Separate opinion of Judge Rezek (translation)

Document Number
088-19980227-JUD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
088-19980227-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE REZEK

[Translation]

1. Sincethe respondent State, in challengingas it has both thejurisdic-
tion of the Court and the admissibility of the Application, has laid
emphasison the binding and paramount nature of SecurityCouncil reso-
lutions 748 (1992)and 883(1993)in the light of Articles25and 103of the
Charter of the United Nations, in my opinion the Judgment, with which
1agree, would more fully convey the lines of argument advanced by the
Parties wereit to devote a fewcomments to the subject of thejurisdiction
of the Court in relation to that of the political organs of the Organiza-
tion.
2. Article 103 of the Charter is a rule for settling conflicts between
treaties: above ail it postulates a conflict between the Charter of the
United Nations and another treaty obligation. It settlesthe conflictin the

Charter's favour,regardless of the chronology of the texts. However,it is
not designed to operate to the detriment of customary international law
and even less so to the detriment of the general principles of the law of
nations. Morever, it is definitelythe Charter of the United Nations (not
a Security Councilresolution, nor a General Assemblyrecommendation,
nor ajudgment of the International Court of Justice)which benefitsfrom
the primacy established in this norm: it is the Charter with the full sig-
nificanceof its principles, its system and the division of powers whichit
establishes.
3. Furthermore, the Court is the definitiveinterpreter of the Charter of
the United Nations. It is the Court's responsibility to determine the
meaning of each of its provisions and of the text as a whole, and this
responsibility becomes particularly serious when the Court finds itself
faced with a challenge to decisions taken by one of the Organization's
two principal political organs. Ensuring the primacy of the Charter in its
true and full meaning is one of the most eminent of the tasks whichfa11to
the Court, and the Court, as of right and out of duty, acts to that end
wheneverthe occasion arises,evenif this may in theory result in criticism

of another organ of the United Nations, or rather in disavowal of that
organ's analysisof the Charter.

At the time of the East Timor case, Judge Skubiszewskihad occasion
to recall that:

"The Court is competent, and this is shown by severaljudgments
and advisory opinions, to interpret and apply the resolutions of the
Organization. The Court iscompetent to make findingson their law-
fulness, in particular whether they were intra vires.This competence follows from its function as the prFcipa1 judicial organ of the
United Nations. The decisions of the Organization (in the broad
sensewhich this notion has under the Charter provisions on voting)
are subject to scmtiny by the Court with regard to their legality,
validity and effect. The pronouncements of the Court on these mat-
ters involve the interests of al1Member States or at any rate those
which are the addressees of the relevant resolutions. Yet these pro-
nouncements remain within the limits of Monetary Gold. By assess-
ing the various United Nations resolutions on East Timor in relation
to the rights and duties of Australia the Court would not be break-
ing the mle of the consensual basis of its jurisdiction." (I.C.J.
Reports 1995, p. 251.)

In the past, judges asmeasuredas Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice have asserted
thisjurisdiction, and in this they were supported by the authority of doc-
trine. As Professor Oliver Lissitzyn wrote years ago:

"If the organization is to gain strength, the authority to givebind-
ing interpretations of the Charter, at least in matters directly affect-
ing the rights and duties of States,must be lodged somewhere, pref-
erably in a judicial organ. The long-range purposes and policieslaid
down in the Charter must be given some protection against the pos-

sible short-range aberrations of the political organs. Power without
law is despotism." (0. J. Lissitzyn, The International Court of Jus-
tice, 1951,pp. 96-97.)

