Separate opinion of Judge ad hoc Franck

Document Number
102-20011023-JUD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
102-20011023-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE FRANCK

Intervention under Article 62 of'the Stututr of the Inferriutionul Court of Jus-
tice - Interest of'u legul nuturr ~t,hirlzmuy bc [iffected bj the decision in the
case - Scope of Court's role in determining tlie "legul nature" of flic interest
adi~ancedby the Applicunt - Whether Philippine claint of historic title oiler
North Borneo aniount.s to a "legul" interest - In7puc.tof'.reif-determinufion q/

the people of'North Borneo on Izistoric title.

1. 1wholly support the Judgment of the Court and entirely agree with
its disposition of the legal issues considered by it.
2. At the same time, 1 wish to explicate a legal basis for the Court's

decision which, while consistent with it, has not been advanced by the
Court, perhaps because it was insufficiently advanced by the Parties,
although discussed in passing by Malaysia (CR200112, p. 56, para. 10
(Lauterpacht)) and the Philippines (CR200113, p. 23, para. 14 (Maga-

Ilona)). 1shall endeavour to demonstrate why that legal basis is of some
importance and why the Court need not have been deterred from making
this clear. The point of law is quite simple, but ultimately basic to the
international rule of law. It is this: historic title, no matter how persua-

sively claimed on the basis of old legal instruments and exercises of
authority, cannot - except in the most extraordinary circumstances -
prevail in law over the rights of non-self-governing people to claim inde-
pendence and establish their sovereignty through the exercise of bona fide
self-determination.

3. In the present case, the Application for permission to intervene
admits to having no interest in the precise subject-matter of the case
(CR 2001/1, p. 17, para. 2 (Reisman); p. 27, para. 28 (Reisman); see also
Diplomatic Note from the Government of the Philippines to the Govern-

ment of Malaysia dated 5 April2001, Written Observationsof Indonesia,
para. 13), which comes before this Court as a territorial dispute over
two islands, the ownership of which is contested by Indonesia and
Malaysia (Special Agreement jointly notified to the Court by lndonesia
and Malaysia on 2 November 1998).The basis of the Philippine interven-

tion, in sharp contrast, is its claim to historic sovereignty over much of
North Borneo. The Philippines has sometimes characterized this as a ter-ritorial claim (CR200113, pp. 23-24, para. 14 (Magallona)) but, in
fact, throughout the pleadings it is clear that what the Philippines
seeks to protect by intervention is its claim that the sovereign title of the
Sultan of Sulu has become the sovereign title of the Philippines (see, for

example. CR 200111,p. 37, para. 15 (Magallona); CR 200113,pp. 25-26,
paras. 17-20 (Magallona)). What the Philippines seeks to preserve is not
simply its rights in a territorial dispute with Malaysia about a mutual
boundary, but its sovereign title to most of what is now a federated
Malaysian state. The Philippines states in its Application for permission
to intervene that

"[tlhe interest of the Republic of the Philippines is solely and exclu-

sively addressed to the treaties, agreements and other evidence fur-
nished by Parties and appreciated by the Court which have a direct
or indirect bearing on the matter of flic legcrlstcitus qf' North Bor-
nco" (para. 4 (u) ; emphasis added).

The object of the requested intervention is said to be

"to preserve and safeguard the historical and legal rights of the Gov-
ernment of the Republic of the Philippines arising from its claim to
dominion and sovereignty over the territory of North Borneo" (ibid.,
para. 5 (a)).

4. In essence, the Philippine claim is to North Borneo (CR2001/1,
pp. 33-35, paras. 5-9 (Magallona); see also Philippine Cluinz to North
Bornm, Vol. 1, 1963, Preface by Emmanuel Pelaez, Vice-President and
concurrently Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and pp. 5-38 by President

Diosdado Macapagel) and not to bits of it. This is not a boundary dis-
pute to which evidence of historic title and evidence of texts and efficacies
might well be relevant. This is, in effect, a claim by the Philippines to
one of the federated states of Malaysia. Itis in essence a claim to a terri-
tory that had been administered as a British dependency, an interest in
reversing that territory's decolonization almost 40 years ago.

5. The role of the Court is therefore to determine whether the Philip-
pines claim of title to territories in North Borneo amounts, under inter-
national law, to a "legal interest" which justifies its intervention in the
main action.
6. What interest does the Philippines advance? It wishes to ensure that
this Court is aware of, and duly respects, its interest in sovereignty overmost of North Borneo. In exercising its discretion, the Court must con-
sider, and has considered, whether that interest is sufficient and has been

demonstrated. But the Court may also consider whether the interest is
one which, even if it had been found both weighty and amply demon-
strated, is also an interest that is barred by international law.

7. In making that determination, the Court is not confined to the

Parties' submissions. Under Article 62, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court, it is for the Court itself to decide whether the applicant-intervener
possesses a "legal interest" in the main action to be decided by the Court
(Continentul Shelf ( TunisiulLibjun Artrh Jrlmuhiriyu), Application for
Permission to Interilene, Ju~/gmcnt, 1.C.J. Reporfs 1981, p. 12,para. 17).

That the applicant-intervener has the right and obligation to demonstrate
such legal interest does not end the matter. It remains for the Court to
satisfy itself that international law does not bar the very interest that the
Philippines seeks to have protected.
8. In this regard, it does not matter whether the Parties themselves

have fully argued the legality of the interest the Applicant seeks to pro-
tect. It is important to draw a distinction between (i) cases in which the
Court proceeds to decide issues not raised in the parties' submissions
(which would likely be precluded by the non zrltru petitu rule), and
(ii) those cases in which, precisely in order to deal correctly with an issue

which has been referred to it, the Court must take into account consid-
erationsof fact or of law other than those relied upon by the parties (Fitz-
maurice, The Lu~ixund Procedure of the lntrrn~~tionulCourt of Justice,
1986, p. 531). The present case falls into category (ii). It is essential - in

determining whether the Philippines has a legal interest in protecting its
claim of historic sovereignty over most of North Borneo - that the
Court take into account al1the relevant international law, including the
modern law of decolonization and self-determination. The mere fact that
this law was but passingly raised by the Parties does not preclude Mem-

bers of the Court taking judicial notice of the impact of so vital a legal
principle, one that profoundly bears on the Applicant's claim to possess
a "legal interest". As was stated by the Court in the Fisheries Jurisdiction
case:

"The Court . . . as an international judicial organ, is deemed to
take judicial notice of international law, and is therefore required in
a case falling under Article 53 of the Statute, as in any other case, to

consider on its own initiative al1 rules of international law which
may be relevant to the settlement of the dispute. It being the duty of
the Court itself to ascertain and apply the relevant Iaw in the given
circumstances of the case, the burden of establishing or proving rules
of international law cannot be imposed upon any of the parties, for the law lies within the judicial knowledge of the Court." (I.C.J.
Reports 1974, p. 9, para. 17.)

