Separate Opinion of Judge Ni

Document Number
082-19911112-JUD-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
082-19911112-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE NI

1agree with the decision of theCourt that the Application of Guinea-
Bissaushould bt:rejected. 1alsoagree generally with the line of reasoning
contained in th(: Judgment. 1 feel, however, that certain aspects of the
Judgment might cal1forfurther elaboration.
The present case involves the following two questions, which will be
dealt with successively. They are: (1)whether the Award of 31July 1989
should be considered inexistent because of the declaration made by the
President of the Arbitration Tribunal, Mr. Barberis; and (2)subsidiarily
whether the Aw,ardshould be considered a nullity because the Tribunal
failed to answer the second question inArticle 2ofthe Arbitration Agree-
ment and also failed to append themap provided for in Article 9 of that

Agreement, withioutgivingreasons therefor.

It is tobe note:dthat, of the three members of the Arbitration Tribunal,
Mr. Barberis and Mr.Gros voted forthe Award, whileMr. Bedjaoui voted
against it. If Mr. Barberis's declaration is to be viewed as a dissent from
the Award, as alleged by Guinea-Bissau, the Award should, Guinea-Bis-
sau contends, be considered as inexistent because it would no longer be
supported by amajority. Thedeclaration of Mr. Barberis has been quoted
in extenso in paragraph 19of the Judgment and will not be reproduced
here.
On reading Mr. Barberis's declaration one notes that itcontains a num-
ber of verbal forms in conditional tenses, such as "could have", "would
have", "might hiive", etc. To a large extent it merely sets forth a series of
doubts, reservations, suppositions or suggested variations without
expressing any clear and decisive opposition to or contradiction with any
part of the operiitive clause of the Award that would enable one to view
the declaration 21smanifesting dissent.

On the contrary,the declaration affirmsin substance,as does the Award,
that the Agreement concluded by Exchange of Lettersin 1960has the force
of law in the relations between the Republic of Guinea-Bissau and the
Republic of Senegal.The declaration likewiseaffirms, as does the Award,
that the Agreement is binding on the Parties with respect to the territorial
sea,the contiguouszone and the continental shelf.It alsoindicates, as does
the Award,that the Agreement does not bind the Parties with respectto the
waters of the exclusiveeconomiczone or the fisheryzone.Since it is an affirmative reply to the first question, the Tribunal was not
called upon to answerthe secondquestion inArticle 2,paragraph 2, ofthe
compromis;the reason isthe expresscondition :"In the eventofa negative
answer to the first question." It was in fact impossible for Mr. Barberis to

setoff on a quest for the solution of a question which did not arise, forthe
Tribunal was not confronted withthe question of the validity of the 1960
Agreement with respect to the exclusive economic zone or the fishery
zone.
Mr. Barberis suggestedthattheTribunal wouldhavebeencompetent to
delimitthe waters ofthe exclusiveeconomiczone orthe fisheryzone so as
to settlethe whole dispute. But the Tribunal could not gobeyond itsman-
date, which only concerned the territorial sea, the contiguous zone and
the continental shelf. In fact, Mr. Barberis went no further. He merely
suggested a more comprehensive solution, as is clear from his use of the
phrase "would have been". Buthis suggestionstopped there. His declara-
tion cannot therefore be taken to record his dissent,thereby overriding or
invalidatinghis vote.The voteisthe most reliableindication as to whether
or not he concurred with the Award.

Thedeclaration is not part of the Award. The practice wherebyjudges
attach separate opinions,dissentingopinions or declarations iswellestab-
lished since the days of the Permanent Court of International Justice.
The practice isatpresentembodied inArticle 95,paragraph 2,ofthe Rules
of Court, which provides that :

"Any judge may, if he so desires, attach his individual opinion to
thejudgment, whether he dissents from the majority or not; ajudge
who wishes to record his concurrence or dissent without stating his
reasons may do so in the form of a declaration ..."

From thewording ofthisprovision,it isclearthat sinceindividual opin-
ions or declarations are attachedto thejudgment, they cannot be a part of
it.Sincethey are individual opinions, whether or notthey concur withthe
judgment (or, in this case, with the Award),they cannot be considered to
represent theopinion ofthe body (whether acourt or tribunal) asa whole.
They can onlyrepresent the viewsofthe individual authors. Theyarethus
attached to the judgment or award, but do not form an integral part
thereof.They can explain, interpret, Vary,criticizeor evendiffer in certain
respectsfromthejudgment or award. Butto criticize orto propose varia-
tions does not necessarily import dissent. It is the operative part, and in
particular the voting, that counts. Unless the operative part is in turn
divided into parts and voted upon separately, it isthe whole of the opera-
tive part that isvoted upon.

In fact, this is the only sensible way to look at a judgment or award
which isrendered, not by onejudge or arbitratoralone, but by a panel. Iftheparties wereat libertyto assessanindividualopinion or declaration by
their ownviewpoints and thus disregard the voting,the legal order would
bethrown intogreatconfusion. Nor can one consider that sincethe Court
has, in the present case,jurisdiction with respect to the Award it isfree to
disregardthevote bygivingitsown evaluation ofwhat a declaration by an
individual judge orarbitratoramountsto, unlessthere isclear and unmis-
takable proof that the facts are such that the declaration can be regarded
as a statement of dissent and the voting wasflawed by mistake or compul-
sion. But such isnot the case here.

Guinea-Bissau has criticized Senegal for "taking refuge behind legal
formalism". Butjudges or arbitrators do not vote as a mere matter of for-
mality.They do soin order to expresstheirpreciseposition. Theyare fully
aware of the substantive implications of their vote. The vote is not just a

forma1gesture.The vote indicates their final decision. If the declaration,
as in this case,raises an uncertainty as to whether a judge or arbitrator
concurs with or dissents from a judgment or an award, it is the vote that
constitutes the authentic expression of his attitude.

For these reasons,Guinea-Bissau's assertion that there wasno majority
in support of the Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989and that the Award
shouldbe adjudged and declared tobe inexistent cannot be accepted.

2. ALLEGEN DULLITY OF THE AWARD

Guinea-Bissau asks the Courtto adjudge and declare, subsidiarily, that
the so-calleddecision isabsolutely nul1and void, asthe Tribunal failed to
replytothe secondquestion put intheArbitrationAgreement,asitdidnot
decide on the delimitation of the maritime areas, as a whole, by a single

line anddid not record that delimitation ona map, and as ithas not given
the reasons on which the Award is based.

Arbitration has been useful in the peaceful settlement of disputes
between States. Butthere have alsobeen abuses which can resultin nulli-
ties.What iscrucial istohave alistofthe causesofnullity and alsoto make
provision for the kind of international organ which willbe entrusted with
deciding on allegedcauses of nullity.
It was in 1929that the Government of Finland made a proposa1 to
examine the question and recommended that thepower topronounce nul-
lities should be vested in the Permanent Court of International Justice. A
committee of specialists was appointed by the Council of the League of
Nations to study the proposal. In the same year,the Institute of Interna-
tional Lawdecided toincludeon the agenda the possibleconstitution of a
body to hear appeals in cassationagainst decisions of international arbi-tration tribunals. It wasthe International LawCommission of the United
Nations which drafted and submitted in 1958a set of "Model Rules on

Arbitral Procedure", to which the attention of States was drawn.

In the "Model Rules", the following two Articles are pertinent:
"Article 35

The validity of an award maybe challenged by either party on one
or more of the following grounds :
(a) that the tribunal has exceeded its powers;
(b) that there wascorruptionon thepart ofamember ofthetribunal ;
(c) that there has been a failure to statethe reasons for the award or a
serious departure fromafundamental ruleofprocedure;
(d) thattheundertakingtoarbitrate orthe compromisisanullity.

Article36
1. If, withinthree months ofthe dateon which the validity ofthe
award is contested, the parties have not agreed on anothertribunal,
the International Court of Justice shall be competent to declare the

total or partial nullity of the award on the application of either
party."
The concept of nullity has been considered broad enough to cover al1
serious irregularities in arbitration. However, most publicists are agreed
that an arbitral award can be held to be null and voidonly in caseswhere
the tribunal in question has "manifestly and in a substantial manner
passed beyond the terms of submission" (K. S. Carlston, TheProcessof
International Arbitration, p. 81, and the authorities quoted by him on
pp. 81-84). After citing a number of eminent authorities such as Vattel,
Bluntschli, Bonfils, Fauchille, Calvo,Oppenheim, Hall, Hyde, Castberg,

Schatzel,Stoykovitch, Weiss,etc., Carlston concluded that

"Claims of nullity should not be captiously raised. Writers who
have givenspecialstudy to the problem of nullity are agreed that the
violation of the compromisshould be so manifest as to be readily
established. In order that a tribunal's decision or a jurisdictional
issue shall be considered null, it must, in general, be arbitrary, not
merely doubtful or arguable." (Ibid., p. 86.)

