Separate opinion of Judge Ranjeva (translation)

Document Number
094-20021010-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
094-20021010-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE RANJEVA

[Translation]

Undertaking by the Parties to comply with the Court's decision - Diplo-
matic declaration conjïrmingprior consent toj~risdict~on - Notion of "the law
at the time" - Pactiinon servanda sunt - Rules of intertemporal lau -
Notion of non-"civilized" "nations" - Unilateralism - International luiz-
National lait,-- Respective scope of international lait and colonial luit..

1. I subscribe bath to the operative parts anfi the reasoning of the
present Judgment, which will, I trust, achieve a final settlement of the dis-
pute betweenthe two Parties. 1welcomethecommitmentmade bythe Presi-
dents of Cameroon and Nigeria before the United Nations Secretary-

General on 5 Septennberlast with a view to securing enforcement of the
decision to be handed down by the Court (United Nations News Centre,
12 September 2002). Once again, African States have been concerned
to reaffirm their faiith in the law and in the judiçial settlement of their
disputes. In legal terms, the significance of this c:ommitment should be
viewed in light of thieconsensual basis of the Court's jurisdiction. Prior

consent to jurisdiction is the basis of the parties' undertaking to accept
without reservation any decision which the Court s called upon to givein
disputes between them. Whether or not there is ,iny specific diplomatic
commitment, the parties to a dispute are bound oiice they have expressed
their consent, and any objections regarding adm.ssibility or jurisdiction
have been dismissed. The Judgment is binding without any other special
or additional condition. It follows that the dedaration of 5 Septem-

ber 2002 merely coristitutes a diplomatic démarche confirming the pre-
existing legal obligai.ion represented by prior con.;ent to jurisdiction.
2. My purpose in this opinion is to consider the interpretation which in
my view should be given to the notion of "the llw at the time" (Judg-
ment, para. 209). 1Tounderstand the scope of this notion, reference
should be made to the Arbitral Award of the f'resident of the French

Republic between Great Britain and Portugul concBerningDelagoa Bay of
24 July 1875 (H. La.Fontaine, Pasicrisie internationale 1794-1900: his-
toire documentaire des arbitrages intern~tion~zux), to the text of
Article 38 of the Statute of the Court and to the silence of the Judgment
regarding the characterization of the treaties concluded by the Chiefs of
Old Calabar with the representative of Old Ca abar. The criterion of

"civilized nation" represented the qualifying coldition in order to be
accorded the juridical status of international subject. Without forma1
recognition of sovereignty on the part of the civilized nations, traditio-
na1indigenous societies, African societies in particular, did not have thestatus of subjects of iinternational law, even where their territory was not
necessarily res nulliu:ias was made clear in the Advisory Opinion on the
Western Sahara case (1.C.J. Reports 1975, p. 12). But does the refusa1to
accord anv international status to such treaties ..stif, reliance on the
simple generic concept of "the law at the time ' when characterizing
in strictly legal terms territorial situations obtaining during the colonial
period? The probleri is whether, in this case, the rules of intertemporal

law are sufficient to explain and justify the disappcarance from the inter-
national scene of thiisancient entity, the Chiefs of Old Calabar.
3. Literal application of the principles of interti:mporal law leads to a
surprising conclusiori, which could be expressed iri the following maxim:
"in treaty relations with indigenous chiefs, pactn non servanda sunt".
Thus it is difficult, without recourse to legal artilice, to justify the idea
that a protected entity could consent to being d-spossessed of its legal
personality or of its territory. In a civil contract, any unilateral dissolu-
tion of an entity recognized under the terms of the contract is regarded as
a breach of the contractual obligations and sanctions must follow. Can
the absence of the conditions required for a valid international treaty
render such surprising consequences acceptable? Tlie inequality and denial
of rights inherent in colonial practice in relation to indigenous peoples

and to colonies is currently recognized as an elementary truth; there is a
resultant duty to mi:morialize these injustices and at the same time to
acknowledgeuan historical fact. The destruction of international erso on al-
ity is procured by ari act of force: through dehellcrtioor under an agree-
ment between equalis. But to contend that an inrernational personality
has disappeared by consent is verging on fraud. Application of the rules
of intertemporal law cannot justify conclusions so contrary to fundamen-
ta1norms, not even on the basis of the special nature of relationships with
indigenous chiefs.