While this statement was made in the context of applying Article 53, the
principle is equally applicable when giving effect to Article 62.

9. Under traditional international law, the right to territory was vested
exclusivelyin rulers of States. Lands were the property of a sovereign to be
defended or conveyed in accordance with the laws relevant to the recog-
nition, exercise and transfer of sovereign domain. In order to judicially
determine a claim to territorial title ergu onmes, it was necessary to

engage with the formsof international conveyancing,tracing historic title
through to a critical date or dates to determine which State exercised ter-
ritorial sovereignty at that point in time. Under modern international
law, however, the enquiry must necessarily be broader, particularly in the
context of decolonization. In particular, the infusion of the concept of the
rights of a "people" into this traditional legal scheme, notably the right of
peoples to self-determination, fundamentally alters the significance of

historic title to the determination of sovereign title.

10. Previousjudgments of this Court (in particular, its Advisory Opin-
ion of 26 January 1971on the Legal Conseyuenccs,for Stutes of'the Con-
tinlrrd Presence of South Africaain Namihiu (South West Afjicu) not-
ivithstariding Srcuritj? Council Resnlution 276 (1970), I.C.J. Reports
1971, pp. 31-32, paras. 52-53, and its Advisory Opinion of 16 Octo-

ber 1975in WesternSahara, 1.C.J. Reports 1975, pp. 31-33,paras. 54-59)
contribute to and recognize the development of the right of non-self-gov-
erning peoples to self-determination which "requires a free and genuine
expression of the will of the peoples concerned" (Westc~rnSuhara, ibid,
p. 32, para. 55). TheCourt recognized in the Nurnibiu case that, "the sub-
sequent development of international law in regard to non-self-governing
territories, as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, made the

principle of self-determination applicable to al1of them" (I. C.J. Reports
1971, p. 31, para. 52). In the case concerning East Tiinor (Portugul v.
Australiu), the Court recognized the principle of self-determination to be
"one of the essential principles ofcontemporary international law" (1. C.J.
report.^1995, p. 102, para. 29).
11. The decisions of this Court confirm the prime importance of this
principle of self-determination of peoples. The firm basis for the principle
is also anchored in universal treaty law, State practice and opiniojuris.

Article 1, paragraph 2, of the United Nations Charter indicates that one
of the purposes of the United Nations is "[tlo develop friendly relations
among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-
determination of peoples". The principle also finds express and impliedreflection in other provisions of the Charter, namely Article 55, Article 73
and Article 76 (b). Common Article 1of the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic
Social and Cultural Rights provides that "[alIl peoples have the right of
self-determination", and emphasizes in Article 1 (3) that "States Parties

to the present Covenant . . . shall respect [the] right [of self-
determination], in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the
United Nations".
12. This treaty law has been affirmed, developed and given more
tangible form by numerous resolutions of the General Assembly, which
have consistently received broad support. General Assembly resolu-

tion 637 (VII), adopted on 16 December 1952, was an early recognition
that "every Member of the United Nations, in conformity with the Char-
ter, should respect the maintenance of the right of self-determination", a
right which was stated to be a "prerequisite to the full enjoyment of al1
fundamental human rights". The "Declaration on the Granting of Inde-
pendence to Colonial Countries and Peoples", General Assembly resolu-

tion 1514(XV), adopted without dissent on 14December 1960,is regarded
as fundamental to the process of decolonization. It is applicable to al1
"territories which have not yet attained independence" and establishes
that "[al11peoples have the right to self-determination" while insisting
that "[alny attempt aimed at the partial or total disruption of the national
unity and the territorial integrity of a country is incompatible with the

purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations". In Gen-
eral Assembly resolution 1541 (XV), adopted with only two dissents on
15 December 1960, the General Assembly contemplated more than one
method of self-determination for non-self-governing territories, including
"[ilntegration with an independent State". General Assembly resolu-

tion 2131 (XX), "Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention in
the Domestic Affairs of States and the Protection of Their Independence
and Sovereignty", adopted by 109countrieswithout dissent on 21 Decem-
ber 1965, declared that, "[alIl States shall respect the right of self-deter-
mination and independence of peoples and nations, to be freely exercised
without any foreign pressure, and with absolute respect for human rights

and fundamental freedoms". The principle of self-determination was
further included among the "basic principles of international law" set out
in the "Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning
Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with
the Charter of the United Nations", adopted by consensus as the Annex
to resolution 2625 (XXV) on 24 October 1970. According to this docu-
ment, "al1 peoples have the right freely to determine, without external

interference, their political status and topursue their economic, social
and cultural development, and every Stute hus the duty to respect this
right in accordunce ivitltlirprovisions of the Charter" (emphasis added).

13. The independence of North Borneo was brought about as the657 PULAU LIGITAN AND PULAU SIPADAN (SEP.OP. FRANCK)

result of the expressed wish of the majority of the people of the territory
in a 1963 election. The Secretary-General of the United Nations was

entrusted under the Manila Accord of 31July 1963with the task of ascer-
taining the wishes of the people of North Borneo, and reported that the
majority of the peoples of North Borneo had given serious and thought-
ful consideration to their future and:

"[had] concluded that they wish to bring their dependent status to an
end and to realize their independence through freely chosen associa-
tion with other peoples in their region with whom they feel ties of
ethnic association, heritage, language, religion, culture, economic

relationship, and ideals and objectives" (quoted by the Representa-
tive of Malaysia to the General Assembly, 1219th meeting, 27 Sep-
tember 1963, Ofjciul Records of the Gener~ilAssembly, Eigl~teenth
Session, UN doc. No. AIPV.1219).

14. In 1963,Britain filed its last report to the United Nations on North
Borneo as an Article 73 je) Non-Self-Governing Territory (Note by the

Secretary-General, Political ancl Con.sfitutionu1 Informution on Asiun
Territories utîder.United Kingdom Administration, UN doc. NO. Al54021
Add.4 (4 April 1963)). Thereafter, the United Nations removed North
Borneo from the list of colonial territories under its decolonization juris-
diction (see Yeurhook of tlze United N~ition.~,1964, pp. 411-435, which

omits North Borneo from the Cornmittee's list of territories), thereby
accepting that the process of decolonization had been completed by a
valid exercise of self-determination.

15. Accordingly, in light of the clear exercise by the people of North

Borneo of their right to self-determination, it cannot matter whether this
Court, in any interpretation it might give to any historic instrument or
efficacy, sustains or not the Philippines claim to historic title. Modern
international law does not recognize the survival of a right of sovereignty
based solely on historic title; not, in any event, after an exercise of self-
determination conducted in accordance with the requisites of interna-

tional law, the bona fides of which has received international recognition
by the political organs of the United Nations. Against this, historic
claims and feudal pre-colonial titles are mere relics of another interna-
tional legal era, one that ended with the setting of the sun on the age of
colonial imperium.

