Separate Opinion of Judge Parra-Aranguren

Document Number
091-19960711-JUD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
091-19960711-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE PARRA-ARANGUREN

While endorsing the operative paragraphs in the Judgment, 1 have
decided to append this separate opinion to emphasize the following
points that 1consider of great importance:

1. The fact that Bosnia and Herzegovina became a party to the Geno-
cide Convention was expressly admitted by Yugoslavia on 10 August
1993 when requesting the Court to indicate the following provisional
measures :

"The Government of the so-calledRepublic of Bosnia and Herze-
govina should immediately, in pursuance of its obligation under the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Geno-
cide of December 1948,take al1measures within its power to prevent
commission of the crime of genocide against the Serb ethnic group."
(Emphasis added.)

Therefore, Yugoslavia admitted that Bosnia and Herzegovina was a
party to the Genocide Convention and consequently that the Court has
jurisdiction on the basis of its Article IX; a declaration thats particu-
larly important because it was made almost two months after the Secre-
tary-General of the United Nations received, on 15June 1993,the com-
munication from Yugoslavia objecting to the notification of succession
made by Bosnia and Herzegovina in respect of the GenocideConvention.

2. The declaration made by Bosnia and Herzegovina expressing its
wish to succeed to the Convention with effect from 6 March 1992, the
date on which it became independent, is wholly in conformity with the

humanitarian nature of the Genocide Convention, the non-performance
of which may adversely affect the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In
my opinion the Judgment should have remarked on and developed this
point, taking into account that the importance of maintaining the appli-
cation of such conventions of humanitarian character had already been
recognized by the Court in its Advisory Opinion of 21 June 1971,when
determining "the legal consequencesfor States of the continued presence
of South Africa in Namibia, notwithstanding Security Council resolu-
tion 276 (1970)"; resolution that had declared invalid and illegal al1acts
taken by the Government of South Africa on behalf of or concerning
Namibia after the termination of the Mandate. In that case it was
recalled that member States were under an obligation to abstain from
entering into treaty relations with South Africa in al1cases in which theGovernment of South Africa purported to act on behalf of or concerning
Namibia; and immediately after the Court added:

"With respect to existing bilateral treaties, member States must
abstain from invoking or applying those treaties or provisions of
treaties concluded by South Africa on behalf of or concerning
Namibia which involve active intergovernmentalCO-operation.With
respect to multilateral treaties, however, the same rule cannot be
applied to certain general conventionssuch as those of a humanitar-
ian character, the non-performance of which may adversely affect
the people of Namibia." (Legal Consequencesfor States of the Con-
tinued Presence of South Africa in Narnibia (South West Africa)
notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), I.C.J.

Reports 1971, p. 55, para. 122.)
Similar ideas are sustained by Article 60, paragraph 5, of the 1969
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties when providing that its rules
on termination or suspension of a treaty as a consequence of its breach

"do not apply to provisionsrelating to the protection of thehuman
person contained in treaties of a humanitarian character, in particu-
lar to provisions prohibiting any form of reprisals against persons
protected by such treaties".

It is not easy to understand why the same conclusion was not accepted
by the Court in this case relating to the application of the Genocide Con-
vention.

(Signed) Gonzalo PARRA-ARANGUREN.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE PARRA-ARANGUREN

While endorsing the operative paragraphs in the Judgment, 1 have
decided to append this separate opinion to emphasize the following
points that 1consider of great importance:

1. The fact that Bosnia and Herzegovina became a party to the Geno-
cide Convention was expressly admitted by Yugoslavia on 10 August
1993 when requesting the Court to indicate the following provisional
measures :

"The Government of the so-calledRepublic of Bosnia and Herze-
govina should immediately, in pursuance of its obligation under the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Geno-
cide of December 1948,take al1measures within its power to prevent
commission of the crime of genocide against the Serb ethnic group."
(Emphasis added.)

Therefore, Yugoslavia admitted that Bosnia and Herzegovina was a
party to the Genocide Convention and consequently that the Court has
jurisdiction on the basis of its Article IX; a declaration thats particu-
larly important because it was made almost two months after the Secre-
tary-General of the United Nations received, on 15June 1993,the com-
munication from Yugoslavia objecting to the notification of succession
made by Bosnia and Herzegovina in respect of the GenocideConvention.

2. The declaration made by Bosnia and Herzegovina expressing its
wish to succeed to the Convention with effect from 6 March 1992, the
date on which it became independent, is wholly in conformity with the

humanitarian nature of the Genocide Convention, the non-performance
of which may adversely affect the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In
my opinion the Judgment should have remarked on and developed this
point, taking into account that the importance of maintaining the appli-
cation of such conventions of humanitarian character had already been
recognized by the Court in its Advisory Opinion of 21 June 1971,when
determining "the legal consequencesfor States of the continued presence
of South Africa in Namibia, notwithstanding Security Council resolu-
tion 276 (1970)"; resolution that had declared invalid and illegal al1acts
taken by the Government of South Africa on behalf of or concerning
Namibia after the termination of the Mandate. In that case it was
recalled that member States were under an obligation to abstain from
entering into treaty relations with South Africa in al1cases in which the OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. PARRA-ARANGUREN

[Traduction]

Tout en approuvant les paragraphes du dispositif de l'arrêt, j'ai décidé
de formuler la présente opinion individuellepour souligner les points ci-
après,que je considère comme trèsimportants:

1. Le fait que la Bosnie-Herzégovineest devenue partie à la conven-
tion sur le génocidea été expressément admispar la Yougoslavie le
10 août 1993 lorsqu'elle a demandé à la Cour d'indiquer les mesures

conservatoires ci-après

«Le Gouvernement de la prétendue Républiquede Bosnie-Herzé-
govine doit immédiatement, conformément à l'obligation qui est la
sienne en vertudela convention pourlapréventionet la répressiondu
crime de génocidedu 9 décembre1948,prendre toutes les mesures en
son pouvoir afin de prévenir la commissiondu crime de génocide
contre le groupe ethnique serbe.» (Les italiques sont de moi.)

