Separate opinion of Judge Kooijmans

Document Number
088-19980227-JUD-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
088-19980227-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOOIJMANS

1. 1 have voted in favour of the operative part of the Judgment since
1concur with the Court's finding that it has jurisdiction to entertain the
claim as submitted by Libya and that this claim is admissible.1also share
the view expressed in the Judgment that a number of the objections sub-
mitted by the Respondent do not have an exclusivelypreliminary char-
acter. Since, however, the Judgment does not reflect fully my own con-
siderations 1wishto place on record my viewson some specificarguments
brought forward by the Parties. 1will do so rather succinctlywith regard
to the objections to the jurisdiction of the Court and in a slightly more

comprehensive way with regard to the objections to the admissibility of
the claim and to the objection that the Libyan claims have been rendered
without object, or that Libya is precluded from obtaining the relief it
seeks, by the subsequent adoption of Security Council resolutions 748
(1992)and 883 (1993).

2. It would be a truism to contend that the present case is a politically
highly sensitiveone. As the Court has stated many times before, the fact
that a dispute brought before it has serious political overtones does not
act as a bar to the Court's entertaining it, nordoes the fact that the dis-
pute is being dealt with simultaneously by the Security Council.
In the present case the Respondent has gone further than pointing out

merely these elements. It has intimated that Libya has not invoked the
Court's jurisdiction under the Montreal Convention in order to settle a
dispute which has arisen under that Convention but for other - quite
unconnected - reasons. During the hearings held on 13 October 1997
the Agent of the United Kingdom said:
"what the Applicant is seeking by these proceedings is simply not a

Montreal Convention matter, but a scarcely veiledattempt to frus-
trate the exerciseby the SecurityCouncil of its responsibilitiesunder
the United Nations Charter" (CR97116,p. 16).

3. The Respondent not only denies that there exists a dispute with
Libya on the interpretation or application of the Montreal Convention, it

also casts serious doubts on Libya's motivesto construe such a dispute;
the Court should not allow itself to be lured into such a politically
inspired hoax. 1have chosen the rather extreme wording of this last sen-tence on purpose in order to show how easilythe Court can be portrayed
as an instrument used by one of the parties for extrajudicial purposes.
And this risk becomes an acute danger if the impression arises that the
Court is used as a pawn in a game of chess where other principal organs
of the United Nations play a role.

4. Against this background it seems proper and worthwhile to point

out once more what is the function of the Court according to the Charter
and its Statute, which forms an integral part of that Charter. This func-
tion was described in apposite terms by the Court itself in its Judgment of
20 December 1988in the Border and Transborder Armed Actions case:

"the Court is aware that politicalaspects may be present in any legal
dispute brought before it. The Court, as a judicial organ, is however
only concerned to establish,first, that the dispute before it is a legal

dispute, in the sense of a dispute capable of being settled by the
application of principles and rules of international law, and sec-
ondly, that the Court has jurisdiction to deal with it, and that that
jurisdiction is not fettered by any circumstancerendering the appli-
cation inadmissible. The purpose of recourse to the Court is the
peaceful settlement of disputes; the Court's judgment is a legal pro-
nouncement, and it cannot concern itself with the political motiva-
tion which may lead a state at a particular time, or in particular
circumstances, to choose judicial settlement." (Border and Trans-
border Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and
Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 91, para. 52.)

5. Whether the eventual finding of the Court on the merits is compat-
ible with binding decisions of other United Nations organs, in particular
the Security Council, is quite another matter and in the Court's view
must be considered at a later stage.The first task of the Court after a case
is submitted to it is toonsider whether the case concerns a legal dispute
and whether it has jurisdiction to deal with it. As the Court said in the
Nuclear Tests cases: "the existenceof a dispute is the primary condition
for the Court to exerciseitsjudicial function". The Court went on to say
that "it is not sufficient for one party toassert that there is a dispute",
nor, it may be added, is it sufficientthat the other partydenies that there
is a dispute. Referring to what is said in the case concerning Interpreta-
tion of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania (I.C.J.
Reports 1950, p. 74),the Court stated that "whether there existsan inter-
national dispute is a matter for objective determination" by it (Nuclear

Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 271,
para. 55).

6. If the Court, therefore, is determining the existence or the non-
existenceof a legal dispute, it is carrying out its proper judicial function. In this respect it is in my view not relevant that the Respondent does not
rely on the Montreal Convention and contends that it has no dispute
with Libya concerning its interpretation or application. It is not in dis-
pute between the Parties that the facts of the Lockerbieincident as such

may be characterized as an act defined in Article 1of the Montreal Con-
vention which would imply that the Convention could be applicable to
that incident and - under normal circumstances - would be applicable.
The Respondent has stated that this does not mean that no other rules of
international law are applicable to these facts and by bringing the situa-
tion to the attention of the SecurityCouncil as a potential threat to peace
and security resulting from State involvement in acts of terrorism it has
relied on the provisions of the United Nations Charter. Under such cir-
cumstances the Montreal Convention would not be the only and exclu-
sively applicableinstrument as is contended by the Applicant.

7. The resulting difference of opinion is therefore not an abstract dis-
agreement about the applicability of the Montreal Convention, it is a

very precise legal dispute about its applicability to the very facts of the
case before the Court. The fact that the Security Council by adopting
resolution 731 (1992)implicitly denied the Convention's applicability to
these facts can in no way detract from the Court's own competence and
its own responsibility to determine whether the dispute as submitted by
the Applicant is ajusticiable dispute within the terms of Article 14,para-
graph 1,of the Montreal Convention, the settlement of which isentrusted
to the Court. To conclude otgerwise would impair the proper function of
the Court as it is determined in the Charter and the Statute. By implica-
tion the Court has alsojurisdiction to entertain the claims by Libya that
the Respondent has not respected Libya's rights under Article 7 of the
Convention, respectivelyits own obligations under Article 11,sincethese
are the specificclaims submitted by the Applicant. Whether the Court
will have to deal with these specificclaims will, ofcourse, depend upon
the Court's finding on the preliminary question of the Convention's

applicabilityin view of the resolutions of the Security Council.

8. The Court's jurisdiction in my view is confined to the issues just
mentioned which are covered by the terms of Article 14,paragraph 1, of
the Montreal Convention, viz., the issuesof applicability and compliance
or non-compliance. In particular the ways and means by which this non-
compliance is practised and the question whether these ways and means
are at variance with the Charter of the United Nations and with manda-
tory rules of general international law do not come within the Court's
jurisdiction as consensually agreed upon in Article 14, paragraph 1, of
the Convention.
9. 1,therefore, fully agree with the Court's finding that it hasjurisdic-
tion to hear the dispute between the Applicant and the Respondent inaccordance with Article 14, paragraph 1, of the Montreal Convention.