16. The lands and people claimed by the Philippines formerly consti-
tuted most of an integral British dependency. In accordance with the law
pertaining to decolonization, its population exercised their right of self-

determination. What remains is no mere boundary dispute. It is an
attempt to keep alive a right to reverse the free and fair decision taken
almost 40 years ago by the people of North Borneo in the exercise of658 PULAU LlGlTAN AND PLILAU SIPADAN (SEP. OP. FRANCK)

their legal right to self-determination. The Court cannot be a witting
party to that.

17. In so far as the Philippines has claimed a legal interest in protect-
ing its claim to sovereign title on the basis of the historic rights of the
Sultan of Sulu, that legal interest, however fascinating historically, has no
modern purchase. It is, beyond reasonable disputation, barred by a legal
principle firmly established in modern texts. judicial decisions and State

practice. There is no point, therefore, in encouraging its further ventila-
tion. As the Court said in the case concerning the Northcrn Cur?leroons:

"The Court must discharge the duty to . .. safeguard the judicial
function . . .[Where] adjudication [is]. . . devoid of purpose, .. .for
the Court to proceed further in the case would not . . . be a proper
discharge of its duties.
The answer to the question whether thejudicial function is engaged
may, in certain cases where the issue is raised, need to wait upon an

examination of the merits. In the present case, however, it is already
evident that it cannot be engaged." (Preli~ninury Objections, Judg-
ment, I.C. J. Reports 1963, p. 38.)

18. To allow the Philippines to proceed to intervene in the merits
phase of this case, when the legal interest it claims would have no chance
of succeeding by operation of law, cannot discharge the Court's duties.
Even if the probity of al1the Applicant's evidence were to be wholly con-
firmed, its interest would still be solely political: perhaps susceptible of
historic, perhaps of political, but in any event not ofjudicial, vindication.

19. For this and for al1 the other reasons stated in the Court's Judg-
ment, 1concur in the decision of the Court.

(Signrd) Thomas FRANCK.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE FRANCK

Intervention under Article 62 of'the Stututr of the Inferriutionul Court of Jus-
tice - Interest of'u legul nuturr ~t,hirlzmuy bc [iffected bj the decision in the
case - Scope of Court's role in determining tlie "legul nature" of flic interest
adi~ancedby the Applicunt - Whether Philippine claint of historic title oiler
North Borneo aniount.s to a "legul" interest - In7puc.tof'.reif-determinufion q/

the people of'North Borneo on Izistoric title.

1. 1wholly support the Judgment of the Court and entirely agree with
its disposition of the legal issues considered by it.
2. At the same time, 1 wish to explicate a legal basis for the Court's

decision which, while consistent with it, has not been advanced by the
Court, perhaps because it was insufficiently advanced by the Parties,
although discussed in passing by Malaysia (CR200112, p. 56, para. 10
(Lauterpacht)) and the Philippines (CR200113, p. 23, para. 14 (Maga-

Ilona)). 1shall endeavour to demonstrate why that legal basis is of some
importance and why the Court need not have been deterred from making
this clear. The point of law is quite simple, but ultimately basic to the
international rule of law. It is this: historic title, no matter how persua-

sively claimed on the basis of old legal instruments and exercises of
authority, cannot - except in the most extraordinary circumstances -
prevail in law over the rights of non-self-governing people to claim inde-
pendence and establish their sovereignty through the exercise of bona fide
self-determination.

3. In the present case, the Application for permission to intervene
admits to having no interest in the precise subject-matter of the case
(CR 2001/1, p. 17, para. 2 (Reisman); p. 27, para. 28 (Reisman); see also
Diplomatic Note from the Government of the Philippines to the Govern-

ment of Malaysia dated 5 April2001, Written Observationsof Indonesia,
para. 13), which comes before this Court as a territorial dispute over
two islands, the ownership of which is contested by Indonesia and
Malaysia (Special Agreement jointly notified to the Court by lndonesia
and Malaysia on 2 November 1998).The basis of the Philippine interven-

tion, in sharp contrast, is its claim to historic sovereignty over much of
North Borneo. The Philippines has sometimes characterized this as a ter- OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. FRANCK

Intervention en vertu de 1'urtic.lr62 dzrStutut de lu Cour inter17ationulcde
Justice - Intkrêrd'ordre juritliclur en cuuse- Etendue du rôle de lu Cour
lorsc/~i'l'cigitd'upprtc.ic~rsi I'intc;r<;irni1kcrrI'Erat cherciluntà it~tervenir
est «rl'ordrejuridiquc.)- Que.vtiontle savoir si la rei~endicutipar les Philip-
pines d'un titre historique .surle Nortl-Bornko équivuutÙ un intérê(t(juridiquru

- Incid6,nc.csur le titre liistorique de 1'e.uercicede leur àl1'autotl;tcrmina-
rion pur les populations du Nord-Bornko.

1. J'approuve sans réservele présent arrêtet souscris pleinement aux
conclusions de la Cour sur les questions juridiques qu'elle a examinées.

2. J'aimerais cependant expliciter une base juridique qui s'inscrirait
dans le droit filde la décisionde la Cour mais que celle-ci n'a pourtant
pas invoquée, peut-être parceque les Parties elles-mêmesne l'avaient pas
suffisamment fait, bien que la Malaisie et les Philippines y aient briève-
ment fait allusion (voir, respectivement, CR 200112,p. 56, par. 10 (Lau-

terpacht) et CR 200113, p. 23, par. 14 (Magallona)). Je m'efforcerai de
démontrer pourquoi cette base juridique a son importance, et pourquoi
la Cour n'aurait pas dû hésiterà le souligner. II s'agit d'un point de droit
relativement simple, mais en dernière analyse fondamental pour la pri-

mauté du droit à l'échelleinternationale: un titre historique, quelque
convaincants que soient les instruments juridiques anciens et les manifes-
tations d'autorité invoqués à son appui, ne saurait, d'un point de vue
juridique - hormis dans des circonstances exceptionnelles -, l'emporter

sur le droit d'un peuple non autonome à revendiquer son indépendance et
à asseoir sa souvei-ainetépar une autodétermination de bonne foi.

