations between sovereign, equal subjects of international law.
In view of the characteristics of colonial expansion, it is difficult to avoid

96méthode historico-critique. D’abord, au XIX siècle, la qualification de
traité international n’était pas reconnue aux conventions passées entre les

puissances européennes et les autorités politiques indigènes. La sentence
dans l’affaire de la Baie de Delagoa fait autorité en la matière (Baie de
Delagoa (Grande-Bretagne/Portugal), S.A. Mac-Mahon , 24 juillet 1875,
dans A. de Lapradelle et N. Politis, Recueil des arbitrages internationaux
(RAI), t. III, 1954, p. 633). Le texte de l’article 38, alinéa c), du Statut de

la Cour permanente puis de la présente Cour contient encore les scories
de cette philosophie. A contrario, il reconnaît la possibilité de l’existence
en droit de nations non civilisées qui n’accéderaient pas au droit interna-
tional. Ensuite, la souveraineté reconnue aux autorités indigènes n’avait

pas la même signification que celle des relations entre puissances colo-
niales: la souveraineté n’était pas opposable à ces dernières. L’autorité in-
digène n’avait qu’une seule obligation et un seul droit: se soumettre à la
volonté de la puissance coloniale. Tandis que, pour les puissances colo-
niales vis-à-vis des autorités indigènes, il n’était pas certain que pacta sunt

servanda. Telle était la caractéristique du droit international colonial
classique: international public dans les rapports entre puissances euro-
péennes et de domination inégalitaire dans les rapports avec les autorités
indigènes. Le sultan de Johor ne pouvait, dans ces conditions, exprimer la
moindre opposition à une décision des Britanniques. La consultation du

sultan de Johor dont l’arrêt fait grand cas n’était pas l’expression d’une
demande d’approbation juridique, mais une mesure administrative se
situant entre l’information courtoise et une invitation à adhérer sans hési-
tation ni réserve aux propositions de l’autorité coloniale. Conscient de la
politique coloniale d’expansion, le sultan ne pouvait que pratiquer une

stratégie de fuite: contempler en spectateur passif et impuissant les jeux
de la puissance coloniale. La Grande-Bretagne substitua ainsi de manière
progressive et discrète l’exercice de son autorité coloniale territoriale au
pouvoir de gestion et d’administration du service de navigation et de
sécurité maritime sur Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, accepté par le sul-

tan de Johor.
Dans ces conditions, il est surréaliste de parler de transfert internatio-
nal de titre par acquiescement alors que, selon les règles et la pratique des
puissances coloniales, il s’agit d’exercice de titre colonial territorial. A
suivre le raisonnement de l’arrêt, exiger de la Malaisie la preuve de son

refus du fait progressivement accompli du Royaume-Uni signifie lui
demander l’organisation d’une guerre de libération de Pedra Branca/Pu-
lau Batu Puteh! L’exercice du titre territorial par le Royaume-Uni n’était
pas légitime au regard du droit international, mais c’est un fait de droit
colonial qui a organisé la carte du monde et la dévolution des espaces.

Dans les circonstances concrètes de l’affaire, on ne pouvait reprocher à
Johor son silence, même s’il est établi que la preuve d’une acceptation de
la cession de l’île existe.
6. Mais, s’agissant des relations entre la Malaisie et Singapour en ce

qui concerne la question de Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, le droit
international retrouve ses titres. La réponse de Johor à la demande de

97recourse to the historical-critical method. To begin with, in the nine-
teenth century, agreements signed between the European Powers and the

indigenous political authorities were not recognized as international trea-
ties. The award in the Delagoa Bay case is the acknowledged authority
on this issue (Delagoa Bay (Great Britain/Portugal) , S.A. MacMahon,
24 July 1875, in A. de Lapradelle and N. Politis, Recueil des arbitrages
internationaux, Vol. III, 1954, p. 633). The text of Article 38 (c) of the

