Declaration of Judge Oda

Document Number
094-20021010-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
094-20021010-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE ODA

Bakassi Peninsula - Lake Chad - Unnecessa- precision of Court's bound-
ary delimitation - Lund boundary from Lake Chad to the Bakassi Penin-
sula - Withdravvalof armedforces, police and administration from "occupied"
territory - State responsibility - Counter-claims - Future treatment of

Nigerian nationals - Maritime boundary - Procedural error by Applicant -
Dejnition of "legal dispute under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute -
Boundary of territorial sea - Preliminary objections - Alteration of Party's
position in the course of proceedings - No legal dispute concerning the terri-
torial sea - Substantive error - Law governing the boundary cf the conti-

nental shelf Jurisdictiorz of the Court in boundary delimitation of the conti-
nental shelf- Boundary of the continental shelj'is an equity issue, it cannot be
subject of legal dispute - Negotiation as guiding principle Jor boundary of
the continental shelf -- Third-party authority - "Equidistance and special

circumstances" Rule - Continental Shelf in the United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea, Article 83 - Failure of agreement dors not mean
that a "dispute" exists - No compulsory procedures rntailing binding deci-
sions for the continental slîelf boundary.

1. The present case, as unilaterally presented to the Court in March

and June 1994by Cameroon, is one in which "[tlhe dispute relates essen-
tially to the question of sovereignty over the Bakassi Peninsula"
(Cameroon's Application instituting proceedings, p. 5, para. 1,emphasis

added) and

"[the] aspect of the dispute relates essentially to the question of
sovereignty over a part of the territory of Cameroon in the area
of Lake Chad . . . and to the course of the boundary between the

Republic of Cameroon and the Federal Republic of Nigeria,
from Lake Chad to the sea." (Additional Application, p. 77,para. 1,
emphasis added.)

While the present Judgment has my full support in respect of these three
questions, which alone constitute the essence of the present case, 1wish

to express the several reservations set out below.A. The Bakassi Peninsulu (Subparagraph III of the Operutive Part of

the Judgment)

2. With regard to the status of the Bakassi Peninsula, which is the
main issue in the present case, 1 fully agree with the Court's decision in
point III (B) of the operative part of the Judgment that "sovereignty over
the Bakassi Peninsula lies with the Republic of Cameroon" (Judgment,
para. 325 II1 (B)).

B. Lund Bounduries (Suhpurugruphs I and II of the Operative Part of

the Judg~nent)

3. With regard to the land boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
in Lake Chad and in the area from Lake Chad to the sea, 1 support the
Court's decisions in subparagraphs 1 and II in the operative part of the
Judgment. Yet 1have some reservations concerning the Court's determi-
nation of the boundary asthe straight line "[flrom a tripoint in Lake Chad
lying at 14"04'59"9999 longitude east and 13"05' latitude north . . . to

the mouth of the River Ebeji" (Judgment, para. 325 1(B)). The Court
States in paragraph 57 of the Judgment that,

"[flollowing that examination [the examination of the Moisel map

annexed to the Milner-Simon Declaration of 1919 and the map
attached to the Henderson-Fleuriau Exchange of Notes of 19311,it
. . . considers that the longitudinal co-ordinate of the tripoint is situ-
ated at 14O04'59"9999 longitude east, rather than at 'approximately'
14"05' east [thus reaching the same conclusions as the LCBC (Lake
Chad Basin Commission)]".

It is difficult to understand why the Court has seen fit to speak of such a
precise point. In fact, a measurement of 1110,000of a second (in other
words, the difference between 14"05' and 14"04'59"9999) in respect of

the longitude in this region of low latitude represents less than 3 mm and
has no significant effect on any map. It is not meaningful for the Court to
specify any spot to 1110,000of a second. It would be sufficient for the
Court in this respect to refer simply to the "tripoint" as indicated in the
report of the Lake Chad Basin Commission.

C. Difference of Positions Taken by the Parties towards Sovereignty
over the Bakassi Peninsula and towards the Land Boundaries (Subpara-
graph V of the Operutive Part of the Judgment)

4. 1 note that the decisions in points V (A), (B), (C) and (D) of the
operative part of the Judgment al1relate to the issues dealt with in sub-
paragraphs 1,II and III of the operative part. These decisions mainly
concern the status of the Bakassi Peninsula and the boundaries in

Lake Chad and in the area from Lake Chad to the sea, but not the mari-461 LAND AND MARITIME BOUNDARY (DECLO . DA)

time boundaries dealt with in the immediately preceding subparagraph,
subparagraph IV. The placement of this subparagraph V not before but
after subparagraph IV gives the impression, however, that the Court
takes a very different view of the relationship betweense paragraphs.
5. It is a matter of course that Nigeria must withdraw its "administra-
tion and its military and police forces" (Judgment, para. 325A)) from
the area concerned, which the Court now decides is Cameroonian terri-
tory, without the need for any further decision by the Court. Yet, the
withdrawal should be conducted in accordance with arrangements to be
agreed upon by the Parties, due consideration also being given to the

orderly repatriation ofhose Nigerian nationals wishing to leave the area.
6. 1 assume that the Court's position (implicit in point V (C) of the
operative part) that no State responsibility was engaged in connection
with any incidents having occurred in the area which Nigeria previously
claimed to beunder its sovereignty is based on the reasons stated in para-
graphs 323 and 324 of the Judgment. This point should be more clearly
expressed in subparagraphs 1,II and IIIof the operative part rather than
being dealt with as a separate and independent holding after subpara-
graph IV of the operative part, dealing with the maritime boundary.

7. The question of Nigeria's counter-claims,ejected in point V (D) of
the operative part, was already decided in the process of the Court's
sions on territorial sovereignty over the Bakassi Peninsula and on the

land boundaries in Lake Chad and in the area from Lake Chad to the
sea, as the Court states in the two paragraphs of the Judgment referred to
above (paras. 323 and 324).

8. Point V (B) refers to Cameroon's commitment as to the future treat-
ment of Nigerian nationals on its territory. The Court clearly noted that
commitment in paragraph 317 in the reasoning of the Judgment and this
matter requires no further decision in the operative part.

II. THE MARITIME BOUNDARIE (SUBPARAGRAI PH OF THE OPERATIVE

PART OF THE JUDGMENT)

9. 1have stronger reservations concerning the Court's decision in sub-
paragraph IV of the operative part on the "maritime boundary" issues.
Rather, 1share very few of the Court's viewsin respect of the "maritime
boundary". 1did however vote in favour of points IV (B) and (C), but
only because the boundary lines drawn therein, whether concrete or not,
are not wholly inappropriate and do not in fact cause any harm.

10. The mishandling of the "maritime boundary" issues by the Court
has resulted,1believe, from, first, Cameroon's misguided presentation of462 LAND AND MARITIME BOUNDARY (DECLO . DA)

the case to the Court and, second, the Court's confusion and misunder-

standing with regard to the fundamental nature of the law relating to
"maritime delimitation". 1will point out the procedural errors involving
the maritime boundary issues in Cameroon's presentation and in the
Court's response, before also drawing attention to substantive errors in
Cameroon's Application and the Court's Judgment, resulting notably
from the failure to recognize the difference between areas close to shore

and those further out to sea. These procedural and substantive errors
have significantly clouded the issues in this case.

A. Procedural Errors

11. First, 1 must point out that the present case, as referred to the
Court on 29 March and 6 June 1994,did not involve any "legal dispute",
within the meaning of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court's Statute,
concerning the "maritime boundary". In its Application of March 1994,
Cameroon States (as already noted above) that "[tlhe dispute relates
essentially to the question of sovereignty over the Bakassi Peninsula"

(emphasis added) and asks the Court to adjudge and declare on various
points relating to the status of the Bakassi Peninsula. Indeed, the Court
properly ruled on these points in subparagraphs 1, II and 111of the
operative part of the Judgment. However, the "maritime boundary" issue
was not regarded by Cameroon in the March 1994Application as a ques-
tion having given rise to a "dispute". The "maritime boundary" is not

mentioned in the Application as an object of a "dispute" but is referred
to in unique terms. The June 1994 (additional) Application says nothing
whatsoever about the "maritime boundary".

12. Cameroon, in the section of its March 1994 Application entitled
"subject of the dispute", refers as follows to the maritime boundary,

without mentioning this as being the subject of a "dispute":
"[Tlhe maritime boundary between the two States has been the
subject of several delimitation agreements, from the Agreement of

11 March 1913to the Maroua Declaration of 1June 1975.However,
this delimitation has remained a partial one and, despite many
attempts to complete it, the two parties have been unable to do so.
In order to avoid further incidents between the two countries, the
Republic of Cameroon requests the Court to determine the course of
the maritime boundary between the two States beyond the line fixed
in 1975." (Application of 29 March 1994, p. 5,para. 3.)