That 1 nevertheless have expressed some persona1 views on the issue of
jurisdiction isecause 1deem it important to point out that in this regard
the competences of the Security Council and the Court are separate and
clearly distinguishable,and should not be confused, let alone be seen as
potentially conflicting with each other. Just as each Stateis entitled to
bring a situation to the attention of the Security Council and the Council
is entitled to give its views on that situation and to qualify it as a threat
to international peace and security, so each State is entitled to submit to
the Court a claim against another State with regard to a dispute which in
its opinion is justiciable. It is for the Court and only for the Court to
determine whether it is competent to entertain the claim on the basis of
the relevant legal provisions.

II.ISSUES OF ADMISSIBILI TYD MOOTNESS

10. Whether the Court, once it has assumedjurisdiction, should carry
out itsjudicial functionunder al1circumstances, is quite a different mat-
ter. The Respondent has submitted that any rights which Libya might
have under the Montreal Convention are in any event superseded by its
obligations under Security Councilresolutions 748 (1992)and 883(1993)

which were adopted after the date of the filing of Libya's Application.
Consequently, any judgment on the merits would be an empty one
because it would be neither applicable nor enforceable.

11. It seemsto be a question ofminor relevancewhether this objection
must be called an objection to the admissibilityand consequently must be
rejectedsincethese resolutions were adopted after the date of the filingof
the Application which according to the Judgrnent is the only relevant
date for determining the admissibility or whether it must be qualified as
an "objection the decision upon which must be determined before any
further proceedings" in the sense of Article 79, paragraph 1, of the Rules
of Court.

12. It may be questioned whether it is necessary or even possible to
give a neat categorization of preliminary objections. S. Rosenne says in
this respect:
"Al1that can be deduced from experienceis that it is an individual
matter to be appreciated in the light of al1the circumstances of each

case." (S. Rosenne,The Law and Practiceof the International Court
of Justice,1920-1996, 1997,p. 883.)
In this respect reference may be made also to theNorthern Cameroons
case where the Court, commenting on the various meanings ascribed by
the Parties to,inter alia, the term "admissibility" said: "The Court recognizes that these words in differing contexts may
have various connotations but it does not find it necessary in the
present case to explore the meaning of these terms. For the purposes
of the present case, a factual analysisundertaken in the light of cer-
tain guiding principles may suffice to conduce to the resolution of

the issues to which the Court directs its attention." (Northern Cam-
eroons, Judgment,1.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 28.)
13. Irrespective of the question whether preliminary objectionsshould
be distinguished as to category, this contextual analysis is exactly what
the Court has undertaken in the present Judgment. Taking into account

al1circumstances of the case it has come to the conclusion that the objec-
tion that Security Council resolutions 748 (1992) and 883 (1993) have
rendered the Libyan claim without object is an objection which possesses
a preliminarycharacter and falls within the provisions of Article 79of the
Rules of Court. Nevertheless, the Court has concluded that this objection
does not have an exclusivelypreliminarycharacter within the meaning of
Article 79, paragraph 7, and, therefore, should be considered at the stage
of the merits.
14. 1 share this view of the Court. 1 have, however, the feeling that
some additional remarks would be appropriate in light of the fact that
the Respondent has not denied that this objection may touch upon the
merits. It is of the opinion that the case should neverthelessbe terminated
at the present stage as any judgrnent on the merits would be without
practical effectsincethe reliefsought by Libya cannot be provided by the
Court because of the overriding legal effectsof the mandatory resolutions
of the Security Council.
Counsel for the United Kingdom stated that it would not be a proper
exerciseof thejudicial function if the Court would pronounce ajudgment

which would be an empty one because it was neither applicable nor
enforceable given the terms of prior decisions of the Security Council
which remained in force (CR97116,p. 60).
In this respect reference was made to the Court's finding in the
Northern Cameroonscase, where it said:

"The Court's judgment must have some practical consequence in
the sense that it can affect existing legal rights or obligations of the
parties,thus removing uncertainty from their legalrelations." (1.C.J.
Reports 1963,p. 34.)

15. It seems questionable, however, whether this reference to the
NorthernCameroonscaseis correct.The Court'sreasoningwasbased onthe
argument that ajudgment on the merits would not be ajudgment capable
.of effectiveapplication since the decision of the General Assembly (reso-
lution 1608 (XV)) to terminate the Trusteeship over the British Cam-
eroons (which mooted the case between the United Kingdom and the
Republic of Cameroon) was an administrative measure of a determina-
tive and final character. A finding of a breach of law by the Court couldnot lead to redress as the General Assembly was no longer competent
with regard to the Territory pursuant to the termination of the Trustee-
ship as a result of resolution 1608(XV) and consequently no determina-

tion reached by the Court could be given effect to by the former Admin-
isteringAuthority (iC.J. Reports 1963, p. 35).

16. The Northern Cameroons case makes clear that a decision that a
claim no longer has any object can only be made within a highly concrete
context. It is "the circumstances which have arisen" which bring the
Court to the determination that "it does not enter into the adjudicatory
functions of the Court to deal with issues in abstracto, once it has
reached the conclusion that the merits of the case no longer fa11to be
determined" (I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 272).
17. In the present case circumstances are different: there is no admin-
istrative measure of a determinative and final character taken by an
organ of the United Nations. Resolutions of the Security Council taken
under Chapter VI1of the Charter may have far-reaching legal effects,but

they are not irrevocable or unalterable. In the exerciseof its function the
Security Council is free to confirm, revoke or amend them and conse-
quently they cannot be called "final" even if during their lifetime they
may be dispositive of the rights and obligations of member States, over-
riding rights and obligations these States may have under other treaties.
Itis generally agreed that the Security Council has full competence under
Chapter VI1to determine that a factual situation constitutes a threat to
international peace and security and that it may take the necessarylegally
bindingmeasures to counter that threat, but that it has no competence to
determine the law, whereas it has been questioned whether the Council
can modify the law when applying it to a particular set of facts (see, for
example, Malcolm Shaw, "The Security Council and the International
Court of Justice: JudicialDrift and Judicial Function", in A. S. Muller et

al. (eds.), The International Courtof Justice - Its Future Role after Fifty
Years, 1997,pp. 219 ff.).