Statute of the Permanent Court, and then of the present Court, still con-
tains traces of this philosophy. A contrario, it recognizes the possibility of
the existence in law of non-civilized nations who would have no access to
international law. Also, the sovereignty granted to indigenous authorities

did not have the same significance as that in relations between colonial
Powers: sovereignty could not be held against the latter. The indigenous
authority had but one right and one obligation, to submit to the will of
the colonial Power, whereas for the colonial Powers vis-à-vis the indig-
enous authorities, it was not certain that pacta sunt servanda. This was

the characteristic of classical colonial international law: public interna-
tional law in relations between European Powers, and unequal domina-
tion in relations with the indigenous authorities. Hence the Sultan of
Johor could not express the slightest opposition to a decision by the Brit-
ish. The consultation of the Sultan of Johor, of which the Judgment

makes so much, was not the expression of a request for legal approval,
but an administrative measure situated somewhere between courteously
informing him and inviting him to endorse unhesitatingly and unreserv-
edly the proposals of the colonial authority. Conscious as he was of the
policy of colonial expansion, the Sultan had no alternative but to pursue

a policy of evasion: to contemplate the machinations of the colonial
Power as a passive and impotent spectator. Great Britain thus gradually
and discreetly substituted the exercise of its territorial colonial authority
for the power of running and administering the navigation and maritime
safety service on Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, accepted by the Sultan

of Johor.
Thus it is surreal to speak of the international transfer of title by acqui-
escence when, according to the rules and practice of the colonial Powers,
it was the exercising of colonial territorial title. To follow the reasoning
of the Judgment, requiring Malaysia to provide proof of its refusal to

accept the act progressively performed by the United Kingdom means
asking it to organize a war for the liberation of Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu
Puteh! The exercising of the territorial title by the United Kingdom was
not legitimate under international law, but is a fact of colonial law, which
organized the map of the world and apportioned all its areas.

In the specific circumstances of the case, Johor could not be blamed for
its silence, even if it is established that proof of the acceptance of the ces-
sion of the island exists.
6. But where relations between Malaysia and Singapore on the Pedra

Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh question are concerned, international law redis-
covers its titles. Johor’s reply to the request for information from the

97renseignements du secrétaire colonial de Singapour peut aussi être consi-

dérée comme sans importance particulière pour établir un acquiescement
de Johor au transfert de titre territorial. La réponse de Johor ne donne
pas une réponse à la question posée, alors que Singapour n’a donné
aucune suite décisoire quelconque à l’affirmation de Johor. Une certitude

néanmoins subsiste: le problème du titre territorial sur l’île, qui fait
l’objet du litige. La succession de Singapour aux droits du Royaume-Uni
l’a également contrainte à assumer les pratiques de son prédécesseur. En
droit, et pendant la période coloniale, le silence ne pouvait pas être

opposé à la Malaisie. Mais, depuis l’accession des Parties à l’indépen-
dance, la Malaisie ne peut opposer son indifférence et son silence vis-à-vis
des comportements présumant de manière simple et non irréfragable une
souveraineté de Singapour sur Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh.

7. En conclusion, par succession au titre territorial colonial, Singapour
exerce la souveraineté sur Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh.

(Signé) Raymond R ANJEVA .

98Colonial Secretary of Singapore may also be considered unimportant in

terms of establishing Johor’s acquiescence to the transfer of territorial
title. Johor’s reply is not an answer to the question raised, since Singa-
pore took no decision whatever following Johor’s assertion. Yet one cer-
tainty remains: the problem of the territorial title over the island which

forms the subject of the dispute. Singapore’s succession to the United
Kingdom’s rights also obliged it to take over the practices of its predeces-
sor. In law, and during the colonial period, silence could not be held
against Malaysia. But since the accession of the Parties to independence,

Malaysia cannot rely on its indifference and silence in the light of con-
duct that simply and irrebuttably presumes Singapore’s sovereignty over
Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh.

7. In conclusion, through succession to the colonial territorial title,
Singapore has sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh.

(Signed) Raymond R ANJEVA .

98

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Ranjeva

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