In the present case, Guinea-Bissau alleged that the Arbitral Award of
31July 1989is a nullity because it fails to reply to the second question in
Article 2,paragraph 2, of the compromis.Guinea-Bissau raises a number
of arguments to prove that this was an excèsdepouvoirand the Award is
therefore a nullity. Before going into the merits of this claim, certain
points should first be mentioned. To begin with, the term excèsdepouvoir means that the Tribunal has
exceeded or overstepped the powers which have been attributed to it by

the Parties. What Guinea-Bissau now complains of is that the Tribunal
has failed to exercise, not that it has exceeded, the powers vested in it
(compare the wording of Article II, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal).The term "excèsdepouvoirby
omission" is a self-contradictory one. It is also questionable whether, if
the Tribunal fails, in whole or in part, to exercise the powers vested in it,
theappropriate remedy isto applyfor nullification of the Award.

Secondly, the ground of Guinea-Bissau's complaint is the Tribunal's
failure to reply to the second question, in Article 2, paragraph 2, of the
compromis.But Guinea-Bissau makes no reference to the reply of the
Award in respect of the first question, in Article 2, paragraph 1,of the
compromis.No satisfactory reason is given as to why the whole Award
must be nullified.
Bethatas itmay,the thrust ofGuinea-Bissau's thesis isthat, irrespective
ofthe Tribunal's response concerning the value oftheFranco-Portuguese
Exchange of Letters, the Tribunal was called upon to proceed to a com-
plete delimitation of the maritime territories. This interpretation is, how-

ever, in clear contradiction with the ordinary meaning to be given to the
terms ofthe compromis.In the present case,areply to thesecond question
in Article 2, paragraph 2, of the compromiswould have been mandatory
only ifthe firstquestion had been answered "in the negative". The obliga-
tion to reply to thesecondquestion isalternative, not simultaneous. Since
the first question was replied to in the affirmative, the Tribunal was not
called upon to reply to the second question. This follows from the ordi-
nary and natural meaning ofthe relevant words. Such an interpretation is
in perfect harmony with Article 31, paragraph 1,of the Vienna Conven-
tion on the Law ofTreaties.
Guinea-Bissau, however, argues that the Tribunal's reply to the first
question ispartially in the affirmative and partially inthe negative; a par-
tially negative reply is nevertheless a negative reply; the Tribunal was
therefore under an obligation to give a reply to the second question. It
should be recalled that,in the present case,there cannot be any such thing
as a "partially affirmative and partially negative answer", sincethe ques-
tionput inthe compromisrelates to the maritime boundary, as it existed at
the time of conclusion of the Agreement in 1960, not thereafter. Indeed,

the Award, in paragraph 85,clearly indicated that the Agreement had to
be interpreted inthe light of the law in force at the date of its conclusion.
Therefore theTribunal's reply to the first question with respect to the ter-
ritorial sea,the contiguous zone and the continental shelf is a complete
reply to the question put to the Tribunal. The word "solely" merely
explains the scope of itsdecision. It cannot, therefore, be taken asa rejec-
tion ofapart ofthe Parties' requestand thus asareason for characterizing
the reply to the first question as a partially negative or even as an
altogether negative answer. Guinea-Bissau further argues that sincethe entire dispute concerns the

maritime boundary and since the title of the 1960Agreement and the
Preamble ofthe compromisbothrefertothe determination ofthe maritime
boundary, itfollowsthat whatever the replygivento the firstquestion, the
Tribunal should have proceeded to the second.
It must be pointed out that, in interpreting atreaty,ch asthe compro-
mis in the present instance, whose text is clear and unambiguous, no
attempt should be made to change the ordinary and natural meaning of
the language used in the text by resorting to other elements and to inter-
pretthem as requiring under any circumstance the overall delimitation of
the maritime boundary between the two States. It isprimarily and clearly
inthe text of Article2 of the compromisthat the objective of the Parties is
located.Here the Parties agreedthat a replytothe secondquestion is con-
ditioned on a negative answer to the first. It cannot be envisaged that a
mention of the delimitation of the maritime boundary in the title of the
1960Agreement and in the Preamble ofthe compromiscan have the effect
of changing the meaning of the clear and unambiguous language of the

text in Article2 of the compromis.
Guinea-Bissau persistently maintained that it was the intention of the
Parties that whatever the answer to the first question (in Article of the
Arbitration Agreement)the Tribunal wascalled upon to delimit the entire
maritime boundary between the two States. But this contention does not
find any support inthe clear language of the compromis.
On the contrary, a passage in Guinea-Bissau's own Memorial sub-
mitted to theTribunalreads :

"The representatives of Senegalended by sharingthiswayofthink-
ing[my emphasis]and accordingly theTribunal isrequested to cany
out a dual task: in the first place, to pronounce itself onthe validity
of the Franco-Portuguese Exchange of Letters of 16April 1960as
a means of determining the maritime boundary between Guinea-
Bissau and Senegal; and, should this validity not be recognized
[Senegal'semphasis],to laydownthe course ofthe linedelimitingthe
maritime territories between the two States in accordance with the
pertinent noms of positive international law." (Page 35of Guinea-
Bissau's Memorial before the Tribunal; quoted by Senegal on
page 34 of its Counter-Memorial before the Tribunal.)

The above passage clearlyaffirmsthat itwasGuinea-Bissau which pro-
posed that the Tribunal be asked to pronounce on the validity ofthe 1960
Exchange of Lettersand, shouldthisvaliditynotberecognizedt,o laydown
the course of the line delimiting the maritime territories between the two
States. And thiswayofthinkingwas sharedby Senegal. Such has been the
result ofthe negotiationsbetween the two Statesand they wellknew what
they were agreeingto.
Although the passage quoted above was followed by a sentence, "In
any event, at the conclusion of the arbitration the maritime delimitation
between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal will have been effected", this canonly mean the delimitation of those maritime spaces which existed atthe
time of the conclusion of the 1960Agreement, because it was the 1960
Agreement which was in dispute. If the Parties had intended that there
should be an ex novodelimitation of the entire maritime boundary, irre-
spective of the result of the examination of the validity of the Franco-
Portuguese Exchange of Letters of 1960,they would have said so in the
compromis.Since this was not only a relevant, but a crucial point, they
could not have neglected to do so. Negotiations had been carried on for
eight years. How could a point of such substance and significance have
been overlooked? There is no evidence of any dispute having arisen
between the Parties on this point during their negotiations. On the con-
trary, the 11prefatory words in Article 2,paragraph 2,were proposed by

Guinea-Bissau itself (Senegalese Counter-Memorial in the present pro-
ceedings, pp. 29,33,38 and 44; alsopublic Sittingof 5April199 1,CR91/4,
p. 45).

Guinea-Bissau also asserts that the various components of the mari-
time areas are indivisible. But this alleged indivisibility,even ifthe Parties
had sointended would not have removed the condition which the Parties
expressly laid down in Article 2,paragraph 2,of the compromis.Whether
or not the line is divisible is a question of how the line is to be drawn,
arising if the first question is answered in the affirmative. It does not
change the fundamental relationship between the two questions put in
Article 2, which is that the reply to the second one is conditioned on the
first question being answered in the negative.
It isto be noted thatboth Partiesemphasizedthat they wanted a single
line of delimitation, but they viewed this concept differently. For its part,
Guinea-Bissau wished to have the continental shelf and the exclusive

economic zone re-aligned, by means of a synthetic line, on the basis of
equitable principles. As for Senegal, it wished to have the existing 240"
line raised to divide the exclusive economic zone. The argument of indi-
visibility,which seeks to identify the various components of the maritime
boundary and make them coincide, cannot therefore be used to support
Guinea-Bissau's thesis that whatever the reply to the first question, the
Tribunalshould have proceeded tothe exnovodelimitation in accordance
with the second question.

Nor can it be said that the Tribunal's task is indivisible. The Tribunal
was asked to determine, if it answered the first question in the negative,
the course of the line forming the maritime boundary. The first question
was answered inthe affirmative, and there the task of theTribunal ended.
Guinea-Bissau cannot now claim that something was left undone. This
"something" did not and cannot form the object of arbitration because it
did not exist atthe time of the conclusion of the 1960Agreement.

It isrue that in the preambular part of Article 2 and also in Article 9,104 ARBITRAL AWARD (SEP.OP. NI)

paragraph 1,ofthe compromis,the word "question" wasused in the plural.
But such details of drafting cannot be relied uponto contradict the mean-
ing of the instrument as a whole, since atthe time of its conclusion it was
not known whether both questions might have tobe answered or not.