1. LA NATURI DE ((L'INTÉRET D'ORDRE JURIDIQUE)) INVOQIJE PAR
LES PHILIPPINES

3. En l'espèce,1'Etatcherchant à intervenir a reconnu, dans sa requête,
n'avoir aucun intkrêtdans l'objet précisde l'affaire soumise à la Cour
(voir CR 200111,p. 17, par. 2,et p. 27, par. 28 (Reisman); voir également

la note diplomatique adressée le 5 avril 2001 au Gouvernement de la
Malaisie par soli homologue philippin, Observations de la république
d'Indonésie, par. 13),qui concerne un différendterritorial sur deux îles à
la possession desquelles prétendent l'Indonésieet la Malaisie (voir le com-
promis notifiécon.jointement par ces deux Etats a la Cour, le 2 novembre

1998). L'intervention souhaitée par les Philippines procède d'un tout
autre motif, à savoir la revendication. par ces dernières, d'une souverai-
neté historique sur une vaste portion du Nord-Bornéo. Les Philippinesritorial claim (CR200113, pp. 23-24, para. 14 (Magallona)) but, in
fact, throughout the pleadings it is clear that what the Philippines
seeks to protect by intervention is its claim that the sovereign title of the
Sultan of Sulu has become the sovereign title of the Philippines (see, for

example. CR 200111,p. 37, para. 15 (Magallona); CR 200113,pp. 25-26,
paras. 17-20 (Magallona)). What the Philippines seeks to preserve is not
simply its rights in a territorial dispute with Malaysia about a mutual
boundary, but its sovereign title to most of what is now a federated
Malaysian state. The Philippines states in its Application for permission
to intervene that

"[tlhe interest of the Republic of the Philippines is solely and exclu-

sively addressed to the treaties, agreements and other evidence fur-
nished by Parties and appreciated by the Court which have a direct
or indirect bearing on the matter of flic legcrlstcitus qf' North Bor-
nco" (para. 4 (u) ; emphasis added).

The object of the requested intervention is said to be

"to preserve and safeguard the historical and legal rights of the Gov-
ernment of the Republic of the Philippines arising from its claim to
dominion and sovereignty over the territory of North Borneo" (ibid.,
para. 5 (a)).

4. In essence, the Philippine claim is to North Borneo (CR2001/1,
pp. 33-35, paras. 5-9 (Magallona); see also Philippine Cluinz to North
Bornm, Vol. 1, 1963, Preface by Emmanuel Pelaez, Vice-President and
concurrently Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and pp. 5-38 by President

Diosdado Macapagel) and not to bits of it. This is not a boundary dis-
pute to which evidence of historic title and evidence of texts and efficacies
might well be relevant. This is, in effect, a claim by the Philippines to
one of the federated states of Malaysia. Itis in essence a claim to a terri-
tory that had been administered as a British dependency, an interest in
reversing that territory's decolonization almost 40 years ago.

5. The role of the Court is therefore to determine whether the Philip-
pines claim of title to territories in North Borneo amounts, under inter-
national law, to a "legal interest" which justifies its intervention in the
main action.
6. What interest does the Philippines advance? It wishes to ensure that
this Court is aware of, and duly respects, its interest in sovereignty over PlJLAU LIGITAN ET PULAU SIPADAN (OP. IND. FRANCK) 653

ont parfois indiqué que cette revendication était d'ordre territorial
(CR 200113,p. 23-24, par. 14 (Magallona)), mais, en réalité,il est claire-
ment apparu, tout au long de leur argumentation. que ce qu'elles enten-
daient défendre en intervenant dans la présente procédure,c'étaitla thèse

selon laquelle le titre souverain du sultan de Sulu serait devenu le titre
souverain des Philippines (voir par exemple CR200111, p. 37, par. 15
(Magallona); CR :?001/3, p. 25-26, par. 17-20 (Magallona)). Les Philip-
pines cherchent à préserver non seulement leurs droits dans le différend
frontalier qui les oppose à la Malaisie, mais également leur titre souve-
rain sur la majeure partie de ce qui est aujourd'hui un Etat fédéré de la

Malaisie. Dans leur requêteà fin d'intervention, les Philippines indiquent
que

«[l]'intérêtde la République des Philippines porte uniquement et
exclusivement sur les traités,les accords et autres élémentsde preuve
fournis par les Parties et pren compte par la Cour qui ont une inci-
dence directe ou indirecte sur la question du statut juridique(lu Bor-
nc;osc~prrntrionul))(par. 4, al. a); les italiques sont de moi).

Les Philippines y précisentqu'elles cherchent par cette intervention à

((préserveret sauvegarder les droitsd'ordre historique et juridique du
Gouvernement de la République des Philippines qui découlent de la
revendication de possession et de souveraineté que ce gouvernement
forme sur le tt:rritoire du Bornéo septentrional)) (ibid., par. 5, al. rr)).

4. La revendication des Philippines porte en fait sur tout le Nord-
Bornéo,et non pas seulement sur des parties de cette région(voirCR 200111,
p. 33-35, par. 5-9(Magallona); voir également,dans La reivndicution des

Philippines c,onccrnunt It.Nord-BornPo, vol. 1, 1963, la préfaced'Emma-
nuel Pelaez. vice-présidentet secrétaired'Etat aux affaires étrangères,et les
pages 5-38, par le présidentDiosdado Macapagel). IIne s'agit pas d'un dif-
férendfrontalier dans lequel pourraient intervenir la preuve de l'existence
d'un titre historique, des textes ou des effectivitIIs'agit en réalitéd'une
revendication des Philippines sur l'un des Etats fédérés de la Malaisie.

Cette revendication vise en substance un territoire qui fut administré
comme une colonie britannique; elle traduit un intérêtq , ui est de revenir
sur la décolonisationde ce territoire, intervenue ila prèsdequarante ans.

5. Le rôle de la Cour est donc de déterminer si la revendication. par les
Philippines, d'un titre sur des territoires au Nord-Bornéo équivaut, en
droit international, à un «intérêt d'ordrejuridique)) justifiant l'interven-
tion de cet Etat dans l'instance principale.

6. Quel est donc l'intérêtinvoqué par les Philippines? Cet Etat sou-
haite rappeler à i;riCour qu'il a un intérêtdans la souveraineté sur lamost of North Borneo. In exercising its discretion, the Court must con-
sider, and has considered, whether that interest is sufficient and has been

demonstrated. But the Court may also consider whether the interest is
one which, even if it had been found both weighty and amply demon-
strated, is also an interest that is barred by international law.

7. In making that determination, the Court is not confined to the

Parties' submissions. Under Article 62, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the
Court, it is for the Court itself to decide whether the applicant-intervener
possesses a "legal interest" in the main action to be decided by the Court
(Continentul Shelf ( TunisiulLibjun Artrh Jrlmuhiriyu), Application for
Permission to Interilene, Ju~/gmcnt, 1.C.J. Reporfs 1981, p. 12,para. 17).

