Joint declaration of Judge Shi and Judge Vereshchetin

Document Number
091-19960711-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
091-19960711-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

JOINT DECLARATION
OF JUDGES SHI AND VERESHCHETIN

We have voted in favour of paragraphs 1 (a), (c), 2 and 3 of the dis-
positif because we are persuaded that Article IX of the Convention on
the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide affords an
arguable legal basis for the Court's jurisdiction in this case. However, we
regret that we were unable to vote for paragraph 1 (b) as we are dis-
quieted by the statement of the Court, in paragraph 32 of the Judgment,
that Article IX of the Genocide Convention "does not exclude any form
of State responsibility". It is this disquiet that we wish briefly to explain.

The Convention on Genocide is essentially and primarily directed
towards the punishment of persons committing genocide or genocidal
acts and the prevention of the commission of such crimes by individuals.
The travaux préparatoiresshow that it was during the last stage of the
elaboration of the Convention that, by a very slimmajority of 19votes to
17with 9abstentions,the provision relating to the responsibility of States
for genocide or genocidal acts was included in the dispute settlement
clause of Article IX, without the concurrent introduction of necessary
modifications into other articles of the Convention. As can be seen from
the authoritative commentary to the Convention, published immediately
after its adoption, "there were many doubts as to the actual meaning" of
the reference to the responsibility of States (Nehemiah Robinson, The
Genocide Convention. Its Origin and Interpretation, 1949,p. 42). As to
the creation of a separate civil remedy applicable as between States, the
same author observes that "since the Convention does not specifically
refer to reparation, the parties to it did not undertake to have accepted
the Court's compulsory jurisdiction in this question" (ibid., p. 43).

In substance, the Convention remains an instrument relating to the
criminal responsibility of individuals. The Parties undertake to punish
persons committing genocide, "whether they are constitutionally respon-
sible rulers, public officials or private individuals", and to enact the
necessary legislation to this effect (Arts. IV and V). Persons charged with
genocide or genocidal acts are to be tried "by a competent tribunal of the
State in the territory of which the act was committed, or by such inter-
national penal tribunal as may have jurisdiction . .." (Art. VI). Such a
tribunal was established (after the filing of the Application) specifically
for the prosecution of persons responsible for serious violations of
humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia
since 1991. The determination of the international community to bring individual
perpetrators of genocidal acts to justice, irrespective of their ethnicity or

the position they occupy, points to the most appropriate course of action.
We share the viewexpressedby Britain's Chief Prosecutor at Nuremberg,
Hartley Shawcross, in a recent article in which he declared that

"There can be no reconciliation unless individual guilt for the
appalling crimes of the last few years replaces the pernicious theory
of collective guilt on which so much racial hatred hangs." (Znter-
national Herald Tribune, 23 May 1996,p. 8.)

Therefore, in Our view, it might be argued that this Court is perhaps
not the proper venue for the adjudication of the cornplaints which the
Applicant has raised in the current proceedings.
While we consider that Article IX of the Genocide Convention, to
which both the Applicant and the Respondent are parties, affords a basis
for the jurisdiction of the Court to theextent that the subject-matter of
the dispute relates to "the interpretation, application or fulfilment" of the
Convention, and having, for this reason, voted for this Judgment, we

neverthelessfind ourselvesobliged to express Ourconcern over the above-
mentioned substantial elements of this case.

(Signed) SHIJiyuong.
(Signed) Vladlen S. VERESHCHETIN.

Bilingual Content

JOINT DECLARATION
OF JUDGES SHI AND VERESHCHETIN

We have voted in favour of paragraphs 1 (a), (c), 2 and 3 of the dis-
positif because we are persuaded that Article IX of the Convention on
the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide affords an
arguable legal basis for the Court's jurisdiction in this case. However, we
regret that we were unable to vote for paragraph 1 (b) as we are dis-
quieted by the statement of the Court, in paragraph 32 of the Judgment,
that Article IX of the Genocide Convention "does not exclude any form
of State responsibility". It is this disquiet that we wish briefly to explain.

The Convention on Genocide is essentially and primarily directed
towards the punishment of persons committing genocide or genocidal
acts and the prevention of the commission of such crimes by individuals.
The travaux préparatoiresshow that it was during the last stage of the
elaboration of the Convention that, by a very slimmajority of 19votes to
17with 9abstentions,the provision relating to the responsibility of States
for genocide or genocidal acts was included in the dispute settlement
clause of Article IX, without the concurrent introduction of necessary
modifications into other articles of the Convention. As can be seen from
the authoritative commentary to the Convention, published immediately
after its adoption, "there were many doubts as to the actual meaning" of
the reference to the responsibility of States (Nehemiah Robinson, The
Genocide Convention. Its Origin and Interpretation, 1949,p. 42). As to
the creation of a separate civil remedy applicable as between States, the
same author observes that "since the Convention does not specifically
refer to reparation, the parties to it did not undertake to have accepted
the Court's compulsory jurisdiction in this question" (ibid., p. 43).