The argument that judicial scrutiny of a political organ's interpreta-
tion of the Charter can only take place in the exerciseof advisory juris-
diction is totally without scientificfoundation. What is true is only that
the system does not authorize any State either to consult the Court on a
constitutional issueinvolving the United Nations or to raise such an issue
by means of direct action against the Organization or against an organ
such as the Security Council. However, the constitutional issue - relat-
ing, say, to a case of excès de pouvoir - can perfectly well arise in the
context of a dispute between States. It is quite natural, within such a
framework, that an application should be directed against a State which,
for some reason, has taken it upon itself to execute the Council's act
although that act was challenged from the viewpoint of the Charter or of
any rule of general international law. The respondent in the proceedings,

therefore, is not the legislatorbut the immediate executor of the law, as is
normally the case in domestic jurisdictions within the framework of a
procedure of habeas corpusand in the context of civilactions for the pro-
tection of rights other than individual freedoms.

4. The Court has full jurisdiction to interpret and apply the law in acontentious case, even when the exerciseof suchjurisdiction might entai1
the critical scrutiny of a decision of another organ of the United Nations.
It does not directly represent the States Members of the Organization
(this fact has been stated before the Court and attempts have been made
to infer from it the consequence that the Court is not competent to
undertake a reviewof resolutions of the Council),but precisely because it
is impermeable to political injunctions the Court is the interpreter par
excellence of the law and the natural forum for reviewing the acts of
political organs in the name-of the law, as is the rule in democratic
régimes.It would be surprising indeed if the Security Council of the
United Nations were to enjoy absolute and unchallengeable power in
respect of therule of law, a privilegenot enjoyed, in domestic law, by the
political organs of most of the founding Members and other Members of
the Organization, starting with the respondent State.
It is the States Members of the United Nations, within the General
Assembly and the Security Council, which have the power to legislate, to
change if they so wish the rules that govern the working of the Organiza-
tion. In the exercise of their legislative function they may decide, for
example, that the Organization can do without a judicial organ, or that

this organ, contrary to national models, is not the ultimate interpreter of
the legal order of the Organization in matters which touch upon the
validity of adecision of another organ of the system. To my knowledge,
they have never even considered doing so and the Court should not,
1think, hold back from asserting a prerogative it enjoys on the basis of
the presumed will of the United Nations.

(Signed) Francisco REZEK.

Bilingual Content

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. REZEK

1. Puisque 1'Etatdéfendeuf,en contestant ainsi tant la compétencede
la Cour que la recevabilité dela requête, amis l'accent sur la force obli-
gatoire et la primautédes résolutions748 (1992)et 883 (1993)du Conseil
de sécurité àla lumière desarticles 25 et 103 de la Charte des Nations
Unies,je suis d'avisque l'arrêt auquejle souscrisrendrait plus complète-
ment compte de l'argumentation des Parties s'il consacrait quelques
lignes au thèmede la compétence dela Cour par rapport à celle des or-
ganes politiques de l'Organisation.

2. L'article 103de la Charte est une règlede solution de conflit entre
traités: il présuppose avant tout l'existence d'une opposition entre la
Charte des Nations Unies et un autre engagement conventionnel. Il
résoutle conflit en faveur de la Charte, sans égardà la chronologie des
textes. Mais il n'entend pas opérerau détrimentdu droit international
coutumier et moins encore au préjudicedes principes générauxdu droit
des gens. Et c'est bienla Charte des Nations Unies (non une résolution
du Conseil de sécurité,une recommandation del'Assembléegénérale ou
un arrêtde la Cour internationale de Justice)qui bénéficiee la primauté
établie dans cette norme: c'est la Charte avec tout le poids de ses prin-
cipes, de son systèmeet de la répartition de compétencesqu'elle réalise.