Guinea-Bissau has further contended that the Tribunal failed to exer-
cise its power under the compromisto make a decision on the course of a
singlelinedelimiting al1the maritime spaces and to indicate theboundary
line on amap. Since,as has been said before, theTribunal was not called
upon to answerthe secondquestion,there wasno occasion to delimit such
a boundary line and it naturally followed that no map could have been
appended.
Asto the question of whether or not there has been sufficiency of rea-
soning, it is important not to base oneself solely on paragraph 87 of the
Award. Paragraph 87only reaches a reasoned conclusion from what has

been discussed.The reasons insupport ofthe conclusion arrived at in para-
graph 87were,to a large extent, given earlier inthe Award. Theprincipal
point isthe affirmation of the validity of the 1960Agreement, as a conse-
quence of which the second question did not have to be answered. And
since no ex novodelimitation of the maritimeboundary wastotake place,
amap could not havebeen produced. Al1these points areinterrelated.The
reason is self-evident. There is no basis for regarding the question of the
mapas an independent matter and sayingthat no adequate reason isgiven
for its omission.
The line of reasoning that led the Tribunal to the conclusion in para-
graph 87is clear. After analysing the question of the validity of the 1960
Agreement,the Tribunal, inparagraph 80ofthe Award,observesthat "the
1960Agreement is valid and can be opposed to Senegal and to Guinea-
Bissau". In paragraph 85of the Award, theTribunal states that the 1960
Agreement must be interpreted inthe lightofthe lawin forceatthedate of
its conclusion.Then it concludes in the same paragraph that the Agree-
ment does not delimit the maritime spaces which didnot existatthatdate,

whether they be termed "exclusive economic zone", "fishery zone" or
whatever.
Itisalso to be noted that paragraph 87and paragraph 88are intimately
linked to each other. In paragraph 88 the Tribunal found that the 1960
Agreement had the force of law in the relations between Guinea-Bissau
and Senegalwithregard tothe areasmentioned inthat Agreement.Conse-
quently, bythe terms of Article 2ofthe Arbitration Agreement,the Tribu-
nal did not have to answer the second question. Such was the conclusion
of paragraph 87 ofthe Award. When the Tribunaladopted paragraph 88
by two votes to one, it necessarily endorsed the reasoning behind para-
graph 87.
On the basis of such analysis and conclusions, the Tribunal then con-
cluded that it was not called upon to reply to the second question. The
decision on the question of the map follows that on delimitation of the
maritime boundary. Sincethe firstquestionput in Article 2ofthe compro-105 ARBITRALAWARD (SEP. OP.NI)

mis was answered in the affirmative, no exnovodelimitationtook place.
Consequently,no map was called for.The reasoning is succinct,but it is

sufficientlyclear for the purposes of the Award.
Forthe foregoingreasons,Guinea-Bissau'ssubsidiarysubmission that
the Award of 31 July 1989should be declared a nullity cannot be sus-
tained.

(Signed) NIZhengyu.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE NI

1agree with the decision of theCourt that the Application of Guinea-
Bissaushould bt:rejected. 1alsoagree generally with the line of reasoning
contained in th(: Judgment. 1 feel, however, that certain aspects of the
Judgment might cal1forfurther elaboration.
The present case involves the following two questions, which will be
dealt with successively. They are: (1)whether the Award of 31July 1989
should be considered inexistent because of the declaration made by the
President of the Arbitration Tribunal, Mr. Barberis; and (2)subsidiarily
whether the Aw,ardshould be considered a nullity because the Tribunal
failed to answer the second question inArticle 2ofthe Arbitration Agree-
ment and also failed to append themap provided for in Article 9 of that

Agreement, withioutgivingreasons therefor.

It is tobe note:dthat, of the three members of the Arbitration Tribunal,
Mr. Barberis and Mr.Gros voted forthe Award, whileMr. Bedjaoui voted
against it. If Mr. Barberis's declaration is to be viewed as a dissent from
the Award, as alleged by Guinea-Bissau, the Award should, Guinea-Bis-
sau contends, be considered as inexistent because it would no longer be
supported by amajority. Thedeclaration of Mr. Barberis has been quoted
in extenso in paragraph 19of the Judgment and will not be reproduced
here.
On reading Mr. Barberis's declaration one notes that itcontains a num-
ber of verbal forms in conditional tenses, such as "could have", "would
have", "might hiive", etc. To a large extent it merely sets forth a series of
doubts, reservations, suppositions or suggested variations without
expressing any clear and decisive opposition to or contradiction with any
part of the operiitive clause of the Award that would enable one to view
the declaration 21smanifesting dissent.

On the contrary,the declaration affirmsin substance,as does the Award,
that the Agreement concluded by Exchange of Lettersin 1960has the force
of law in the relations between the Republic of Guinea-Bissau and the
Republic of Senegal.The declaration likewiseaffirms, as does the Award,
that the Agreement is binding on the Parties with respect to the territorial
sea,the contiguouszone and the continental shelf.It alsoindicates, as does
the Award,that the Agreement does not bind the Parties with respectto the
waters of the exclusiveeconomiczone or the fisheryzone. OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. NI

[Traduction]

Je suisd'accord avecla décisionde la Cour selonlaquellela requêtede
la Guinée-Bissaudoit êtrerejetée.De manièregénéralej,e suiségalement
d'accord avec l'argumentation figurant dans l'arrêt. Cependant, il està
mon senscertains élémentsqui mériteraientun examenpluspoussé.

Dans laprésenteaffaire,deuxquestions de fond,que jetraiteraiséparé-
ment, sont posées :1)la sentence du 3 1juillet 1989devrait-elleêtrefrap-
pée d'inexistence à cause de la déclaration du président du Tribunal
arbitral,M.Barberis; et2)subsidiairement, lasentenceprononcéeest-elle
entachée de nullitédu fait que le Tribunal a négligéde répondre àla
seconde question figurant à l'article 2 du compromis d'arbitrage et de
joindre à sa sentence le tracéde la ligne frontière sur une carte, tel que
prévu à l'article 9du compromis,sans donnerde raisons.

Il convient de noter que, des trois membres du Tribunal arbitral,
M.Barberis et M.Grosont votépour, alorsque M.Bedjaoui avotécontre.
Si la déclaration de M. Barberis doit être perçue,comme le prétend la

Guinée-Bissau, comme une opinion contraire à la sentence, alors la
sentence doit, de l'avis de la Partie requérante, être considéréeomme
inexistantepuisque,selon la Guinée-Bissau,ellene serait plus fondéesur
une majorité.La déclarationde M.Barberis a été citéienextensoau para-
graphe 19de l'arrêt et nesera donc pas reprise ici.
Une lecture deladéclarationde M.Barberis révèlequ'ellecomporte un
certain nombre d'expressions, rédigéesau conditionnel, et notamment
«aurait »,«aurait pu »,«aurait pu ou non )>,etc. Elleestrédigéedans une
largemesure sous la forme d'énoncésde doute, de réserves,de supposi-
tions ou de variantes proposées sanssouleveraucune opposition claire et
décisiveou contradiction à l'égardd'aucune partie du dispositif de la
sentencesusceptible de faire apparaître ladéclarationcommeune expres-
sion de dissentiment.
La déclaration affirme toutefois en substance, comme le fait la

sentence, que l'accordconclu par échangedelettresen 1960faitdroit dans
les relations entre la Républiquede Guinée-Bissauet la Républiquedu
SénégalO . n y établit aussi,de mêmeque dans la sentence, que l'accord
fait droit entre les Parties'égardde la mer territoriale, de lazoneconti-
guë et du plateau continental. Commela sentence,la déclaration indique
encore que l'accord nefait pas droit pour ce qui est des eaux de la zone
économiqueexclusive ou la zone de pêche. SENTENCE ARBITRALE (OP. IND.NI) 97

Ladéclarationdiffëre du dispositif delasentenceen cecique lemembre
de phrase «en ce qui concerne les seuleszones mentionnées dans cet
accord, a savoirla merterritoriale, lazonecontiguëet leplateau continen-
tal »(lesitaliquessont de moi), au paragraphe 88de la sentence,implique
que la zone économiiqueexclusive est exclue. Selon la déclaration de
M. Barberis, celui-ci souhaiterait ajouter au dispositif ceciais ne fait
pas droit pour les eaux de la zone économique exclusive ou la zone de
pêche».Selon M. Barberis, cette «réponse partiellement affirmative et
partiellement négative » aurait habilitéle Tribunalà trancher la seconde
question et a réglerainsi le différend((d'unemanièrecomplète»,pour ce
qui est des frontièresmaritimes entre les deux Etats.

