Separate Opinion of Judge Koroma

Document Number
120-20071008-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
120-20071008-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

774

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOROMA

Employment of bisector consistent with jurisprudence on maritime delimita-
tion — Geographical features of area at heart of delimitation — Choice of
method depends upon particular circumstances of the area to be delimited —
Equidistance method when appropriate but not obligatory — Bisector also a
geometric method and its relation to coastal geography — Articles 15, 74, para-

graph 1, and 83, paragraph 1, of United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS) — Reservations regarding decision to attribute territorial sea
south of the 14°59.8′N parallel — Avoiding giving disproportionate effect to
insignificant maritime features and creating potential source of future maritime
conflict.

1. Although I concur with the Court’s conclusion regarding the method
of delimitation applied in this case, I nevertheless consider that certain
significant aspects of the Judgment call for emphasis and clarification.

2. It has been suggested that the utilization of the bisector to effect the
delimitation in this case represents a departure from the jurisprudence of
the Court. I do not think so. In my view, the Judgment is both consistent
with and reflective of the jurisprudence on maritime delimitation, includ-
ing the Court’s case law. Under this jurisprudence, the delimitation proc-
ess begins, as a rule, with defining

“the geographical context of the dispute..., that is to say the gen-

eral area in which the...delimitation, which is the subject of the
proceedings, has to be effected” (Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1982 , p. 34, para. 17).

3. In the Gulf of Maine case, the Chamber of the Court made clear
that the geographical features of the maritime area to be delimited were
at the heart of the delimitation process and that the criteria to be applied
were

“essentially to be determined in relation to what may be properly
called the geographical features of the area” (Delimitation of the
Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1984, p. 278, para. 59).

4. So also did the Arbitral Tribunal in the case concerning the delimi-
tation of the continental shelf between the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland and the French Republic, observing that

“it is the geographical circumstances which primarily determine the
appropriateness of the equidistance or any other method of delimita-

119775 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (SEP. OP. KOROMA )

tion in any given case” (International Law Reports , Vol. 54, p. 66,
para. 96)

and going on to state that

“the appropriateness of the equidistance method or any other method
for the purpose of effecting an equitable delimitation is a function or
reflection of the geographical and other relevant circumstances of
each particular case” (ibid., para. 97).

5. The importance of geographical features in relation to the delimita-
tion method and outcome has also been emphasized in the following
cases: Saint Pierre and Miquelon ,( International Law Reports , Vol. 95,

p. 660, para. 24); Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta),
Judgment (I.C.J. Reports 1985, pp. 42 et seq.); Maritime Delimitation in
the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen, Judgment (I.C.J. Reports
1993, pp. 74-75); Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and

Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judg-
ment (I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 339, para. 49).
6. However, this is not to suggest that geographical facts alone deter-
mine the line to be drawn; rules of international law as well as equitable
principles must be applied to determine the relevance and weight of the

geographical features. As the Chamber of the Court declared in the Gulf
of Maine case,

“delimitation . . . must be based on the application of equitable cri-
teria and the use of practical methods capable of ensuring an equi-
table result” (Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of
Maine Area, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984 , p. 300, para. 113).

7. As the Arbitration Tribunal in the Guinea/Guinea-Bissau case also

made clear, no one delimitation formula works in all cases:

“the equidistance method is just one among many and... there is no
obligation to use it or give it priority, even though it is recognized as
having a certain intrinsic value because of its scientific character and
the relative ease with which it can be applied” (Delimitation of the
Maritime Boundary between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, International

Law Reports, Vol. 77, p. 681, para. 102).
8. Thus, its intrinsic value notwithstanding, equidistance cannot be

applied universally and automatically as the method of delimitation
irrespective of the specific characteristics of the area to be delimited, of the
suitability of the method for a particular area, and of the difficulty of its
application to a specific situation.

9. Recognizing this, the Court in the North Sea Continental Shelf
cases stated:

“It would...beignoring realities if it were not noted at the same

120776 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (SEP.OP .KOROMA )

time that the use of this method . . . can under certain circumstances

produce results that appear on the face of them to be extraordinary,
unnatural or unreasonable.” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 ,p.23,
para. 24.)

10. As pointed out in the Judgment in the present case, a number of

geographical and legal considerations were raised by the Parties regard-
ing the method to be followed by the Court for the maritime delimita-
tion. As a result of the geographical instability of the mouth of the River
Coco, any variation or error in situating the base points would be dis-
proportionately magnified in the resulting equidistance line. The Parties,

moreover, agreed that owing to the sediment carried to and deposited at
sea by the River Coco the delta and the coastline to the north and south
of the cape exhibit very active morpho-dynamics. Thus, the continued
accretion of the cape might render any equidistance line constructed

today arbitrary and unreasonable in the near future.