As 1 see it, the words "maritime boundary" in the first line of the quota-
tion above refer to a boundary in the immediate offshore areas. In the

latter part of the same quotation, Cameroon refers to the boundary in the
vast ocean, the boundary "beyond the line fixed in 1975 [point G]". In463 LAND AND MARITIME BOUNDARY (DECL . DA)

its March 1994 Application, Cameroon does not identify either the
"many attempts to complete [the delimitation]" "beyond the line fixed in
1975 [point G]" or the previous "incidents between the two countries"
which occurred in that area if indeed "further" incidents are to be pre-
vented. Contrary to the Court's assertion (paragraph 239 of the present
Judgment and paragraph 110of the 1998Judgment), no evidence of any
incident in the areas beyond point G or of any negotiation to draw the
boundary beyond point G was presented to the Court, either in
the March 1994 Application itself or during the written and oral

proceedings.

13. In connection with the "decision requested" in that Application,
Cameroon states under item (If)(in wording quite different from that in
requests (a) to (e"), in which Cameroon asks the Court to "adjudge and
declare"), as follows:

"(f) In order to prevent any dispute arising between the two States
concerning their maritime boundary, the Republic of Cam-
eroon requests the Court to proceed to prolong the course of
its maritime boundary with the Federal Republic of Nigeria up
to the limit of the maritime zones which international law
places under their respective jurisdictions." (Application of
29 March 1994,p. 15,para. 20.)

Item (fjcontains nothing to indicate that there is a "decision requested"
of the Court; rather Cameroon here requests the drawing of a boundary
course. In my view, in regard to the "maritime boundary" Cameroon
cannot be seen to be asking the Court to adjudge and declare on any
"legal dispute" within the meaning of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Court's Statute.
14. It was natural for Nigeria to raise objections concerningthe Court's
jurisdiction in this respect in December 1995. In its 1998 Judgment
regarding preliminary objections raised in the present case, the Court

however rejected Nigeria's objections with regard to the delimitation of
the maritime boundary (I. C.J.Reports 1998, p. 275).With al1due respect
for the Court's authority, 1 still consider that, as stated in my separate
opinion appended to that Judgment (I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 328), the
Court erred in so deciding. Notwithstanding the Court's 1998Judgment,
the fact remains that there was in 1994no "legal dispute" concerning the
"maritime boundary" which Cameroon could unilaterally bring to the
Court for adjudication under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court's
Statute and Article 38 of the Rules of Court.

15. Secondly, it must be noted that Cameroon changed the gravamen
of the present case (which it brought in March and June 1994)in the sub-
missions subsequently presented in its 1995 Memorial. Cameroon first
presented its own maritime boundary claim, identified by map co-ordi-nates, in its Memorial (Livre 1,p. 669). These submissions are far differ-
ent in nature from the "decision requested" inconnection with the "mari-
time boundary" in the March 1994 Application. 1 believe that the
1995 submissions did not fall within the purview of the original
March 1994Application. The Court should have taken cognizance of this
fundamental and essential alteration of Cameroon's position in the case
during the jurisdictional phase. The Court however failed in 1998to do
soand, afortiori, failed to realize that the 1995submissionsregarding the
"maritime boundary" issue had effected an essential change in the com-
plexion of the entire case.

16. As already noted, Cameroon did not describe in the March 1994
Application or even in the 1995submissions any "legal dispute" between
Nigeria and it concerning the "maritime boundary". Cameroon pre-

sented its "maritime boundary" claim in the 1995 submissions. While
Nigeria contended in the submissions in its 1999Counter-Memorial that
Cameroon's "maritime claim" was "inadmissible" for various reasons
(Counter-Memorial of Nigeria, Vol. III, p. 834),it was only in 2001,in its
Rejoinder, that Nigeria first asserted certain maritime boundary claims in
opposition to Cameroon's claims (Rejoinder of Nigeria, Vol. III, p. 765).

17. In the light of the procedural error on the part of the Applicant,
Cameroon, 1 voted against point IV (A) of the operative part of the
present Judgment.

B. Substantive Error

18. After having explained that Cameroon's referral to the Court of
the "maritime boundary" aspects of the present case was highly irregular,
1 shall now turn to the merits of the case in respect of the "maritime
boundary". Underlying both Cameroon's mishandling of the case and
the Court's confusion and misunderstanding is,1 believe, the failure to
recognize the essential difference betweenthe narrow sea-belt around the
land, i.e., the expanse of water within the 12-mileterritorial sea (which,
for the sake of convenience, 1shall cal1the "inner sea") and the wider
offshore area of the continental shelf (which, again for convenience, 1
shall cal1the "outer sea"). This difference is reflected in the difference

between the two régimes,that of the territorial sea on the one hand and
the continental shelf on the other'. The delimitation of the territorial sea
and the delimitation of the continental shelf are radically different in
nature and 1 submit that this difference is completely overlooked in the
present Judgment. 1 shall return to this issue towards the end of this
declaration.

'The comments below concerning the continental shelf apply in general to the exclusive
economic zone asell.

165(1) Boundury in the "inner seu" (up to point G)

19. 1must point out first of al1that the Court does not grasp the true
meaning of the "maritime boundary" in the "inner sea" in this case.1
would suggest that the disagreement between Cameroon and Nigeria in
respect of the "inner sea" isnot, in fact, an issue concerning the "mari-
time boundary" but is an issue relatinsolelyto the status of the Bakassi
Peninsula (that is to say, whether the boundary between the two States
should lie to the west or to the east of the Bakassi Peninsula). The issue
of the "maritime boundary" in the "inner sea", Le., up to point G, is for
al1practical purposes resolved in subparagraph III of the operative part,

when the Court, by reference to the 1913 Anglo-German Agreement,
adjudges that the Bakassi Peninsula is part of Cameroon's territory,
thereby determining that the boundary between the two States lies to the
west of the Bakassi Peninsula, and once the Court takes note of the
1971Second Yaoundé Declaration, setting out the compromise reached
by the Heads of State of the two countries, and of the 1975Maroua Dec-
laration signed by the two Heads of State.
20. The Court should have had nothing more to say with regard to the
maritime boundary in the "inner sea" (up to point G). Accordingly, 1find
it senseless for the Court to present the two tables of co-ordinates refer-
ring to the "inner sea" as a Court decision in the operative part of the
Judgment (Judgment, para. 325 IV (B)). There was no "maritime bound-
ary" issue as such in respect of the "inner sea". Cameroon itself did not
put forward any such CO-ordinatesin its claim or submission; nor did
Nigeria raise any such issue.

(2) Boundury of the continentul shelf in the "outer seu" (beyond
point G)

21. With regard to the "maritime boundary" in the "outer sea",
reference must be made again to the March 1994 Application and it is
worth quoting Cameroon once more:

"[Tlhe maritime boundary between the two States has been the
subject of several delimitation agreements, from the Agreement of
11March 1913to the Maroua Declaration of 1June 1975.However,
this delimitation has remained a partial one and, despite many
attempts to complete it, the two parties have been unable to do so.
In order to avoid further incidents between the two countries, the
Republic of Cameroon requests the Court to determine the course of
the maritime boundary between the two States beyond [point G]."
(Application of 29 March 1994,p. 5, para. 3.)

As 1stated above, notwithstanding this assertion, there has been no inci-
dent in the "outer sea" between the two States and no negotiations havebeen held to determine the boundary of the continental shelf beyond
point G.
22. In point IV (D) of the operative part, the Court in fact does not
respond at al1to Cameroon's and Nigeria's respectivesubmissionsconcern-
ing the maritime boundary in the "outer sea" and renders a decision estab-
lishing a line different from the Parties' respective claimlines. If the Court
now has no more to say on this point than that the boundary "follows a
loxodrome having an azimuth of 187"52'27"", as set out in point IV (D)of
the operative part, which inno way responds to Cameroon's submissions,
then the implication could be that the Court admits that Cameroon's

framing of the question of the boundary in the "outer sea" as a legal issue
is clearly unjustified in this case of unilateral application. Yet the Court
"[dlecides that .. .the boundary .. .follows a loxodrome having an azi-
muth of 187"52'27"" (Judgment, para. 325 IV (D)).

23. 1 would question whether the Court gave any thought to the fact
that specifying a line with the precision of one second results in a differ-
ence of only a few metres, even at the point lying at the 200-mile limit
from the coast. The Court does not specify how far the line should
extend, whether just several miles from the coast or even 200 milesout to
sea. Rather than deciding upon the line itself, the Court would appear to
suggest that the boundary line should be drawn, as agreed by the Parties,
along the equidistance line. It appears to me that the Court's mistaken
treatment of the maritime boundary in the "outer sea" may derive from
its failure to understand the law governing the determination of the con-
tinental shelf boundary.