That the applicant-intervener has the right and obligation to demonstrate
such legal interest does not end the matter. It remains for the Court to
satisfy itself that international law does not bar the very interest that the
Philippines seeks to have protected.
8. In this regard, it does not matter whether the Parties themselves

have fully argued the legality of the interest the Applicant seeks to pro-
tect. It is important to draw a distinction between (i) cases in which the
Court proceeds to decide issues not raised in the parties' submissions
(which would likely be precluded by the non zrltru petitu rule), and
(ii) those cases in which, precisely in order to deal correctly with an issue

which has been referred to it, the Court must take into account consid-
erationsof fact or of law other than those relied upon by the parties (Fitz-
maurice, The Lu~ixund Procedure of the lntrrn~~tionulCourt of Justice,
1986, p. 531). The present case falls into category (ii). It is essential - in

determining whether the Philippines has a legal interest in protecting its
claim of historic sovereignty over most of North Borneo - that the
Court take into account al1the relevant international law, including the
modern law of decolonization and self-determination. The mere fact that
this law was but passingly raised by the Parties does not preclude Mem-

bers of the Court taking judicial notice of the impact of so vital a legal
principle, one that profoundly bears on the Applicant's claim to possess
a "legal interest". As was stated by the Court in the Fisheries Jurisdiction
case:

"The Court . . . as an international judicial organ, is deemed to
take judicial notice of international law, and is therefore required in
a case falling under Article 53 of the Statute, as in any other case, to

consider on its own initiative al1 rules of international law which
may be relevant to the settlement of the dispute. It being the duty of
the Court itself to ascertain and apply the relevant Iaw in the given
circumstances of the case, the burden of establishing or proving rules
of international law cannot be imposed upon any of the parties, formajeure partie du Nord-Bornéo, afin que la Cour tienne dûment compte
de cet intérêt. LaCour doit user de son discernement pour apprécier si
cet intérêtest suffisant et s'il a été démontré - et c'est ce qu'elle a fait.

Mais la Cour peut également examiner si cet intérêt,quand bien même
elle lejugerait puissamment et amplement démontré,n'est pas simultané-
ment en contradiction avec le droit international.
7. Pour ce faire, la Cour n'a pas à s'en tenir aux conclusions des
Parties. Aux termes du paragraphe 2 de l'article 62 de son Statut, c'est à
la Cour qu'il appartient de décider si I'Etat cherchant à intervenir a un

((intérêtd'ordre juridique)) dans l'instance principale qui lui est soumise
(Pluteau c-ontinentul ( TunisielJumahiriyu uruhe lihj'enne), requêteùJin
d'interijention. arrgt, C.I.J. Recueil 1981, p. 12, par. 17). Que 1'Etat
demandant à intervenir ait le droit et l'obligation de démontrer I'exis-
tence de son intérêt juridiquene constitue pas un terminus ad quein; la
Cour doit encore s',assurerque l'intérêp trécisque les Philippines cherchent

à voir protégé neva pas l'encontre du droit international.
8. A cet égard, ilimporte peu que les Parties elles-mêmesaient ou non
épuisél'argument relatif au caractère juridique de l'intérêq t ue le requé-
rant cherche à préserver. Ce qui compte, c'est de distinguer les affaires
dans lesquelles la Cour entreprend de trancher des questions non soule-
véesdans les conclusions des Parties (ce que la règle non ultra petita

l'empêcheraprobablement de faire) de celles dans lesquelles elledoit, pré-
cisémentpour traiter au mieux une question qui lui est soumise, prendre
en considération des élémentsde fait ou de droit autres que ceux
invoqués par les Parties (Fitzniaurice, The Laiv and Procedure of the
Internationul Court of Justice, 1986,p. 531). La présente affaire relèvede
la seconde catégorie. Il est essentiel que la Cour, pour déterminer si la
protection de leur revendication de souveraineté sur la majeure partie du

Nord-Bornéo revêtpour les Philippines un intérêtd'ordre juridique,
tienne compte de toutes les dispositions pertinentes du droit internatio-
nal, notamment des normes contemporaines relatives à la décolonisation
et à l'autodétermination. Ou. les Parties elles-mêmesn'aient aue briève-
ment évoquéces normes ne doit pas empêcher les membres de la Cour
de tenir compte d'un principe juridique aussi essentiel, qui est en outre

si étroitement lié a ((l'intérêtd'ordre juridique)) que les Philippines
affirment avoir dans l'affaire. Ainsi aue la Cour l'a déclarédans l'affaire
relative à la Cor?lp&trnc.een mtrti6re de pCcheries (Ropuun?e-Uni c.
Isluncie):

<<LaCour, en tant qu'organe judiciaire international, n'en estpas

moins censéeconstater le droit international et, dans une affaire rele-
vant de l'article53 du Statut comme dans toute autre. est donc tenue
de prendre en considération de sa propre initiative toutes les règles
de droit interilational qui seraient pertinentes pour le règlement du
différend. La Cour ayant pour fonction de déterminer et d'appliquer
le droit dans les circonstances de chaque espèce, la charge d'établir

ou de prouver les règlesde droit international ne saurait être impo- the law lies within the judicial knowledge of the Court." (I.C.J.
Reports 1974, p. 9, para. 17.)

While this statement was made in the context of applying Article 53, the
principle is equally applicable when giving effect to Article 62.

9. Under traditional international law, the right to territory was vested
exclusivelyin rulers of States. Lands were the property of a sovereign to be
defended or conveyed in accordance with the laws relevant to the recog-
nition, exercise and transfer of sovereign domain. In order to judicially
determine a claim to territorial title ergu onmes, it was necessary to

engage with the formsof international conveyancing,tracing historic title
through to a critical date or dates to determine which State exercised ter-
ritorial sovereignty at that point in time. Under modern international
law, however, the enquiry must necessarily be broader, particularly in the
context of decolonization. In particular, the infusion of the concept of the
rights of a "people" into this traditional legal scheme, notably the right of
peoples to self-determination, fundamentally alters the significance of

historic title to the determination of sovereign title.

10. Previousjudgments of this Court (in particular, its Advisory Opin-
ion of 26 January 1971on the Legal Conseyuenccs,for Stutes of'the Con-
tinlrrd Presence of South Africaain Namihiu (South West Afjicu) not-
ivithstariding Srcuritj? Council Resnlution 276 (1970), I.C.J. Reports
1971, pp. 31-32, paras. 52-53, and its Advisory Opinion of 16 Octo-

ber 1975in WesternSahara, 1.C.J. Reports 1975, pp. 31-33,paras. 54-59)
contribute to and recognize the development of the right of non-self-gov-
erning peoples to self-determination which "requires a free and genuine
expression of the will of the peoples concerned" (Westc~rnSuhara, ibid,
p. 32, para. 55). TheCourt recognized in the Nurnibiu case that, "the sub-
sequent development of international law in regard to non-self-governing
territories, as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, made the

principle of self-determination applicable to al1of them" (I. C.J. Reports
1971, p. 31, para. 52). In the case concerning East Tiinor (Portugul v.
Australiu), the Court recognized the principle of self-determination to be
"one of the essential principles ofcontemporary international law" (1. C.J.
report.^1995, p. 102, para. 29).
11. The decisions of this Court confirm the prime importance of this
principle of self-determination of peoples. The firm basis for the principle
is also anchored in universal treaty law, State practice and opiniojuris.

