Declaration of Judge ad hoc Cot

Document Number
151-20131111-JUD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
151-20131111-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

350

DECLARATION OF JUDGE AD HOC COT

[Translation]

1. I concur with the findings of the Court in its interpretation of the
Judgment of 15 June 1962. The Court has been careful to adhere to a
strict interpretation of the Judgment and not to look beyond what had
been decided.
2. In particular, the Court has declined to rule on the status of the line fi

on the Annex I map. It will be recalled that in 1962 the Court had
expressly dismissed Cambodia’s first two submissions, “calling forfi pro -
nouncements on the legal status of the Annex I map and on the frontier
line in the disputed region” (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 36). In its present
Judgment, the Court has taken the line on the Annex I map into consid -

eration only in order to determine the northern limit of the “vicinity” of
the Temple on the Preah Vihear promontory.
3. Thus the main difficulty resided in the definition of the term “vicifin-
ity” in the second paragraph of the operative part of the 1962 Judgment.
In its resolution of 10 July 1962, the Thai Council of Ministers had

adopted a delimitation confining the Temple within the perimeter of the fi
sacred area, and had had a barbed wire fence erected around the Temple. fi
For its part, Cambodia considered that the “vicinity” of the Templfie con -
sisted of all the territory situated to the south of the Annex I map line in
the disputed sector, including the neighbouring hill of Phnom Trap.

4. The Court rightly notes that the unilateral determination by one
Party of the “vicinity” of the Temple cannot be imposed on the othfier
Party. It is thus for the Court itself to carry out that determination.
5. The claim put forward by Cambodia was based on the course of the
Annex I map line and encompassed a large area. It ran counter to the

explicit provisions of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 by asking the Court
to establish the line on the Annex I map as the boundary.

6. Furthermore, in requesting the attribution to Cambodia of a sub -
stantial area of territory, this approach went even beyond the argumentsfi

made by Cambodia’s counsel in 1962. In particular, Dean Acheson, on
behalf of Cambodia, observed that the hill of Phnom Trap could not be
concerned by the dispute, which was limited to an area of a few hundred fi
metres around the Temple (I.C.J. Pleadings, Temple of Preah Vihear
(Cambodia v. Thailand), Vol. II, pp. 145-146). He further considered that
the area situated to the north-west of the Temple, the area of Phnom

Trap, was not the crucial area, the disputed or “doubtful area” (fiibid.,
p. 465). He analysed the watershed line in what both he and Thailand’s fi

73

8 Ord 1050.indb 143 25/06/14 13:11 request for interprefitation (decl. cot) 351

counsel called “the critical, or crucial, area, the area from the botfitom of
the northern staircase eastward to point F” (I.C.J. Pleadings, Temple of

Preah Vihear, p. 465). For his part, Cambodia’s Roger Pinto noted :
“We must indeed never lose sight of the fact that the frontier passes some
500 metres to the north of the Temple.” (Ibid., p. 189.)

7. Nonetheless, Thailand’s claim appears to me to be excessively

restrictive. Thailand contends that the Temple itself is limited to the fimain
sanctuary, and that the other elements of the Temple form its “vicinifity”,
enclosed by the precinct wall (CR 2013/4, pp. 29-42, paras. 13-41).

8. It is not reasonable to limit the “vicinity” of the Temple to the pre -
cinct in which it is located, as Thailand has argued. That, it appears tfio

me, is to misunderstand the nature of Khmer temples. Khmer temples are
not confined to the main temple, but consist of a set of buildings and
structures, including entrance gates, “libraries”, staircases, etc. The Tem -
ple of Preah Vihear is a Khmer temple of the classic “temple-mountain”
kind of the ninth century. It consists of a monumental staircase, four sfiuc -

cessive gopuras and a relatively small central sanctuary. The whole com -
plex is surrounded by a wall enclosing the sacred area.

9. The specialist literature cited by the Parties, in particular the books fi
and studies published by the Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO) at

the time of the delivery of the Judgment of 15 June 1962, hardly ever uses
the term “vicinity” to refer to the buildings and structures locatfied within
the sacred area. Among the authors cited at the 1962 hearings (op. cit.,
supra, Vol. II, pp. 468 et seq.) are Georges Groslier (Promenades artis ‑
tiques et archéologiques du Cambodge), Lunet de Lajonquière (Inventaire
descriptif des monuments du Cambodge) and George Cœdès, Director of

the EFEO (Inscriptions du Cambodge). Works contemporaneous with the
hearings include those by Philippe Stern in 1952 (Diversité et rythmes des
fondations royales khmères) and Maurice Glaize, a former curator and a
collaborator of George Cœdès, whose guidebook, Les monuments du
groupe d’Angkor, published in Saigon in 1944, is still in print today. None

of these works uses the term “vicinity of the temple” to describe fithe struc -
tures located within the sacred area of Khmer temples.