18. Since Security Council resolutions 748 (1992)and 883 (1993)have
authoritatively but not definitively and for an indefinite period of time
determined the matters at issue, the Court rightly concluded that the
objection by the Respondent that the Libyan claims are without object
does not have "an exclusivelypreliminarycharacter" and will be consid-
ered by the Court when it reaches the merits of the case. By doing so the
Court has upheld its function as it is defined in Article 38 of the Statute,
viz., "to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are
submitted to it", at the same time respecting fully the competences which

the Security Council has under the Charter.
19. Distinguishing carefully the proper functions of both Security
Council and Court in my view is essential for what Judge Lachs called "afruitful interaction" between these two main organs of the United
Nations. These functions are complementary and in that sense can be
mutually supportive.

III.CONCLUDIN RGEMARKS

20. One final remark may be made. The Respondent has invoked the
concept of "judicial economy" when advocating a dismissalof the case in
the preliminaryphase. It has warned of proceedings on the merits which
make it necessary for the Court to address complex issues of fact and
added that the case should be disposed of at the preliminary phase
because the Council resolutions would have rendered it without object. It
cannot be excluded that this might be the case indeed, although thiss by
no means certain as it was in the Northern Cameroonscase.

21. Judicial economy however may go to the detriment ofjudicial pro-
priety which asks for a careful weighing of the interests of al1parties to
the dispute. In this respect isworthwhile to recallwhat Judge Read said
in his dissentingopinion in the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case:

"It is impossible to overlook the grave injustice which would be
done to an applicant State, by ajudgment upholding an objection to
the jurisdiction and refusing to permit adjudication on the merits,
and which, at the same time, decided an important issue of fact or
law, forming part of the merits, against the applicant State. The
effect ofrefusa1to permit adjudication of the dispute would be to
remit the applicant and respondent States to other measures, legal or
political, for the settlement of the dispute.ther the applicant nor

the respondent should be prejudiced, inseeking an alternative solu-
tion of the dispute, by thedecision of any issue of fact or law that
pertains to the merits." (Z.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 149; emphasis
added.)
22. It certainly cannot be foreseen that alternative solutions, for
example on the basis of suggestions made by regional organizations or
other international or national groupings, will be found and at present
that may even seem improbable but neither can it be excluded. The

Court should not be seen as standing in the way of any conciliatory
effort.

(Signed) P. H. KOOIJMANS.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE KOOIJMANS

1. 1 have voted in favour of the operative part of the Judgment since
1concur with the Court's finding that it has jurisdiction to entertain the
claim as submitted by Libya and that this claim is admissible.1also share
the view expressed in the Judgment that a number of the objections sub-
mitted by the Respondent do not have an exclusivelypreliminary char-
acter. Since, however, the Judgment does not reflect fully my own con-
siderations 1wishto place on record my viewson some specificarguments
brought forward by the Parties. 1will do so rather succinctlywith regard
to the objections to the jurisdiction of the Court and in a slightly more

comprehensive way with regard to the objections to the admissibility of
the claim and to the objection that the Libyan claims have been rendered
without object, or that Libya is precluded from obtaining the relief it
seeks, by the subsequent adoption of Security Council resolutions 748
(1992)and 883 (1993).

2. It would be a truism to contend that the present case is a politically
highly sensitiveone. As the Court has stated many times before, the fact
that a dispute brought before it has serious political overtones does not
act as a bar to the Court's entertaining it, nordoes the fact that the dis-
pute is being dealt with simultaneously by the Security Council.
In the present case the Respondent has gone further than pointing out

merely these elements. It has intimated that Libya has not invoked the
Court's jurisdiction under the Montreal Convention in order to settle a
dispute which has arisen under that Convention but for other - quite
unconnected - reasons. During the hearings held on 13 October 1997
the Agent of the United Kingdom said:
"what the Applicant is seeking by these proceedings is simply not a

Montreal Convention matter, but a scarcely veiledattempt to frus-
trate the exerciseby the SecurityCouncil of its responsibilitiesunder
the United Nations Charter" (CR97116,p. 16).

3. The Respondent not only denies that there exists a dispute with
Libya on the interpretation or application of the Montreal Convention, it

also casts serious doubts on Libya's motivesto construe such a dispute;
the Court should not allow itself to be lured into such a politically
inspired hoax. 1have chosen the rather extreme wording of this last sen- OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. KOOIJMANS

[Traduction]

1. J'ai votéen faveur du dispositif de l'arrêt carje pense, comme la
Cour, que celle-ci est compétentepour connaître de la requête introduite
par la Libye et que cetterequêteest recevable. Je partage égalementl'opi-
nion expriméedans l'arrêtselon laquelle un certain nombre des excep-
tions présentéespar le défendeur n'ont pas un caractèreexclusivement
préliminaire.Toutefois,commel'arrêtne prend pas pleinement en compte
mes propres considérations,je tiensà ce qu'il soitpris acte de mes vues en

ce qui concernecertains des arguments formuléspar lesParties. Je leferai
assez succinctement pour les exceptions d'incompétence etun petit peu
plus longuement pour les exceptions d'irrecevabilitéet l'exception selon
laquelle les demandes libyennes ont étéprivées detout objet, ou selon
laquelle la Libye ne peut obtenir les mesures qu'elledemande, du fait de
l'adoption subséquentedes résolutions748 (1992) et 883 (1993) par le
Conseil de sécurité.

2. Ce serait un truisme d'affirmer que, politiquement, la présente
affaire est extrêmementdélicate. Comme la Cour l'a déjàdéclaré à de
nombreuses reprises, lefait qu'un différendporté devantellea desconno-
tations politiques sérieuseset le fait que le Conseil de sécurité est simul-

tanémentsaisi de ce différendne l'empêchentpas d'en connaître.
En l'espèce,le défendeurne s'est pas contenté de souligner ces élé-
ments. Il a laisséentendre que la Libye n'a pas invoquéla compétence
de la Cour en vertu de la convention de Montréal pour réglerun diffé-
rend nédans le cadre de cette convention mais pour d'autres raisons,
sans aucun lien avec elle. A l'audience du 13 octobre 1997, l'agent du
Royaume-Uni a déclaré :

«Ce que le demandeur essaied'obtenir par la présente instancene
relèvesimplement pas de la convention de Montréalmais constitue
une tentativeà peine voiléede faire échecà l'exercicepar le Conseil
de sécurité desattributions qu'il tient de la Charte des Nations
Unies.» (CR 97/16,p. 16.)
3. Non seulement le défendeurnie qu'il existe un différend avecla

Libye sur l'interprétationou l'application de la convention de Montréal,
mais il met aussi sérieusementendoute lesmotifs qui poussent la Libye à
invoquer un tel différend; la Cour ne doit pas se laisser entraîner dans
une telle mystification motivéepar des considérations politiques. J'aitence on purpose in order to show how easilythe Court can be portrayed
as an instrument used by one of the parties for extrajudicial purposes.
And this risk becomes an acute danger if the impression arises that the
Court is used as a pawn in a game of chess where other principal organs
of the United Nations play a role.