(3) Rule governing the boundary of the continental shelj"

24. Cameroon's obvious error in unilaterally submitting to the Court
the issue of the maritime boundary in the "outer sea" as the object of a
"legal dispute" merits further examination. Unlike land boundaries
(including that of the territorial sea), which relate essentially to the ques-
tion of territorial sovereignty, the boundary of the continental shelfin the
"outer sea", not being the subject of a legul dispute, cannot, in principle,
be determined simply by applying a legal rule or principle. No legal rule
or principle mandates recognition of a given line as the only one accept-
able under international law. The concrete boundary line may be chosen
by negotiation from among the infinite number of possibilities falling
within the bounds of equity. This is the view 1 propounded, after an
extensive analysis of the issuesand the travaux pr&paratoires,in my sepa-
rate opinion appended to the Court's Judgment in the case concerning
Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jun Mayen
(I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 109). 25. Article 6 of the 1958Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf
provides "the boundary of the continental shelf . ..shall be determined
by agreement between [the parties]". It is important to note that even at
the time of its adoption, this rule was fundamentally different from that
applicable to the territorial sea, where recourse to the median line is the
governing principle (1958 Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea,
Art. 12). The basic principle that the continental shelf boundary should
be agreed upon by negotiation was carried over into the 1982 United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Art. 83).
26. It iscertainly true that a provision simply statingthat the boundary
should be agreed upon by negotiation does not identify any precise
boundary line and, in fact, the outcome of negotiations concerning the
continental shelf boundary is dictated by the relative bargaining power of

the parties. But the 1958Convention did offer a guiding principle where
negotiations fail: "[iln the absence of agreement, and unless another
boundary line is justified by special circumstances, the boundary is the
median line [in the case of opposite coasts]" and "the boundary shall be
determined by application of the principle of equidistance [in the case of
adjacent coasts]" (Art. 6, paras. 1 and 2). This so-called "equidistance
(median) line + special circumstances" rule could have been applied in
various ways aiming at an "equitable solution".

27. Having realized that this provision did not lay down any objective
criteria for drawing the boundary, the drafters of the 1982United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea attempted to formulate such criteria
but, after much effort over several years, could do no better than come to
the compromise solution now found in the 1982Convention:

"1. The delimitation of the continental shelf . . .shall be effected
by agreement on the basis of international law . .. in order to
achieve an equitable solution.
2. If no agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of
time, the States concerned shall resort to the procedures provided
for in Part XV [settlement of disputes]." (Art. 83.)
28. 1 am afraid that great misunderstanding prevails in academic
circlesregarding interpretation of these provisions. 1must state,,first, that
the provisions of Article 83, paragraph 2, do not constitute a compro-

missory clause such as is referred to in Article 36, paragraph 1, of the
Court's Statute; secondly, the fact that boundary negotiations have failed
does not in itself mean that a "(legal) dispute" has arisen; and, thirdly,
the provisions of Article 83, paragraph 2, should not be interpreted
as conferring compulsory jurisdiction on those institutions listed in
Article 287 of Part XV. Notwithstanding the title of Section 2 ("Com-
pulsory Procedures entailing Binding Decisions") of Part XV of the
1982Convention, it is clear that Section 2, when read in conjunction with
Section 3 ("Limitations and Exceptions to Applicability of Section 2'7,does not provide for such procedures in a boundary delimitation case
referred to any of those institutions, including this Court.

29. It is submitted that the Court could well act as a third-party
authority if it were askedjointly by the parties to draw such a line. The
present case was, however, brought before the Court unilaterally by
Cameroon. At the time Cameroon initiated the case, Nigeria expressed
no desire to entrust to the Court the determination of this segment of the
boundary between the two States; in fact, Nigeria expressed its opposi-

tion to Cameroon's approach, as manifested by its objection to the
Court's jurisdiction in this respect in December 1995.
30. 1would like to point out that Cameroon and Nigeria had not even
started negotiations to agree upon the delimitation of the continental
shelf and understandably so, since the status of the Bakassi Peninsula,
from which the continental shelf extends, was not certain. In that context
the Court could not initiate compulsory procedures entailing a binding
decision. The Court could not "decide" any specificline. The Court could
only have determined the line if it had been requested jointly by the
Parties todecide upon one specificline; however, this is not such a case.
1 voted in favour of point IV (D) of the operative part for the reason that
the general orientation described by the Court in that paragraph, though
misguided in itself a1 suggested above in paragraph 22, is not likely to
cause any harm.

(Signed) Shigeru ODA.

Bilingual Content

DECLARATION OF JUDGE ODA

Bakassi Peninsula - Lake Chad - Unnecessa- precision of Court's bound-
ary delimitation - Lund boundary from Lake Chad to the Bakassi Penin-
sula - Withdravvalof armedforces, police and administration from "occupied"
territory - State responsibility - Counter-claims - Future treatment of

Nigerian nationals - Maritime boundary - Procedural error by Applicant -
Dejnition of "legal dispute under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute -
Boundary of territorial sea - Preliminary objections - Alteration of Party's
position in the course of proceedings - No legal dispute concerning the terri-
torial sea - Substantive error - Law governing the boundary cf the conti-

nental shelf Jurisdictiorz of the Court in boundary delimitation of the conti-
nental shelf- Boundary of the continental shelj'is an equity issue, it cannot be
subject of legal dispute - Negotiation as guiding principle Jor boundary of
the continental shelf -- Third-party authority - "Equidistance and special

circumstances" Rule - Continental Shelf in the United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea, Article 83 - Failure of agreement dors not mean
that a "dispute" exists - No compulsory procedures rntailing binding deci-
sions for the continental slîelf boundary.

1. The present case, as unilaterally presented to the Court in March

and June 1994by Cameroon, is one in which "[tlhe dispute relates essen-
tially to the question of sovereignty over the Bakassi Peninsula"
(Cameroon's Application instituting proceedings, p. 5, para. 1,emphasis

added) and

"[the] aspect of the dispute relates essentially to the question of
sovereignty over a part of the territory of Cameroon in the area
of Lake Chad . . . and to the course of the boundary between the

Republic of Cameroon and the Federal Republic of Nigeria,
from Lake Chad to the sea." (Additional Application, p. 77,para. 1,
emphasis added.)

While the present Judgment has my full support in respect of these three
questions, which alone constitute the essence of the present case, 1wish

to express the several reservations set out below. DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE ODA

[Traduction]

Presqu'île de Bakassi - Lac Tchad -- Précisioninurile de la délimitation de
.frontiéreopérée par la (Cour - Frontière terrestre du l(zcTchad à lapresqu'île

de Bakassi - Retrait cilesforces armées, de la police et de l'administration du
territoire «occupé» - .Responsabilitéétatique - Demc~nde.7 reconventionnelles
- Traitement à venir des ressortissants nigérians - Frontière maritime -
Erreurs de procédure commises pur le requérant -- Difinition d'un ((differend
d'ordrejuridique)) au sens duparugraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut - Frontière

de h mer territoriale - Exceptions préliminaires - Modijïcation de laposition
de l'une cfe.~Parties au cours de la procédure - Abserlce de diffërend d'ordre
juridique au sujet de la mer territoriale -- Erreur defo,zd - Droit régissantla
délimitation du plateau continental - Compétencede ltr Courpour délimiterle
plateau continental - La délimitation du plateau contiqental relève de l'équité

et ne saurait constituer l'objet d'un diflérendjuridique - Négociation en tant
que principe directeur aux.fin.s de la délimitation du plateau continental - Ins-
tance tierce -- Règle dc 1'«équidi.stanc.e et des circonst~~ncesspéciales» - Plu-
teau continenlal selon 1:article83 de la convention riesNations Uniessur le droit
de la mer - L'échecde:;négociationsne signifie pas qu'un «dzyférend))existe -

Abstxce de procédures obligatoires entraînant des dt;cisions obligatoires en
matière de dklimitation du plateau continental.

1. Dans la présente affaire, qui a étéintroduite devant la Cour de

manière unilatéralepar le Cameroun en mars et juin 1994, « [l]edifférend
porte essentiellement sur la question de la souveraineté sur la presqu'île
de Bakassin (requête introductive d'instance du C;~meroun,p. 4, par. 1;

les italiques sont de moi) et

(([cletaspect du différendporte essentiellement sur la question de la

souveraineté sur une partie du territoire camr:rounais dans la zone
du lac Tchad ...et sur le tracé dela frontière entre la République du
Cameroun et la République fédéraledu Nigéria du lac Tchad a la

mer» (requête additionnelle, p. 76, par. 1:les italiques sont de moi).

Bien que je souscrive pleinement au présentarrêt sur ces trois points, qui

constituent à eux seuls l'essence de la présenteaffaire, je désire exprimer
les quelques réservesiexposéesci-après.A. The Bakassi Peninsulu (Subparagraph III of the Operutive Part of

the Judgment)

2. With regard to the status of the Bakassi Peninsula, which is the
main issue in the present case, 1 fully agree with the Court's decision in
point III (B) of the operative part of the Judgment that "sovereignty over
the Bakassi Peninsula lies with the Republic of Cameroon" (Judgment,
para. 325 II1 (B)).

B. Lund Bounduries (Suhpurugruphs I and II of the Operative Part of

the Judg~nent)

3. With regard to the land boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
in Lake Chad and in the area from Lake Chad to the sea, 1 support the
Court's decisions in subparagraphs 1 and II in the operative part of the
Judgment. Yet 1have some reservations concerning the Court's determi-
nation of the boundary asthe straight line "[flrom a tripoint in Lake Chad
lying at 14"04'59"9999 longitude east and 13"05' latitude north . . . to

the mouth of the River Ebeji" (Judgment, para. 325 1(B)). The Court
States in paragraph 57 of the Judgment that,

"[flollowing that examination [the examination of the Moisel map

annexed to the Milner-Simon Declaration of 1919 and the map
attached to the Henderson-Fleuriau Exchange of Notes of 19311,it
. . . considers that the longitudinal co-ordinate of the tripoint is situ-
ated at 14O04'59"9999 longitude east, rather than at 'approximately'
14"05' east [thus reaching the same conclusions as the LCBC (Lake
Chad Basin Commission)]".