La Yougoslavie a donc admis que la Bosnie-Herzégovineétait partie à la
convention sur le génocideet, partant, que la Cour étaitcompétente en
vertu de l'article IX de la convention; cette déclarationest d'autant plus
importante qu'elle a été faite presque deux moisaprès que le Secrétaire
général del'organisation des Nations Unies eut reçu, le 15juin 1993,la

communication par laquelle la Yougoslavie a formulédes objections à la
notification de successiondela Bosnie-Herzégovineconcernant la conven-
tion sur le génocide.
2. La déclarationpar laquelle la Bosnie-Herzégovinea indiqué qu'elle
souhaitait succéderà la convention avec effeà compter du 6 mars 1992,
date à laquelle elleest devenue indépendante, esttotalement conforme au
caractère humanitaire de la convention sur le génocide,dont la non-exé-
cution risquerait d'avoir des répercussions fâcheusespour la population
de Bosnie-Herzégovine.A mon avis, l'arrêtaurait dû relever cepoint et le
développer,car il est important de maintenir les conventions de caractère
humanitaire en application, comme la Cour l'a déjàreconnu dans son
avisconsultatif du 21juin 1971,lorsqu'ellea déterminé«les conséquences
juridiques pour les Etats de la présence continuede l'Afrique du Sud en
Namibie, nonobstant la résolution 276 (1970) du Conseil de sécurité));

cette résolution avait déclaréillégaleset invalides toutes les mesures
prises par le Gouvernement sud-africain au nom de la Namibie ou en ce
qui la concerne après la cessation du mandat.A cette occasion, la Cour
a rappelé que les Etats Membres étaient tenus de ne pas établir avec
l'Afrique du Sud des relations conventionnelles dans tous les cas où leGovernment of South Africa purported to act on behalf of or concerning
Namibia; and immediately after the Court added:

"With respect to existing bilateral treaties, member States must
abstain from invoking or applying those treaties or provisions of
treaties concluded by South Africa on behalf of or concerning
Namibia which involve active intergovernmentalCO-operation.With
respect to multilateral treaties, however, the same rule cannot be
applied to certain general conventionssuch as those of a humanitar-
ian character, the non-performance of which may adversely affect
the people of Namibia." (Legal Consequencesfor States of the Con-
tinued Presence of South Africa in Narnibia (South West Africa)
notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), I.C.J.

Reports 1971, p. 55, para. 122.)
Similar ideas are sustained by Article 60, paragraph 5, of the 1969
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties when providing that its rules
on termination or suspension of a treaty as a consequence of its breach

"do not apply to provisionsrelating to the protection of thehuman
person contained in treaties of a humanitarian character, in particu-
lar to provisions prohibiting any form of reprisals against persons
protected by such treaties".

It is not easy to understand why the same conclusion was not accepted
by the Court in this case relating to the application of the Genocide Con-
vention.

(Signed) Gonzalo PARRA-ARANGUREN.Gouvernement sud-africainprétendrait agir au nom de la Namibie ou en
ce qui la concerne; et immédiatement après, la Cour a ajouté:
((S'agissant des traités bilatérauxen vigueur, les Etats Membres

doivent s'abstenir d'invoquer ou d'appliquer les traités ou disposi-
tions des traités concluspar l'Afrique du Sud au nom de la Namibie
ou en ce qui la concerne qui nécessitentune collaboration intergou-
vernementale active. Pour ce qui est des traités multilatéraux, la
mêmerèglene peut s'appliquer à certaines conventions générales,
comme les conventions de caractère humanitaire, dont l'inexécution
pourrait porter préjudiceau peuple namibien. » (Conséquencesjuri-
diques pour les Etats de la présencecontinue de l'Afrique du Sud en
Namibie (Sud-Ouest africain) nonobstant la résolution 276 (1970)
du Conseil desécurité,C.I.J. Recueil 1971,p. 55, par. 122.)

Le paragraphe 5 de l'article 60 de la convention de Vienne de 1969sur
le droit des traités consacre des idéesanalogues lorsqu'il dispose que les
règlesqu'il énonceen ce qui concerne l'extinction d'un traité ou lasus-
pension de son application comme conséquencede sa violation

«ne s'appliquent pas aux dispositions relativeà la protection de la
personne humaine contenues dans des traitésde caractère humani-
taire, notamment aux dispositions excluant toutes formes de repré-
sailles l'égarddes personnes protégéespar lesdits traités)).
On comprend mal pourquoi la Cour n'a pas acceptéla mêmeconclu-
sion en la présente affairerelative l'application de la convention sur le

génocide.

(Signé) Gonzalo PARRA-ARANGUREN.

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Separate Opinion of Judge Parra-Aranguren

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