11. Neither Party argued, in the main, that the equidistance/special cir-
cumstances method should be used for delimiting the respective ter-
ritorial seas in this case. Nicaragua instead urged the Court to account for

the unstable coastal geography by constructing the entire single maritime
boundary from “the bisector of two lines representing the entire coastal
front of both states” (Judgment, para. 273), that bisector running along
the geodetic azimuth of 52°45′21″. As regards equidistance, Honduras
acknowledged that the mouth of the River Coco “shifts considerably,

even from year to year” (ibid., para. 274), and argued from this that it
was “necessary to adopt a technique so that the maritime boundary need
not change as the mouth of the river changes” (ibid.), while also con-
tending that the 15th parallel accurately reflected the eastward-facing
coastal fronts of the two countries, such that it represented “both an

adjustment and simplification of the equidistance line” (ibid.). Honduras
also admitted that “geometrical methods of delimitation, such as perpen-
diculars and bisectors, are methods that may produce equitable delimita-
tions in some circumstances” (ibid.).

12. The Court, having carefully examined the arguments advanced by
the Parties, understood their well-founded reluctance — based on geo-
graphical and legal factors — to embrace equidistance and judiciously
decided to employ the bisector method — based on the line formed by

bisecting the angle created by the two lines approximating the coastal
fronts of the disputed area — as a suitable delimitation method in this
case.
13. Thus, the choice of method in this case very much depends upon
the pertinent circumstances of the area, as well as the coastal configu-

rations abutting upon the disputed area. And where the Court is called
upon to determine a single maritime boundary as in the present case,

121777 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE SEP .OP. KOROMA )

such a line, as the Chamber of the Court noted in the Gulf of Maine
case,

“can only be carried out by the application of a criterion, or combi-
nation of criteria, which does not give preferential treatment to one
of [the zones] to the detriment of the other, and at the same time is
such as to be equally suitable to the division of either of them”

(Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984 , p. 327, para. 194).

14. As pointed out in the Judgment, not only has the bisector method
proved to be viable where equidistance is not possible or appropriate,
but, like equidistance, the bisector is a geometric method that can be used
to give legal effect to the

“criterion long held to be as equitable as it is simple, namely that in
principle, while having regard to the special circumstances of the
case, one should aim at an equal division of areas where the mari-
time projections of the coasts of the States...converge and over-
lap” (ibid., para. 195).

15. The Court in Libya/Malta declared that, if the delimitation method

is to “be faithful to the actual geographical situation” (Continental Shelf
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985 ,p.45,
para. 57), it should seek an equitable solution by reference first to the
State’s “relevant coasts” — which is exactly what the Court has done in
the present case in ensuring that the relevant coasts are of fairly compa-

rable length. The Court confirmed this position in the case concerning the
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cam-
eroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) , where it was asked,
inter alia, to establish a single maritime delimitation. The Court consid-

ered the geographical configuration and peculiarity of the maritime area,
including the coastline in question, to be important elements in the case
to be taken into account, as relevant circumstances for the delimitation,
declaring as follows:

“The geographical configuration of the maritime areas that the
Court is called upon to delimit is a given. It is not an element open

to modification by the Court but a fact on the basis of which the
Court must effect the delimitation .” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002 ,
pp. 443-445, para. 295; emphasis added.)

16. As recognized in the Judgment, the equidistance method approxi-

mates the relationship between two parties’ relevant coasts by comparing

122778 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (SEP.OP .KOROMA )

the fine relationships between acceptable pairs of base points. The bisec-

tor method likewise seeks to approximate the relevant coastal relation-
ships, but does so on the basis of the macro-geography of a coastline as
represented by a line drawn between two points on the actual coast,
although care must be taken in applying the bisector method to avoid
“completely refashioning nature” (North Sea Continental Shelf, Judg-

ment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 , p. 49, para. 91).
17. As has been indicated, the method used by the Court in the present
case is not at all unprecedented. The Arbitration Tribunal in its Award in
the 1985 Guinea/Guinea-Bissau case drew a perpendicular (the bisector of
a 180º angle) to a line drawn from Almadies Point (Senegal) to Cape Shil-

ling (Sierra Leone) to approximate the general direction of the coast of
“the whole of West Africa” (Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary
between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, International Law Reports , Vol. 77,
pp. 683-684, para. 108). The Tribunal considered this approach, rather

than equidistance, to be necessary in order to effect an equitable delimita-
tion that had to be “integrated into the present or future delimitations of
the region as a whole” (ibid., p. 683, para. 108).
18. Moreover, by its choice of method, the Court has taken into con-
sideration and applied not only Article 15 of the United Nations Conven-

tion on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which allows for delimitation
“where it is necessary by reason of historic title or other special circum-
stances to delimit the territorial seas of the two States in a way which is
at variance herewith” (emphasis added), but also Articles 74, paragraph 1,
and 83, paragraph 1, of UNCLOS, which provide that the exclusive eco-