10. The precise extent of the vicinity within the meaning of the Judg -
ment of 15 June 1962 still needs to be established. The written and oral

pleadings provide some indications. They relate mainly to the identificafi -
tion of the watershed line. The Parties do not venture beyond the prom -
ontory on which the Temple is situated.
11. The reasoning of the 1962 Judgment defines its geographical scope.
It includes the Court’s description of the Annex I map as one “on [which]
was traced a frontier line . . . showing the whole Preah Vihear promon -

tory, with the Temple area, as being on the Cambodian side”
(I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 21). The form of words used by the Court seems

74

8 Ord 1050.indb 145 25/06/14 13:11 request for interprefitation (decl. cot) 352

to imply that the “Temple area” is contained within the perimeter fiof the

promontory of Preah Vihear and does not extend beyond.

12. Noting the geographical description of the site given in 1962 and
the use of the term “promontory” to refer to the feature on which fithe

Temple is located, the Court finds that a natural understanding of the
concept of the “vicinity” would correspond to the said promontory.fi The
word “promontory” is a geographical description of the Preah Viheafir
site, which is clearly separated from the hill of Phnom Trap by a small fi
valley. I concur with that conclusion.

13. The Court has declined to draw a precise line. That would have
involved carrying out a delimitation operation, and thus going beyond
the Court’s interpretative function in this case. It has confined itsfielf to
indicating the relevant perimeter, which concerns the entire promontory fi
and also the valley separating the promontory of Preah Vihear from the

hill of Phnom Trap. The Court makes it clear that the floor of the valley
must be included in the “vicinity” in question, so as to allow accfiess from
the Cambodian plain. It adds, logically, that it is not required to rulefi on
sovereignty over the hill of Phnom Trap.
14. It is for the Parties to implement the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in

good faith and, in particular, to determine the physical boundary of thefi
“vicinity” under Cambodian sovereignty.
15. I note that the solution adopted by the Court corresponds closely
to one of the options put to the Thai Council of Ministers on 10July 1962.
It was thus a possible interpretation of the 1962 Judgment according to

the views of the Thai administration at the time. And that is the interpfire -
tation given by the Court today.

(Signed) Jean-Pierre Cot.

75

8 Ord 1050.indb 147 25/06/14 13:11

Bilingual Content

350

DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE AD HOC COT

1. Je suis d’accord avec les conclusions de la Cour dans son interpréfi-
tation de l’arrêt du 15 juin 1962. La Cour a veillé à s’en tenir à une inter -
prétation stricte dudit arrêt et à ne pas aller au-delà de ce qui avait été
décidé.
2. En particulier, la Cour a refusé de se prononcer sur le statut de la fi

ligne de la carte de l’annexe I. On rappellera qu’en 1962 la Cour avait
explicitement rejeté les deux premières conclusions du Cambodge, «fi priant
la Cour de se prononcer sur le statut juridique de la carte de l’annefixe I et
sur la ligne frontière dans la région contestée» (C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 36).
Dans le présent arrêt, la Cour n’a pris en considération la filigne de la carte

de l’annexe I que pour déterminer la limite nord des « environs» du
temple, situés sur l’éperon de Préah Vihéar.
3. La difficulté principale tenait en effet à la définition du terme
«environs» dans le paragraphe 2 du dispositif de l’arrêt de 1962. Le
conseil des ministres de la Thaïlande, dans sa décision du 10 juillet 1962,

avait adopté une délimitation enserrant le temple dans le périmfiètre de
l’enceinte sacrée et avait fait édifier une clôture de barbefilés autour du
temple. Le Cambodge, de son côté, estimait que les « environs» du
temple comprenaient tout le territoire situé au sud de la ligne de la carte fi
de l’annexe I dans le secteur disputé, y compris la colline voisine de
Phnom Trap.