It is difficult to understand why the Court has seen fit to speak of such a
precise point. In fact, a measurement of 1110,000of a second (in other
words, the difference between 14"05' and 14"04'59"9999) in respect of

the longitude in this region of low latitude represents less than 3 mm and
has no significant effect on any map. It is not meaningful for the Court to
specify any spot to 1110,000of a second. It would be sufficient for the
Court in this respect to refer simply to the "tripoint" as indicated in the
report of the Lake Chad Basin Commission.

C. Difference of Positions Taken by the Parties towards Sovereignty
over the Bakassi Peninsula and towards the Land Boundaries (Subpara-
graph V of the Operutive Part of the Judgment)

4. 1 note that the decisions in points V (A), (B), (C) and (D) of the
operative part of the Judgment al1relate to the issues dealt with in sub-
paragraphs 1,II and III of the operative part. These decisions mainly
concern the status of the Bakassi Peninsula and the boundaries in

Lake Chad and in the area from Lake Chad to the sea, but not the mari- A. La presqu'île de Bakassi (point III du dispositif de I'arrêt)

2. S'agissant du statutde la presqu'île de Bakassi, qui constitueleprin-
cipal point Y trancher de la présente espèce,je soiiscris pleinement à la
décisionde la Cour énoncéeau point III B) du dispositif de l'arrêt,selon
laquelle cclasouveraineté sur la presqu'île de Bakassi est camerounaise))
(arrêt, par. 325 III B)I).

B. Lu frontiére terrestre (points I et II du dispositif de l'arrêt)

3. En ce qui concerne la frontière terrestre entre le Cameroun et le
Nigériadans la régiondu lac Tchad et du lac Tchad a la mer, je souscris
aux décisionsde la Cour telles qu'elles figurent aux points 1 et II du dis-
positif de I'arrêt. Jedois néanmoins formuler certaines réserves s'agissant
de la détermination par la Cour de la frontière comme correspondant àla
ligne droite ((partarit «d'un tripoint situé dans le lac Tchad par
14"04'59"9999 de longitude est et 13"05' de lattude nord ...jusqu'à
l'embouchure de la rivièreEbedji)) (arrêt,par. 325 I B)). La Cour déclare
au paragraphe 57 de I'arrêtque,

«[s]uiteà cet examen [l'examende la carte Moisel annexée à la décla-
ration Milner-Simon de 1919 et de la carte jointe à l'échangede
notes Henderson-Fleuriau de 19311,elle ...estime que le tripoint se
situeà 14"04'59"9999 de longitude est, plutôt qu'à «approximative-
ment)) 14"05'[aboutissant ainsi aux mêmescoticlusions que la CBLT
(Commission du bassin du lac Tchad)])).

Il est malaiséde comprendre pourquoi la Cour a jugébon de définir un
point de manière aussi précise. En effet, lorsqu'oii mesure la longitude
dans cette régionde taible latitude, une différence<te1/10000 de seconde
(autrement dit, la différenceentre 14"05' et 14"04'59"9999) représente
moins de 3millimètreset n'a le moindre effet significatif sur aucune carte.
La Cour n'a aucune raison valable de définirun point quelconque avec

une précisionde 1/10 000 de seconde. Dans cette zone, il suffirait que la
Cour évoque simplement le «tripoint» indiqué clans le rapport de la
Commission du bassin du lac Tchad.

C. Les divergences entre les Parties quant ri Ili souveraineté sur la
presqu'île de Bakassi et aux frontières terrestres (point V du dispositif
de I'arrêt)

4. Je remarque que:les décisionsfigurant aux points V A), B),C) et D)
du dispositif de l'arrêtportent toutes sur les questions traitéesaux points
1, IIet IIIde ce mêmed :ispositif. Ces décisionsconcernent essentiellement
le statut de la presqu'île de Bakassi et les frontières dans la régiondu lac
Tchad et dans la zone du lac Tchad à la mer, etnon les frontières mari-461 LAND AND MARITIME BOUNDARY (DECLO . DA)

time boundaries dealt with in the immediately preceding subparagraph,
subparagraph IV. The placement of this subparagraph V not before but
after subparagraph IV gives the impression, however, that the Court
takes a very different view of the relationship betweense paragraphs.
5. It is a matter of course that Nigeria must withdraw its "administra-
tion and its military and police forces" (Judgment, para. 325A)) from
the area concerned, which the Court now decides is Cameroonian terri-
tory, without the need for any further decision by the Court. Yet, the
withdrawal should be conducted in accordance with arrangements to be
agreed upon by the Parties, due consideration also being given to the

orderly repatriation ofhose Nigerian nationals wishing to leave the area.
6. 1 assume that the Court's position (implicit in point V (C) of the
operative part) that no State responsibility was engaged in connection
with any incidents having occurred in the area which Nigeria previously
claimed to beunder its sovereignty is based on the reasons stated in para-
graphs 323 and 324 of the Judgment. This point should be more clearly
expressed in subparagraphs 1,II and IIIof the operative part rather than
being dealt with as a separate and independent holding after subpara-
graph IV of the operative part, dealing with the maritime boundary.

7. The question of Nigeria's counter-claims,ejected in point V (D) of
the operative part, was already decided in the process of the Court's
sions on territorial sovereignty over the Bakassi Peninsula and on the

land boundaries in Lake Chad and in the area from Lake Chad to the
sea, as the Court states in the two paragraphs of the Judgment referred to
above (paras. 323 and 324).

8. Point V (B) refers to Cameroon's commitment as to the future treat-
ment of Nigerian nationals on its territory. The Court clearly noted that
commitment in paragraph 317 in the reasoning of the Judgment and this
matter requires no further decision in the operative part.

II. THE MARITIME BOUNDARIE (SUBPARAGRAI PH OF THE OPERATIVE

PART OF THE JUDGMENT)

9. 1have stronger reservations concerning the Court's decision in sub-
paragraph IV of the operative part on the "maritime boundary" issues.
Rather, 1share very few of the Court's viewsin respect of the "maritime
boundary". 1did however vote in favour of points IV (B) and (C), but
only because the boundary lines drawn therein, whether concrete or not,
are not wholly inappropriate and do not in fact cause any harm.

10. The mishandling of the "maritime boundary" issues by the Court
has resulted,1believe, from, first, Cameroon's misguided presentation oftimes qui font l'objet du point immédiatement précédent, à savoir le
point IV. Le fait d'avoir placéle point V après le point IV et non avant
donne cependant l'impression que la Cour a un point de vue trèsdifférent
sur la relation entre ces paragraphes.
5. Le Nigériadoit bien évidemment retirer «sariadministration et ses
forces arméeset de police)) (arrêt,par. 325 VA)) de la zone en question,
dont la Cour a jugéici qu'elle se trouvait en territoire camerounais, et ce
sans qu'il soit besoin d'une nouvelle décisionde la Cour. Encore faut-il
que ce retrait intervienne selon des modalités sur lesquelles devront

s'accorder les Parties compte tenu de la nécessitéc'organiser le rapatrie-
ment des ressortissants nigérianssouhaitant quitter la région.
6. Je présume que la position de la Cour (telle qu'elle découle du
point V C) du dispositif) selon laquelle les incidents survenus dans la
région précédemment revendiquép ear le Nigéria ,comme relevant de sa
souveraineté n'engageraient la responsabilité étatique d'aucune des
deux Parties se fonde sur les motifs indiqués aux paragraphes 323 et 324
de l'arrêt. Cetteposition devrait êtreexposée plusclairement aux points 1,
II et III du dispositif, au lieu de faire I'objet d'une ;3onclusiondistincte et
indépendante aprèsle:point IV du dispositif, qui traite de la délimitation
maritime.
7. La question des demandes reconventionnelles du Nigéria, rejetées

au point V D) du dislpositif,a en réalitédéjà étranchéepar la Cour au
cours du processus qui l'a amenée à se prononcer à l'égardde la souve-
raineté territoriale sur la presqu'île de Bakassi et des frontières terrestres
dans la régiondu lac Tchad et du lac Tchad àla mer, ainsi que l'indique
la Cour dans les deux paragraphes de l'arrêt mentionnésci-dessus
(par. 323 et 324).
8. Le point V C) rappelle l'engagement pris par ;e Cameroun quant au
traitement à venir des ressortissants nigérians se trouvant sur son terri-
toire. La Cour a cllairement pris acte de cet engagement au para-
graphe 317 de la mo1:ivationde I'arrêt etcette question ne nécessitepas
de faire l'objet d'un riouveau point du dispositif.