The International Court of Justice should be rcluctant to accept that,

in the name of intertemporal law, the maxim pactlz servanda sunt may be
circumvented. The Court's decision must not be interpreted as encour-
aging any impugnment of the principle of the sanctity of contracts. If we
analyse the relationship between the various ncrms and principles of
international law, it is clear that the maxim pactci servanda sunt cannot
be treated on the same basis as the rules of int1:rtemporal law, which
serve merely as auxiliary means of interpretation of the primary rule,
pacta servandu sunt. Any interpretation seeking to impugn that funda-
mental rule is misconceived. The main purpose of the rules of intertem-
poral law is to strerigthen legal security in interiiational relations. The
binding nature of international treaties derives not from the mechanical
or forma1applicatioin of a principle but from the nature of commitments
freely undertaken, expressing the consent of States to be bound. Only

the impact of norms of jus cogens can justify a iy impugnment of the
consensus principle Thus the legal frameworl provides a tool foranalysing the consent and intentions of States but cannot replace those
intentions.

4. In the present case, application of the rule:. of intertemporal law
raises the problem of the Judgment's acceptance of the conduct of the
protecting Power, wllich proceeded to liquidate the entity of Old Cala-

bar. A distinction miist be drawn between justification and acceptance of
a legal situation. Thus the situations which the law addresses may have
originated either ina legal instrument, that is to Saya manifestation of
wills intended to pro'ducelegal effects, or in a legal fact, that is to say an
occurrence, a situation having taken place irrespective of any consent by
the States concernecl and producing effects in law. It follows that the
instruments adopted by the colonial Power constitiited legal facts, around
which evolved and developed régimesgoverning territorial rights, as well
as the persona1 rightij of the populations concerne'i. This analysis is con-
firmed by the decision in the case concerning the Frontier Dispute
(Burkina FasolRepublic of Mali) (I. C.J. Reports 1986, p. 554). The
Chamber directly applied French colonial law not 7uacolonial law but as
the normative reference source applicable, without passing any judgment

thereon or seeking to legitimize colonial law by reliance on the rules of
intertemporal law.
5. Criticism of the "unilateralism" of the colonidl Powers in ultimately
treating agreements c:oncludedwith indigenous rult:rs as "scraps of paper"
is nothing new. 1woilld cite here the thesis of Mr. Yazif, submitted to the
University of Batavia in 1928, on the disappearaiice of the Kingdom of
Madagascar in international law (De val van h,?t Rijk Merina - La
chute du Royaume d,oMérinu). 1 would also recall the position taken by
the Malagasy plenipotentiaries in 1895 when tf ey confronted France
with the argument that the independence of the Kingdom was an issue
distinct from its ability to repay its loan, the official pretext for the des-
patch of the expeditionary force. Conversely, the tabula rasa principle
has been invoked in order to refuse a right of Staie succession to treaties

concluded by the misnarchy. This precedent was recalled at the time of
the annexation of Czechoslovakia by the Third Reich.
6. For these reascjns, it would have been preferable to speak of inter-
national law when referring to the law governing; relations between the
European Powers (or with sovereigns recognized by the European
Powers, and of colonial law or acts, as appropriate, when addressing
the relationship between the European Powers and indigenous chiefs.
Such a distinction oirclassification ~ermits a better understandine of the
legal framework of colonization.

(Signed) Raymond RANJEVA.

Bilingual Content

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. LE JUGE RANJEVA

Engagement des Parties de se conformer à la décisionde la Cour -

Déclaration diplonîatiqueconjrmative du consentement juridictionnel préa-
lable - Notion de droit qui prévalait à l'époque - Pacta non servanda
sunt - Règles de droit intertemporel - Notion de («nations» non ~civili-
sées» - Unilatévalisme.droit international, droit nationa- Blocs de cornpé-
tence de droit international et de droit colonial.