4. La Cour note à juste titre que la détermination unilatérale parfi une
Partie des « environs» du temple ne saurait s’imposer à l’autre Partie. Il
lui appartient donc de procéder elle-même à cette détermination.
5. La thèse avancée par le Cambodge reposait sur le tracé de la lifigne de
la carte de l’annexe I et s’étendait sur une zone importante. Elle allait à

l’encontre des dispositions explicites de l’arrêt du 15 juin 1962 en deman -
dant à la Cour de consacrer le caractère de frontière de la ligfine de la carte
de l’annexe I.
6. De plus, en demandant l’attribution au Cambodge d’une zone sub-
stantielle de territoire, cette conception allait au-delà même desfi thèses

plaidées par les conseils du Cambodge en 1962. En particulier, Dean Ache -
son, plaidant pour le Cambodge, observait que la colline de Phnom Trap
ne saurait être concernée par le différend, qui se circonscrit àfi une zone de
quelques centaines de mètres autour du temple (C.I.J. Mémoires, Temple
de Préah Vihéar (Cambodge c. Thaïlande), vol. II, p. 145-146). Il considé -
rait aussi que la zone située au nord-ouest du temple, la zone de

Phnom Trap, n’était pas la zone cruciale, la zone contestée ou « doubt -
ful area » (ibid., p. 465). Il analysait la ligne de partage des eaux dans ce

73

8 Ord 1050.indb 142 25/06/14 13:11 350

DECLARATION OF JUDGE AD HOC COT

[Translation]

1. I concur with the findings of the Court in its interpretation of the
Judgment of 15 June 1962. The Court has been careful to adhere to a
strict interpretation of the Judgment and not to look beyond what had
been decided.
2. In particular, the Court has declined to rule on the status of the line fi

on the Annex I map. It will be recalled that in 1962 the Court had
expressly dismissed Cambodia’s first two submissions, “calling forfi pro -
nouncements on the legal status of the Annex I map and on the frontier
line in the disputed region” (I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 36). In its present
Judgment, the Court has taken the line on the Annex I map into consid -

eration only in order to determine the northern limit of the “vicinity” of
the Temple on the Preah Vihear promontory.
3. Thus the main difficulty resided in the definition of the term “vicifin-
ity” in the second paragraph of the operative part of the 1962 Judgment.
In its resolution of 10 July 1962, the Thai Council of Ministers had

adopted a delimitation confining the Temple within the perimeter of the fi
sacred area, and had had a barbed wire fence erected around the Temple. fi
For its part, Cambodia considered that the “vicinity” of the Templfie con -
sisted of all the territory situated to the south of the Annex I map line in
the disputed sector, including the neighbouring hill of Phnom Trap.

4. The Court rightly notes that the unilateral determination by one
Party of the “vicinity” of the Temple cannot be imposed on the othfier
Party. It is thus for the Court itself to carry out that determination.
5. The claim put forward by Cambodia was based on the course of the
Annex I map line and encompassed a large area. It ran counter to the

explicit provisions of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 by asking the Court
to establish the line on the Annex I map as the boundary.

6. Furthermore, in requesting the attribution to Cambodia of a sub -
stantial area of territory, this approach went even beyond the argumentsfi

made by Cambodia’s counsel in 1962. In particular, Dean Acheson, on
behalf of Cambodia, observed that the hill of Phnom Trap could not be
concerned by the dispute, which was limited to an area of a few hundred fi
metres around the Temple (I.C.J. Pleadings, Temple of Preah Vihear
(Cambodia v. Thailand), Vol. II, pp. 145-146). He further considered that
the area situated to the north-west of the Temple, the area of Phnom

Trap, was not the crucial area, the disputed or “doubtful area” (fiibid.,
p. 465). He analysed the watershed line in what both he and Thailand’s fi

73

8 Ord 1050.indb 143 25/06/14 13:11 351 demande en interprétafition (décl. cot)

qu’il appelait avec les conseils de la Thaïlande « the critical, or crucial,

area, the area from the bottom of the northern staircase eastward to
point F » (C.I.J. Mémoires, Temple de Préah Vihéar, vol. II, p. 465).
Roger Pinto, conseil pour le Cambodge, notait de son côté : « Nous ne
devons jamais perdre de vue, en effet, que la frontière passe à quelque
500 mètres au nord du temple. » (Ibid., p. 189.)

7. Pour autant, la demande de la Thaïlande me paraît restrictive àfi
l’excès. La Thaïlande prétendait que le temple proprement difit se limitait
au sanctuaire principal et que les autres éléments du temple en cofinsti -
tuaient les «environs» clôturés par le mur d’enceinte (CR 2013/4, p. 29-42,
par. 13-41).

8. Il n’est pas raisonnable de limiter les « environs» du temple à
l’enceinte dans laquelle se trouve le temple, comme l’a plaidé fila Thaï -
lande. C’est, me semble-t-il, faire un contresens sur la notion de temple
khmer. Le temple khmer ne se limite pas au temple principal, mais com -
prend un ensemble d’édifices et de constructions, dont les portails d’accès,

les « bibliothèques», les escaliers, etc. Le temple de Préah Vieéar est un
temple khmer de type «temple-montagne» classique du IX siècle. Il com-
prend un escalier monumental, quatre gopuras successifs et un sanctuairefi
central de dimensions relativement modestes. Le tout est entouré d’fiun
mur délimitant l’enceinte sacrée.