II. LA FRONTIÈRE MARITIME (POINT IV DU DISPOSITIF DE L'ARRÊT)

9. J'émets des réservesplus sérieusessur la décisionfigurant au point IV
du dispositif et concernant les demandes relatives à la ((frontière mari-
time)).En effet, je ne partage l'avis de la Cour que sur un nombre limité
des questions relativesà la ((frontièremaritime)). J'ai toutefois voté en
faveur des points IV B) et C), mais uniquement en tant que les lignes
frontières dont le tracéy est décrit, qu'elles soierit délimitéesconcrète-
ment ou non, ne sont pas totalement inadéquates et n'ont dans les faits
aucune conséquence préjudiciable.
10. Que la Cour n'ait pas traité commeil conveiiait les demandes rela-

tivesà la ((frontière maritime)) découleà mon seps, tout d'abord, de ce462 LAND AND MARITIME BOUNDARY (DECLO . DA)

the case to the Court and, second, the Court's confusion and misunder-

standing with regard to the fundamental nature of the law relating to
"maritime delimitation". 1will point out the procedural errors involving
the maritime boundary issues in Cameroon's presentation and in the
Court's response, before also drawing attention to substantive errors in
Cameroon's Application and the Court's Judgment, resulting notably
from the failure to recognize the difference between areas close to shore

and those further out to sea. These procedural and substantive errors
have significantly clouded the issues in this case.

A. Procedural Errors

11. First, 1 must point out that the present case, as referred to the
Court on 29 March and 6 June 1994,did not involve any "legal dispute",
within the meaning of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court's Statute,
concerning the "maritime boundary". In its Application of March 1994,
Cameroon States (as already noted above) that "[tlhe dispute relates
essentially to the question of sovereignty over the Bakassi Peninsula"

(emphasis added) and asks the Court to adjudge and declare on various
points relating to the status of the Bakassi Peninsula. Indeed, the Court
properly ruled on these points in subparagraphs 1, II and 111of the
operative part of the Judgment. However, the "maritime boundary" issue
was not regarded by Cameroon in the March 1994Application as a ques-
tion having given rise to a "dispute". The "maritime boundary" is not

mentioned in the Application as an object of a "dispute" but is referred
to in unique terms. The June 1994 (additional) Application says nothing
whatsoever about the "maritime boundary".

12. Cameroon, in the section of its March 1994 Application entitled
"subject of the dispute", refers as follows to the maritime boundary,

without mentioning this as being the subject of a "dispute":
"[Tlhe maritime boundary between the two States has been the
subject of several delimitation agreements, from the Agreement of

11 March 1913to the Maroua Declaration of 1June 1975.However,
this delimitation has remained a partial one and, despite many
attempts to complete it, the two parties have been unable to do so.
In order to avoid further incidents between the two countries, the
Republic of Cameroon requests the Court to determine the course of
the maritime boundary between the two States beyond the line fixed
in 1975." (Application of 29 March 1994, p. 5,para. 3.)

As 1 see it, the words "maritime boundary" in the first line of the quota-
tion above refer to a boundary in the immediate offshore areas. In the

latter part of the same quotation, Cameroon refers to the boundary in the
vast ocean, the boundary "beyond the line fixed in 1975 [point G]". Inque le Cameroun lui a présentél'affaire d'une manièrepeu judicieuse et,
ensuite, de la confusion et de l'incompréhensio~idont la Cour a fait
preuve, s'agissant de la nature profonde du droit régissant la((délimita-
tion maritime)). Je soulignerai les erreurseprocédurequi, dans l'exposé
du Cameroun et daris la réponse dela Cour, s'attachent aux demandes
relativesà la frontière maritime, avant d'appeler égalementl'attention sur
leserreurs defond contenues dans la requêtedu Cameroun et dans l'arrêt
de la Cour, lesquelles sont principalement dues au fait que l'un etl'autre

ont manqué de relevlerla différencequi existe entre les zones proches de
la côte et les zones plus au large. Ces erreursfo,zd et deforme ont sen-
siblement contribué à obscurcir les points à tran(,her dans cette affaire.

A. Les erreurs de procédurrt

11. En premier lieu,je dois souligner que la prési:nteespèce,telle qu'elle
a été soumise à la Cour le 29 mars et le 6juin 1994,ne comportait aucun
((différendd'ordre juiridique))- au sens du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36
du Statut de la Cour - relatià la ((frontièremaritime)). Dans la requête
qu'ila déposée en mars 1994,le Cameroun (comme nous l'avons déjànoté
plus haut) présentait le différend commeportant «essentiellement sur la

question de la souverainetésur la presqu'île deBakassi))(lesitaliques sont
de moi) et priait la Cour de trancher différentspoints relatifs au statut de
cette presqu'île. Et la Cour, comme il le lui étaitmandé, s'est effective-
ment prononcée surces questions aux points 1,II et III du dispositif de
son arrêt.Cependant, dans sa requête demars 1994,le Cameroun n'avait
pas considéréla question de la ((frontièremaritime ))comme une question
ayant donné lieu à un ((différend». La ((frontieie maritime)) n'est pas
mentionnéedans la requêtecomme faisant l'objet d'un ((différend D, mais
y est évoquée en des termes sui generis. La reqlête (additionnelle) de
juin 1994ne fait nulle part état de la frontière maritime.
12. Dans la partie de sa requête demars 1994intitulée ((Objet du dif-
férend)),le amero ou évnoqueen ces termes la frontière maritime, sans

préciser qu'ellefait]"objetd'un ((différend)):
«[L]a frontière maritime entre les deux Etats fait l'objet de plu-
sieurs accords de délimitation depuis l'accord du 11 mars 1913
jusqu'à la déclaration de Maroua du 1" juin 1975. Mais cette déli-
mitation est denieurée partielleet les deuxpalties n'ont pas pu, mal-
gréde noinbreuses tentatives, se mettre d'accord pour la compléter.

Afin d'éviterde nouveaux incidents entre les deux pays, la Répu-
blique du Cameroun prie la Cour de bien vouloir déterminer le tracé
de la frontière maritime entre les deux Etats au-delà de celui qui
avait étéfixéen 197.5.))(Requête du29 mars 1994,p. 4, par. 3.)
A mon sens, l'expression ((frontière maritime)) qui figure à la première
ligne de la citation ci-dessus fait référenceune frontière située à proxi-

mitéimmédiatede la côte. Dans la dernière partie de cette mêmecitation,
le Cameroun fait référence à la frontière en haute mer, c'est-à-dire «au-463 LAND AND MARITIME BOUNDARY (DECL . DA)

its March 1994 Application, Cameroon does not identify either the
"many attempts to complete [the delimitation]" "beyond the line fixed in
1975 [point G]" or the previous "incidents between the two countries"
which occurred in that area if indeed "further" incidents are to be pre-
vented. Contrary to the Court's assertion (paragraph 239 of the present
Judgment and paragraph 110of the 1998Judgment), no evidence of any
incident in the areas beyond point G or of any negotiation to draw the
boundary beyond point G was presented to the Court, either in
the March 1994 Application itself or during the written and oral

proceedings.

13. In connection with the "decision requested" in that Application,
Cameroon states under item (If)(in wording quite different from that in
requests (a) to (e"), in which Cameroon asks the Court to "adjudge and
declare"), as follows:

"(f) In order to prevent any dispute arising between the two States
concerning their maritime boundary, the Republic of Cam-
eroon requests the Court to proceed to prolong the course of
its maritime boundary with the Federal Republic of Nigeria up
to the limit of the maritime zones which international law
places under their respective jurisdictions." (Application of
29 March 1994,p. 15,para. 20.)

Item (fjcontains nothing to indicate that there is a "decision requested"
of the Court; rather Cameroon here requests the drawing of a boundary
course. In my view, in regard to the "maritime boundary" Cameroon
cannot be seen to be asking the Court to adjudge and declare on any
"legal dispute" within the meaning of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Court's Statute.
14. It was natural for Nigeria to raise objections concerningthe Court's
jurisdiction in this respect in December 1995. In its 1998 Judgment
regarding preliminary objections raised in the present case, the Court

however rejected Nigeria's objections with regard to the delimitation of
the maritime boundary (I. C.J.Reports 1998, p. 275).With al1due respect
for the Court's authority, 1 still consider that, as stated in my separate
opinion appended to that Judgment (I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 328), the
Court erred in so deciding. Notwithstanding the Court's 1998Judgment,
the fact remains that there was in 1994no "legal dispute" concerning the
"maritime boundary" which Cameroon could unilaterally bring to the
Court for adjudication under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court's
Statute and Article 38 of the Rules of Court.