3. D'autre part, la Cour est l'interprète définitifde la Charte des
Nations Unies. C'est à la Cour qu'il appartient de procéderà la détermi-

nation du sens de chacune de ses prescriptions et de l'ensembledu texte,
et il s'agit d'une responsabilitéquidevient particulièrementgrave lors-
que la Cour est confrontée à la mise en question de décisionsde l'un des
deux organes politiquesprincipaux de l'Organisation. Veillerà assurer la
primauté dela Chartedans son senspréciset complet est parmi les tâches
incombant à la Cour une des plus éminenteset la Cour, de plein droit et
par devoir, fait en sorte qu'il en soit ainsi chaque fois que l'occasion se
présente,mêmesi cela peut en théorie conduire à la critique d'un autre
organe des Nations Unies, ou plutôt au désaveude l'exégèsd ee la Charte
que fait cet organe.
Lors de l'affaire duTimororiental,M. Skubiszewskia eu l'occasionde
rappeler:

«La Cour est compétente,ainsiquele montrent plusieurs arrêtset

avis consultatifs, pour interpréter et appliquer les résolutions de
l'organisation. Elle est compétentepour se prononcer sur leur léga-
lité,et notamment sur la question de savoir si elles sontntra vires. SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE REZEK

[Translation]

1. Sincethe respondent State, in challengingas it has both thejurisdic-
tion of the Court and the admissibility of the Application, has laid
emphasison the binding and paramount nature of SecurityCouncil reso-
lutions 748 (1992)and 883(1993)in the light of Articles25and 103of the
Charter of the United Nations, in my opinion the Judgment, with which
1agree, would more fully convey the lines of argument advanced by the
Parties wereit to devote a fewcomments to the subject of thejurisdiction
of the Court in relation to that of the political organs of the Organiza-
tion.
2. Article 103 of the Charter is a rule for settling conflicts between
treaties: above ail it postulates a conflict between the Charter of the
United Nations and another treaty obligation. It settlesthe conflictin the

Charter's favour,regardless of the chronology of the texts. However,it is
not designed to operate to the detriment of customary international law
and even less so to the detriment of the general principles of the law of
nations. Morever, it is definitelythe Charter of the United Nations (not
a Security Councilresolution, nor a General Assemblyrecommendation,
nor ajudgment of the International Court of Justice)which benefitsfrom
the primacy established in this norm: it is the Charter with the full sig-
nificanceof its principles, its system and the division of powers whichit
establishes.
3. Furthermore, the Court is the definitiveinterpreter of the Charter of
the United Nations. It is the Court's responsibility to determine the
meaning of each of its provisions and of the text as a whole, and this
responsibility becomes particularly serious when the Court finds itself
faced with a challenge to decisions taken by one of the Organization's
two principal political organs. Ensuring the primacy of the Charter in its
true and full meaning is one of the most eminent of the tasks whichfa11to
the Court, and the Court, as of right and out of duty, acts to that end
wheneverthe occasion arises,evenif this may in theory result in criticism

of another organ of the United Nations, or rather in disavowal of that
organ's analysisof the Charter.

At the time of the East Timor case, Judge Skubiszewskihad occasion
to recall that:

"The Court is competent, and this is shown by severaljudgments
and advisory opinions, to interpret and apply the resolutions of the
Organization. The Court iscompetent to make findingson their law-
fulness, in particular whether they were intra vires.This competence Cette compétencedécoulede la fonctiondela Cour en tant qu'organe
judiciaire principal de l'organisation des Nations Unies. Les déci-
sions de l'organisation (au senslarge que cettenotion a en vertu des
dispositions de la Charte relatives au vote) peuvent êtreexaminées
par la Cour du point de vue de leur légalité,e leur validitéet deleur
effet. Les conclusions de la Cour sur ces questions mettent en cause
les intérêts dtous les Etats Membres, ou du moins de ceux qui sont
viséspar les résolutionsen question. Mais ces conclusions restent
dans les limites fixéespar la règle énoncéedans l'affaire de l'Or
monétaire.En évaluantles diversesrésolutions del'organisation des
Nations Unies concernant le Timor oriental par rapport aux droits
et aux devoirs de l'Australie, la Cour ne contreviendrait pas à la
règledu fondement consensuel de sa compétence.» (C.I.J. Recueil
1995, p. 251.)