Mais ici apparaît la question de savoir si la réponsedonnée au para-
graphe 1de l'articlei!du compromis,que cesoitexplicitementouimplici-
tement, peut êtrecar.actériséecommeétant ((partiellementaffirmative et

partiellement négative».La questionposéeau paragraphe 1de l'article 2
du compromis porte: sur la validitéde l'accord de 1960,qui ne pouvait
faire référence qu'àla mer territoriale,à la zone contiguë et au plateau
continental, seulsespacesmaritimes existant à l'époquede la conclusion
de l'accord.Il ne poilvait donc être questionde zone économique exclu-
sive ou de zone de pêche.Lorsque le Tribunal a répondu a la question
posée au paragraphe 1 de l'article2 du compromis, il ne pouvait se
prononcer qu'au sujet de la mer territoriale, de la zone contiguë et du
plateau continental, a l'exclusion de tout autre espace. En répondant à
cette question de manière affirmative, le Tribunal a accompli sa tâche
entièrement. La réponsene saurait être qualifiéede ((réponsepartielle-
ment affirmative et partiellement négative».
L'expression «les seules »,employéeau paragraphe 88de la sentence,
est explicativeplutôt qu'exclusive. L'expression ne signifie pas que lors-
que le point de savoir si l'accord de 1960faisait droit a étésoumis au
Tribunal, pour décision,le Tribunal ait admisque l'accord avaitforce de
loipour la merterritoriale, lazonecontiguë etleplateau continental,niant

qu'ilfaisaitdroit pour cequi est de lazoneéconomiqueexclusiveou de la
zone de pêche.Elle ne signifie pas davantage que le Tribunal ait donné
une réponse affirma!tivepour ce qui est des trois premières zones mais
donnéuneréponse négative pour cequi est de la quatrième, c'est-à-dire la
zoneéconomiqueexclusiveoulazone de pêche. Iln'était absolumentpas
question que, prono~nçantla sentence, le Tribunal tienne compte de la
quatrième; en effet, le concept de zone économique exclusive n'existait
pasencorelors de la conclusion de l'accordde 1960.Lavaliditéoulanon-
validitépour ce qui est de la zone économique exclusive ou la zone de
pêche n'entrait aucunement dans le cadre de l'arbitrage. Le Tribunal
n'étaitpas saisi de la question de lazoneéconomiqueexclusiveou lazone
de pêcheet cette quiestion ne saurait donc naturellement pas avoir fait
l'objet d'une décisiondu Tribunal.
Dans ces conditions,la réponse du Tribunal a la première question du
paragraphe 1de 1'art.icle2du compromis estuneréponse complèteetnonSince it is an affirmative reply to the first question, the Tribunal was not
called upon to answerthe secondquestion inArticle 2,paragraph 2, ofthe
compromis;the reason isthe expresscondition :"In the eventofa negative
answer to the first question." It was in fact impossible for Mr. Barberis to

setoff on a quest for the solution of a question which did not arise, forthe
Tribunal was not confronted withthe question of the validity of the 1960
Agreement with respect to the exclusive economic zone or the fishery
zone.
Mr. Barberis suggestedthattheTribunal wouldhavebeencompetent to
delimitthe waters ofthe exclusiveeconomiczone orthe fisheryzone so as
to settlethe whole dispute. But the Tribunal could not gobeyond itsman-
date, which only concerned the territorial sea, the contiguous zone and
the continental shelf. In fact, Mr. Barberis went no further. He merely
suggested a more comprehensive solution, as is clear from his use of the
phrase "would have been". Buthis suggestionstopped there. His declara-
tion cannot therefore be taken to record his dissent,thereby overriding or
invalidatinghis vote.The voteisthe most reliableindication as to whether
or not he concurred with the Award.

Thedeclaration is not part of the Award. The practice wherebyjudges
attach separate opinions,dissentingopinions or declarations iswellestab-
lished since the days of the Permanent Court of International Justice.
The practice isatpresentembodied inArticle 95,paragraph 2,ofthe Rules
of Court, which provides that :

"Any judge may, if he so desires, attach his individual opinion to
thejudgment, whether he dissents from the majority or not; ajudge
who wishes to record his concurrence or dissent without stating his
reasons may do so in the form of a declaration ..."

From thewording ofthisprovision,it isclearthat sinceindividual opin-
ions or declarations are attachedto thejudgment, they cannot be a part of
it.Sincethey are individual opinions, whether or notthey concur withthe
judgment (or, in this case, with the Award),they cannot be considered to
represent theopinion ofthe body (whether acourt or tribunal) asa whole.
They can onlyrepresent the viewsofthe individual authors. Theyarethus
attached to the judgment or award, but do not form an integral part
thereof.They can explain, interpret, Vary,criticizeor evendiffer in certain
respectsfromthejudgment or award. Butto criticize orto propose varia-
tions does not necessarily import dissent. It is the operative part, and in
particular the voting, that counts. Unless the operative part is in turn
divided into parts and voted upon separately, it isthe whole of the opera-
tive part that isvoted upon.

In fact, this is the only sensible way to look at a judgment or award
which isrendered, not by onejudge or arbitratoralone, but by a panel. Ifune réponse partielle. Comme il s'agissait d'une réponse affirmativeà la
premièrequestion, le:Tribunal n'était pasappelé à répondre àla seconde
question posée au paragraphe 2 de l'article 2 du compromis, qui était
tributaire d'une condition expresse: «En cas de réponse négative à la
premièrequestion. »M.Barberis nepouvaitenfaitsemettreenquête dela

solution d'un problèimequi n'existait pas, puisque le Tribunal n'était pas
confronté àla question de savoir si l'accord de 1960faisait droit pour ce
qui est de la zoneéconomiqueexclusive ou la zone de pêche.
M. Barberis a doriné à penser que le Tribunal aurait eu compétence
pour délimiterles eaux de la zone économique exclusive ou la zone de
pêchede manière à réglerl'ensemble du différend.Mais le Tribunal ne
pouvait pas aller au.-delà de son mandat, qui ne concernait que la mer
territoriale, lazonecontiguë et leplateau continental. En faitBarberis
en estrestélà.Ila simplementsuggéréunesolutionpluscomplète,comme
en témoigne son choix de mots: «aurait pu être».Sa suggestion s'arrête
cependant en cepointprécis.Onne saurait donc considérersadéclaration

comme un énoncé destiné à consigner sa divergence de vues, jusqu'à
annuler ouinvalidersonvote.Enfait, levote est l'indicateur leplusfiable
pour déterminersi M. Barberis s'associeou non àla sentence.
La déclaration ne fait pas partie dea sentence. La pratique observée
par lesjuges de joindre une opinion individuelle, une opinion dissidente
ou une déclaration n'est pas nouvelle; elle date de l'époquede la Cour
permanente de Justi,ceinternationale. Cette pratique est désormais inté-
grée àl'article95,paragraphe 2,du RèglementdelaCour, qui prévoitque :

«Tout juge peut, s'il le désire, joindreà I'arrêtl'exposéde son
opinion individuelleou dissidente; unjuge qui désirefaireconstater
sonaccordousondissentimentsansen donner lesmotifspeut lefaire
sous la forme d'une déclaration.>)

Ce libellémontre clairement, puisqu'il y est dit qu'une opinion indivi-
duelle ou une déclaration est jointeà l'arrêt, qu'ellene saurait en faire
partie intégrante.Etiantdonnéque l'on setrouve en présence d'opinions
individuelles, qu'ils'agisse d'accords ou de dissentiments à l'égardde
l'arrêt (ou,en l'occurrence, de la sentence),on ne saurait les considérer
comme représentant:l'opinion du collège (qu'il s'agissed'une cour ou
d'un tribunal) pris dans son ensemble. Elles ne peuvent que représenter
les vues des rédacteurs pris individuellement. Et elles ne sont donc que
jointes à l'arrêt ou;i la sentence, sans en faire partie intégrante. Elles
peuvent expliciter, interpréter, constituer des variantes, critiquvoire
constituerun dissentiment àcertains égards,à l'encontre du jugement ou

de la sentence. Mais critiquer ou proposer des variantes ne signifie pas
nécessairementqu'il y a dissentiment. C'est ledispositif et, plus particu-
lièrement,levote qui.compte. Amoins que ledispositif ne soitsubdiviséet
ne fasse l'objet de votes distincts, c'est sur l'ensemble du dispositif que
l'on vote.
Enfait,ceciconstituelaseulefaçonrationnelle de concevoir un arrêtou
une sentence rendu non pas par un seul juge ou arbitre mais par untheparties wereat libertyto assessanindividualopinion or declaration by
their ownviewpoints and thus disregard the voting,the legal order would
bethrown intogreatconfusion. Nor can one consider that sincethe Court
has, in the present case,jurisdiction with respect to the Award it isfree to
disregardthevote bygivingitsown evaluation ofwhat a declaration by an
individual judge orarbitratoramountsto, unlessthere isclear and unmis-
takable proof that the facts are such that the declaration can be regarded
as a statement of dissent and the voting wasflawed by mistake or compul-
sion. But such isnot the case here.