4. Against this background it seems proper and worthwhile to point

out once more what is the function of the Court according to the Charter
and its Statute, which forms an integral part of that Charter. This func-
tion was described in apposite terms by the Court itself in its Judgment of
20 December 1988in the Border and Transborder Armed Actions case:

"the Court is aware that politicalaspects may be present in any legal
dispute brought before it. The Court, as a judicial organ, is however
only concerned to establish,first, that the dispute before it is a legal

dispute, in the sense of a dispute capable of being settled by the
application of principles and rules of international law, and sec-
ondly, that the Court has jurisdiction to deal with it, and that that
jurisdiction is not fettered by any circumstancerendering the appli-
cation inadmissible. The purpose of recourse to the Court is the
peaceful settlement of disputes; the Court's judgment is a legal pro-
nouncement, and it cannot concern itself with the political motiva-
tion which may lead a state at a particular time, or in particular
circumstances, to choose judicial settlement." (Border and Trans-
border Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and
Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 91, para. 52.)

5. Whether the eventual finding of the Court on the merits is compat-
ible with binding decisions of other United Nations organs, in particular
the Security Council, is quite another matter and in the Court's view
must be considered at a later stage.The first task of the Court after a case
is submitted to it is toonsider whether the case concerns a legal dispute
and whether it has jurisdiction to deal with it. As the Court said in the
Nuclear Tests cases: "the existenceof a dispute is the primary condition
for the Court to exerciseitsjudicial function". The Court went on to say
that "it is not sufficient for one party toassert that there is a dispute",
nor, it may be added, is it sufficientthat the other partydenies that there
is a dispute. Referring to what is said in the case concerning Interpreta-
tion of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania (I.C.J.
Reports 1950, p. 74),the Court stated that "whether there existsan inter-
national dispute is a matter for objective determination" by it (Nuclear

Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 271,
para. 55).

6. If the Court, therefore, is determining the existence or the non-
existenceof a legal dispute, it is carrying out its proper judicial function.choisi de libeller la phrase qui précède en des termesassez extrêmesafin
de montrer combien il est facilede représenterla Cour comme un instru-
ment utilisépar l'une desparties à des fins extrajudiciaires. Et ce risque

devient un grave danger si l'impression naît que la Cour est utilisée
comme un pion dans une partie d'échecs à laquelle participent d'autres
organes principaux de l'organisation des Nations Unies.
4. Dans ce contexte, il semble opportun et utile de souligner une fois
de plus quelle est la fonction de la Cour selon la Charte et le Statut, qui
fait partie intégrante de la Charte. Cette fonction a étédécride manière
appropriéepar la Cour elle-mêmedans son arrêtrendu le 20 décembre
1988dans l'affaire relativeàdes Actions arméesfrontalièreset transfron-
talières:

«la Cour n'ignore pas que tout différendjuridique porté devant elle
peut présenterdes aspects politiques. Mais, en tant qu'organe judi-
ciaire, elledoit seulement s'attacher déterminerd'une part si le dif-
férendqui lui est soumis est d'ordre juridique, c'est-à-dire s'il est
susceptibled'êtrerésolupar application des principes et des règlesdu
droit international, et d'autre part si elle a compétencepour en
connaître et si l'exercicede cette compétence n'estpas entravépar
des circonstances qui rendent la requête irrecevable. L'objet de la
saisine de la Cour est le règlement pacifiquede tels différends.La
Cour se prononce en droit et n'a pas à s'interroger sur les motiva-
tions d'ordre politique qui peuvent amener un Etat, à un moment

donnéou dans des circonstances déterminées, à choisir le règlement
judiciaire. (Actions arméesfrontalièreset transfrontalières(Nica-
raguac. Honduras), compétenceet recevabilité,arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1988, p. 91, par. 52.)
5. Tout autre est la question de savoir si la conclusion finale de la .
Cour quant au fondestcompatible avecdesdécisionsobligatoiresd'autres
organes de l'Organisation des Nations Unies, en particulier le Conseil de

sécuritée,t, de l'avis de la Cour, cette question doit êtreexaminée à un
stade ultérieur. La première tâche de la Cour lorsqu'une affaire lui est
soumise est d'examiner si cette affaire concerne un différendjuridique et
si elle a compétencepour en connaître. Comme l'a déclaréla Cour dans
les affaires desEssais nucléaires:((L'existenced'un différend estdonc la
condition première de l'exercice de sa fonction judiciaire. » La Cour a
aussi ditqu'con ne peut se contenter à cet égarddes affirmations d'une
partie)) et, pourrait-on ajouter, il ne suffitpas non plus que l'autre partie
nie qu'ily ait un différend.Seréférant àson avis consultatifdans l'affaire
de l'Interprétationdes traitésdepaix conclus avec la Bulgarie, laHongrie
et la Roumanie (C. I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 74),la Cour a déclaréque ((l'exis-
tence d'un différendinternational demande àêtre établie objectivement))
(Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France), arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1974,
p. 271, par. 55).

6. Partant, si la Cour se prononce sur l'existenceou la non-existence
d'un différendjuridique, elle exerce régulièrement safonctionjudiciaire. In this respect it is in my view not relevant that the Respondent does not
rely on the Montreal Convention and contends that it has no dispute
with Libya concerning its interpretation or application. It is not in dis-
pute between the Parties that the facts of the Lockerbieincident as such

may be characterized as an act defined in Article 1of the Montreal Con-
vention which would imply that the Convention could be applicable to
that incident and - under normal circumstances - would be applicable.
The Respondent has stated that this does not mean that no other rules of
international law are applicable to these facts and by bringing the situa-
tion to the attention of the SecurityCouncil as a potential threat to peace
and security resulting from State involvement in acts of terrorism it has
relied on the provisions of the United Nations Charter. Under such cir-
cumstances the Montreal Convention would not be the only and exclu-
sively applicableinstrument as is contended by the Applicant.