Article 1, paragraph 2, of the United Nations Charter indicates that one
of the purposes of the United Nations is "[tlo develop friendly relations
among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-
determination of peoples". The principle also finds express and implied PULAU LIGITAN ET PULAU SIPADAN (OP. IND. FRANCK) 655

sée à l'une ou l'autre Partie, car le droit ressortit au domaine de la
connaissance judiciaire de la Cour.)) (C.I. J. Recueil 1974, p. 9,
par. 17).

Cette observation visait, certes, l'application de l'article 53, mais le même
principe vaut lorsqu'il s'agit de donner effet à l'article 62.

IN('IDENC 1EEL'AUTODETERMINAT IORNLE TITRE HISTORIQUE
3.

9. Dans le droit international traditionnel, les droits sur un territoire
étaient exclusivemr:nt dévolus au monarque. Les terres étaient sa pro-
priétéet il lui appartenait de les défendre ou de les céderconformément
aux lois relatives à la reconnaissance, à l'usage et à la cession d'un
domaine souverain. Pour trancher une revendication territoriale erga

onines, la justice devait examiner les modalités de transmission du titre
historique, en retraçant son évolutionjusqu'i une ou plusieurs dates cri-
tiques, de manière i identifier 1'Etat exerçant la souveraineté territoriale
au moment en question. En droit international moderne, toutefois, une
recherche plus large s'impose, tout particulièrement dans le contexte de la
décolonisation. Airisi, l'introduction dans ce modèle juridique tradition-

nel du concept de droits des «peuples». notamment de celui à l'autodé-
termination, a radicalement modifié I'importance du titre historique
lorsqu'il s'agit de déterminer qui détient la souveraineté.
10. La Cour a, dans de précédentsarrêts (notamment ses avis consul-
tatifs du 26 janvier 1971en l'affaire des Cotzséquenccs juridiques pour les

Etuts de lu présenozcotztinucde /'/Ifrique du Sud en Nurnihie (Sud-Ouest
ujiicuirz) ~zutzobstuntlu r(;.~olz~ti~n76 (1970) du Conseil de sécurit6,
C.I.J. Recueil 1971, p. 31-32, par. 52-53, et du 16 octobre 1975 en
l'affaire du Suharu occi~lental,C.1.J. Recueil 1975, p. 31-33, par. 54-59),
reconnu, tout en y contribuant, l'évolutiondu droit des peuples non auto-
nomes à disposer d'eux-mêmes,droit qui «suppose l'expression libre et

authentique de la volonté despeuples intéressés)) (Salzurtioccidentu/, ibid.,
p. 32, par. 55). Ainsi a-t-elle constaté, dans I'affaire relative à la Numibie,
que <<l'évolution ultérieuredu droit international à l'égarddes territoires
non autonomes, tel qu'il estconsacrépar la Charte des Nations Unies, a
fait de l'autodétern~ination un principe applicable à tous ces territoires))

(C.I.J. Recueil 19;'1, p. 3 1, par. 52). Dans l'affaire du Timor orientul
(Portugal c. Austrtrlie), la Cour a établique le droit des peuples à dispo-
ser d'eux-mêmesconstituait l'<(undes principes essentiels du droit inter-
national contemporain)) (C.I.J.Rc~cucil1995, p. 102, par. 29).
Il. La jurisprudence de la Cour confirme I'importance capitale de ce
principe, qui est également solidement ancrédans le droit conventionnel

universel, la pratique des Etats et la doctrine. Selon le paragraphe 2 de
l'article1de la Charte des Nations Unies, l'un des buts de l'organisation
est de «[d]évelopperentre les nations des relations amicales fondées sur le
respect du principe de l'égalitéde droits des peuples et de leur droit à
disposer d'eux-mêmes)).Ce principe figure aussi, expressément ou impli-reflection in other provisions of the Charter, namely Article 55, Article 73
and Article 76 (b). Common Article 1of the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic
Social and Cultural Rights provides that "[alIl peoples have the right of
self-determination", and emphasizes in Article 1 (3) that "States Parties

to the present Covenant . . . shall respect [the] right [of self-
determination], in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the
United Nations".
12. This treaty law has been affirmed, developed and given more
tangible form by numerous resolutions of the General Assembly, which
have consistently received broad support. General Assembly resolu-

tion 637 (VII), adopted on 16 December 1952, was an early recognition
that "every Member of the United Nations, in conformity with the Char-
ter, should respect the maintenance of the right of self-determination", a
right which was stated to be a "prerequisite to the full enjoyment of al1
fundamental human rights". The "Declaration on the Granting of Inde-
pendence to Colonial Countries and Peoples", General Assembly resolu-

tion 1514(XV), adopted without dissent on 14December 1960,is regarded
as fundamental to the process of decolonization. It is applicable to al1
"territories which have not yet attained independence" and establishes
that "[al11peoples have the right to self-determination" while insisting
that "[alny attempt aimed at the partial or total disruption of the national
unity and the territorial integrity of a country is incompatible with the

purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations". In Gen-
eral Assembly resolution 1541 (XV), adopted with only two dissents on
15 December 1960, the General Assembly contemplated more than one
method of self-determination for non-self-governing territories, including
"[ilntegration with an independent State". General Assembly resolu-

tion 2131 (XX), "Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention in
the Domestic Affairs of States and the Protection of Their Independence
and Sovereignty", adopted by 109countrieswithout dissent on 21 Decem-
ber 1965, declared that, "[alIl States shall respect the right of self-deter-
mination and independence of peoples and nations, to be freely exercised
without any foreign pressure, and with absolute respect for human rights

and fundamental freedoms". The principle of self-determination was
further included among the "basic principles of international law" set out
in the "Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning
Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with
the Charter of the United Nations", adopted by consensus as the Annex
to resolution 2625 (XXV) on 24 October 1970. According to this docu-
ment, "al1 peoples have the right freely to determine, without external

interference, their political status and topursue their economic, social
and cultural development, and every Stute hus the duty to respect this
right in accordunce ivitltlirprovisions of the Charter" (emphasis added).