15. Secondly, it must be noted that Cameroon changed the gravamen
of the present case (which it brought in March and June 1994)in the sub-
missions subsequently presented in its 1995 Memorial. Cameroon first
presented its own maritime boundary claim, identified by map co-ordi-delà [du tracé]qui avait étéfixéen 1975 [point G]». Dans sa requête de
mars 1994, le Cameroun ne donne aucune précisionsur les ((nombreuses
tentatives ..pour ...compléter [la délimitation]))((au-delà [du tracé] qui
avait étéfixéen 19'75[point G]» ni, puisqu'il s'agit d'éviterde ctnou-
veaux)) incidents, sur les ((incidents entre les deux pays» qui se sont pro-
duits auparavant dans cette région. Contrairemmt à ce qu'affirme la
Cour (au paragraphe 239 du présentarrêt etau paragraphe 110de l'arrêt

de 1998), aucune preuve du moindre incident dails les zones situéesau-
delà du point G ou d'une quelconque négociation visant tracer la fron-
tière au-delà du point G n'a étéprésentée à la Cour, que ce soit dans la
requête demars 1994elle-même,dans les piécesécritesou lors de la pro-
cédure orale.
13. Pour ce qui est de la ((décisiondemandée), dans cette requête,le
Cameroun affirme 51 l'alinéf) (en des termes rrès différents de ceux
employésaux alinéas a) à e"), dans lesquels il p-ie la Cour de «dire et
juger »):

cf) Afin d'éviterla survenance de tout différendentre les deux Etats
relativemenità leur frontière maritime, la République du Came-
roun prie la Cour de procéder au proloiigement du tracéde sa
frontière maritime avec la République: fédéraledu Nigéria
jusqu'à la limite des zones maritimes que le droit international
place sous leurjuridiction respectiv».(Requêtedu 29mars 1994,

p. 14, par. 20.)
Rien dans l'alinéaf) ne fait étatd'une quelconque:((décisiondemandée))
à la Cour; ce que le Cameroun demande plutôt à la Cour, c'est de tracer
une frontière. J'estime qu'en ce qui concerne la (frontière maritime)) le
Cameroun ne saurait êtreconsidérécomme demmdant à la Cour de se

prononcer sur un quelconque ((différend d'ordre juridique)) au sens du
paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour.
14. Il n'est donc ]pasétonnant que, en décemtbre1995, le Nigéria ait
soulevé des exceptioinsd'incompétence dela Cour à cet égard.Dans son
arrêtde 1998sur les exceptions préliminaires, la Cour a cependant rejeté
les objections soulev~iespar le Nigériaen l'espècequant à la délimitation
de la frontière maritime(C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 275). Avec tout le respect
dû à la Cour, je considère néanmoins, comme je l'ai indiquédans l'opi-
nion séparéeque j'ai jointe à cet arrêt (C.IJ. Re(uei1 1998, p. 328), que
celle-ci s'est trompée en prenant une telle décisicn. L'arrêt de1998 n'a

rien changé au fait que, en 1994, il n'existait,aL sujet de la ((frontière
maritime », aucun ((différendd'ordre juridique »que le Cameroun aurait
pu soumettre à la Cour de manière unilatérale en vertu du paragraphe 2
de l'article36 du Statut de la Cour et de l'article 38 du Règlement de la
Cour.
15. En deuxième lieu,il convient de souligner que, dans lesconclusions
qu'il a par la suite présentéesdans son mémoirede 1995, le Cameroun a
modifiéles griefs ob.jetsde la présenteaffaire (dont il a saisi la Cour en
mars et juin 1994). C'est dans son mémoireque le Cameroun a pour lanates, in its Memorial (Livre 1,p. 669). These submissions are far differ-
ent in nature from the "decision requested" inconnection with the "mari-
time boundary" in the March 1994 Application. 1 believe that the
1995 submissions did not fall within the purview of the original
March 1994Application. The Court should have taken cognizance of this
fundamental and essential alteration of Cameroon's position in the case
during the jurisdictional phase. The Court however failed in 1998to do
soand, afortiori, failed to realize that the 1995submissionsregarding the
"maritime boundary" issue had effected an essential change in the com-
plexion of the entire case.

16. As already noted, Cameroon did not describe in the March 1994
Application or even in the 1995submissions any "legal dispute" between
Nigeria and it concerning the "maritime boundary". Cameroon pre-

sented its "maritime boundary" claim in the 1995 submissions. While
Nigeria contended in the submissions in its 1999Counter-Memorial that
Cameroon's "maritime claim" was "inadmissible" for various reasons
(Counter-Memorial of Nigeria, Vol. III, p. 834),it was only in 2001,in its
Rejoinder, that Nigeria first asserted certain maritime boundary claims in
opposition to Cameroon's claims (Rejoinder of Nigeria, Vol. III, p. 765).

17. In the light of the procedural error on the part of the Applicant,
Cameroon, 1 voted against point IV (A) of the operative part of the
present Judgment.

B. Substantive Error

18. After having explained that Cameroon's referral to the Court of
the "maritime boundary" aspects of the present case was highly irregular,
1 shall now turn to the merits of the case in respect of the "maritime
boundary". Underlying both Cameroon's mishandling of the case and
the Court's confusion and misunderstanding is,1 believe, the failure to
recognize the essential difference betweenthe narrow sea-belt around the
land, i.e., the expanse of water within the 12-mileterritorial sea (which,
for the sake of convenience, 1shall cal1the "inner sea") and the wider
offshore area of the continental shelf (which, again for convenience, 1
shall cal1the "outer sea"). This difference is reflected in the difference

between the two régimes,that of the territorial sea on the one hand and
the continental shelf on the other'. The delimitation of the territorial sea
and the delimitation of the continental shelf are radically different in
nature and 1 submit that this difference is completely overlooked in the
present Judgment. 1 shall return to this issue towards the end of this
declaration.

'The comments below concerning the continental shelf apply in general to the exclusive
economic zone asell.

165première foisprésentéla frontière maritime qu'il ievendiquait en la défi-
nissant par des coordonnées cartographiques (livre 1, p. 669). La nature
de ces conclusions est très différentede celle de la ((décisiondemandée))

au sujet de la frontiére maritime dans la requête (le mars 1994.J'estime
que les conclusions de 1995échappent a la portée dela requêteoriginale
de mars 1994. La Cour aurait dû prendre acte dèsle stade de la compé-
tence de ce changement radical de position opéré par le Cameroun dans
l'affaire. Cependant, la Cour ne l'a pas fait en 1908et, a fortiori, elle ne
s'est pas rendu compte que les conclusions de 1905concernant la ques-
tion de la frontière rnaritime avaient considérablement altéréla physio-
nomie de l'affaire tout entière.
16. Comme je l'ai déjàfait remarquer, que ce soit dans sa requête de
mars 1994ou mêmedans sesconclusionsde 1995, je Cameroun n'a décrit
aucun ((différendd'ordre juridique)) entre lui et le Nigériaau sujet de la

frontière maritime, et c'est dans ses conclusions di: 1995qu'il a présenté
sa revendication relative à la ((frontière maritime &>Si le Nigériaa pré-
tendu dans lesconclusions de son contre-mémoire de 1999que la «reven-
dication maritime)) du Cameroun était «irrecevable» pour différentes
raisons (contre-mémoire du Nigéria, vol. III, p. 834), c'est seulement
en 2001,dans sa duplique, qu'il a pour la première foisfait valoir, concer-
nant la frontière maritime, certaines revendication; contraires a cellesdu
Cameroun (duplique du Nigéria,vol. III, p. 765).
17. Compte tenu de ces erreurs de procédure imputables au requérant,
le Cameroun, j'ai votécontre le point IV A) du dispositif de l'arrêt.

B. L'erreur defond
18. Ayant montré que c'était de façontout a fait irrégulièreque le
Cameroun avait soumis à la Cour les aspects di: l'espècerelatifs a la

((frontièremaritime)), j'en viens à présentau fond de l'affaire concernant
lesaspects en question. Que le Cameroun sesoit fo~rrvoyédans la présente
affaire, et que celle-ci suscite la confusion et l'iiicompréhension de la
Cour, s'explique selorimoi par l'omissiond'une dis1inction fondamentale:
celle qu'il convient d'opérer entre l'étroitebande de mer qui borde le
continent, c'est-à-dire les eaux situéesau sein de la mer territoriale des
12milles (quej'appellerai, par commodité,la «mer littorale))), et la zone,
plus vaste et plus aul,arge,du plateau continental (quej'appellerai, encore
par commodité,la «mer libre))).Cette distinction est reflétépar celle qui
existe entre les deuxr~Sgimesc,elui de la mer territoi iale d'une part et celui
du plateau continental d'autre part l.La délimitationde la mer territoriale

et celle du plateau continental sont des processus radicalement distincts
par nature -- or le présentarrêtne tient aucun compte de cette distinc-
tion. Je reviendrai sur cette question vers la finde11présentedéclaration.

' Les observations forn-iuléesci-après concernant le plateau continental s'appliquent
également,d'une manière généralàla zone économique excusive.(1) Boundury in the "inner seu" (up to point G)

19. 1must point out first of al1that the Court does not grasp the true
meaning of the "maritime boundary" in the "inner sea" in this case.1
would suggest that the disagreement between Cameroon and Nigeria in
respect of the "inner sea" isnot, in fact, an issue concerning the "mari-
time boundary" but is an issue relatinsolelyto the status of the Bakassi
Peninsula (that is to say, whether the boundary between the two States
should lie to the west or to the east of the Bakassi Peninsula). The issue
of the "maritime boundary" in the "inner sea", Le., up to point G, is for
al1practical purposes resolved in subparagraph III of the operative part,

when the Court, by reference to the 1913 Anglo-German Agreement,
adjudges that the Bakassi Peninsula is part of Cameroon's territory,
thereby determining that the boundary between the two States lies to the
west of the Bakassi Peninsula, and once the Court takes note of the
1971Second Yaoundé Declaration, setting out the compromise reached
by the Heads of State of the two countries, and of the 1975Maroua Dec-
laration signed by the two Heads of State.
20. The Court should have had nothing more to say with regard to the
maritime boundary in the "inner sea" (up to point G). Accordingly, 1find
it senseless for the Court to present the two tables of co-ordinates refer-
ring to the "inner sea" as a Court decision in the operative part of the
Judgment (Judgment, para. 325 IV (B)). There was no "maritime bound-
ary" issue as such in respect of the "inner sea". Cameroon itself did not
put forward any such CO-ordinatesin its claim or submission; nor did
Nigeria raise any such issue.