Guinea-Bissau has criticized Senegal for "taking refuge behind legal
formalism". Butjudges or arbitrators do not vote as a mere matter of for-
mality.They do soin order to expresstheirpreciseposition. Theyare fully
aware of the substantive implications of their vote. The vote is not just a

forma1gesture.The vote indicates their final decision. If the declaration,
as in this case,raises an uncertainty as to whether a judge or arbitrator
concurs with or dissents from a judgment or an award, it is the vote that
constitutes the authentic expression of his attitude.

For these reasons,Guinea-Bissau's assertion that there wasno majority
in support of the Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989and that the Award
shouldbe adjudged and declared tobe inexistent cannot be accepted.

2. ALLEGEN DULLITY OF THE AWARD

Guinea-Bissau asks the Courtto adjudge and declare, subsidiarily, that
the so-calleddecision isabsolutely nul1and void, asthe Tribunal failed to
replytothe secondquestion put intheArbitrationAgreement,asitdidnot
decide on the delimitation of the maritime areas, as a whole, by a single

line anddid not record that delimitation ona map, and as ithas not given
the reasons on which the Award is based.

Arbitration has been useful in the peaceful settlement of disputes
between States. Butthere have alsobeen abuses which can resultin nulli-
ties.What iscrucial istohave alistofthe causesofnullity and alsoto make
provision for the kind of international organ which willbe entrusted with
deciding on allegedcauses of nullity.
It was in 1929that the Government of Finland made a proposa1 to
examine the question and recommended that thepower topronounce nul-
lities should be vested in the Permanent Court of International Justice. A
committee of specialists was appointed by the Council of the League of
Nations to study the proposal. In the same year,the Institute of Interna-
tional Lawdecided toincludeon the agenda the possibleconstitution of a
body to hear appeals in cassationagainst decisions of international arbi- SENTENCE ARBITRALE (OP. IND. NI)
99

collège.Si les parties avaient toute latitude pour considérer une opinion
individuelleou une déclaration en fonction de leurpropre perspective et
pour faireainsiabstraction du vote, quelleconfusion de l'ordre juridique
celacréerait-ilOn ne peut pas davantage concéder que la Cour, compé-
tente pour la sentence(comme c'est le cas en la présente affaire),puisse
être considéréceomme libre de faireabstraction du voteen interprétant à
son gréce que représente la déclarationde l'un des juges ou arbitres, à
moins qu'il n'existe une preuve manifeste et incontestable de ce que les
faits sont tels que la déclaration constituel'expression d'un dissentiment

etque levote aétéviciépar uneerreuroudescontraintes.Mais cen'estpas
le cas en l'espèce.
La Guinée-Bissaua reprochéau Sénégad l e «s'êtreretranché derrière
le formalisme juridique». Mais les juges ou les arbitres ne votent pas
seulement pour accomplir une formalité.C'estleurfaçond'exprimer avec
précision leur position. Ils ont pleinement conscience des incidences
matériellesdeleurvote,lequel n'estpasunsimple gesteformel. Levote est
l'indicedeleurdécisiondéfinitive.Siladéclaration,commeen laprésente
affaire, donne lieu uneincertitude sur lepoint de savoir siun juge ouun
arbitre approuve un arrêt ou une sentenceou s'il en diverge, c'estle vote
qui montre quelle est savéritable attitude.
Pour ces raisons, on ne saurait admettre l'affirmation de la Guinée-

Bissau selon laquell~eil n'y a pas eu de majoriàél'appui de la sentence
arbitrale du31juillet 1989et la Cour devrait dire etjuger que la sentence
est frappée d'inexistence.

2. PRÉTENDU NULLITÉ DE LA SENTENCE

La Guinée-Bissauprie la Cour de dire et juger, subsidiairement, que
cetteprétendue décisionest absolumentfrappée de nullitéet sans effet,le
Tribunal n'ayant pas répondu à la seconde question posée dans le
compromis, puisqu'il n'a pas décidéde la délimitationde l'ensemble des

zonesmaritimespar une ligneunique, qu'iln'apas indiquéladélimitation
au moyen d'une ligneportéesurune carte etqu'il n'apasdonnélesmotifs
sur lesquels se fondait sa sentence.
L'arbitrage a proiivéson utilitépour le règlement pacifique des diffé-
rendsentreEtats. Mais on avu aussidesabus,pouvant entraînerlanullité.
Ce qui importede manièredéterminanteestd'avoir uneliste de cescauses
de nullité,et ausside prévoir quel organe international sera appeléà se
prononcer sur lescauses prétenduesde nullité.
C'esten 1929que leGouvernementfinlandais aproposéque cetteques-
tion fassel'objet d'un examenetrecommandéde conférerlepouvoir de se
prononcer sur lesrecoursennullité à la Cour permanente de Justiceinter-
nationale. LeConseil de la SociétédesNationsa nomméune commission

de spécialistespour étudiercette proposition. La mêmeannée, l'Institut
de droitinternational a décidéd'inscrirà son ordre dujour laquestion de
la création d'un organe pouvant connaître des appels en cassation destration tribunals. It wasthe International LawCommission of the United
Nations which drafted and submitted in 1958a set of "Model Rules on

Arbitral Procedure", to which the attention of States was drawn.

In the "Model Rules", the following two Articles are pertinent:
"Article 35

The validity of an award maybe challenged by either party on one
or more of the following grounds :
(a) that the tribunal has exceeded its powers;
(b) that there wascorruptionon thepart ofamember ofthetribunal ;
(c) that there has been a failure to statethe reasons for the award or a
serious departure fromafundamental ruleofprocedure;
(d) thattheundertakingtoarbitrate orthe compromisisanullity.

Article36
1. If, withinthree months ofthe dateon which the validity ofthe
award is contested, the parties have not agreed on anothertribunal,
the International Court of Justice shall be competent to declare the

total or partial nullity of the award on the application of either
party."
The concept of nullity has been considered broad enough to cover al1
serious irregularities in arbitration. However, most publicists are agreed
that an arbitral award can be held to be null and voidonly in caseswhere
the tribunal in question has "manifestly and in a substantial manner
passed beyond the terms of submission" (K. S. Carlston, TheProcessof
International Arbitration, p. 81, and the authorities quoted by him on
pp. 81-84). After citing a number of eminent authorities such as Vattel,
Bluntschli, Bonfils, Fauchille, Calvo,Oppenheim, Hall, Hyde, Castberg,

Schatzel,Stoykovitch, Weiss,etc., Carlston concluded that

"Claims of nullity should not be captiously raised. Writers who
have givenspecialstudy to the problem of nullity are agreed that the
violation of the compromisshould be so manifest as to be readily
established. In order that a tribunal's decision or a jurisdictional
issue shall be considered null, it must, in general, be arbitrary, not
merely doubtful or arguable." (Ibid., p. 86.)

In the present case, Guinea-Bissau alleged that the Arbitral Award of
31July 1989is a nullity because it fails to reply to the second question in
Article 2,paragraph 2, of the compromis.Guinea-Bissau raises a number
of arguments to prove that this was an excèsdepouvoirand the Award is
therefore a nullity. Before going into the merits of this claim, certain
points should first be mentioned. SENTENCE ARBITRALE (OP. IND. NI) 100

décisions destribunaux d'arbitrage internationaux. Et c'est la Commis-
sion du droit interna.tiona1des Nations Unies qui a rédigé et présenté en
1958 le «Modèle de règlessur la procédure arbitrale », sur lequel a été
appelée l'attention des Etats.
Parmi ces ((règles»,nousintéressenticilesdeuxdispositionssuivantes :

Lavaliditéd'une sentencepeut êtrecontestéepartoute partiepour
l'une ou plusieiirs desraisons suivantes:

a) excèsde pouvoir du tribunal;
b) corruption d'un membre du tribunal;
c) absence de rnotivation de la sentence ou dérogationgrave à une
règlefondanientale deprocédure ;
d) nullitédel'engagementd'arbitrage ou du compromis.

