Joint declaration of Judges Guillaume and Fleischhauer (English Original Text)

Document Number
088-19980227-JUD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
088-19980227-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

JOINT DECLARATION OF JUDGES GUILLAUME AND
FLEISCHHAUER

[English Original Text]

Article79, paragraph 7, of the Rules of Court - Objection of mootness
having an exclusively preliminary character.
Actions of the United Kingdom in order to obtain the surrenderof the sus-
pects - Last substantivesubmissionof Libya directed againstthese action-
Jurisdiction of the Court in this respect only to the extent that the actionsin
questionwouldbe contrary to the Montreal Convention.

We feel prompted to make the followingjoint declaration with regard
to the Judgment of today's date on the preliminary objections raised by
the United Kingdom in the case concerning questions of interpretation
and application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the aerial
incident at Lockerbie:

We voted against the third conclusion in the dispositifthat

"the objection raised by the United Kingdom according to which
Security Council resolutions 748 (1992) and 883 (1993) have ren-
dered the claims of Libya without object does not, in the circum-
stances of the case, have an exclusivelypreliminary character".

We find that that conclusion is wrong and that it sets a potentially
dangerous precedent as it undercuts the object and purpose of Article 79
of the Rules of Court.
The conclusion is wrong for the following reasons.
Thiscase isabout the Montreal Convention.What isin dispute between
the Parties is the applicability of the Convention to the Lockerbie inci-
dent and the observation of the obligations flowingfrom its provisions in

the aftermath of the incident. The case is not about the Security Council
resolutions 748(1992)and 883(1993)which were adopted by the Council
on 31 March 1992and 11 November 1993respectively, i.e., after Libya
had submitted its Application on 3 March 1992.Libya'ssubstantive sub-
missions as contained in its Application and its Memorial concern the
applicability of the Montreal Convention and the compliance of the
Parties with particular provisions of that instrument in the handling of
the Lockerbie incident. Were it othenvise, the Court would not have
jurisdiction; the onlybase forjurisdictionin thismatter isArticle 14,para-

graph 1, of the Montreal Convention which confers on the Court juris-diction over "any dispute between two or more Contracting States con-
cerning the interpretation or application" of the Convention.

The United Kingdom as Respondent claims, as a matter of preliminary
objection, "that the interveningresolutions of the Security Council have
rendered the Libyan claims without object" (Judgment, para. 46). The
aim of the objection is to obtain a decision from the Court that there is

no ground for proceeding to judgment on the merits. This is an exclu-
sively preliminary objection. The Court could - and should - have
decided on it without thereby passing judgment - if only in part - on
the merits of Libya's claims.
Had the Court rejected - in whole or in part - the preliminary objec-
tion in question, then it would now turn - in so far as the preliminary
objection was rejected - to the merits of the Libyan submissions and
examine them one by one within the limits of its jurisdiction. The out-
come of that examination would in no way be predetermined by the pre-
vious examination of and decision on the objection of the United King-

dom.
Had the Court, on the other hand, accepted the objection raised by the
United Kingdom, then the Court would have effectivelyended the case.
It would, however, have done so without deciding on the merits of any of
the submissions presented by Libya or predetermining them. The Court
would have left the Montreal Convention completely aside. It would
have based its decision exclusivelyon a new element, extraneous to the
Montreal Convention and not related to it - the Security Council reso-
lutions. In adopting resolutions 748 (1992)and 883(1993),which contain
decisions made under Chapter VI1 of the Charter and binding under

Article 25, the Security Councilhas not taken position with regard to the
Montreal Convention; in no way has it decided whether the provisions of
the Convention are applicable to the Lockerbie incident, nor has it
decided or taken a position on the question as to whether the provisions
of the Convention have been complied with by the Parties. Rather, in the
exerciseof its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international
peace and security, the Councilfound it necessary to impose certain obli-
gations on Libya. In accordance with Article 103 of the Charter, those
obligations override al1other obligations of the Parties, irrespective of
whether the latter obligations were contested between the Parties or

whether they had been complied with or not. The lack of connection
between the Security Council resolutions and the position of the Parties
under the Montreal Convention precludes the evaluation of the objection
of the United Kingdom as a defence on the merits; it also prohibits the
Court from stating, as it does, that the objection "does much more than
'touch[ing]upon subjectsbelongingto the merits of the case'" (Judgment,
para. 50)or that it is " 'inextricably interwoven'with the merits" (ibid.).
Because this is so, the third conclusion of the dispositif of the Judg-
ment seemsto run counter to the jurisprudence of the Court concerning

the application of Article 79 of the Rules of Court since their 1972revision.The Court, with one exception(Military and PararnilitaryActivi-
ties in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. UnitedStates of Arnerica),
Jurisdiction and Adrnissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 392),
has always dealt with preliminaryobjections in the first phase of the pro-
ceedings and has indeed favoured a restrictive interpretation of the
notion "not exclusivelypreliminary" in the interest of speedy and ;CO-
nomical disposa1of the objections (ibid.,Merits, Judgrnent,I.C.J. Reports
1986,pp. 29 ff.).