9. La littérature spécialisée citée par les Parties, en particufilier les
ouvrages et études publiés par l’Ecole française d’Extrêfime-Orient à
l’époque où l’arrêt du 15 juin 1962 a été rendu, n’utilise guère le terme
«environs» pour désigner les édifices et constructions se trouvant à fil’inté -
rieur de l’enceinte sacrée. Parmi les auteurs mentionnés lors dfie la procé -

dure orale en 1962 (op. cit. supra, p. 468 et suiv.), on peut citer Georges
Groslier (Promenades artistiques et archéologiques au Cambodge), Lunet
de Lajonquière (Inventaire descriptif des monuments du Cambodge),
George Cœdès, directeur de l’EFEO, dans ses Inscriptions du Cambodge.
Parmi les travaux contemporains des plaidoiries, on citera Philippe Stern

en 1952 (Diversité et rythmes des fondations royales khmères) ou Mau -
rice Glaize, ancien conservateur et collaborateur de George Cœdès, dont
le guide Les monuments du groupe d’Angkor, publié à Saigon en 1944, est
toujours réédité. Ces ouvrages n’utilisent pas les termes «fi environs du
temple» pour qualifier les constructions se trouvant à l’intérieurfi de l’en -

ceinte sacrée des temples khmers.
10. Reste à préciser les contours des « environs» au sens de l’arrêt du
15 juin 1962. Les plaidoiries écrites et orales offrent quelques élémentfis.
Elles portent principalement sur l’identification de la ligne de partfiage des
eaux. Les Parties ne s’aventurent pas au-delà du promontoire sur lequel

est situé le temple.
11. Les motifs de l’arrêt de 1962 en précisent la portée géogfiraphique.
On relèvera la description par la Cour de la carte de l’annexe I, « carte
portant le tracé d’une frontière … qui situait tout l’éperon de Préah Vihéar,
zone du temple comprise, en territoire cambodgien » ou, dans le texte

anglais faisant foi, « showing the whole Preah Vihear promontory, with

74

8 Ord 1050.indb 144 25/06/14 13:11 request for interprefitation (decl. cot) 351

counsel called “the critical, or crucial, area, the area from the botfitom of
the northern staircase eastward to point F” (I.C.J. Pleadings, Temple of

Preah Vihear, p. 465). For his part, Cambodia’s Roger Pinto noted :
“We must indeed never lose sight of the fact that the frontier passes some
500 metres to the north of the Temple.” (Ibid., p. 189.)

7. Nonetheless, Thailand’s claim appears to me to be excessively

restrictive. Thailand contends that the Temple itself is limited to the fimain
sanctuary, and that the other elements of the Temple form its “vicinifity”,
enclosed by the precinct wall (CR 2013/4, pp. 29-42, paras. 13-41).

8. It is not reasonable to limit the “vicinity” of the Temple to the pre -
cinct in which it is located, as Thailand has argued. That, it appears tfio

me, is to misunderstand the nature of Khmer temples. Khmer temples are
not confined to the main temple, but consist of a set of buildings and
structures, including entrance gates, “libraries”, staircases, etc. The Tem -
ple of Preah Vihear is a Khmer temple of the classic “temple-mountain”
kind of the ninth century. It consists of a monumental staircase, four sfiuc -

cessive gopuras and a relatively small central sanctuary. The whole com -
plex is surrounded by a wall enclosing the sacred area.

9. The specialist literature cited by the Parties, in particular the books fi
and studies published by the Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO) at

the time of the delivery of the Judgment of 15 June 1962, hardly ever uses
the term “vicinity” to refer to the buildings and structures locatfied within
the sacred area. Among the authors cited at the 1962 hearings (op. cit.,
supra, Vol. II, pp. 468 et seq.) are Georges Groslier (Promenades artis ‑
tiques et archéologiques du Cambodge), Lunet de Lajonquière (Inventaire
descriptif des monuments du Cambodge) and George Cœdès, Director of

the EFEO (Inscriptions du Cambodge). Works contemporaneous with the
hearings include those by Philippe Stern in 1952 (Diversité et rythmes des
fondations royales khmères) and Maurice Glaize, a former curator and a
collaborator of George Cœdès, whose guidebook, Les monuments du
groupe d’Angkor, published in Saigon in 1944, is still in print today. None

of these works uses the term “vicinity of the temple” to describe fithe struc -
tures located within the sacred area of Khmer temples.