nomic zone and continental shelf are to be delimited by “agreement on
the basis of international law...to achieve an equitable solution” — an
objective which should guide every delimitation.
19. It can thus be seen that, in choosing the bisector in the present case,
the Court, rather than departing from its established jurisprudence, has

reaffirmed, applied and given effect to the law as well as its jurisprudence.
20. On the other hand, I have reservations regarding the decision to
attribute to Honduras areas of territorial sea lying south of the 14°59.8′N
parallel. While Article 3 of UNCLOS entitles a State party to claim a
territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, Honduras

stated in its Counter-Memorial that its territorial sea would not extend
south of the 14°59.8′N parallel and this was also reflected in its final sub-
missions. There is, therefore, no compelling reason, legal or otherwise,
not to uphold this submission, especially as this would have prevented
the overlapping of the maritime areas of the Parties and eliminated a

potential source of future conflict. In the case concerning Maritime
Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain
(Qatar v. Bahrain), the Court considered that using Qit’at Jaradah, a
very small, uninhabited, barren island situated between the main island
of Bahrain and Qatar, as a base point in the construction of an equidis-

tance line to be adopted as the delimitation line would give

123779 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (SEP. OP. KOROMA )

“a disproportionate effect...toan insignificant maritime feature”

(Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and
Bahrain (Quatar v. Bahrain), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2001, pp. 104 and 109, para. 219).

Accordingly the Court declined to do so.
21. Upholding Honduras’s request would not only have been consist-

ent with the applicable law but would have eliminated a potential source
of future maritime conflict, which the history of the dispute might appear
to portend.

(Signed) Abdul G. K OROMA .

124

Bilingual Content

774

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOROMA

Employment of bisector consistent with jurisprudence on maritime delimita-
tion — Geographical features of area at heart of delimitation — Choice of
method depends upon particular circumstances of the area to be delimited —
Equidistance method when appropriate but not obligatory — Bisector also a
geometric method and its relation to coastal geography — Articles 15, 74, para-

graph 1, and 83, paragraph 1, of United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS) — Reservations regarding decision to attribute territorial sea
south of the 14°59.8′N parallel — Avoiding giving disproportionate effect to
insignificant maritime features and creating potential source of future maritime
conflict.

1. Although I concur with the Court’s conclusion regarding the method
of delimitation applied in this case, I nevertheless consider that certain
significant aspects of the Judgment call for emphasis and clarification.

2. It has been suggested that the utilization of the bisector to effect the
delimitation in this case represents a departure from the jurisprudence of
the Court. I do not think so. In my view, the Judgment is both consistent
with and reflective of the jurisprudence on maritime delimitation, includ-
ing the Court’s case law. Under this jurisprudence, the delimitation proc-
ess begins, as a rule, with defining

“the geographical context of the dispute..., that is to say the gen-

eral area in which the...delimitation, which is the subject of the
proceedings, has to be effected” (Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1982 , p. 34, para. 17).

3. In the Gulf of Maine case, the Chamber of the Court made clear
that the geographical features of the maritime area to be delimited were
at the heart of the delimitation process and that the criteria to be applied
were

“essentially to be determined in relation to what may be properly
called the geographical features of the area” (Delimitation of the
Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1984, p. 278, para. 59).

4. So also did the Arbitral Tribunal in the case concerning the delimi-
tation of the continental shelf between the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland and the French Republic, observing that

“it is the geographical circumstances which primarily determine the
appropriateness of the equidistance or any other method of delimita-

119 774

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. LE JUGE KOROMA

[Traduction]

Conformité de l’emploi de la bissectrice avec la jurisprudence en matière de
délimitation maritime — Caractéristiques géographiques de la zone qui est au
cŒur de la délimitation — Choix de la méthode en fonction des circonstances
propres à la zone à délimiter — Méthode de l’équidistance: une question
d’opportunité, non d’obligation — La bissectrice, autre méthode géométrique,

et sa relation avec la géographie côtière — Article 15 et paragraphes 1 des ar-
ticles 74 et 83 de la convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer
(CNUDM) — Réserves quant à la décision d’attribuer une mer territoriale au
sud du parallèle de 14°59,8 ′ de latitude nord — Eviter d’attribuer un effet dis-
proportionné à des formations maritimes insignifiantes et de créer une source
potentielle de futurs conflits maritimes.

1. Bien que d’accord avec la conclusion de la Cour concernant la
méthode de délimitation appliquée en l’espèce, j’estime que certains
aspects importants de l’arrêt méritent d’être soulignés et éclaircis.