(2) Boundury of the continentul shelf in the "outer seu" (beyond
point G)

21. With regard to the "maritime boundary" in the "outer sea",
reference must be made again to the March 1994 Application and it is
worth quoting Cameroon once more:

"[Tlhe maritime boundary between the two States has been the
subject of several delimitation agreements, from the Agreement of
11March 1913to the Maroua Declaration of 1June 1975.However,
this delimitation has remained a partial one and, despite many
attempts to complete it, the two parties have been unable to do so.
In order to avoid further incidents between the two countries, the
Republic of Cameroon requests the Court to determine the course of
the maritime boundary between the two States beyond [point G]."
(Application of 29 March 1994,p. 5, para. 3.)

As 1stated above, notwithstanding this assertion, there has been no inci-
dent in the "outer sea" between the two States and no negotiations have1) La dklimitation de la frontière au sein de la «mer littorale)) (jus-
qu'au point G)

19. Je dois tout d'abord faire observer que la Ccur ne saisit pas la véri-
table signification en l'espèce de l'expression ((frontiére maritime)) dans
la «mer littorale)).Je crois qu'en réalitéle différemlqui oppose le Came-

roun et le Nigériaau sujet de la «mer littorale)) ne concernepas la ((fron-
tière maritime)) mais uniquement le statut de la presqu'île de Bakassi (en
d'autres termes, la question de savoir si la frontiè -e entre les deux Etats
devrait passer à 1'our:stou à l'est de cette presqu'ile). La question de la
((frontière maritime)) au sein de la «mer littorale)), c'est-à-dire jusqu'au
point G, est en substance résolue lorsque, au point III du dispositif, la
Cour, se référantà l'accord anglo-allemand de 1213, déclare camerou-

naise la souveraineté sur la presqu'île de Bakassi, jugeant ainsi que la
frontière entre les deux Etats passei l'ouest de la presqu'île de Bakassi, et
lorsqu'elle prend acte de la seconde déclaration de Yaoundé de 1971, qui
exprime le compromis auquel parvinrent les chefs d'Etat des deux pays,
et de la déclaration de Maroua de 1975, signéepar les deux chefs d'Etat.

20. Point n'aurait dû êtrebesoin pour la Cour d'ajouter quoi que ce
fût concernant la frontière maritime au sein de la ((nier littorale)) (jusqu'au
point G). A mon sens, il n'y avait donc pas lieu polir la Cour de présenter
les deux tableaux de coordonnées relatives à la «mer littorale)) en tant
que partie intégrante de sa décision dans le dispositif de l'arrêt(arrêt,
par. 325 IV B)).La question de la ((frontière maritime)) ne se posait nul-

lement en tant que telle s'agissant de la «mer littorale)). Le Cameroun
lui-mêmen'a avancé aucune coordonnée de la sorte dans sa demande ou
ses conclusions, et le Nigéria n'a pas davantage sculevé cette question.

2) La délimitation (duplateau continental au sein de la «mer libre))

(au-delù du point G)

21. Pour ce qui coincerne la ((frontière maritime Odans la ((mer libre)),
il convient de se reporter à la requête,et il n'est pas inutile de citer une
nouvelle fois le Cameroun:

«[L]a frontière maritime entre les deux Etxts fait l'objet de plu-
sieurs accords cle délimitation depuis l'accord du 11 mars 1913
jusqu'à la déclaration de Maroua du le'juin 1975. Mais cette déli-
mitation est demeuréepartielle et les deux Parties n'ont pas pu, mal-
gréde nombreuses tentatives, se mettre d'accord pour la compléter.

Afin d'éviter de nouveaux incidents entre les deux pays, la Répu-
blique du Cameroun prie la Cour de bien vouloir déterminer le tracé
de la frontière maritime entre les deux Etats au-delà [du point
G].)) (Requêtediu29 mars 1994, p. 5, par. 3.)

Comme je l'ai dit plu!;haut, nonobstant cette affirmation, aucun incident
entre les deux Etats n~es'est produit dans la «mer libre)) et la délimitationbeen held to determine the boundary of the continental shelf beyond
point G.
22. In point IV (D) of the operative part, the Court in fact does not
respond at al1to Cameroon's and Nigeria's respectivesubmissionsconcern-
ing the maritime boundary in the "outer sea" and renders a decision estab-
lishing a line different from the Parties' respective claimlines. If the Court
now has no more to say on this point than that the boundary "follows a
loxodrome having an azimuth of 187"52'27"", as set out in point IV (D)of
the operative part, which inno way responds to Cameroon's submissions,
then the implication could be that the Court admits that Cameroon's

framing of the question of the boundary in the "outer sea" as a legal issue
is clearly unjustified in this case of unilateral application. Yet the Court
"[dlecides that .. .the boundary .. .follows a loxodrome having an azi-
muth of 187"52'27"" (Judgment, para. 325 IV (D)).

23. 1 would question whether the Court gave any thought to the fact
that specifying a line with the precision of one second results in a differ-
ence of only a few metres, even at the point lying at the 200-mile limit
from the coast. The Court does not specify how far the line should
extend, whether just several miles from the coast or even 200 milesout to
sea. Rather than deciding upon the line itself, the Court would appear to
suggest that the boundary line should be drawn, as agreed by the Parties,
along the equidistance line. It appears to me that the Court's mistaken
treatment of the maritime boundary in the "outer sea" may derive from
its failure to understand the law governing the determination of the con-
tinental shelf boundary.

(3) Rule governing the boundary of the continental shelj"

24. Cameroon's obvious error in unilaterally submitting to the Court
the issue of the maritime boundary in the "outer sea" as the object of a
"legal dispute" merits further examination. Unlike land boundaries
(including that of the territorial sea), which relate essentially to the ques-
tion of territorial sovereignty, the boundary of the continental shelfin the
"outer sea", not being the subject of a legul dispute, cannot, in principle,
be determined simply by applying a legal rule or principle. No legal rule
or principle mandates recognition of a given line as the only one accept-
able under international law. The concrete boundary line may be chosen
by negotiation from among the infinite number of possibilities falling
within the bounds of equity. This is the view 1 propounded, after an
extensive analysis of the issuesand the travaux pr&paratoires,in my sepa-
rate opinion appended to the Court's Judgment in the case concerning
Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jun Mayen
(I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 109). FKONTIÈ.RE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (GÉCL. ODA) 466

du plateau continental au-delà du point G n'a fait l'objet d'aucune négo-
ciation.

22. En réalité,au point IV D) du dispositif, la Cour ne répondabsolu-
ment pas aux conclusionsdemandéespar le Cameroun et le Nigériaconcer-
nant la frontière maritime dans la «mer libre)), et elle rend une décision
établissant uneligne différente decelles revendiquéespar les Parties. La
Cour, en sebornant àaffirmera cet égard,au point IVD)du dispositif, que
«[la frontière] suit uneligneloxodromique ayant un azimut de 187"52'27"))
- ce qui ne répond nullement aux conclusionsdu Cameroun -, pourrait
donner l'impressiondlereconnaître que le Camerou 1 n'avait aucune raison
de formuler la question de la frontièreau seinde la{(merlibre» comme une
question d'ordre juridique dans le cadre d'une affairequi, comme celle-ci,a
été introduite par voiede requête unilatérale. Et po-tantla Cour «[d]écide

que ... la limite ...suit une ligne loxodromique ayant un azimut de
187"52'27"))(arrêt, par.325 IV D)).
23. Je ne sais si la Cour a jamais songéau fait que définir une ligne à
la seconde près, mêmelorsqu'il s'agit d'un point situé à la limite des
200 milles, correspond a une précisionde quelque:, mètres seulement. La
Cour ne précise pa:s jusqu'où la ligne devrait se poursuivre - sur
quelques milles depuis la côte, ou bien sur 200 inilles au large. Plutôt
que de décider du tracé précisde la ligne elle-niême, laCour semble
donner à entendre que la frontière devrait suivre la ligne d'équidistance,
comme les Parties en sont convenues. J'ai le seniiment que la manière
erronéedont la Cour a traité la frontière maritime dans la «mer libre))

provient peut-êtredi1 fait qu'elle n'a pas compris le droit régissant la
délimitation de la frontière du plateau continental.