1. Je souscris aux dispositifs et motifs du présent jugement qui, je le
souhaite, apporte un règlement définitifau différendqui oppose les deux
Parties. Je me félicitede l'engagement que les présidentsdu Cameroun et
du Nigéria ont pris devant le Secrétaire général desNations Unies,
le 5 septembre dernier, d'assurer l'exécutionde la décisionque rendra la
Cour (United Nations News Centre, 12septembre 2002). Une fois encore,
les Etats africains ont tenu a réaffirmer leur foidans le droit et le règle-

ment judiciaire de leurs litiges. Sur le plan juridique, il convient d'appré-
cier l'intérêdte cet engagement a l'aune de la base consensuelle de com-
pétence de la Cour. Le consentement juridictionnel préalable est le
fondement de l'engagement desparties à accepter sans réserve une déci-
sion que la Cour est appelée a rendre sur le plan contentieux. En l'absence
ou non d'un engagement diplomatique particulier, les parties litigantes
sont liéesdès l'expressionde leur consentement et le rejet des exceptions

relatives a la recevabilitéou a la compétence.Lejugement s'impose sans
aucune autre condition particulière ou supplémentaire.Dès lors, la décla-
ration du 5 septembre 2002 n'est qu'un acte diplomatique confirmatif de
l'engagement juridique antérieur qu'est le consentement juridictionnel
préalable.
2. L'objet de la présente opinion porte sur l'interprétation queje sou-
haite donner au concept de ((droit qui prévalaita l'époque))(par. 209).

Pour comprendre la portée de cette notion, il convient de se référer à la
Décision arbitrale du Président de lu Rkpublique française entre la
Grande-Bretagne et le Portugal relative ù la baie de Delagoa, en date
du 24juillet 1875 (H. La Fontaine, Pasicrisie internationale 1794-1900: his-
toire documentaire des arbitruges internationaux), au texte de l'article 38
du Statut de la Cour et au silencede l'arrêt surla qualification des accords
passéspar les chefs du Vieux-Calabar avec le représentant du Vieux-Ca-

labar. La notion de ((nation civilisée))constituait la condition d'éligibilité
au statut juridique de sujet international. Sans reconnaissance formelle de
souveraineté de la part des nations civilisées, lessociétés indigènetsradi-
tionnelles, africaines en particulier, n'avaient pas la qualité de sujet de
droit international, mêmesi leur territoire n'étaitpas nécessairement une SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE RANJEVA

[Translation]

Undertaking by the Parties to comply with the Court's decision - Diplo-
matic declaration conjïrmingprior consent toj~risdict~on - Notion of "the law
at the time" - Pactiinon servanda sunt - Rules of intertemporal lau -
Notion of non-"civilized" "nations" - Unilateralism - International luiz-
National lait,-- Respective scope of international lait and colonial luit..

1. I subscribe bath to the operative parts anfi the reasoning of the
present Judgment, which will, I trust, achieve a final settlement of the dis-
pute betweenthe two Parties. 1welcomethecommitmentmade bythe Presi-
dents of Cameroon and Nigeria before the United Nations Secretary-

General on 5 Septennberlast with a view to securing enforcement of the
decision to be handed down by the Court (United Nations News Centre,
12 September 2002). Once again, African States have been concerned
to reaffirm their faiith in the law and in the judiçial settlement of their
disputes. In legal terms, the significance of this c:ommitment should be
viewed in light of thieconsensual basis of the Court's jurisdiction. Prior

consent to jurisdiction is the basis of the parties' undertaking to accept
without reservation any decision which the Court s called upon to givein
disputes between them. Whether or not there is ,iny specific diplomatic
commitment, the parties to a dispute are bound oiice they have expressed
their consent, and any objections regarding adm.ssibility or jurisdiction
have been dismissed. The Judgment is binding without any other special
or additional condition. It follows that the dedaration of 5 Septem-

ber 2002 merely coristitutes a diplomatic démarche confirming the pre-
existing legal obligai.ion represented by prior con.;ent to jurisdiction.
2. My purpose in this opinion is to consider the interpretation which in
my view should be given to the notion of "the llw at the time" (Judg-
ment, para. 209). 1Tounderstand the scope of this notion, reference
should be made to the Arbitral Award of the f'resident of the French