2. Il a été indiqué que le recours à la méthode de la bissectrice pour
effectuer la délimitation en l’espèce marquait une rupture avec la juris-
prudence de la Cour. Je ne suis pas de cet avis. De mon point de vue,
l’arrêt s’inscrit dans le droit-fil de la jurisprudence établie en matière de
délimitation maritime, y compris celle de la Cour, et il en constitue le
reflet. Selon cette jurisprudence, pour procéder à une délimitation, il faut

commencer par définir
«le cadre géographique du différend..., c’est-à-dire l’ensemble de la

région où la délimitation ... en cause doit s’effectuer» (Plateau conti-
nental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1982, p. 34, par. 17).

3. Dans l’affaire du Golfe du Maine, la Chambre de la Cour a claire-
ment précisé que les caractéristiques géographiques de l’espace maritime
à délimiter étaient au cŒur du processus de délimitation et que les critères
à appliquer étaient

«à déterminer essentiellement en fonction des caractéristiques de la
géographie proprement dite de la région» (Délimitation de la fron-
tière maritime dans la région du golfe du Maine (Canada/Etats-Unis
d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984 , p. 278, par. 59).

4. Le tribunal arbitral en a fait autant dans l’affaire de la Délimitation
du plateau continental entre le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et
d’Irlande du Nord et la République française , en faisant observer que

«ce sont les circonstances géographiques qui déterminent, en pre-
mier lieu, s’il convient, dans certains cas, de recourir à la méthode de

119775 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (SEP. OP. KOROMA )

tion in any given case” (International Law Reports , Vol. 54, p. 66,
para. 96)

and going on to state that

“the appropriateness of the equidistance method or any other method
for the purpose of effecting an equitable delimitation is a function or
reflection of the geographical and other relevant circumstances of
each particular case” (ibid., para. 97).

5. The importance of geographical features in relation to the delimita-
tion method and outcome has also been emphasized in the following
cases: Saint Pierre and Miquelon ,( International Law Reports , Vol. 95,

p. 660, para. 24); Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta),
Judgment (I.C.J. Reports 1985, pp. 42 et seq.); Maritime Delimitation in
the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen, Judgment (I.C.J. Reports
1993, pp. 74-75); Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and

Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judg-
ment (I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 339, para. 49).
6. However, this is not to suggest that geographical facts alone deter-
mine the line to be drawn; rules of international law as well as equitable
principles must be applied to determine the relevance and weight of the

geographical features. As the Chamber of the Court declared in the Gulf
of Maine case,

“delimitation . . . must be based on the application of equitable cri-
teria and the use of practical methods capable of ensuring an equi-
table result” (Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of
Maine Area, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984 , p. 300, para. 113).

7. As the Arbitration Tribunal in the Guinea/Guinea-Bissau case also

made clear, no one delimitation formula works in all cases:

“the equidistance method is just one among many and... there is no
obligation to use it or give it priority, even though it is recognized as
having a certain intrinsic value because of its scientific character and
the relative ease with which it can be applied” (Delimitation of the
Maritime Boundary between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, International

Law Reports, Vol. 77, p. 681, para. 102).
8. Thus, its intrinsic value notwithstanding, equidistance cannot be

applied universally and automatically as the method of delimitation
irrespective of the specific characteristics of the area to be delimited, of the
suitability of the method for a particular area, and of the difficulty of its
application to a specific situation.

9. Recognizing this, the Court in the North Sea Continental Shelf
cases stated:

“It would...beignoring realities if it were not noted at the same

120 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (OP.IND .KOROMA ) 775

l’équidistance ou à toute autre méthode de délimitation» (Nations

Unies, Recueil des sentences arbitrales , vol. XVIII, p. 187, par. 96),
avant d’ajouter que

«l’application de la méthode de l’équidistance ou de toute autre
méthode dans le but de parvenir à une délimitation équitable dépend

des circonstances pertinentes, géographiques et autres, du cas
d’espèce» (ibid., p. 188, par. 97).

5. L’importance du cadre géographique pour la méthode de délimita-
tion et son résultat a également été mise en avant dans les affaires sui-
vantes: Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon (International Law Reports , vol. 95,
p. 660, par. 24); Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte)

(arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1985, p. 42 et suiv.); Délimitation maritime dans la
région située entre le Groenland et Jan Mayen (Danemark c. Norvège)
(arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1993 , p. 74-75); Frontière terrestre et maritime
entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria; Guinée équato-
riale (intervenant)) (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2002, p. 339, par. 49).

6. Toutefois, cela ne signifie pas que les faits géographiques dictent à
eux seuls le tracé de la ligne à établir; il convient d’appliquer les règles
du droit international ainsi que les principes équitables pour déterminer
la pertinence et le poids du contexte géographique. Pour reprendre les
termes de la Chambre de la Cour dans l’affaire du Golfe du Maine,

«la délimitation ... doit reposer sur l’application de critères équi-
tables et sur l’utilisation de méthodes pratiques aptes à assurer un

résultat équitable» (Délimitation de la frontière maritime dans la
région du golfe du Maine (Canada/Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 300, par. 113).