Dans le passé,desjuges aussipondérésque sir Gerald Fitzmaurice ont
fait état de cette compétence,et l'autorité dela doctrine allait dans le
même sens.Il y a bien longtemps que M. Oliver Lissitzyn proposait:

«Si l'organisation veut s'affirmer,il faut que le pouvoir de donner
des interprétations contr'aignantesde la Charte, du moins dans les
matières intéressant directementles droits et obligations des Etats,
résidequelque part, de préférenceentre les mains d'un organe judi-
ciaire. Les objectifset politiqueslong terme énoncés dans la Charte

doivent être protégés contre les éventuelségarements temporaires
des organespolitiques. Le pouvoir sans le droit, c'estledespotisme.))
(0. J.Lissitzyn, The International Court of Justice, 1951,p. 96-97.
[Traduction du Greffe.1)
La thèsesuivant laquelle le contrôlejudiciaire de l'interprétationde la

Charte àlaquelle a procédé un organe politiquene peut se faire que dans
l'exercicede la compétenceconsultative est totalement dénuée defonde-
ment scientifique.Il est seulement vrai qu'aucun Etat n'estautorisépar le
système à consulterla Cour sur une questionconstitutionnelle desNations
Unies ni à soulever une telle question par le biais d'une action directe
contre l'organisation ou contre un organe comme le Conseil de sécurité.
Mais la question constitutionnelle - ayant trait, par exemple, à un cas
d'excèsde pouvoir - peut parfaitement se poser dans le contexte du
contentieux entre Etats. Il est fort naturel, dans un tel cadre, que la
requête soitdirigéecontre 1'Etatqui, pour une raison quelconque, aurait
prisà sa charge d'exécuterl'acte du Conseil, bien que cet acte fut contesté
au regard de la Charte ou de n'importe quelle norme du droit internatio-
nal généralL. e sujet passif de l'action n'estpoint donc lelégislateur,mais
l'exécuteurimmédiatde la loi, tel que cela se produit d'ordinaire, devant

lesjuridictions internes, dans le cadre d'une procédure d'habeascorpus et
dans le contexte d'actions civilespour la protection de droits autres que
la libertéindividuelle.
4. La Cour jouit d'une pleine compétence pour l'interprétation et follows from its function as the prFcipa1 judicial organ of the
United Nations. The decisions of the Organization (in the broad
sensewhich this notion has under the Charter provisions on voting)
are subject to scmtiny by the Court with regard to their legality,
validity and effect. The pronouncements of the Court on these mat-
ters involve the interests of al1Member States or at any rate those
which are the addressees of the relevant resolutions. Yet these pro-
nouncements remain within the limits of Monetary Gold. By assess-
ing the various United Nations resolutions on East Timor in relation
to the rights and duties of Australia the Court would not be break-
ing the mle of the consensual basis of its jurisdiction." (I.C.J.
Reports 1995, p. 251.)

In the past, judges asmeasuredas Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice have asserted
thisjurisdiction, and in this they were supported by the authority of doc-
trine. As Professor Oliver Lissitzyn wrote years ago:

"If the organization is to gain strength, the authority to givebind-
ing interpretations of the Charter, at least in matters directly affect-
ing the rights and duties of States,must be lodged somewhere, pref-
erably in a judicial organ. The long-range purposes and policieslaid
down in the Charter must be given some protection against the pos-

sible short-range aberrations of the political organs. Power without
law is despotism." (0. J. Lissitzyn, The International Court of Jus-
tice, 1951,pp. 96-97.)

The argument that judicial scrutiny of a political organ's interpreta-
tion of the Charter can only take place in the exerciseof advisory juris-
diction is totally without scientificfoundation. What is true is only that
the system does not authorize any State either to consult the Court on a
constitutional issueinvolving the United Nations or to raise such an issue
by means of direct action against the Organization or against an organ
such as the Security Council. However, the constitutional issue - relat-
ing, say, to a case of excès de pouvoir - can perfectly well arise in the
context of a dispute between States. It is quite natural, within such a
framework, that an application should be directed against a State which,
for some reason, has taken it upon itself to execute the Council's act
although that act was challenged from the viewpoint of the Charter or of
any rule of general international law. The respondent in the proceedings,

therefore, is not the legislatorbut the immediate executor of the law, as is
normally the case in domestic jurisdictions within the framework of a
procedure of habeas corpusand in the context of civilactions for the pro-
tection of rights other than individual freedoms.