13. The independence of North Borneo was brought about as thecitement, dans d'autres dispositions de la Charte, à savoir l'article 55,
l'article 73 et l'alinéab) de l'article 76. L'article premier commun au
Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques et au Pacte inter-
national relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels énonce:

«Tous les peuples ont le droit de disposer d'eux-mêmes)), et son para-
graphe 3 préciseque «[Iles Etats parties au présentPacte ..sont tenus de
[respecter le] droit des peuples à disposer d'eux-mêmes ...conformément
aux dispositions de la Charte des Nations Unies)).
12. De nombreuses résolutions de l'Assemblée généraleq ,ui ont cha-
cune bénéficié d'uni large soutien, sont venues confirmer, développer et

concrétiser davantage le droit conventionnel en la matière. Le 16 dé-
cembre 1952 déjà. l'Assembléegénéralerecommandait, dans sa résolu-
tion 637 (VII),que ((chaque Membre de l'organisation ... conformément
à la Charte, [respecte] le maintien du droit des peuples à disposer d'eux-
mêmes)),droit qu'elle qualifiait de ((condition préalable de la jouissance
de tous les droits fondamentaux de l'homme)). La résolution 1514 (XV)

de 1'Assenibléegénérale,adoptée sans opposition le 14 décembre 1960
sous l'intitulé((Déclarationsur l'octroi de l'indépendanceaux pays et aux
peuples coloniaux», est considéréecomme un document essentiel au
regard du processus de décolonisation. Elle est applicable à tous ((lester-
ritoires qui n'ont pas encore accédéà l'indépendance)), et dispose que
«[tlous les peuples ont le droit de libre détermination)), ajoutant:«Toute

tentative visant à detruire partiellement ou totalement l'uniténationale et
l'intégritéterritoriale d'un pays est incompatible avec les buts et les prin-
cipes de la Charte des Nations Unies.)) Dans sa résolution 1541 (XV),
adoptée le 15 décernbre 1960 avec seulement deux voix contre, I'Assem-
bléegénéraleenvisageait plusieurs modalités d'accession à l'autonomie,
dont l'une consistait pour le territoire concerné à (([s'intégrer]à un Etat

indépendant)). Dans sa résolution 2131 (XX), adoptée sans opposition
par 109 pays le 21 décembre 1965 sous l'intitulé«Déclaration sur l'inad-
missibilité de l'intervention dans les affaires intérieures des Etats et la
protection de leur indépendance et de leur souveraineté)), l'Assemblée
générale affirmait: ((Tout Etat doit respecter le droit des peuples et des
nations à l'autodétermination et à l'indépendance et ce droit sera exercé

librement en dehors de toute pression extérieure et dans le respect absolu
des droits humains et des libertés fondamentales. 1)L'autodétermination
figurait également parmi les ((principes fondamentaux du droit interna-
tional)) énoncésdans la ((Déclaration relative aux principes du droit
international touchant les relations amicales et la coopération entre les

Etats conformément à la Charte des Nations Unies)),adoptée par consen-
sus le 24 octobre 1970 et annexéeà la résolution 2625 (XXV). Ce docu-
ment affirme que ((tous les peuples ont le droit de déterminer leur statut
politique, en toute liberté et sans ingérenceextérieure, et de poursuivre
leur développement économique. social et culturel, et (que] tout Etut u le
&voir de respecter ce droit conjormén7entuux clisposition.~de laChurte))

(les italiques sont de moi).
13. C'est conformément aux aspirations expriméespar la majorité de657 PULAU LIGITAN AND PULAU SIPADAN (SEP.OP. FRANCK)

result of the expressed wish of the majority of the people of the territory
in a 1963 election. The Secretary-General of the United Nations was

entrusted under the Manila Accord of 31July 1963with the task of ascer-
taining the wishes of the people of North Borneo, and reported that the
majority of the peoples of North Borneo had given serious and thought-
ful consideration to their future and:

"[had] concluded that they wish to bring their dependent status to an
end and to realize their independence through freely chosen associa-
tion with other peoples in their region with whom they feel ties of
ethnic association, heritage, language, religion, culture, economic

relationship, and ideals and objectives" (quoted by the Representa-
tive of Malaysia to the General Assembly, 1219th meeting, 27 Sep-
tember 1963, Ofjciul Records of the Gener~ilAssembly, Eigl~teenth
Session, UN doc. No. AIPV.1219).

14. In 1963,Britain filed its last report to the United Nations on North
Borneo as an Article 73 je) Non-Self-Governing Territory (Note by the

Secretary-General, Political ancl Con.sfitutionu1 Informution on Asiun
Territories utîder.United Kingdom Administration, UN doc. NO. Al54021
Add.4 (4 April 1963)). Thereafter, the United Nations removed North
Borneo from the list of colonial territories under its decolonization juris-
diction (see Yeurhook of tlze United N~ition.~,1964, pp. 411-435, which

omits North Borneo from the Cornmittee's list of territories), thereby
accepting that the process of decolonization had been completed by a
valid exercise of self-determination.

15. Accordingly, in light of the clear exercise by the people of North

Borneo of their right to self-determination, it cannot matter whether this
Court, in any interpretation it might give to any historic instrument or
efficacy, sustains or not the Philippines claim to historic title. Modern
international law does not recognize the survival of a right of sovereignty
based solely on historic title; not, in any event, after an exercise of self-
determination conducted in accordance with the requisites of interna-

tional law, the bona fides of which has received international recognition
by the political organs of the United Nations. Against this, historic
claims and feudal pre-colonial titles are mere relics of another interna-
tional legal era, one that ended with the setting of the sun on the age of
colonial imperium.

16. The lands and people claimed by the Philippines formerly consti-
tuted most of an integral British dependency. In accordance with the law
pertaining to decolonization, its population exercised their right of self-

determination. What remains is no mere boundary dispute. It is an
attempt to keep alive a right to reverse the free and fair decision taken
almost 40 years ago by the people of North Borneo in the exercise of PULAU LIGITAN ET PULAL SIPADAN (OP.END .RANCK)
657

ses habitants à la faveur des électionsde 1963que le Nord-Bornéo a accédé
à l'indépendance.Le Secrétaire générad le l'organisation. qui, aux termes
de l'accord de Manille du 31juillet 1963.avait étéchargéde s'informer des
vŒuxdes populatioils du Nord-Bornéo, rapporta que la majorité des habi-

tants de ce territoire, après avoir considéréavec sérieuxet discernement la
question de leur avenir, étaient parvenus à la conclusion

«qu'[ils]souhait[aient] mettre fin à leur statut de territoire dépendant
et accéder à l'indépendance dans le cadre d'une association libre-
ment consentie avec d'autres peuples de la régionauxquels ils s'esti-
m[ai]ent unis par des liens ethniques, traditionnels, linguistiques,
religieux, culturels et économiques, ainsi que par une communauté

d'idéaux et d'objectifs)) (cité par le représentant de la Malaisie
auprès de l'Assemblée générale,1219' séance, 27 septembre 1963,
Nations Unies, Documents officic~1.s I'Assernhlé~gi.nc;rrr/e.(1i.u-
huitWme scssioiî. doc. AIPV.1219).