Article 36
1. Sidans les;trois mois de la date où lavaliditéa étécontestée,s
parties ne se sont pas mises d'accord sur une autre juridiction, la
Cour internatio~naledeJustice est compétentepour prononcer, sur la
demande de l'une des parties, la nullité totale ou partielle de la

sentence. »
En fait, la notion de nullitéa étéconsidérée commeassez large pour
embrasser tous les cas d'irrégularitégrave dans l'arbitrage. Cela dit, la
plupart des publicistesconviennent que la sentencearbitrale ne peut être
considéréecomme ilulle et de nul effet que dans les cas où le tribunal a
((manifestement et substantiellement outrepassé les termes du compro-
mis »(K. S.Carlstoii, TheProcessof International Arbitration,p. 81,et les

auteurs qu'ilcite,p. 81-84).Aprèsavoircitéun certainnombred'éminents
auteurs,tels que Vattel,Bluntschli, Bonfils,Fauchille,Calvo,Oppenheim,
Hall, Hyde,Castberg, Schatzel, Stoykovitch,Weiss,etc.,Carlston conclut
que :
«Lanulliténiedoitpasêtreinvoquéedansun esprit dechicane. Les
auteurs qui se sont particulièrement penchés sur le problème de la
nullités'accordent à penserquelaviolationdestermesd'un compro-

mis doit êtresi manifeste qu'elle s'établitde soi-même.Pourque la
décision d'un tribunal ou la conclusion d'une juridiction soient
considéréescomme nulles, ellesdoiventd'une manièregénéraleêtre
arbitraires etpas simplement douteuses ou contestables. » (Ibid.,
p. 86.:)
Dans la présente espèce, la Guinée-Bissau soutient que la sentence
arbitrale du 31juillet 1989est frappéede nullité parcequ'elle nerépond
pas à lasecondequestion du paragraphe 2de l'article2du compromis. La
Guinée-Bissauavariceun certain nombred'arguments pour prouverqu'il

ya là un casd'excèsde pouvoir etque lasentence estpar conséquentfrap-
péede nullité. Il y a lieu, avant d'examiner au fond cette allégation, de
mentionner certains points. To begin with, the term excèsdepouvoir means that the Tribunal has
exceeded or overstepped the powers which have been attributed to it by

the Parties. What Guinea-Bissau now complains of is that the Tribunal
has failed to exercise, not that it has exceeded, the powers vested in it
(compare the wording of Article II, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
United Nations Administrative Tribunal).The term "excèsdepouvoirby
omission" is a self-contradictory one. It is also questionable whether, if
the Tribunal fails, in whole or in part, to exercise the powers vested in it,
theappropriate remedy isto applyfor nullification of the Award.

Secondly, the ground of Guinea-Bissau's complaint is the Tribunal's
failure to reply to the second question, in Article 2, paragraph 2, of the
compromis.But Guinea-Bissau makes no reference to the reply of the
Award in respect of the first question, in Article 2, paragraph 1,of the
compromis.No satisfactory reason is given as to why the whole Award
must be nullified.
Bethatas itmay,the thrust ofGuinea-Bissau's thesis isthat, irrespective
ofthe Tribunal's response concerning the value oftheFranco-Portuguese
Exchange of Letters, the Tribunal was called upon to proceed to a com-
plete delimitation of the maritime territories. This interpretation is, how-

ever, in clear contradiction with the ordinary meaning to be given to the
terms ofthe compromis.In the present case,areply to thesecond question
in Article 2, paragraph 2, of the compromiswould have been mandatory
only ifthe firstquestion had been answered "in the negative". The obliga-
tion to reply to thesecondquestion isalternative, not simultaneous. Since
the first question was replied to in the affirmative, the Tribunal was not
called upon to reply to the second question. This follows from the ordi-
nary and natural meaning ofthe relevant words. Such an interpretation is
in perfect harmony with Article 31, paragraph 1,of the Vienna Conven-
tion on the Law ofTreaties.
Guinea-Bissau, however, argues that the Tribunal's reply to the first
question ispartially in the affirmative and partially inthe negative; a par-
tially negative reply is nevertheless a negative reply; the Tribunal was
therefore under an obligation to give a reply to the second question. It
should be recalled that,in the present case,there cannot be any such thing
as a "partially affirmative and partially negative answer", sincethe ques-
tionput inthe compromisrelates to the maritime boundary, as it existed at
the time of conclusion of the Agreement in 1960, not thereafter. Indeed,

the Award, in paragraph 85,clearly indicated that the Agreement had to
be interpreted inthe light of the law in force at the date of its conclusion.
Therefore theTribunal's reply to the first question with respect to the ter-
ritorial sea,the contiguous zone and the continental shelf is a complete
reply to the question put to the Tribunal. The word "solely" merely
explains the scope of itsdecision. It cannot, therefore, be taken asa rejec-
tion ofapart ofthe Parties' requestand thus asareason for characterizing
the reply to the first question as a partially negative or even as an
altogether negative answer. En premierlieu, leterme «excès de pouvoir »signifie que leTribunal a
excédéou outrepassklespouvoirsqueluiavaientconférésles Parties.Or,
ce dont la Guinée-Bissauseplaint ici,c'estque leTribunal n'a pasexercé
lepouvoir qui luiétaitattribué,non qu'ilaoutrepassécepouvoir (voir,par
comparaison, lelibelléde l'article1,paragraphe 2,du statutdu Tribunal
administratif des Nations Unies). L'expression «excès de pouvoir par
omission)) est une contradiction dans les termes. On peut d'autre part
douterque lorsque leTribunal manque àexercerla totalité ou unepartie
despouvoirsqui luisontattribués, lavoie de recours adéquatesoitl'annu-

lation de la sentence..
En deuxième lieu, la Guinée-Bissause plaint que le Tribunal n'ait pas
répondu a la seconcle question du paragraphe 2 de l'article 2 du com-
promis. Mais elle ne fait pas mention de la réponseque la sentence ap-
porte a la première question, celle du paragraphe 1de ce mêmearticle.
Aucune raison satisfaisante n'est donnéepour expliquer pourquoi c'est
l'ensemble de la sentencequi doit êtreannulé.
Quoi qu'ilensoit, lefond de lathèsedelaGuinée-Bissauestceci :quelle
qu'eût étésaréponss eur lavaleur de l'échangede lettresentre la France et
le Portugal, le Tribunal était appelé à procéder a une délimitation
complète des territoires maritimes. Cette interprétation contredit cepen-
dant a l'évidencelesensordinaire qu'ilfautprêterauxtermesdu compro-
mis. En la présente affaire, une réponseà la seconde question du para-
graphe 2 de l'article 2 du compromis ne s'imposerait qu'en cas «de

réponsenégative » a la première question. L'obligation de répondrea la
secondequestion estalternative, elle n'est passimultanée.Commeila été
répondupar l'affirmiativàla première question, le Tribunal n'étaitpas
tenu de répondre a laiseconde. Tel estlesensordinaire, lesensnaturel des
mots pertinents. Cette interprétationesttouà faitconformeaux disposi-
tions de l'article,paragraphe 1,de la convention de Vienne sur le droit
destraités.
LaGuinée-Bissaun'en soutientpas moins quelaréponseduTribunal à
lapremièrequestion estenpartie affirmative etenpartie négative;qu'une
réponse en partie nkgative reste une réponse négative;que le Tribunal
étaitdonc tenu de donner une réponse a la seconde question. On a déjà
signaléqu'ilne peut yavoiren l'espècede ((réponseen partie affirmative
et en partie négative)), puisque la question posée dans le compromis
concernait la frontiilre maritime telle qu'elle existait au moment de la

conclusion de l'accord de 1960,et non postérieurement àcelui-ci. Et, de
fait,lasentence précise,au paragraphe85,que l'accord doitêtreinterprété
alalumièredu droitenvigueur à la datede saconclusion. Ils'ensuitque la
réponsedonnéepar IleTribunalàla premièrequestionen ce qui concerne
la mer territoriale, 'lazone contiguë et le plateau continental satisfait
complètement àla question posée. L'expression «en ce qui concerne les
seuleszones » ne fait que préciser la portéede la décision.Elle ne peut
donc êtreconsidéréecommeun rejet d'une partie de lademande, ni servir,
en tant que telle,qualifier la réponseàla première question de réponse
en partie négative, voirede réponse entièrementnégative. Guinea-Bissau further argues that sincethe entire dispute concerns the

maritime boundary and since the title of the 1960Agreement and the
Preamble ofthe compromisbothrefertothe determination ofthe maritime
boundary, itfollowsthat whatever the replygivento the firstquestion, the
Tribunal should have proceeded to the second.
It must be pointed out that, in interpreting atreaty,ch asthe compro-
mis in the present instance, whose text is clear and unambiguous, no
attempt should be made to change the ordinary and natural meaning of
the language used in the text by resorting to other elements and to inter-
pretthem as requiring under any circumstance the overall delimitation of
the maritime boundary between the two States. It isprimarily and clearly
inthe text of Article2 of the compromisthat the objective of the Parties is
located.Here the Parties agreedthat a replytothe secondquestion is con-
ditioned on a negative answer to the first. It cannot be envisaged that a
mention of the delimitation of the maritime boundary in the title of the
1960Agreement and in the Preamble ofthe compromiscan have the effect
of changing the meaning of the clear and unambiguous language of the

text in Article2 of the compromis.
Guinea-Bissau persistently maintained that it was the intention of the
Parties that whatever the answer to the first question (in Article of the
Arbitration Agreement)the Tribunal wascalled upon to delimit the entire
maritime boundary between the two States. But this contention does not
find any support inthe clear language of the compromis.
On the contrary, a passage in Guinea-Bissau's own Memorial sub-
mitted to theTribunalreads :

"The representatives of Senegalended by sharingthiswayofthink-
ing[my emphasis]and accordingly theTribunal isrequested to cany
out a dual task: in the first place, to pronounce itself onthe validity
of the Franco-Portuguese Exchange of Letters of 16April 1960as
a means of determining the maritime boundary between Guinea-
Bissau and Senegal; and, should this validity not be recognized
[Senegal'semphasis],to laydownthe course ofthe linedelimitingthe
maritime territories between the two States in accordance with the
pertinent noms of positive international law." (Page 35of Guinea-
Bissau's Memorial before the Tribunal; quoted by Senegal on
page 34 of its Counter-Memorial before the Tribunal.)