7. The resulting difference of opinion is therefore not an abstract dis-
agreement about the applicability of the Montreal Convention, it is a

very precise legal dispute about its applicability to the very facts of the
case before the Court. The fact that the Security Council by adopting
resolution 731 (1992)implicitly denied the Convention's applicability to
these facts can in no way detract from the Court's own competence and
its own responsibility to determine whether the dispute as submitted by
the Applicant is ajusticiable dispute within the terms of Article 14,para-
graph 1,of the Montreal Convention, the settlement of which isentrusted
to the Court. To conclude otgerwise would impair the proper function of
the Court as it is determined in the Charter and the Statute. By implica-
tion the Court has alsojurisdiction to entertain the claims by Libya that
the Respondent has not respected Libya's rights under Article 7 of the
Convention, respectivelyits own obligations under Article 11,sincethese
are the specificclaims submitted by the Applicant. Whether the Court
will have to deal with these specificclaims will, ofcourse, depend upon
the Court's finding on the preliminary question of the Convention's

applicabilityin view of the resolutions of the Security Council.

8. The Court's jurisdiction in my view is confined to the issues just
mentioned which are covered by the terms of Article 14,paragraph 1, of
the Montreal Convention, viz., the issuesof applicability and compliance
or non-compliance. In particular the ways and means by which this non-
compliance is practised and the question whether these ways and means
are at variance with the Charter of the United Nations and with manda-
tory rules of general international law do not come within the Court's
jurisdiction as consensually agreed upon in Article 14, paragraph 1, of
the Convention.
9. 1,therefore, fully agree with the Court's finding that it hasjurisdic-
tion to hear the dispute between the Applicant and the Respondent inIl està mon avis indifférent à cet égard quele défendeurne s'appuie pas

surla convention de Montréal et soutiennequ'aucundifférendnel'oppose
à la Libye en ce qui concerne l'interprétation et l'application de cette
convention. Il n'estpas contestépar les Parties qu'en eux-mêmes les faits
de l'incident de Lockerbie peuvent être considérés commeconstitutifs
d'un acte visé à l'article premier de la convention de Montréal, ce qui
impliquerait que cette convention pourrait être applicable à cet incident
et - dans des circonstancesnormales - lui serait applicable. Le défen-
deur a déclaré quecela ne signifiepas que d'autres règlesdu droit inter-
national ne soientpas applicables à cesfaits, et qu'en portant la situation

à l'attention du Conseil de sécuritécomme une menace potentiellecontre
la paix et la sécuritérésultante la participation d'un Etatà des actes de
terrorisme, il a fait fond sur les dispositions de la Charte des Nations
Unies. Dans ces conditions. la convention de Montréal ne serait was. A ,
comme l'affirme le demandeur, le seul instrument applicable ou exclusi-
vement aLwLicable.
7. La divergenced'opinions qui en résulte n'estdonc pas un désaccord
abstrait quant à l'applicabilité dela convention de Montréal:il s'agitd'un
différend juridiquetrès précissur l'applicabilité decette convention aux
faits mêmesde l'affairedont la Cour est saisie.Le fait qu'en adoptant la

résolution731 (1992) le Conseil de sécuritéait implicitement niéque la
conventionfût applicable à cesfaits ne peut en aucune manièrerestreindre
la compétenceet la responsabilitépropres de la Cour s'agissant dedéter-
miner si, au regard du paragraphe 1 de l'article 14 de la convention de
Montréal,le différend que luia soumisle demandeur est un différendrele-
vant du règlementjudiciaire, lequel règlement lui est confié.Conclure
autrement porterait atteinte à la fonction propre de la Cour telle que
celle-ci est définiedans la Charte et le Statut. Par voie de conséquence,
la Cour est aussi compétente pour connaître des demandes de la Libye,

à savoir dire et juger que le défendeur n'apas respectéles droits que l'ar-
ticle7 de la convention confèreà la Libyeet n'apas exécuté lesobligations
que l'article 11 lui imposeà lui-même,puisque telles sont les demandes
spécifiquesdu demandeur. La réponse à la question de savoir si la Cour
devra connaître de cesdemandes spécifiquesdépendrabien sûr de la con-
clusion qu'elleadoptera sur la question préliminaire de l'applicabilité dlea
convention eu égardaux résolutions du Conseil de sécurité.
8. La compétencede la Cour est à mon avis limitéeaux questions que
je viens de mentionner et qui sont couvertes par les termes du para-
graphe 1 de l'article 14 de la convention de Montréal, c'est-à-dire les

questions de l'applicabilitéet du respect ou non-respect de ce texte. En
particulier, les moyens par lesquels ce non-respect se traduit et la ques-
tion de savoir si ces moyens ne sont pas conformes à la Charte des
Nations Unies et aux règlesimpérativesdu droit international généran l e
relèventpas de la compétencede la Cour telle que celle-cia été consen-
suellement acceptéeau paragraphe 1 de l'article 14de la convention.
9. C'est pourquoi je souscris pleinement à la conclusion de la Cour
selon laquelle elle est compétentepour connaître du différendentre leaccordance with Article 14, paragraph 1, of the Montreal Convention.

That 1 nevertheless have expressed some persona1 views on the issue of
jurisdiction isecause 1deem it important to point out that in this regard
the competences of the Security Council and the Court are separate and
clearly distinguishable,and should not be confused, let alone be seen as
potentially conflicting with each other. Just as each Stateis entitled to
bring a situation to the attention of the Security Council and the Council
is entitled to give its views on that situation and to qualify it as a threat
to international peace and security, so each State is entitled to submit to
the Court a claim against another State with regard to a dispute which in
its opinion is justiciable. It is for the Court and only for the Court to
determine whether it is competent to entertain the claim on the basis of
the relevant legal provisions.

II.ISSUES OF ADMISSIBILI TYD MOOTNESS

10. Whether the Court, once it has assumedjurisdiction, should carry
out itsjudicial functionunder al1circumstances, is quite a different mat-
ter. The Respondent has submitted that any rights which Libya might
have under the Montreal Convention are in any event superseded by its
obligations under Security Councilresolutions 748 (1992)and 883(1993)

which were adopted after the date of the filing of Libya's Application.
Consequently, any judgment on the merits would be an empty one
because it would be neither applicable nor enforceable.

11. It seemsto be a question ofminor relevancewhether this objection
must be called an objection to the admissibilityand consequently must be
rejectedsincethese resolutions were adopted after the date of the filingof
the Application which according to the Judgrnent is the only relevant
date for determining the admissibility or whether it must be qualified as
an "objection the decision upon which must be determined before any
further proceedings" in the sense of Article 79, paragraph 1, of the Rules
of Court.