7. Comme le tribunal arbitral l’a clairement indiqué lui aussi dans
l’affaire Guinée/Guinée-Bissau, il n’existe aucune méthode de délimitation
universelle:

«l’équidistance n’est qu’une méthode comme les autres et ... n’est ni
obligatoire ni prioritaire, même s’il doit lui être reconnu une certaine
qualité intrinsèque en raison de son caractère scientifique et de la

facilité relative avec laquelle elle peut être appliquée» (Délimitation
de la frontière maritime Guinée/Guinée-Bissau, Revue générale de
droit international public , t. LXXXIX, p. 525, par. 102).

8. Ainsi, nonobstant sa qualité intrinsèque, la méthode de l’équidis-
tance ne peut être appliquée de manière universelle et automatique comme
moyen d’effectuer une délimitation quelles que soient les caractéristiques
propres à la zone à délimiter, l’adéquation de cette méthode à un lieu

donné et la difficulté de l’appliquer dans telle ou telle situation.
9. Reconnaissant ce point, la Cour a déclaré dans les affaires du Pla-
teau continental de la mer du Nord :

«Ce serait ... méconnaître les réalités que de ne pas noter en même

120776 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (SEP.OP .KOROMA )

time that the use of this method . . . can under certain circumstances

produce results that appear on the face of them to be extraordinary,
unnatural or unreasonable.” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 ,p.23,
para. 24.)

10. As pointed out in the Judgment in the present case, a number of

geographical and legal considerations were raised by the Parties regard-
ing the method to be followed by the Court for the maritime delimita-
tion. As a result of the geographical instability of the mouth of the River
Coco, any variation or error in situating the base points would be dis-
proportionately magnified in the resulting equidistance line. The Parties,

moreover, agreed that owing to the sediment carried to and deposited at
sea by the River Coco the delta and the coastline to the north and south
of the cape exhibit very active morpho-dynamics. Thus, the continued
accretion of the cape might render any equidistance line constructed

today arbitrary and unreasonable in the near future.

11. Neither Party argued, in the main, that the equidistance/special cir-
cumstances method should be used for delimiting the respective ter-
ritorial seas in this case. Nicaragua instead urged the Court to account for

the unstable coastal geography by constructing the entire single maritime
boundary from “the bisector of two lines representing the entire coastal
front of both states” (Judgment, para. 273), that bisector running along
the geodetic azimuth of 52°45′21″. As regards equidistance, Honduras
acknowledged that the mouth of the River Coco “shifts considerably,

even from year to year” (ibid., para. 274), and argued from this that it
was “necessary to adopt a technique so that the maritime boundary need
not change as the mouth of the river changes” (ibid.), while also con-
tending that the 15th parallel accurately reflected the eastward-facing
coastal fronts of the two countries, such that it represented “both an

adjustment and simplification of the equidistance line” (ibid.). Honduras
also admitted that “geometrical methods of delimitation, such as perpen-
diculars and bisectors, are methods that may produce equitable delimita-
tions in some circumstances” (ibid.).

12. The Court, having carefully examined the arguments advanced by
the Parties, understood their well-founded reluctance — based on geo-
graphical and legal factors — to embrace equidistance and judiciously
decided to employ the bisector method — based on the line formed by

bisecting the angle created by the two lines approximating the coastal
fronts of the disputed area — as a suitable delimitation method in this
case.
13. Thus, the choice of method in this case very much depends upon
the pertinent circumstances of the area, as well as the coastal configu-

rations abutting upon the disputed area. And where the Court is called
upon to determine a single maritime boundary as in the present case,

121 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (OP .IND .KOROMA ) 776

temps que ... l’emploi de cette méthode peut dans certains cas abou-
tir à des résultats de prime abord extraordinaires, anormaux ou
déraisonnables.» (Arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1969, p. 23, par. 24.)

10. Comme la Cour l’a relevé dans son arrêt en l’espèce, les Parties ont
fait valoir un certain nombre de considérations géographiques et juri-
diques au sujet de la méthode qu’elle devait suivre pour effectuer la déli-
mitation maritime. Du fait de l’instabilité géographique de l’embouchure

du fleuve Coco, la moindre variation ou erreur dans l’emplacement des
points de base s’amplifierait de manière disproportionnée lors du tracé de
la ligne d’équidistance. Les Parties ont en outre convenu que les sédi-
ments charriés et déposés en mer par le fleuve Coco conféraient un mor-
phodynamisme très marqué à son delta, ainsi qu’au littoral au nord et au

sud du cap. Aussi l’accrétion continue du cap risquait-elle de rendre arbi-
traire et déraisonnable dans un avenir proche toute ligne d’équidistance
qui serait tracée aujourd’hui.
11. Aucune des Parties n’a, d’une manière générale, soutenu qu’il fal-