The above passage clearlyaffirmsthat itwasGuinea-Bissau which pro-
posed that the Tribunal be asked to pronounce on the validity ofthe 1960
Exchange of Lettersand, shouldthisvaliditynotberecognizedt,o laydown
the course of the line delimiting the maritime territories between the two
States. And thiswayofthinkingwas sharedby Senegal. Such has been the
result ofthe negotiationsbetween the two Statesand they wellknew what
they were agreeingto.
Although the passage quoted above was followed by a sentence, "In
any event, at the conclusion of the arbitration the maritime delimitation
between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal will have been effected", this can SENTENCE ARBITRALE (OP.IND.NI) 102

Par ailleurslaGuinée-Bissauallègueque,puisque lelitigeporte entota-
litésur la frontièremaritime et que letitre de l'accord de0et lepréam-
bule du compromis se réfèrent l'unet l'autre à la détermination de la
frontière maritime, le Tribunal était tenude répondre àla seconde ques-
tion quelleque fût sa1réponse à la première.
Ilfautrappeler que lorsqu'on interprèteuntraité,comme icilecompro-
mis, dont le texte est clair et sans ambiguïté, on ne doit pas chercherà

modifier le sensordinaire, le sensnaturel des termes employésen recou-
rant à des éléments auxiliaires, qu'on interpréterait comme exigeant en
toutes circonstancesla détermination de l'ensemble de la frontière mari-
time entre les deux Etats. C'estprincipalement dans le corps de l'article
du compromis que s'exprime le but poursuivi par les Parties. Elles y
conviennent que la réponse à la seconde question est subordonnée à une
réponsenégative à lii première. Il est inconcevable que le simple fait de
mentionner la détenininationde la frontièremaritime dans letitre et dans
le préambule du coimpromis ait eu pour effet de modifier le sens des
dispositions d'un texte clair et sans ambiguïté, celui de l'article2 du
compromis.
La Guinée-Bissaun'alaisséde soutenir que l'intention des Partiesétait
que, quelle que soitsa réponse a la première question (posée àl'article 2
du compromisd'arbitrage), leTribunal devaitdélimiter dans satotalitéla

frontière en mer entre les deux Etats. Mais on ne trouve rien pour étayer
cetteaffirmation daris le libellétrès clairdu compromis.
Bienaucontraire; ilestun passage du mémoireprésentéparla Guinée-
Bissau au Tribunal qui se lit comme suit:
Lesreprésentantsdu Sénégaflinirent par partager cepoint de vue

[lesitaliques sont de moi]et c'estdonc une double démarche quiest
demandée au Tribunal: se prononcer d'abord sur la validité de
l'échangede notes franco-portugais du 26avril 1960pour déciderde
la frontière enmer entre la Guinée-Bissauet le Sénégal.Et si cette
validitén'estpas reconnue[les italiques sont du Sénégal]dire alors
quel est le tracéde la ligne délimitantles territoires maritimes entre
lesdeux Etats ensefondant sur lesnormespertinentes du droitinter-
national positif.(Mémoireprésenté par la Guinée-Bissau au cours
de la procédure arbitrale, p. ;5citépar le Sénégadl ans son contre-
mémoiredansle cadre de la procédure arbitrale,p. 34.)

Cepassage montre:clairementque c'estla Guinée-Bissauquia proposé
de demanderau Tribunal de se prononcer sur la validitéde l'échangede
lettres de1960et, au casoùcettevaliditéneseraitpas reconnue,de tracer la
ligne délimitant la frontière maritime entre les deux Etats. Et le Sénégal
s'estrangéa cettemanièrede voir.Tellefutdonc laconclusiondesnégocia-
tions entre lesdeux Etats,quiavaientpleinementconscience decedont ils
convenaient.
Certes, ce passage:étaitsuivi de la phrase suivante: «En tout étatde
cause, à l'issue de l'arbitrage, la délimitation maritime entre la Guinée-
Bissauetle Sénégas leraacquise.» Mais,par délimitationmaritime, on neonly mean the delimitation of those maritime spaces which existed atthe
time of the conclusion of the 1960Agreement, because it was the 1960
Agreement which was in dispute. If the Parties had intended that there
should be an ex novodelimitation of the entire maritime boundary, irre-
spective of the result of the examination of the validity of the Franco-
Portuguese Exchange of Letters of 1960,they would have said so in the
compromis.Since this was not only a relevant, but a crucial point, they
could not have neglected to do so. Negotiations had been carried on for
eight years. How could a point of such substance and significance have
been overlooked? There is no evidence of any dispute having arisen
between the Parties on this point during their negotiations. On the con-
trary, the 11prefatory words in Article 2,paragraph 2,were proposed by

Guinea-Bissau itself (Senegalese Counter-Memorial in the present pro-
ceedings, pp. 29,33,38 and 44; alsopublic Sittingof 5April199 1,CR91/4,
p. 45).

Guinea-Bissau also asserts that the various components of the mari-
time areas are indivisible. But this alleged indivisibility,even ifthe Parties
had sointended would not have removed the condition which the Parties
expressly laid down in Article 2,paragraph 2,of the compromis.Whether
or not the line is divisible is a question of how the line is to be drawn,
arising if the first question is answered in the affirmative. It does not
change the fundamental relationship between the two questions put in
Article 2, which is that the reply to the second one is conditioned on the
first question being answered in the negative.
It isto be noted thatboth Partiesemphasizedthat they wanted a single
line of delimitation, but they viewed this concept differently. For its part,
Guinea-Bissau wished to have the continental shelf and the exclusive

economic zone re-aligned, by means of a synthetic line, on the basis of
equitable principles. As for Senegal, it wished to have the existing 240"
line raised to divide the exclusive economic zone. The argument of indi-
visibility,which seeks to identify the various components of the maritime
boundary and make them coincide, cannot therefore be used to support
Guinea-Bissau's thesis that whatever the reply to the first question, the
Tribunalshould have proceeded tothe exnovodelimitation in accordance
with the second question.

Nor can it be said that the Tribunal's task is indivisible. The Tribunal
was asked to determine, if it answered the first question in the negative,
the course of the line forming the maritime boundary. The first question
was answered inthe affirmative, and there the task of theTribunal ended.
Guinea-Bissau cannot now claim that something was left undone. This
"something" did not and cannot form the object of arbitration because it
did not exist atthe time of the conclusion of the 1960Agreement.

It isrue that in the preambular part of Article 2 and also in Article 9, SENTENCE ARBITRALE (OP.IND. NI) 103

pouvait entendre que les espaces maritimes qui existaientàl'époquede
la conclusion de l'accord de 1960, puisque c'était précisémentcet
accord de 1960 qui était controversé.Si les Parties étaient convenues
qu'il fallait procéder une délimitation ex novode toute la frontière en
mer quel que fût le résultatde l'examen de la validitéde l'échangede

lettres de 1960entre la France et le Portugal, elles l'auraient dit dans le
compromis.Et comme ils'agitlà d'un point non seulementpertinent mais
d'une importance majeure, elles n'auraient pas négligéde le faire. Les
négociationsse sont étenduessur huit années. Comment imaginerqu'un
point aussi fondamental et aussi important aurait pu être négligé? n'y
a aucune preuve que:pendant leurs négociationsil se soit élevéquelque
différend entrelesdeux Parties sur ce point. Au contraire, les neuf mots
introductifs du paragraphe2de l'article2ont étéproposéspar la Guinée-
Bissau elle-même(contre-mémoiredu Sénégaldéposé dansla présente
instance,p. 29,33,38 et44; voir aussiaudience publique du 5avril 1991,
CR 91/4, p. 45).
LaGuinée-Bissauaffirmeaussi que lesdiversescomposantesdeszones