In substance, the Convention remains an instrument relating to the
criminal responsibility of individuals. The Parties undertake to punish
persons committing genocide, "whether they are constitutionally respon-
sible rulers, public officials or private individuals", and to enact the
necessary legislation to this effect (Arts. IV and V). Persons charged with
genocide or genocidal acts are to be tried "by a competent tribunal of the
State in the territory of which the act was committed, or by such inter-
national penal tribunal as may have jurisdiction . .." (Art. VI). Such a
tribunal was established (after the filing of the Application) specifically
for the prosecution of persons responsible for serious violations of
humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia
since 1991. DÉCLARATION COMMUNE
DE MM. SHI ET VERESHCHETIN

[Traduction]

Nous avons votéen faveur des paragraphes 1 a),c), 2 et 3 du dispo-
sitif de l'arrêt parce que noussommes persuadésque l'article IX de la
convention pour la préventionet la répressiondu crime de génocide offre
un fondement juridique défendable àla compétence de laCour en la pré-

sente affaire. Toutefois, nous regrettons de n'avoir pu voter pour le para-
graphe 1 b), étant troublés par la déclaration de la Cour figurant au
paragraphe 32 de l'arrêt, à savoir que l'article IX de la convention sur
le génocide ((n'exclutaucune forme de responsabilité d'Etat». C'est ce
trouble que nous voudrions brièvement expliquer.
La convention sur le génocideviseessentiellementet au premier chefà
punir les personnes commettant un génocideou des actes de génocide et
à prévenirla commission de tels crimes par des individus. Les travaux
préparatoires montrent que c'est durant la phase finale de l'élaboration
de la convention que, par une trèscourte majoritéde 19voix contre 17,
avec 9 abstentions, la disposition relative la responsabilité desEtats
pour un génocideou des actes de génocidea été inclusedans la clause
relative au règlement des différendsde l'article IX sans que les modifica-
tions nécessairesaient été simultanémentamortées aux autres articles de
la convention. Comme il ressort du commentaire de la convention faisant

autorité publié immédiatementaprès l'adoption de celle-ci, «de nom-
breux doutes existaient quantà la significationréelle))dela référenàela
responsabilité desEtats (Nehemiah Robinson, The Genocide Convention.
Its Origin and Interpretation, 1949, p. 42). Quant à la création d'un
recours civil distinct applicable dans les relations entre Etats, le même
auteur fait observer que «la convention ne mentionnant pas expressé-
ment la réparation, les parties n'ont pas déclaréavoir accepté la juridic-
tion obligatoire de la Cour sur cette question))bid., p. 43).
En substance, la convention demeure un instrument relatifà la respon-
sabilité pénale des individus. Lparties s'engagentà punir les personnes
commettant un génocide, ((qu'ellessoient des gouvernants,des fonction-
naires ou des particuliers)), etopter la législationnécessairà cet effet
(art. IV et V). Les personnes accuséesde génocideou d'actesde génocide
doivent être traduites ((devantles tribunaux compétentsde 1'Etatsur le

territoire duquel l'acte a été commis,ou devant la cour criminelle inter-
nationale qui sera compétente...))(art. VI). Une telle cour a été établie
(aprèsl'introduction de la requête) expressémenatux fins de poursuivre
lespersonnes présuméesresponsables de violations graves du droit huma-
nitaire commises sur le territoire de l'ex-Yougoslvie depuis 1991. The determination of the international community to bring individual
perpetrators of genocidal acts to justice, irrespective of their ethnicity or

the position they occupy, points to the most appropriate course of action.
We share the viewexpressedby Britain's Chief Prosecutor at Nuremberg,
Hartley Shawcross, in a recent article in which he declared that

"There can be no reconciliation unless individual guilt for the
appalling crimes of the last few years replaces the pernicious theory
of collective guilt on which so much racial hatred hangs." (Znter-
national Herald Tribune, 23 May 1996,p. 8.)

Therefore, in Our view, it might be argued that this Court is perhaps
not the proper venue for the adjudication of the cornplaints which the
Applicant has raised in the current proceedings.
While we consider that Article IX of the Genocide Convention, to
which both the Applicant and the Respondent are parties, affords a basis
for the jurisdiction of the Court to theextent that the subject-matter of
the dispute relates to "the interpretation, application or fulfilment" of the
Convention, and having, for this reason, voted for this Judgment, we

neverthelessfind ourselvesobliged to express Ourconcern over the above-
mentioned substantial elements of this case.

(Signed) SHIJiyuong.
(Signed) Vladlen S. VERESHCHETIN. La déterminationde la communauté internationale àvoir lesindividus
auteurs d'actes de génocidetraduits enjustice, quellesque soient leur ori-
gine ethnique ou la position qu'ils occupent,montre la meilleuremanière
d'envisager laquestion. Nous partageons l'opinion ci-après, expriméepar
le Chief Prosecutor britannique à Nuremberg, M. Hartley Shawcross,
dans un article récent:

((11ne peut y avoir de réconciliationtant que la culpabilité indivi-
duelle pour les crimes horribles commis au cours des quelques der-
nières années ne remplacerapas la théorie pernicieuse de la respon-
sabilitécollectivequi nourrit tant de haines raciales.International
Herald Tribune, 23 mai 1996,p. 8.)

Donc, à notre avis, la Cour internationale de Justice n'estpeut-êtrepas
l'instanceappropriée pour seprononcer sur lesgriefsformuléspar la Par-
tie requéranteen la présente instance.
Si nous estimons que l'articleIX de la convention sur le génocide, à
laquelle le requérant comme le défendeursont parties, fonde la compé-
tence de la Cour dans la mesure où l'objet du différendtouche ((l'inter-
prétation,l'application ou l'exécution» dela convention, et ayant, pour
cette raison, votéen faveur de l'arrêt, nous nous trouvonsnéanmoins

tenus d'exprimer notre inquiétude en ce qui concerne les éléments de
substance susmentionnésde la présente affaire.

(Signé) SHIJiyuong.
(Signé) Vladlen S. VERESCHCHETIN.

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Joint declaration of Judge Shi and Judge Vereshchetin

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