lait utiliser la méthode associant équidistance et circonstances spéciales
pour délimiter leurs mers territoriales respectives dans la présente affaire.
Au lieu de cela, le Nicaragua a exhorté la Cour à rendre compte de la
géographie côtière mouvante en construisant l’ensemble de la frontière
maritime unique à partir de «la bissectrice de l’angle formé par deux

lignes représentant toute la façade côtière des deux Etats» (arrêt, para-
graphe 273), cette bissectrice suivant un azimut géodésique de 52°45′21″.
S’agissant de l’équidistance, le Honduras a reconnu que l’embouchure du
fleuve Coco «évolu[ait] considérablement, même d’une année à l’autre»
(ibid., par. 274), rendant «indispensable l’adoption d’une technique grâce

à laquelle la frontière maritime ne changera[it] pas avec les chaneements
de l’embouchure du fleuve» (ibid.), tout en affirmant que le 15 parallèle
reflétait fidèlement les façades côtières des deux pays, orientées vers l’est,
si bien qu’il représentait «à la fois ... un ajustement et une simplification

de la ligne d’équidistance» (ibid.). Le Honduras a également admis que
«les méthodes de délimitation géométriques, telles que les perpendicu-
laires ou les bissectrices, p[ouvai]ent, dans certaines circonstances, per-
mettre d’aboutir à des délimitations équitables» (ibid.).
12. Ayant examiné avec soin les arguments avancés par les Parties, la

Cour a compris le bien-fondé de leurs réticences — compte tenu de fac-
teurs géographiques et juridiques — à l’égard de la méthode de l’équidis-
tance, et elle a judicieusement décidé d’adopter celle de la bissectrice — à
savoir la ligne divisant en parts égales l’angle formé par les deux lignes

représentant la direction générale des côtes de la zone en litige — comme
méthode de délimitation pertinente dans la présente affaire.
13. Partant, le choix de la méthode idoine dans la présente affaire est
largement fonction des circonstances pertinentes de la région, ainsi que
de la configuration des côtes jouxtant la zone en litige. De plus, lorsque la

Cour est appelée à tracer une frontière maritime unique comme dans la

121777 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE SEP .OP. KOROMA )

such a line, as the Chamber of the Court noted in the Gulf of Maine
case,

“can only be carried out by the application of a criterion, or combi-
nation of criteria, which does not give preferential treatment to one
of [the zones] to the detriment of the other, and at the same time is
such as to be equally suitable to the division of either of them”

(Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984 , p. 327, para. 194).

14. As pointed out in the Judgment, not only has the bisector method
proved to be viable where equidistance is not possible or appropriate,
but, like equidistance, the bisector is a geometric method that can be used
to give legal effect to the

“criterion long held to be as equitable as it is simple, namely that in
principle, while having regard to the special circumstances of the
case, one should aim at an equal division of areas where the mari-
time projections of the coasts of the States...converge and over-
lap” (ibid., para. 195).

15. The Court in Libya/Malta declared that, if the delimitation method

is to “be faithful to the actual geographical situation” (Continental Shelf
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985 ,p.45,
para. 57), it should seek an equitable solution by reference first to the
State’s “relevant coasts” — which is exactly what the Court has done in
the present case in ensuring that the relevant coasts are of fairly compa-

rable length. The Court confirmed this position in the case concerning the
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cam-
eroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) , where it was asked,
inter alia, to establish a single maritime delimitation. The Court consid-

ered the geographical configuration and peculiarity of the maritime area,
including the coastline in question, to be important elements in the case
to be taken into account, as relevant circumstances for the delimitation,
declaring as follows:

“The geographical configuration of the maritime areas that the
Court is called upon to delimit is a given. It is not an element open

to modification by the Court but a fact on the basis of which the
Court must effect the delimitation .” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002 ,
pp. 443-445, para. 295; emphasis added.)

16. As recognized in the Judgment, the equidistance method approxi-

mates the relationship between two parties’ relevant coasts by comparing

122 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (OP .IND. KOROMA ) 777

présente affaire, ce tracé — pour citer la Chambre de la Cour dans

l’affaire du Golfe du Maine —
«ne saurait être effectu[é] que par l’application d’un critère ou d’une

combinaison de critères qui ne favorise pas l’un[e] de ces deux
[zones] au détriment de l’autre et soit en même temps susceptible de
convenir également à une division de chacun[e] d’e[lles]» (Délimita-
tion de la frontière maritime dans la région du golfe du Maine
(Canada/Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984 , p. 327,

par. 194).
14. Ainsi que la Cour l’a relevé dans l’arrêt, la méthode de la bissec-

trice non seulement s’est révélée valable lorsque le recours à l’équidis-
tance n’était pas possible ou approprié mais, comme celle-ci, elle consti-
tue également une méthode géométrique pouvant être utilisée pour donner
effet, sur le plan juridique, au

«critère à propos duquel l’équité est de longue date considérée
comme un caractère rejoignant la simplicité: à savoir le critère qui

consiste à viser en principe — en tenant compte des circonstances
spéciales de l’espèce — à une division par parts égales des zones de
convergence et de chevauchement des projections marines des côtes
des Etats» (ibid., par. 195).