maritimes sont indivisibles. Mais cet appel àla notion d'indivisibilité,si
tant est qu'ilfût dans l'intention des Parties,n'écarte pas la condition que
celles-ci ont expressémentposée à l'article 2, paragraphe 2, du compro-
mis. Quela ligne soit ou non divisible est fonction de la manièredont elle
est tracée, question riese posant que si la réponsea premiere question
était affirmative.Cela ne changerienàla relation fondamentale entre les
deux questions posées àl'article 2à savoir que la réponsea la seconde
question est subordonnée à une réponsenégative à la première.
Il convient de notexque lesdeux Partiesont souligné qu'ellesvoulaient
une ligne de délimil.ationunique, mais leur point de vue n'étaitpas le
même.La Guinée-Bissaupour sa part souhaitait une ligne de démarca-
tion intégréedu plateau continental et de la zone économique exclusive,

ligne redéfinie selon des principes équitables. Le Sénégal deson côté
souhaitait que la ligne d'azimut 240"existante soit élevéede manièreà
diviser la zone écon~omiqueexclusive. L'argument de l'indivisibilité,par
lequel on chercheà identifier lesdiversélémentsde la frontière maritime
et àles faire coïncider, ne peut donc servià corroborer la thèse de la
Guinée-Bissau selori laquelle, quelle qu'eût étésa réponàla première
question, le Tribunal aurait dû procédera la délimitationexnovoconfor-
mément à la seconde.
On ne peut non plus prétendre que la tâche du Tribunal ait été indi-
visible. Il était appelé,si sa réponseà la première question était né-
gative,à déterminer le tracéde la ligne de délimitation des territoires
maritimes. La réponse à la premiere question a été affirmative,et la mis-

sion du Tribunal n'allait pas plus loin. La Guinée-Bissau n'est pas
fondée à prétendri: maintenant que quelque chose a été laisséen
suspens. Cette «chose» ne pouvait et ne peut toujours pas constituer
l'objet de l'arbitrage:,car elle n'existait pas au moment de la conclusion
de l'accord de 1960.
Il est vrai quedans le chapeau de l'article2du compromis,puis encore104 ARBITRAL AWARD (SEP.OP. NI)

paragraph 1,ofthe compromis,the word "question" wasused in the plural.
But such details of drafting cannot be relied uponto contradict the mean-
ing of the instrument as a whole, since atthe time of its conclusion it was
not known whether both questions might have tobe answered or not.

Guinea-Bissau has further contended that the Tribunal failed to exer-
cise its power under the compromisto make a decision on the course of a
singlelinedelimiting al1the maritime spaces and to indicate theboundary
line on amap. Since,as has been said before, theTribunal was not called
upon to answerthe secondquestion,there wasno occasion to delimit such
a boundary line and it naturally followed that no map could have been
appended.
Asto the question of whether or not there has been sufficiency of rea-
soning, it is important not to base oneself solely on paragraph 87 of the
Award. Paragraph 87only reaches a reasoned conclusion from what has

been discussed.The reasons insupport ofthe conclusion arrived at in para-
graph 87were,to a large extent, given earlier inthe Award. Theprincipal
point isthe affirmation of the validity of the 1960Agreement, as a conse-
quence of which the second question did not have to be answered. And
since no ex novodelimitation of the maritimeboundary wastotake place,
amap could not havebeen produced. Al1these points areinterrelated.The
reason is self-evident. There is no basis for regarding the question of the
mapas an independent matter and sayingthat no adequate reason isgiven
for its omission.
The line of reasoning that led the Tribunal to the conclusion in para-
graph 87is clear. After analysing the question of the validity of the 1960
Agreement,the Tribunal, inparagraph 80ofthe Award,observesthat "the
1960Agreement is valid and can be opposed to Senegal and to Guinea-
Bissau". In paragraph 85of the Award, theTribunal states that the 1960
Agreement must be interpreted inthe lightofthe lawin forceatthedate of
its conclusion.Then it concludes in the same paragraph that the Agree-
ment does not delimit the maritime spaces which didnot existatthatdate,

whether they be termed "exclusive economic zone", "fishery zone" or
whatever.
Itisalso to be noted that paragraph 87and paragraph 88are intimately
linked to each other. In paragraph 88 the Tribunal found that the 1960
Agreement had the force of law in the relations between Guinea-Bissau
and Senegalwithregard tothe areasmentioned inthat Agreement.Conse-
quently, bythe terms of Article 2ofthe Arbitration Agreement,the Tribu-
nal did not have to answer the second question. Such was the conclusion
of paragraph 87 ofthe Award. When the Tribunaladopted paragraph 88
by two votes to one, it necessarily endorsed the reasoning behind para-
graph 87.
On the basis of such analysis and conclusions, the Tribunal then con-
cluded that it was not called upon to reply to the second question. The
decision on the question of the map follows that on delimitation of the
maritime boundary. Sincethe firstquestionput in Article 2ofthe compro- SENTENCEARBITRALE(OP.IND.NI) 104

au paragraphe 1de l'article9,le mot ((question» est employéau pluriel.
Un point technique (derédactionne peut cependant être ainsiopposéau
sens de l'ensemble de l'instrument considéré puisqueau moment de la
rédactionde celui-ci il n'étaitpas certain que les deux questions dussent
recevoir une réponse.
La Guinée-Bissau allègueen outre que le Tribunal n'a pas exercéle
pouvoir qui lui était conféréde déciderdu tracé d'uneligne unique pour
délimiterles territoires maritimes, et de porter cette ligne sur une carte.
Puisque, comme on l'a dit plus haut, le Tribunal n'était pas appelé à

répondre à la secondequestion, iln'yavait pas lieu de tracer la ligne fron-
tièreni,à fortiori,de joindre une caràela sentence.

Quant à savoir si les motifssont suffisants, il ne faut pas borner l'exa-
men au seul paragraphe 87 de la sentence. Celui-ci ne fait en effet que
conclure surlabase de ce qui a étéprécédemmentanalysé L.esmotifs sur
lesquels s'appuie la conclusion à laquelle on est arrivé dans ce para-
grapheont été exposésauparavant dans lasentence. Lepoint principal en
est l'affirmation de la validitéde l'accord de 1960,dont il découle quela
seconde question n';appellepas de réponse.Et puisqu'il ne doit y avoir
aucune délimitation ex novode la frontièreen mer, il n'yavaitpas lieu de
joindre une carte.Toutes ceschoses-làsontindissociables. Laraison enva
de soi.Il est vain de vouloirconsidérer la question de la carte comme un

sujet indépendant et de prétendre qu'aucunmotif suffisant n'est donnéà
ce propos.
On peut suivre le fil de la pensée qui aboutitla conclusion du para-
graphe 87. Aprèsavoir analyséla question de la validitéde l'accord de
1960, le Tribunal, au paragraphe 80 de la sentence, fait observer que
((l'accord de 1960est valable et opposable au Sénégal et à la Guinée-
Bissau ».Au paragra.phe 85,il dit que l'accord doit être interpàéla lu-
mièredu droit en vigueur à la date de sa signature. Et de conclure, dans
le mêmeparagraphe, que l'accord ne délimitepasles espaces maritimes
qui n'existaient pasà cette date, qu'on les appelle ((zone économique
exclusive», «zone de pêche»ou autrement.

Il convientégalementde noter que lesparagraphes 87et 88sontintime-

ment liés.Au paragraphe 88,leTribunal estime que l'accord de 1960fait
droit dans lesrelationsentrelaGuinée-Bissau etle Sénégalence quicon-
cerne leszones mentionnéesdans cetaccord.Parconséquent,envertudes
termes de l'article du compromisd'arbitrage, le Tribunal n'avait pas à
répondre àla secontle question. Telle est la conclusion figurant au para-
graphe 87de la sentence.Lorsque le Tribunal a adoptéle paragraphe 88
par deux voix contreune, ilapprouvait par laforcedeschoses leraisonne-
ment sur lequel se fonde le paragraphe 87.
Sur la base de ces analyses et de ces déductions, le Tribunal a alors
concluqu'il n'avait pasàrépondre àla secondequestion. La réponse à la
question de la carte 'découlede la décisionprisà propos de la délimita-
tion de la frontière e:nmer.uisqu'il a été répondupar l'affirmativà la105 ARBITRALAWARD (SEP. OP.NI)

mis was answered in the affirmative, no exnovodelimitationtook place.
Consequently,no map was called for.The reasoning is succinct,but it is

sufficientlyclear for the purposes of the Award.
Forthe foregoingreasons,Guinea-Bissau'ssubsidiarysubmission that
the Award of 31 July 1989should be declared a nullity cannot be sus-
tained.

(Signed) NIZhengyu. SENTENCE ARBITRALE (OP. IND. NI) 105

premièrequestion de l'article2,il n'yapas eu de délimitationexnovo.Par
conséquent,la carte ne s'imposait pas. Leraisonnement estsuccinct mais
suffisamment limpi~depour les besoins de la sentence.
Pour toutes ces raisons, la conclusion subsidiaire de la Guinée-Bissau
selon laquelle la sentence du 1juillet 1989devrait êtrefrappée denullité

ne saurait se défendre.

(Signé)NIZhengyu.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Ni

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