12. It may be questioned whether it is necessary or even possible to
give a neat categorization of preliminary objections. S. Rosenne says in
this respect:
"Al1that can be deduced from experienceis that it is an individual
matter to be appreciated in the light of al1the circumstances of each

case." (S. Rosenne,The Law and Practiceof the International Court
of Justice,1920-1996, 1997,p. 883.)
In this respect reference may be made also to theNorthern Cameroons
case where the Court, commenting on the various meanings ascribed by
the Parties to,inter alia, the term "admissibility" said:demandeur et le défendeur conformémentau paragraphe 1de l'article 14
de la convention de Montréal.J'ai néanmoinsexprimécertainesopinions
personnelles sur la question de la compétenceparce que j'e~timeim~or-
tant de souligner que lescompétencesdu Conseilde sécuritéetde la Cour
sont à cet égard distinctes et peuvent être nettement distinguées, et
qu'ellesne doiventpas être confondues,encore moins considérées comme
pouvant êtreen conflit. De mêmeque tout Etat a le droit de porter une
situationà l'attention du Conseil de sécurité etle Conseil le droit de se
prononcer sur cette situation et de la qualifier de menace contre la paix et
la sécuritéinternationales, tout Etat a le droit d'introduire devant la

Cour une requête contre un autre Etat au sujet d'un différenddont il
estime qu'il relèvedu règlement judiciaire. C'estla Cour et à la Cour
seulement qu'il appartient de déterminersi elleest compétentepour con-
naître de la demande sur la base des dispositions juridiques applicables.

II. QUESTION CONCERNANT LA RECEVABILITÉ ET LE DÉFAUT
D'OBJET DES DEMANDES

10. La question de savoir sila Cour, une fois qu'elles'estdéclaréecom-
pétente,doit exercer sa fonction judiciaire ,dans toutes les circonstances

est une question tout à fait différente.Le défendeura soutenu que les
droits que la Libye pourrait avoir en vertu de la convention de Montréal
sont de toute façon supplantés par les obligations que lui imposent les
résolutions748 (1992)et 883 (1993) du Conseil de sécurité,qui ont été
adoptées postérieurement à l'introduction de la requête de la Libye. En
conséquence,tout arrêtsur le fond serait vide de sensparce qu'il ne serait
ni applicable ni exécutable.
11. Il ne semble guèrepertinent de savoir si cette exception doit être
considérée comme une exception d'irrecevabilité etrejetée enconsé-
quence, puisque les résolutionsen question ont étadoptéesaprèsla date
de l'introduction de la requête qui, auxtermes de l'arrêt,est la seule date
pertinente aux fins d'apprécierla recevabilitéde celle-ciou de déterminer

si elle doit êtrequalifiéed'«exception sur laquelle le défendeurdemande
une décisionavant que la procédure surle fond sepoursuive» au sens du
paragraphe 1de l'article 79 du Règlementde la Cour.
12. On peut contester qu'il soit nécessaire ou mêmepossible de
classer les exceptions préliminairesen catégories distinctAs.cet égard
S. Rosenne déclare:

«Tout ce qu'on peut déduire del'expérienceest qu'il s'agit d'une
question particulièrequi doit êtreappréciéela lumièrede toutes les
circonstances de chaque affaire.» (S. Rosenne, The Law and Prac-
tice of the International Court of Justice, 1920-1996,1997,p. 883.)
A cet égard, on peut aussi se reporteà l'affaire du Cameroun septen-

trionaldans laquelle la Cour, commentant lesdivers sensattribués parles
Parties, entre autres, au terme «recevabilité»,a déclaré: "The Court recognizes that these words in differing contexts may
have various connotations but it does not find it necessary in the
present case to explore the meaning of these terms. For the purposes
of the present case, a factual analysisundertaken in the light of cer-
tain guiding principles may suffice to conduce to the resolution of

the issues to which the Court directs its attention." (Northern Cam-
eroons, Judgment,1.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 28.)
13. Irrespective of the question whether preliminary objectionsshould
be distinguished as to category, this contextual analysis is exactly what
the Court has undertaken in the present Judgment. Taking into account

al1circumstances of the case it has come to the conclusion that the objec-
tion that Security Council resolutions 748 (1992) and 883 (1993) have
rendered the Libyan claim without object is an objection which possesses
a preliminarycharacter and falls within the provisions of Article 79of the
Rules of Court. Nevertheless, the Court has concluded that this objection
does not have an exclusivelypreliminarycharacter within the meaning of
Article 79, paragraph 7, and, therefore, should be considered at the stage
of the merits.
14. 1 share this view of the Court. 1 have, however, the feeling that
some additional remarks would be appropriate in light of the fact that
the Respondent has not denied that this objection may touch upon the
merits. It is of the opinion that the case should neverthelessbe terminated
at the present stage as any judgrnent on the merits would be without
practical effectsincethe reliefsought by Libya cannot be provided by the
Court because of the overriding legal effectsof the mandatory resolutions
of the Security Council.
Counsel for the United Kingdom stated that it would not be a proper
exerciseof thejudicial function if the Court would pronounce ajudgment

which would be an empty one because it was neither applicable nor
enforceable given the terms of prior decisions of the Security Council
which remained in force (CR97116,p. 60).
In this respect reference was made to the Court's finding in the
Northern Cameroonscase, where it said:

"The Court's judgment must have some practical consequence in
the sense that it can affect existing legal rights or obligations of the
parties,thus removing uncertainty from their legalrelations." (1.C.J.
Reports 1963,p. 34.)

15. It seems questionable, however, whether this reference to the
NorthernCameroonscaseis correct.The Court'sreasoningwasbased onthe
argument that ajudgment on the merits would not be ajudgment capable
.of effectiveapplication since the decision of the General Assembly (reso-
lution 1608 (XV)) to terminate the Trusteeship over the British Cam-
eroons (which mooted the case between the United Kingdom and the
Republic of Cameroon) was an administrative measure of a determina-
tive and final character. A finding of a breach of law by the Court could «La Cour reconnaît que, dans des contextesdifférents,ces termes
peuvent avoir des sens différentsmaisellen'estimepas nécessaireen
l'espèced'en examinerla signification.Aux finsde la présenteespèce,
une analyse des faits tenant compte de certains principes directeurs
peut suffirepour résoudreles questions qui retiennent l'attention de
la Cour.»(Camerounseptentrional, arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil1963, p. 28.)