Republic between Great Britain and Portugul concBerningDelagoa Bay of
24 July 1875 (H. La.Fontaine, Pasicrisie internationale 1794-1900: his-
toire documentaire des arbitrages intern~tion~zux), to the text of
Article 38 of the Statute of the Court and to the silence of the Judgment
regarding the characterization of the treaties concluded by the Chiefs of
Old Calabar with the representative of Old Ca abar. The criterion of

"civilized nation" represented the qualifying coldition in order to be
accorded the juridical status of international subject. Without forma1
recognition of sovereignty on the part of the civilized nations, traditio-
na1indigenous societies, African societies in particular, did not have theres nullus ainsi que l'a relevé l'avis sur le Sahara occidental
(C.I.J. Recueil 1975, p. 12). Mais le refus du caractère international de
ces accords justifie-t-il pour autant la référenceau simple concept géné-
rique de ((droit qui prévalaità l'époque))lorsqu'il s'agitde décriresur le
plan strictement juridique les situations territoriales de l'époquecolo-
niale? Le problème résidedans le fait de savoir si, en l'espèce, les règles

du droit intertemporel sont suffisantes pour comprendre etjustifier la dis-
parition de la présenceinternationale dans cette ancienne entitédes chefs
du Vieux-Calabar.
3. L'application àla lettre des principes du droit intertemporel aboutit
à une conclusion surprenante qui pourrait être formulée dans la maxime
suivante: «dans les relations conventionnelles avec les chefs indigunes.
pacta non servundu surit))Il est en effet difficile de justifier l'idéeselon
laquelle la collectivité protégée puisseonsentir à êtredépossédéd ee sa
personnalitéjuridique ou de son territoire sans recourirà la mystification
juridique. Dans un cadre contractuel civil, une mesure unilatérale de dis-

solution d'une personnalité reconnue par la voie conventionnelle s'ana-
lvse comme une violation des obligat"ons du contrat et des sanctions
s'imposent. L'absence de conditions de validité destraités internationaux
est-elle pour autant de nature à accepter des conséquences aussisurpre-
nantes? Le rappel du caractère inégalitaire etnégateur inhérent à la pra-
tique coloniale vis-à-vis des indigèneset des colonies relèveactuellement
de la véritéélémentaire;il en résulte un devoirde mémoire i l'égardde
ces injustices et en mêmetemps une reconnaissance d'un fait historique.
La destruction de la personnalité internationale est acquise par un acte de
force: ladebellatio ou dans le cadre d'un accord entre égaux. Maisaffir-
mer le caractère consenti d'une disparition de la personnalité internatio-

nale està la limite du dol. L'application des règlesdu droit intertemporel
n'est pas de nature àjustifier des conclusions aussi contraires aux normes
fondamentales, mêmeau nom de la nature spécifiquedesrelations entre-
tenues avec les chefs indigènes.
Il est difficile pour la Cour internationale de Justice d'accepter qu'au
nom du droit intertemporel la maxime pacta sunt servandu soit dévoyée.
La jurisprudence de la Cour ne doit pas pouvoir être interprétée comme
favorisant éventuellement une atteinte au principe de la sainteté des
accords. Sur le plan de l'analyse des relations de cohérence entre les
normes et les principes en droit international, on ne saurait placer sur le
mêmerang la maxime pacta sunt servanda et les règlesdu droit intertem-