10. The precise extent of the vicinity within the meaning of the Judg -
ment of 15 June 1962 still needs to be established. The written and oral

pleadings provide some indications. They relate mainly to the identificafi -
tion of the watershed line. The Parties do not venture beyond the prom -
ontory on which the Temple is situated.
11. The reasoning of the 1962 Judgment defines its geographical scope.
It includes the Court’s description of the Annex I map as one “on [which]
was traced a frontier line . . . showing the whole Preah Vihear promon -

tory, with the Temple area, as being on the Cambodian side”
(I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 21). The form of words used by the Court seems

74

8 Ord 1050.indb 145 25/06/14 13:11 352 demande en interprétafition (décl. cot)

the Temple area, as being on the Cambodian side » (C.I.J. Recueil 1962,

p. 21). La formulation de la Cour semble impliquer que la « zone du
temple», ou le « Temple area», serait comprise dans le périmètre de l’épe -
ron ou du promontoire de Préah Vihéar et ne s’étendrait pas au-delà.
12. Notant la description géographique du site faite en 1962 et la qua -
lification d’«éperon» pour désigner le promontoire sur lequel se trouve le

temple, la Cour considère que le sens naturel du terme « environs» corres -
pondait audit éperon. Le terme «éperon» décrit la caractéristique géogra-
phique du promontoire de Préah Vihéar, nettement séparé de la colline de
Phnom Trap par un petit col. Je souscris à cette conclusion.

13. La Cour refuse de tracer une ligne précise. C’eût été s’fiengager dans
une opération de délimitation, allant ainsi au-delà de la fonction d’inter -
prétation qui est la sienne dans cette affaire. Elle se limite à infidiquer le
périmètre pertinent, qui concerne tout l’éperon ainsi que lefi col qui sépare
l’éperon de Préah Vihéar de la colline de Phnom Trap. Elle précise que le

replat du col doit être compris dans les « environs» en question, afin d’as -
surer l’accès au temple à partir de la plaine cambodgienne. Ellfie ajoute
logiquement qu’elle n’a pas à se prononcer sur la souverainetéfi sur la col -
line de Phnom Trap.
14. Il appartient aux Parties d’exécuter l’arrêt du 15 juin 1962 de bonne

foi, et en particulier de matérialiser la limite des « environs» se trouvant
sous souveraineté du Cambodge.
15. J’observe que la solution décidée par la Cour correspond à pfieu de
chose près à l’une des options proposées au conseil des minifistres thaï -
landais le 10 juillet 1962. Il s’agissait donc d’une interprétation possible

de l’arrêt de 1962 selon les vues de l’administration thaïlafindaise de
l’époque. C’est celle que la Cour consacre aujourd’hui.

(Signé) Jean-Pierre Cot.

75

8 Ord 1050.indb 146 25/06/14 13:11 request for interprefitation (decl. cot) 352

to imply that the “Temple area” is contained within the perimeter fiof the

promontory of Preah Vihear and does not extend beyond.

12. Noting the geographical description of the site given in 1962 and
the use of the term “promontory” to refer to the feature on which fithe

Temple is located, the Court finds that a natural understanding of the
concept of the “vicinity” would correspond to the said promontory.fi The
word “promontory” is a geographical description of the Preah Viheafir
site, which is clearly separated from the hill of Phnom Trap by a small fi
valley. I concur with that conclusion.

13. The Court has declined to draw a precise line. That would have
involved carrying out a delimitation operation, and thus going beyond
the Court’s interpretative function in this case. It has confined itsfielf to
indicating the relevant perimeter, which concerns the entire promontory fi
and also the valley separating the promontory of Preah Vihear from the

hill of Phnom Trap. The Court makes it clear that the floor of the valley
must be included in the “vicinity” in question, so as to allow accfiess from
the Cambodian plain. It adds, logically, that it is not required to rulefi on
sovereignty over the hill of Phnom Trap.
14. It is for the Parties to implement the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in

good faith and, in particular, to determine the physical boundary of thefi
“vicinity” under Cambodian sovereignty.
15. I note that the solution adopted by the Court corresponds closely
to one of the options put to the Thai Council of Ministers on 10July 1962.
It was thus a possible interpretation of the 1962 Judgment according to

the views of the Thai administration at the time. And that is the interpfire -
tation given by the Court today.

(Signed) Jean-Pierre Cot.

75

8 Ord 1050.indb 147 25/06/14 13:11

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge ad hoc Cot

Links