15. Dans l’affaire Libye/Malte, la Cour a déclaré qu’elle devait, pour
que la méthode de délimitation «respect[e] la situation géographique
réelle» (Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte), arrêt ,

C.I.J. Recueil 1985, p. 45, par. 57), rechercher une solution équitable eu
égard tout d’abord aux «côtes pertinentes» des Etats — ce qui est préci-
sément ce qu’elle a fait dans la présente affaire en s’assurant que les côtes
pertinentes soient d’une longueur relativement comparable. La Cour a
confirmé cette position dans l’affaire de la Frontière terrestre et maritime

entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria , dans laquelle il lui était demandé,
notamment, d’établir une délimitation maritime unique. Estimant que
la configuration géographique et la singularité de la zone maritime
visée, y compris le littoral en cause, constituaient en l’affaire des élé-
ments importants qui devaient être pris en considération en tant que

circonstances pertinentes aux fins de la délimitation, la Cour s’est expri-
mée en ces termes:

«La configuration géographique des espaces maritimes que la
Cour est appelée à délimiter est une donnée. Elle ne constitue pas un
élément que la Cour pourrait modifier, mais un fait sur la base
duquel elle doit opérer la délimitation .» ( Frontière terrestre et mari-
time entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria; Guinée

équatoriale (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2002 , p. 443-445,
par. 295; les italiques sont de moi.)

16. Ainsi qu’il est reconnu dans l’arrêt, la méthode de l’équidistance
exprime la relation entre les côtes pertinentes de deux parties en compa-

122778 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (SEP.OP .KOROMA )

the fine relationships between acceptable pairs of base points. The bisec-

tor method likewise seeks to approximate the relevant coastal relation-
ships, but does so on the basis of the macro-geography of a coastline as
represented by a line drawn between two points on the actual coast,
although care must be taken in applying the bisector method to avoid
“completely refashioning nature” (North Sea Continental Shelf, Judg-

ment, I.C.J. Reports 1969 , p. 49, para. 91).
17. As has been indicated, the method used by the Court in the present
case is not at all unprecedented. The Arbitration Tribunal in its Award in
the 1985 Guinea/Guinea-Bissau case drew a perpendicular (the bisector of
a 180º angle) to a line drawn from Almadies Point (Senegal) to Cape Shil-

ling (Sierra Leone) to approximate the general direction of the coast of
“the whole of West Africa” (Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary
between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, International Law Reports , Vol. 77,
pp. 683-684, para. 108). The Tribunal considered this approach, rather

than equidistance, to be necessary in order to effect an equitable delimita-
tion that had to be “integrated into the present or future delimitations of
the region as a whole” (ibid., p. 683, para. 108).
18. Moreover, by its choice of method, the Court has taken into con-
sideration and applied not only Article 15 of the United Nations Conven-

tion on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which allows for delimitation
“where it is necessary by reason of historic title or other special circum-
stances to delimit the territorial seas of the two States in a way which is
at variance herewith” (emphasis added), but also Articles 74, paragraph 1,
and 83, paragraph 1, of UNCLOS, which provide that the exclusive eco-

nomic zone and continental shelf are to be delimited by “agreement on
the basis of international law...to achieve an equitable solution” — an
objective which should guide every delimitation.
19. It can thus be seen that, in choosing the bisector in the present case,
the Court, rather than departing from its established jurisprudence, has

reaffirmed, applied and given effect to the law as well as its jurisprudence.
20. On the other hand, I have reservations regarding the decision to
attribute to Honduras areas of territorial sea lying south of the 14°59.8′N
parallel. While Article 3 of UNCLOS entitles a State party to claim a
territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, Honduras

stated in its Counter-Memorial that its territorial sea would not extend
south of the 14°59.8′N parallel and this was also reflected in its final sub-
missions. There is, therefore, no compelling reason, legal or otherwise,
not to uphold this submission, especially as this would have prevented
the overlapping of the maritime areas of the Parties and eliminated a

potential source of future conflict. In the case concerning Maritime
Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain
(Qatar v. Bahrain), the Court considered that using Qit’at Jaradah, a
very small, uninhabited, barren island situated between the main island
of Bahrain and Qatar, as a base point in the construction of an equidis-