pore1 qui n'ont qu'une fonction auxiliaire d'interprétation de la règle
principale pacta sunt servandu. Une interprétation de nature à porter
atteinte à cette règle fondamentale n'est pas pertinente. Les règlesdu
droit intertemporel visent d'abord à renforcer la sécuritéjuridique des
relations internationales. Le caractère obligatoire des conventions inter-
nationales résulte non pas de l'application mécanique ou formelle
d'un principe mais de la nature des engagements librement souscrits qui
expriment le consentement des Etats à êtreliés.Seul l'avènement des
normes du jus cogens est de nature à justifier la remise en cause dustatus of subjects of iinternational law, even where their territory was not
necessarily res nulliu:ias was made clear in the Advisory Opinion on the
Western Sahara case (1.C.J. Reports 1975, p. 12). But does the refusa1to
accord anv international status to such treaties ..stif, reliance on the
simple generic concept of "the law at the time ' when characterizing
in strictly legal terms territorial situations obtaining during the colonial
period? The probleri is whether, in this case, the rules of intertemporal

law are sufficient to explain and justify the disappcarance from the inter-
national scene of thiisancient entity, the Chiefs of Old Calabar.
3. Literal application of the principles of interti:mporal law leads to a
surprising conclusiori, which could be expressed iri the following maxim:
"in treaty relations with indigenous chiefs, pactn non servanda sunt".
Thus it is difficult, without recourse to legal artilice, to justify the idea
that a protected entity could consent to being d-spossessed of its legal
personality or of its territory. In a civil contract, any unilateral dissolu-
tion of an entity recognized under the terms of the contract is regarded as
a breach of the contractual obligations and sanctions must follow. Can
the absence of the conditions required for a valid international treaty
render such surprising consequences acceptable? Tlie inequality and denial
of rights inherent in colonial practice in relation to indigenous peoples

and to colonies is currently recognized as an elementary truth; there is a
resultant duty to mi:morialize these injustices and at the same time to
acknowledgeuan historical fact. The destruction of international erso on al-
ity is procured by ari act of force: through dehellcrtioor under an agree-
ment between equalis. But to contend that an inrernational personality
has disappeared by consent is verging on fraud. Application of the rules
of intertemporal law cannot justify conclusions so contrary to fundamen-
ta1norms, not even on the basis of the special nature of relationships with
indigenous chiefs.

The International Court of Justice should be rcluctant to accept that,

in the name of intertemporal law, the maxim pactlz servanda sunt may be
circumvented. The Court's decision must not be interpreted as encour-
aging any impugnment of the principle of the sanctity of contracts. If we
analyse the relationship between the various ncrms and principles of
international law, it is clear that the maxim pactci servanda sunt cannot
be treated on the same basis as the rules of int1:rtemporal law, which
serve merely as auxiliary means of interpretation of the primary rule,
pacta servandu sunt. Any interpretation seeking to impugn that funda-
mental rule is misconceived. The main purpose of the rules of intertem-
poral law is to strerigthen legal security in interiiational relations. The
binding nature of international treaties derives not from the mechanical
or forma1applicatioin of a principle but from the nature of commitments
freely undertaken, expressing the consent of States to be bound. Only

the impact of norms of jus cogens can justify a iy impugnment of the
consensus principle Thus the legal frameworl provides a tool forconsensualisme. Le cadre juridique offre dans ces conditions un appareil
d'analyse du consentement et de la volontédes Etats, mais ne saurait se
substituer à cette volonté.
4. L'application, dans leprésentcas d'espèce,de la règledu droit inter-
temporel pose le problème de l'acceptation, dans l'arrêt,de la pratique de
la puissance protectrice qui a procédé à la liquidation de l'entitéVieux-
Calabar. Une distinction s'impose entre la justification et I'acceptation
d'une situation juridique. En effet, les situations que le droit étudieont
pour origine soit un acte juridique, c'est-à-dire une manifestation de

volontés destinée à produire des effets de droit, soit un fait juridique,
c'est-à-dire un phénomène,une situation qui se produit en dehors de tout
consentement des Etats concernéset qui engendre des effets de droit. Il
en résulteque les actes de la puissance coloniale ont représenté desfaits
juridiques autour desquels se sont articuléset développés des régimed se
droits territoriaux et de droits personnels des populations. Cette analyse
est confirméepar la jurisprudence du Dgyérendfrontalier (Burkina Fasol
Républiquedu Mali) (C.I.J. Recueil 1986, p. 554). La Chambre a fait
directement application du droit colonial français non en tant que droit
colonial mais en qualité desource de référence normative applicable indé-
pendamment de tout jugement ou de toute référenceaux règlesdu droit
intertemporel qui aurait pu légitimerle droit colonial.