14. En 1963, le Iioyaume-Uni présentait aux Nations Unies son der-
nier rapport sur le Uord-Bornéo en tant que territoire non autonome au
sens de l'alinéae) (le l'article 73 (note du Secrétaire général,Rensc1ignc~-

nîent.rpolitiquesc.1c.on.stitutionne/ssur.1e.vtcrr.itoid'Asie sous uc/ininis-
tr-utionL/URoyuut11(>-Utzd i,oc. Al5402lAdd. 4 (4 avril 1963)). Après cette
date, l'organisation des Nations llnies supprima le Nord-Bornéo de la
liste des territoires coloniaux relevant de sa compétence en matière de
décolonisation (voir le Ye~~rhook ~f'tlic United Nations, 1964,p. 411-435,

qui omet le Nord-Bornéo dans la liste de territoires dresséepar le comité),
reconnaissant ainsi que le processus de décolonisation avait étémené à
bien Dar un acte rée"lierd'autodétermination.
15. Dès lors, compte tenu de ce que la population du Nord-Bornéo a
clairement exercéson droit à disposer d'elle-même,il est sans importance
que la Cour, dans quelque interprétation qu'elle pourra êtreappelée à

donner de tel ou tel instrument historique ou effectivité,appuie ou non la
revendication de titre historique avancée par les Philippines. Le droit
international conteinporain ne reconnaît pas la survivance d'un droit de
souveraineté exclusivement fondésur le titre historique, et certainement
pas une fois que le droit à l'autodétermination a étéexercéconformément

aux exigences du droit international dans le cadre d'un processus dont
la bonne foi a été internationalement sanctionnée par les organes poli-
tiques des Nations Unies. Face a cela. prétentions historiques et titres
féodaux précoloniaux ne sont que les reliques d'une époque révoluedu
droit international, dont la disparition des empires coloniaux a sonné

le glas.
16. Les territoires et populations sur lesquels les Philippines pré-
tendent exercer leur souveraineté constituaient auparavant l'essentiel
d'une seule et mêmedépendancebritannique dont leshabitants,conformé-
ment au droit de la décolonisation, ont exercéleur droit à disposer d'eux-

mêmes. Aussi nenous trouvons-nous pas ici en présence d'un simple
différend frontalier, mais d'une tentative de perpétuer la possibilité de658 PULAU LlGlTAN AND PLILAU SIPADAN (SEP. OP. FRANCK)

their legal right to self-determination. The Court cannot be a witting
party to that.

17. In so far as the Philippines has claimed a legal interest in protect-
ing its claim to sovereign title on the basis of the historic rights of the
Sultan of Sulu, that legal interest, however fascinating historically, has no
modern purchase. It is, beyond reasonable disputation, barred by a legal
principle firmly established in modern texts. judicial decisions and State

practice. There is no point, therefore, in encouraging its further ventila-
tion. As the Court said in the case concerning the Northcrn Cur?leroons:

"The Court must discharge the duty to . .. safeguard the judicial
function . . .[Where] adjudication [is]. . . devoid of purpose, .. .for
the Court to proceed further in the case would not . . . be a proper
discharge of its duties.
The answer to the question whether thejudicial function is engaged
may, in certain cases where the issue is raised, need to wait upon an

examination of the merits. In the present case, however, it is already
evident that it cannot be engaged." (Preli~ninury Objections, Judg-
ment, I.C. J. Reports 1963, p. 38.)

18. To allow the Philippines to proceed to intervene in the merits
phase of this case, when the legal interest it claims would have no chance
of succeeding by operation of law, cannot discharge the Court's duties.
Even if the probity of al1the Applicant's evidence were to be wholly con-
firmed, its interest would still be solely political: perhaps susceptible of
historic, perhaps of political, but in any event not ofjudicial, vindication.

19. For this and for al1 the other reasons stated in the Court's Judg-
ment, 1concur in the decision of the Court.

(Signrd) Thomas FRANCK. PULALI LIGITAN ET PULAU SIPADAN (OP. IND. FRANCK) 658

remettre en question la décision prise librement et démocratiquement,
voici près de quarante ans, par la population du Nord-Bornéo dans
l'exercice de son droit l'autodétermination. La Cour ne saurait, en
connaissance de cause, cautionner cette tentative.
17. Dans la mesure où les Philippines affirment avoir un intérêd t'ordre
juridique à protéger une revendication de souveraineté fondée sur les

droits historiques du sultan de Sulu, cet intérêt juridique,quelque pas-
sionnant qu'il puisse être d'un point de vue historique, ne porte
aujourd'hui à aucune conséquence. Ilse heurte indiscutablement à un
principe de droit désormais fermement établi par les textes, les décisions
judiciaires et la pratique des Etats. Il n'y a donc pas lieu d'encourager
quiconque à l'invoquer derechef. Comme l'a dit la Cour dans l'affaire du

Crrlneroun.sc~ptrnrrionrr/:
«La Cour doit s'acquitter du devoir ..qui consiste à sauvegarder
sa fonction judiciaire ...[S]i elle examinait l'affaire plus avant

[lorsque la décision judiciaire est sans objet], elle ne s'acquitterait pas
des devoirs qui sont les siens.
La réponse ii la question de savoir si la fonction judiciaire est en
jeu peut. dans certains cas où cette question se pose, exiger d'at-
tendre I'examen au fond. Mais, dans la présente espèce, il est déjà
évident que la fonction judiciaire ne saurait être en jeu.)) (E- cep-

tions prklin~incrire.u,rr?f, C.I.J. Recueil 1963, p. 38.)

18. La Cour ne s'acquitterait pas des devoirs qui sont les siens en per-
mettant aux Philippines d'intervenir lors de I'examen du fond de la pré-

sente espèce, alors que l'intérêtd'ordre juridique qu'elles invoquent
n'aurait aucune chance d'y êtresatisfait par un moyen de droit. Quand
bien mènie l'ensemble des élémentsde preuve avancés par le requérant
pourraient être accueillis. l'intérêtes Philippines n'en resterait pas moins
uniquement politique: susceptible de sejustifier historiquement peut-être,
ou encore politiquement, mais en aucun casjuridiquement.

19. Pour cette raison et toutes celles développéesdans l'arrêt,je sous-
cris à la décisionrendue par la Cour.

(Signk) Thomas FRANCK.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge ad hoc Franck

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