13. Qu'ilfaille ou non distinguer lesexceptions préliminaires selon des
catégories,cette analyse contextuelle est exactement ce à quoi la Cour
s'est livréedans le présentarrêt.Tenant compte de toutes les circons-
tances de l'espèce,elle est parvenueà la conclusionque l'exception selon
laquelle les résolutions748 (1992) et 883 (1993)du Conseil de sécurité
auraient rendu la demande libyenne sans objet est une exception qui a un
caractère préliminaire etrelèvedes dispositions de l'article 79 du Règle-
ment de la Cour. La Cour a néanmoinsconcluque cette exceptionn'avait
pas un caractère exclusivementpréliminaireau sens du paragraphe 7 de
l'article 79 et devait, en conséquence,êtreexaminée avecle fond.

14. Je partage cette opinion de la Cour. J'ai cependant le sentiment
qu'ily a lieu de faire des observations additionnelles étant donnéque le
dbfendeur n'a pas niéque cette exception pouvait toucher le fond du dif-
férend. Il estime qu'il devrait être néanmoins is fià l'instance durant la
phase actuelle au motif que tout arrêtau fond serait dépourvu d'effet
pratique puisquela Cour ne peut faire droit aux demandesde la Libye en
raison des effets juridiques supérieurs des résolutions obligatoires du
Conseil de sécurité.
Le Conseil du Royaume-Uni a déclaréque la Cour n'exercerait pas
comme il convient sa fonction judiciaire si elle rendait un arrêtqui serait
vide de sens parce qu'il ne serait ni applicable ni exécutablecompte tenu
des termes des décisionsantérieuresdu Conseil de sécurité qui demeurent
en vigueur (CR 97/16,p. 60).
A cet égard,on a citél'arrêt rendupar la Cour dans l'affairedu Came-

roun septentrional:
«L'arrêtde la Cour doit avoir des conséquencespratiques en ce
sens qu'il doit pouvoir affecter les droits ou obligations juridiques
existants des Parties, dissipant ainsitoute incertitude dans leurs rela-

tions juridiques. (C.1.J. Recueil 1963, p. 34.)
15. On peut toutefois se demander si cette référence à l'affaire du
Cameroun septentrional est justifiée.Dans cette affaire, le raisonnement
de la Cour reposait sur l'idéequ'un arrêtsur le fond ne pourrait être

effectivementappliqué puisque ladécision de l'Assembléegénérale (réso-
lution 1608 (XV))de mettre fin à la tutelle sur le Cameroun britannique
(décisionqui rendait l'instance sans objet entre le Royaume-Uni et la
République du Cameroun) était une mesure administrative ayant la
nature d'une décisionet un caractèredéfinitif.Une conclusionde la Cournot lead to redress as the General Assembly was no longer competent
with regard to the Territory pursuant to the termination of the Trustee-
ship as a result of resolution 1608(XV) and consequently no determina-

tion reached by the Court could be given effect to by the former Admin-
isteringAuthority (iC.J. Reports 1963, p. 35).

16. The Northern Cameroons case makes clear that a decision that a
claim no longer has any object can only be made within a highly concrete
context. It is "the circumstances which have arisen" which bring the
Court to the determination that "it does not enter into the adjudicatory
functions of the Court to deal with issues in abstracto, once it has
reached the conclusion that the merits of the case no longer fa11to be
determined" (I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 272).
17. In the present case circumstances are different: there is no admin-
istrative measure of a determinative and final character taken by an
organ of the United Nations. Resolutions of the Security Council taken
under Chapter VI1of the Charter may have far-reaching legal effects,but

they are not irrevocable or unalterable. In the exerciseof its function the
Security Council is free to confirm, revoke or amend them and conse-
quently they cannot be called "final" even if during their lifetime they
may be dispositive of the rights and obligations of member States, over-
riding rights and obligations these States may have under other treaties.
Itis generally agreed that the Security Council has full competence under
Chapter VI1to determine that a factual situation constitutes a threat to
international peace and security and that it may take the necessarylegally
bindingmeasures to counter that threat, but that it has no competence to
determine the law, whereas it has been questioned whether the Council
can modify the law when applying it to a particular set of facts (see, for
example, Malcolm Shaw, "The Security Council and the International
Court of Justice: JudicialDrift and Judicial Function", in A. S. Muller et

al. (eds.), The International Courtof Justice - Its Future Role after Fifty
Years, 1997,pp. 219 ff.).

18. Since Security Council resolutions 748 (1992)and 883 (1993)have
authoritatively but not definitively and for an indefinite period of time
determined the matters at issue, the Court rightly concluded that the
objection by the Respondent that the Libyan claims are without object
does not have "an exclusivelypreliminarycharacter" and will be consid-
ered by the Court when it reaches the merits of the case. By doing so the
Court has upheld its function as it is defined in Article 38 of the Statute,
viz., "to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are
submitted to it", at the same time respecting fully the competences which

the Security Council has under the Charter.
19. Distinguishing carefully the proper functions of both Security
Council and Court in my view is essential for what Judge Lachs called "aselon laquelle des dispositions juridiques avaient étévioléesn'aurait pu
entraîner une réparation puisque l'Assembléegénérale n'était plus com-
pétenteen ce qui concernait le territoire par suite de la cessation de la
tutellepar l'effetde la résolution1608(XV)et, en conséquence,l'ancienne
puissance administrante ne pouvait donner effet à aucune décisionde la
Cour (C.I.J. Recueil 1963, p. 35).
16. Il ressort clairement de l'affaire du Cameroun septentrionalque la
Cour ne décidera qu'unedemande n'a plus d'objet que dans un contexte
extrêmementconcret. Ce sont «les circonstances qui se sont produites))
qui amènent la Cour à juger qu'«il n'entre pas dans la fonction juridic-
tionnelle de la Cour de traiter des questions dans l'abstrait, une fois