5. La critique deI'«unilatéralisme»des puissances coloniales réservant
un sort de «chiffon de papier» aux accords conclus avec les responsables
indigènes n'estpas un fait nouveau. On citera la thèsede M. Nazif sou-
tenue à l'universitéde Batavia en 1928sur la disparition du Royaume de
Madagascar en droit international (De val van het Rijk Merina - La
chute du Royaume de Mérina). On rappellera également la thèse soute-
nue par les plénipotentiairesmalgaches en 1895lorsqu'ils ont opposé à la
France le caractère détachable del'indépendancedu Royaume par rap-
port à la capacité de remboursement de l'emprunt contracté, cause offi-
cielle de l'envoi du corps expéditionnaire. En sens inverse, le principe de
la tabula rasa a étéinvoquépour refuser la succession d'Etats aux traités
conclus par la monarchie. Ce précédent aétérappelé lors de l'annexion
de la Tchécoslovaquiepar le IIIe Reich.

6. Pour ces raisons, il aurait été préférabld ee parler de droit inter-
national pour évoquer le droit des rapports entre les puissances euro-
péennesou avec des souverains reconnus par les puissances européennes
et de droit ou de fait colonial selon les cas lorsque est envisagéle rapport
entre les puissances européenneset les chefs indigènes.Cette distinction
ou classification permet de mieux appréhender le cadre juridique de la
colonisation.

(Signé) Raymond RANJEVA.analysing the consent and intentions of States but cannot replace those
intentions.

4. In the present case, application of the rule:. of intertemporal law
raises the problem of the Judgment's acceptance of the conduct of the
protecting Power, wllich proceeded to liquidate the entity of Old Cala-

bar. A distinction miist be drawn between justification and acceptance of
a legal situation. Thus the situations which the law addresses may have
originated either ina legal instrument, that is to Saya manifestation of
wills intended to pro'ducelegal effects, or in a legal fact, that is to say an
occurrence, a situation having taken place irrespective of any consent by
the States concernecl and producing effects in law. It follows that the
instruments adopted by the colonial Power constitiited legal facts, around
which evolved and developed régimesgoverning territorial rights, as well
as the persona1 rightij of the populations concerne'i. This analysis is con-
firmed by the decision in the case concerning the Frontier Dispute
(Burkina FasolRepublic of Mali) (I. C.J. Reports 1986, p. 554). The
Chamber directly applied French colonial law not 7uacolonial law but as
the normative reference source applicable, without passing any judgment

thereon or seeking to legitimize colonial law by reliance on the rules of
intertemporal law.
5. Criticism of the "unilateralism" of the colonidl Powers in ultimately
treating agreements c:oncludedwith indigenous rult:rs as "scraps of paper"
is nothing new. 1woilld cite here the thesis of Mr. Yazif, submitted to the
University of Batavia in 1928, on the disappearaiice of the Kingdom of
Madagascar in international law (De val van h,?t Rijk Merina - La
chute du Royaume d,oMérinu). 1 would also recall the position taken by
the Malagasy plenipotentiaries in 1895 when tf ey confronted France
with the argument that the independence of the Kingdom was an issue
distinct from its ability to repay its loan, the official pretext for the des-
patch of the expeditionary force. Conversely, the tabula rasa principle
has been invoked in order to refuse a right of Staie succession to treaties

concluded by the misnarchy. This precedent was recalled at the time of
the annexation of Czechoslovakia by the Third Reich.
6. For these reascjns, it would have been preferable to speak of inter-
national law when referring to the law governing; relations between the
European Powers (or with sovereigns recognized by the European
Powers, and of colonial law or acts, as appropriate, when addressing
the relationship between the European Powers and indigenous chiefs.
Such a distinction oirclassification ~ermits a better understandine of the
legal framework of colonization.

(Signed) Raymond RANJEVA.

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Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Ranjeva (translation)

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