4. The Court has full jurisdiction to interpret and apply the law in a63 CONVENTION DE MONTRÉAL DE 1971(OP.IND.REZEK)

l'application du droit dans une affaire contentieuse, mêmequand l'exer-
cice de cette compétencepeut entraîner l'examen critique d'une décision
d'un autre organe des Nations Unies. Elle ne représente pas directement
lesEtats Membresde l'organisation (on l'a rappelé devantla Cour, et on
a voulu en tirer comme conséquencel'incompétence de la Cour pour pro-
céder à l'examen des résolutionsdu Conseil), mais c'est justement son
imperméabilité àl'injonction politique qui fait de la Cour l'interprètepar
excellencedu droit et le for naturel de la revision, au nom du droit, des
actes des organes politiques, tel qu'il est de rigueur dans les régimes
démocratiques. Ce serait bien une source d'étonnement si le Conseil de
sécuritédes Nations Unies devaitjouir d'un pouvoir absolu et incontes-
table à l'égardde la règlede droit, privilègedont ne jouissent pas, en

droit interne, les organes politiques de la plupart des fondateurs et des
autres membres de l'organisation,à commencer par 1'Etatdéfendeur.
C'est aux Etats Membres des Nations Unies, au sein de l'Assemblée
généraleet du Conseil de sécurité, qu'appartientle pouvoir de légiférer,
de changer s'ils leveulent les règlesqui présidentau fonctionnement de
l'organisation. Dans l'exercicede la fonction législative,ils peuvent déci-
der, par exemple, que l'organisation peut se passer d'un organe judi-
ciaire, ou que celui-ci, contrairement aux modèlesnationaux, n'est pas
l'interprète ultimede l'ordre juridique de l'organisation, lorsque se pose
la question de la validitéd'une décisiond'un autre organe du système.
ce que l'on sait,ilsn'ont jamais sonàagir ainsi, etje pense que la Cour

ne devrait pas êtretimide dans l'affirmation d'une prérogative qui lui
revient de par la volontéprésumée desNations Unies.

(Signé) Francisco REZEK.contentious case, even when the exerciseof suchjurisdiction might entai1
the critical scrutiny of a decision of another organ of the United Nations.
It does not directly represent the States Members of the Organization
(this fact has been stated before the Court and attempts have been made
to infer from it the consequence that the Court is not competent to
undertake a reviewof resolutions of the Council),but precisely because it
is impermeable to political injunctions the Court is the interpreter par
excellence of the law and the natural forum for reviewing the acts of
political organs in the name-of the law, as is the rule in democratic
régimes.It would be surprising indeed if the Security Council of the
United Nations were to enjoy absolute and unchallengeable power in
respect of therule of law, a privilegenot enjoyed, in domestic law, by the
political organs of most of the founding Members and other Members of
the Organization, starting with the respondent State.
It is the States Members of the United Nations, within the General
Assembly and the Security Council, which have the power to legislate, to
change if they so wish the rules that govern the working of the Organiza-
tion. In the exercise of their legislative function they may decide, for
example, that the Organization can do without a judicial organ, or that

this organ, contrary to national models, is not the ultimate interpreter of
the legal order of the Organization in matters which touch upon the
validity of adecision of another organ of the system. To my knowledge,
they have never even considered doing so and the Court should not,
1think, hold back from asserting a prerogative it enjoys on the basis of
the presumed will of the United Nations.

(Signed) Francisco REZEK.

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Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Rezek (translation)

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