tance line to be adopted as the delimitation line would give

123 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (OP.IND .KOROMA ) 778

rant les rapports subtils pouvant exister entre des paires de points de base

acceptables. La méthode de la bissectrice tend elle aussi à exprimer les
relations côtières pertinentes, mais elle le fait sur la base de la macrogéo-
graphie d’un littoral représenté par une droite joignant deux points de la
côte elle-même, encore qu’il faille veiller, en appliquant la méthode de la
bissectrice, à éviter de «refaire la nature entièrement» (Plateau continen-

tal de la mer du Nord, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1969 , p. 49, par. 91).
17. Comme il a été indiqué, la méthode utilisée par la Cour dans la
présente affaire n’a absolument rien d’inédit. Dans sa sentence en l’affaire
Guinée/Guinée-Bissau, de 1985, le tribunal arbitral a tracé la perpendicu-
laire (la bissectrice d’un angle de 180 degrés) d’une droite tracée entre la

pointe des Almadies (au Sénégal) et le cap Shilling (en Sierra Leone) pour
représenter la direction générale du littoral de «l’ensemble de la région
de l’Afrique occidentale» (Délimitation de la frontière maritime Guinée/
Guinée-Bissau, Revue générale de droit international public , t. LXXXIX,

p. 528, par. 108). Le tribunal a considéré que cette approche, et non
l’équidistance, était nécessaire pour effectuer une délimitation équitable
qui «s’intègre aux délimitations actuelles ou futures de la région» (ibid.).
18. En outre, en choisissant cette méthode, la Cour a pris en considé-
ration et appliqué non seulement l’article 15 de la convention des Nations

Unies sur le droit de la mer (la «CNUDM»), qui admet les cas «où, en
raison de l’existence de titres historiques ou d’autres circonstances spé-
ciales, il est nécessaire de délimiter autrement la mer territoriale des deux
Etats» (les italiques sont de moi), mais aussi les paragraphes 1 des ar-
ticles 74 et 83 de la CNUDM, qui disposent que la zone économique

exclusive et le plateau continental doivent être délimités par voie
«d’accord conformément au droit international ... afin d’aboutir à une so-
lution équitable» — un objectif qui devrait présider à toute délimitation.
19. Il apparaît donc que, en optant pour la bissectrice dans la présente
affaire, la Cour, loin de s’écarter de sa jurisprudence établie, a au contraire

réaffirmé et appliqué le droit ainsi que sa jurisprudence et leur a donné effet.
20. En revanche, je nourris certaines réserves quant à la décision d’attri-
buer au Honduras des portions de mer territoriale situées au sud du paral-
lèle de 14°59,8′ de latitude nord. Bien que l’article 3 de la CNUDM
autorise un Etat partie à revendiquer une mer territoriale allant jusqu’à

une limite maximale de 12 milles marins, le Honduras avait indiqué dans
son contre-mémoire que sa mer territoriale ne s’étendrait pas au sud du
parallèle de 14°59,8′ de latitude nord, ce qui ressortait également de ses
conclusions finales. Il n’y avait donc aucune raison impérieuse, d’ordre
juridique ou autre, de ne pas le suivre sur ce point, d’autant que la

Cour aurait en le suivant évité le chevauchement des espaces mari-
times des Parties et écarté une source potentielle de conflits futurs.
Dans l’affaire Qatar c. Bahreïn, la Cour a estimé qu’utiliser Qit’at
Jaradah, une île très petite, inhabitée et dépourvue de végétation qui se
trouvait entre l’île principale de Bahreïn et Qatar, comme point de base

pour construire une ligne d’équidistance qui serait prise pour ligne de
délimitation

123779 TERRITORIAL AND MARITIME DISPUTE (SEP. OP. KOROMA )

“a disproportionate effect...toan insignificant maritime feature”

(Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and
Bahrain (Quatar v. Bahrain), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2001, pp. 104 and 109, para. 219).

Accordingly the Court declined to do so.
21. Upholding Honduras’s request would not only have been consist-

ent with the applicable law but would have eliminated a potential source
of future maritime conflict, which the history of the dispute might appear
to portend.

(Signed) Abdul G. K OROMA .

124 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME (OP.IND .KOROMA ) 779

«reviendrait à attribuer un effet disproportionné à une formation
maritime insignifiante» (Délimitation maritime et questions territo-
riales entre Qatar et Bahreïn (Qatar c. Bahreïn), fond, arrêt, C.I.J.

Recueil 2001, p. 104 et 109, par. 219).
La Cour s’en est donc gardée.

21. En faisant droit à la demande du Honduras, la Cour non seule-
ment se serait conformée au droit applicable, mais aurait aussi écarté une
source potentielle de futurs conflits maritimes, que l’histoire du différend

semble laisser présager.

(Signé) Abdul G. K OROMA .

124

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Separate Opinion of Judge Koroma

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