qu'elle est parvenue à la conclusion qu'il /n'ya plus lieu de statuer au
fond)) (C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 272).
17. En l'espèce,les circonstances sont différentes: il n'y a pas de
mesure administrativeayant la nature d'une décisionet un caractèredéfi-
nitif prise par un organe de l'organisation des Nations Unies. Les réso-
lutions adoptéespar le Conseil de sécurité en vertu du chapitre VI1de la
Charte peuvent avoir des effetsjuridiques de vaste portée,mais elles ne
sont pas irrévocablesni inaltérables.Il est loisible au Conseil de sécurité,
dans l'exercicede sesfonctions,de lesconfirmer, de lesrévoquerou de les
modifier et on ne peut en conséquencelesqualifier de ((définitives)) ême
si, pendant la périodeoù elles sont en vigueur, elles peuvent déterminer
les droits et obligations des Etats Membres, leurs dispositions l'empor-
tant sur les droits et les obligationsque ces Etats peuvent avoir en vertu
d'autres traités.l est généralementadmis que le Conseil de sécuritéest
pleinement compétenten vertu du chapitre VI1 pour constater qu'une

situation de fait constitue une menace contre la paix et la sécuritéinter-
nationales et qu'il peut prendre les mesures juridiquement obligatoires
nécessairespour parer à cette menace, mais qu'il n'est pas compétent
pour dire le droit, et l'on a contesté que le Conseil de sécuritépuisse
modifier le droit lorsqu'il l'appliqueà un ensemble de faits particuliers
(voir, par exemple, Malcolm Shaw, «The Security Counciland the Inter-
national Court of Justice JudicialDrift and JudicialFunction»,dans A. S.
Muller et autres, dir. publ., The International Court of Justice - Its
Future Role after Fifty Years, 1997,p. 219 et suiv.).
18. Comme lesrésolutions748(1992)et 883 (1993)du Conseilde sécu-
ritéont tranchéles questions en cause avec autoritémais non déjinitive-
ment et pour une périodeindéfinie,la Cour a à juste titre conclu que
l'exception du défendeurselon laquelle les demandes libyennes ont été
privéesde tout objet n'a pas«un caractèreexclusivementpréliminaire))et

serait examinée avecle fond. Ce faisant, la Cour agit conformément à sa
fonction telle que celle-ciest définie l'article 38 de son Statutà savoir
((réglerconformémentau droit international les différendsqui lui sont
soumis)),tout en respectant pleinement lescompétencesqui sont cellesdu
Conseil de sécuritéen vertu de la Charte.
19.Il est à mon avis essentiel aux fins de ce que M. Lachs a appelé
«une interactionfructueuse))entre cesdeuxprincipaux organesde 1'Orga-fruitful interaction" between these two main organs of the United
Nations. These functions are complementary and in that sense can be
mutually supportive.

III.CONCLUDIN RGEMARKS

20. One final remark may be made. The Respondent has invoked the
concept of "judicial economy" when advocating a dismissalof the case in
the preliminaryphase. It has warned of proceedings on the merits which
make it necessary for the Court to address complex issues of fact and
added that the case should be disposed of at the preliminary phase
because the Council resolutions would have rendered it without object. It
cannot be excluded that this might be the case indeed, although thiss by
no means certain as it was in the Northern Cameroonscase.

21. Judicial economy however may go to the detriment ofjudicial pro-
priety which asks for a careful weighing of the interests of al1parties to
the dispute. In this respect isworthwhile to recallwhat Judge Read said
in his dissentingopinion in the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case:

"It is impossible to overlook the grave injustice which would be
done to an applicant State, by ajudgment upholding an objection to
the jurisdiction and refusing to permit adjudication on the merits,
and which, at the same time, decided an important issue of fact or
law, forming part of the merits, against the applicant State. The
effect ofrefusa1to permit adjudication of the dispute would be to
remit the applicant and respondent States to other measures, legal or
political, for the settlement of the dispute.ther the applicant nor

the respondent should be prejudiced, inseeking an alternative solu-
tion of the dispute, by thedecision of any issue of fact or law that
pertains to the merits." (Z.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 149; emphasis
added.)
22. It certainly cannot be foreseen that alternative solutions, for
example on the basis of suggestions made by regional organizations or
other international or national groupings, will be found and at present
that may even seem improbable but neither can it be excluded. The

Court should not be seen as standing in the way of any conciliatory
effort.

(Signed) P. H. KOOIJMANS.nisation des Nations Unies de distinguer soigneusement entre les fonc-
tions propres au Conseil de sécurité etcelles propres à la Cour. Ces
fonctionssont complémentaireset, en cesens,peuvent sesoutenir mutuel-
lement.

III. OBSERVATIONS FINALES

20. On peut faire une observation finale. Le défendeura invoqué la
notion d'«économie judiciaire)) lorsqu'il a demandéqu'il soit mis fin à

l'affaire dans sa phase préliminaire.Il a mis la Cour en garde contre une
instance au fond qui obligerait la Courà examiner des questions de fait
complexes et a ajoutéqu'il fallait mettre finl'instance lors de la phase
préliminaireparce que les résolutionsdu Conseil de sécuritél'ont rendue
sans objet. On ne peut exclure que tel puisse êtreeffectivement le cas,
bien que cela ne soit aucunement certain comme cela l'étaitdans l'affaire
du Cameroun septentrional.
21. L'économiejudiciaire peuttoutefois jouer au détrimentdel'oppor-
tunitéjudiciaire, qui appelle une délicatemise en balance des intérêde
toutes lesparties au différend. cet égard,ce qu'a dit M. Read dans son
opinion dissidente dans l'affaire de'dnglo-Iranian Oil Co. mérited'être
rappelé :

«Il m'est impossible de méconnaîtrela grave injustice que cause-
raità un Etat demandeur un arrêt qui admettrait une exception
d'incompétence et refuseraitd'autoriser un prononcé sur le fond,
tout en tranchant en mêmetemps, à l'encontre de 1'Etatdemandeur,
un important point de fait ou de droit faisant partie du fond. Le

refus d'autoriser un jugement du différendaurait pour effet de ren-
voyer 1'Etatdemandeur et 1'Etatdéfendeur àd'autres mesures juri-
diques ou politiques, en vue de réglerle différend.Au moment de
rechercher uneautre solution au différend.ni le demandeur ni le
défendeurne devraientêtre placésdans un étatd'inférioritéà la suite
d'une décision surun point de fait ou de droit touchant le fond.»
(C.I.J. Recueil 1952, p. 149; les italiques sont de moi.)

22. On ne peut certainement pas prévoirque d'autres solutions, par
exemplesur la base de suggestionsfaites par des organisations régionales
ou d'autres groupements internationaux ou nationaux, seront trouvées
et, pour le moment, celapeut mêmesembler improbable, mais on ne peut
non plus l'exclure. La Cour ne doit pas êtreperçue comme faisant obs-
tacleà d'éventuelsefforts de conciliation.

(Signé) P. H. KOOIJMANS.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Kooijmans

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