3) Le droit régissantla délimitation duplateau ccntinental

24. L'erreur fla.,ante du Cameroun consistant a soumettre unilatéra-
lement à la Cour la question de la délimitation maritime dans la «mer
libre))en tant qu'objet d'un ((différendd'ordre juriilique)) appelle un exa-
men plus approfondi. Contrairement aux frontières terrestres (et à celles
de la mer territoriale'). dont l'enieu est au fond l'attribution de la souve-
rainetéterritoriale, la limite du plateau continental dans la «mer libre)),

en tant qu'elle n'est pas l'objetd'un différendd'ordre juridique, ne sau-
rait en principe être déterminéepar la simple application d'une règleou
d'un principe juridique. II n'existe en effetaucune règleni aucun principe
juridique qui prescrive la reconnaissance d'une lignl:donnéecomme étant
la seule et unique acceptable en droit internatioiial. Concrètement, la
ligne frontière peut êtrechoisie par voie de négociation parmi une mul-
titude de possibilités,pourvu qu'elle respecteles règlesde l'équité. el est
le point de vue que j'avais exposé a l'issue d'une analyse minutieuse des
questions en jeu et des travaux préparatoires dans l'opinion individuelle
que j'avais jointe a l';arrêrtendu par la Cour en l'affaire de laDélimita-
tion maritime dans l,u région situéeentre le Grot-nland et Jan Mayen
(Danemark c. Norvège) (C.I.J. Recueil 1993, p. 109). 25. Article 6 of the 1958Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf
provides "the boundary of the continental shelf . ..shall be determined
by agreement between [the parties]". It is important to note that even at
the time of its adoption, this rule was fundamentally different from that
applicable to the territorial sea, where recourse to the median line is the
governing principle (1958 Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea,
Art. 12). The basic principle that the continental shelf boundary should
be agreed upon by negotiation was carried over into the 1982 United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Art. 83).
26. It iscertainly true that a provision simply statingthat the boundary
should be agreed upon by negotiation does not identify any precise
boundary line and, in fact, the outcome of negotiations concerning the
continental shelf boundary is dictated by the relative bargaining power of

the parties. But the 1958Convention did offer a guiding principle where
negotiations fail: "[iln the absence of agreement, and unless another
boundary line is justified by special circumstances, the boundary is the
median line [in the case of opposite coasts]" and "the boundary shall be
determined by application of the principle of equidistance [in the case of
adjacent coasts]" (Art. 6, paras. 1 and 2). This so-called "equidistance
(median) line + special circumstances" rule could have been applied in
various ways aiming at an "equitable solution".

27. Having realized that this provision did not lay down any objective
criteria for drawing the boundary, the drafters of the 1982United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea attempted to formulate such criteria
but, after much effort over several years, could do no better than come to
the compromise solution now found in the 1982Convention:

"1. The delimitation of the continental shelf . . .shall be effected
by agreement on the basis of international law . .. in order to
achieve an equitable solution.
2. If no agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of
time, the States concerned shall resort to the procedures provided
for in Part XV [settlement of disputes]." (Art. 83.)
28. 1 am afraid that great misunderstanding prevails in academic
circlesregarding interpretation of these provisions. 1must state,,first, that
the provisions of Article 83, paragraph 2, do not constitute a compro-

missory clause such as is referred to in Article 36, paragraph 1, of the
Court's Statute; secondly, the fact that boundary negotiations have failed
does not in itself mean that a "(legal) dispute" has arisen; and, thirdly,
the provisions of Article 83, paragraph 2, should not be interpreted
as conferring compulsory jurisdiction on those institutions listed in
Article 287 of Part XV. Notwithstanding the title of Section 2 ("Com-
pulsory Procedures entailing Binding Decisions") of Part XV of the
1982Convention, it is clear that Section 2, when read in conjunction with
Section 3 ("Limitations and Exceptions to Applicability of Section 2'7, 25. Aux termes de l'article 6de la convention dc Genève de 1958sur le
plateau continental: «la délimitation du plateau continental ..est déter-
minéepar accord entre [les Parties])). Il importe (le relever que, même à
l'époquede son adoption, cette règles'écartait fondamentalement de celle
applicable iila mer territoriale, laquelle fait primer le recourà la ligne
médiane(conventiori de Genève de 1958sur la mer territoriale, art. 12).
Le principe essentiel selon lequel la délimitation d un plateau continental
doit être convenuepar voie de négociation fut repris par la convention
des Nations Unies de 1982 sur le droit de la mer (art. 83).

26. Certes, une disposition énonçant simplemerit qu'une frontière doit
être convenuepar v~oiede négociation entre les Parties n'en définitpas
pour autant le tracéprécis, et l'issuede discussioris relativeà la délimi-
tation du plateau continental est en réalité dictépar le pouvoir de négo-
ciation de chacune clesParties en présence.Mais la convention de 1958
n'offrait pas moins un principe directeur en cas d'c:checdes négociations:
«[à] défautd'accord. et amoins que des circonstances spéciales ne justi-
fient une autre délimitation, [la frontière] est constituée par la ligne
médiane[dans le cas de côtes se faisant face]» et« s'opèrepar application
du principe de l'équidistance [dans le cas de côtc:s adjacentes])> (art. 6,
par. 1et 2). Cette rè:gle,dite de la «ligne d'équidistance (médiane)+ cir-
constances spéciales )>,aurait pu être appliquéecle différentes manières
pour parvenir a une «solution équitable)).
27. Conscients que cette disposition n'énonçait 3asde critères objectifs
pour tracer une frontière, les rédacteurs dt: la convention des
Nations Unies de 1982sur le droit de la mer tentèrent de formuler pareils

critères mais, après s'y êtreessayéspendant plusieurs années, ne par-
vinrent qu'à la solution de compromis qui figure aujourd'hui dans la
convention de 1982 :
«1. La délimitation du plateau continent.rl ... est effectuée par
voie d'accord ccinformémentau droit international ..afin d'aboutir
à une solution équitable.
2. S'ilsne parviennent pas à un accord dans un délairaisonnable,

les Etats concernés ont recours aux procédiires prévuesa la par-
tie XV [règlementdes différends]. » (Art. 83.)
28. Je crains qu'un grave malentendu ne prévaledans les milieux uni-
versitaires quantiil'interprétation deces dispositions. Je me dois de faire
observer que, en premier lieu, les dispositions du paragraphe 2 de I'ar-
ticle 83 ne constituent pas une clause attributive de compétenceau sens du

paragraphe 1de l'article 36 du Statutde la Cour. En deuxième lieu,le fait
que les négociations relatives au tracé de la froiitière aient échouéne
signifie pas nécessairementqu'un ((différendd'ordre juridique)) ait surgi.
En troisième lieu,les dispositions du paragraphe 2:de l'article 83 ne sau-
raient êtreinterprétées commeconférant une juridiction obligatoire aux
institutions énumérées à I'article 287, partie XV. Nonobstant son titre
(((Procéduresobligatoires aboutissant à des décisionsobligatoires))), il est
clair que la section2 de la partie XV de la conveltion de 1982,lue àladoes not provide for such procedures in a boundary delimitation case
referred to any of those institutions, including this Court.

29. It is submitted that the Court could well act as a third-party
authority if it were askedjointly by the parties to draw such a line. The
present case was, however, brought before the Court unilaterally by
Cameroon. At the time Cameroon initiated the case, Nigeria expressed
no desire to entrust to the Court the determination of this segment of the
boundary between the two States; in fact, Nigeria expressed its opposi-

tion to Cameroon's approach, as manifested by its objection to the
Court's jurisdiction in this respect in December 1995.
30. 1would like to point out that Cameroon and Nigeria had not even
started negotiations to agree upon the delimitation of the continental
shelf and understandably so, since the status of the Bakassi Peninsula,
from which the continental shelf extends, was not certain. In that context
the Court could not initiate compulsory procedures entailing a binding
decision. The Court could not "decide" any specificline. The Court could
only have determined the line if it had been requested jointly by the
Parties todecide upon one specificline; however, this is not such a case.
1 voted in favour of point IV (D) of the operative part for the reason that
the general orientation described by the Court in that paragraph, though
misguided in itself a1 suggested above in paragraph 22, is not likely to
cause any harm.

(Signed) Shigeru ODA.lumière de la sectiori 3 (((Limitations et exceptioiis a l'application de la
section 2»), ne prévoitpas que de telles procédures s'appliquent dans le
cas d'une affaire de délimitation frontalière sourise a l'une quelconque
des institutions évoquées plushaut, parmi lesquelles la présenteCour.
29. La Cour pourrait fort bien agir en qualité d'instance tierce si les
Parties lui demandaient coniointement de tracer une telle frontière. Mais
la présente instance a étéintroduite par le Came -oun de manière unila-
térale,et, acette époque,le Nigériane s'est nullement montrédésireuxde
confier à la Cour la délimitation de ce segment ae la frontière entre les
deux Etats; au contraire, le Nigéria a exprimé :;on opposition a cette

approche, comme en témoigne l'exception d'inc3mpétence qu'il a fait
valoir a cet égarden décembre1995.
30. Je voudrais souligner que le Cameroun et le Nigéria n'avaient
mêmepas entaméde négociationsen vue de s'entelidre sur la délimitation
du plateau continental, ce qui se comprend fort bien compte tenu du sta-
tut incertain qui était alors celui de la presqu'îb: de Bakassi, point de
départdu plateau continental. En pareilles circonstances, la Cour ne pou-
vait engager de procédure obligatoire impliquani une décisioncontrai-
gnante. Elle ne pouvait «décider» d'un quelconque:tracé.Elle n'aurait pu
le faire que si les Parties l'en avaient priéenjoiiitement; or tel n'a pas
étéle cas. Sij'ai voté en faveurdu point IV D) dispositif, c'est parce
qu'il estpeu probable que la direction généraledtcrite par la Cour à ce
paragraphe, bien qu'erronée en soi comme je l'a dit au paragraphe 22
ci-dessus, entraîne le moindre effet préjudiciable.

(Signé) Shigeru ODA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Oda

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