The Judgrnent seeks to justify its third conclusion by declaring that
accepting the preliminary objection of the United Kingdom would have
meant taking "a decision establishing that the rights claimed by Libya
under the Montreal Convention are incompatible with its obligations

under the Security Council resolutions" (para. 50). It adds that accep-
tance of the objection raised by the Respondent would have constituted
"a decision that those obligations prevail over those rights by virtue of
Articles 25 and 103of the Charter" (ibid.). This might be true, but it is
beside the point for the decision to be taken now on the preliminary
objection of the United Kingdom. Defining the meaning and the effect of
the resolutions of the Council and comparing those resolutions with the
submissions of Libya regarding the Montreal Convention in no way
means taking position on the rights and obligations of Libya under the
Convention.
That acceptance of the preliminary objection of the United Kingdom
would have brought the caseto an end is also not an argument against its
exclusivelypreliminarycharacter :the ending of a case is the intention of
every preliminary objection. This is so in the case of objections of the

kind of those dealt with in the third conclusion of the dispositif. The
Court has in the past had occasion to deal with such objections and has
considered them separate from the merits; it dealt with them even before
turning to jurisdiction and admissibility (Nuclear Tests cases (Australia
v. France), Judgrnent, I.C.J. Reports 1974, pp. 259-272and (New Zea-
landv. France), Judgrnent,1.C.J. Reports 1974,pp. 457-478).In this con-
nection it has also to be pointed out that if the Council terminated, with
effectex nunc, the measures prescribed by resolutions 748 (1992)and 883
(1993),the position of the Parties under the Convention would still exist,
unchanged.
The third conclusion of the dispositifruns counter to the object and
purpose of Article 79 of the Rules of Court and sets a dangerous
precedent for the future handling of that provision for the following
reasons.

When the Court, in 1972, adopted the text which later became Ar-
ticle 79,it did so for reasons of procedural economy and of sound admin-
istration of justice. Court and parties were called upon to clear away
preliminary questions of jurisdiction and admissibility as well as other
preliminary objections before entering into lengthy and costly proceed-
ings on the merits of a case. Of course, provision had to be made forobjections that did not possess "in the circumstances of the case, an
exclusivelypreliminarycharacter" (Art. 79,para. 7). In order to make the
necessary determinations the Court, "whenever necessary, may request
the parties to argue al1questions of law and fact, and to adduce al1evi-
dence, which bear on the issue" (Art. 79, para. 6). The interpretation
given by the Court in the present case to the notion "not exclusively pre-
liminarycharacter" is, however, so wide and so vague that the possibility
of acceptinga preliminaryobjection becomesseriouslyrestricted.Thereby
the Judgment acts counter to the procedural economy and the sound
administration of justice which it is theintent of Article 79 to achieve.

We would also like to state that we have voted in favour of the first
conclusion of the dispositif on jurisdiction of the Court over the case on
the following understanding relating to the last of the substantive sub-
missions presented by Libya in its Application and its Memorial:

In the version submitted to the Court in the Libyan Memorial this sub-
mission concerns an alleged legalobligation of the United Kingdom

"to respect Libya's right not to have the [Montreal]Convention set

aside by means which would in any case be at variance with the prin-
ciples of the United Nations Charter and with the mandatory rules
of general international law prohibiting the use of force and the vio-
lation of the sovereignty, territorial integrity, sovereign equality and
political independence of States" (Judgment, para. 34).

We recognize that there is a legal dispute between the Parties concern-
ing this point. That dispute, however, falls under Article 14,paragraph 1,
of the Montreal Convention and therefore within the jurisdiction of the
Court only if, and in so far as, it concernsthe interpretation and applica-

tion of one or more of the provisions of the Convention. The dispute
does not fa11under Article 14, paragraph 1, and the jurisdiction of the
Court if it concerns the interpretation and application of Article 2, para-
graph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations. That is spelledout in para-
graph 36 of the Judgment, but not so explicitly in the dispositif; that is
why we wish to make Ourposition on the matter quite clear.

(Signed) Gilbert GUILLAUME.
(Signed) Carl-August FLEISCHHAUER.

Bilingual Content

DÉCLARATION COMMUNE
DE MM. GUILLAUME ET FLEISCHHAUER

[Texte original français]

Paragraphe7 de l'article79 du Règlementde la Cour - Exception de non-
lieu ayant un caractèreexclusivementpréliminaire.
Actions menéesparle Royaume-Unien vue d'obtenir la livraison des suspects
- Dernières conclusions au fond de la Libye dirigées contreces actions-
Compétencede la Cour pour en connaître dans la seulm eesure où les actions
critiquées seraient contrairesa convention deMontréal.

Nous pensons devoir faire la déclaration commune suivante concer-
nant l'arrêt rendu aujourd'huimêmesur les exceptions préliminairessou-
levéespar le Royaume-Uni dans l'affaireconcernant lesquestionsd'inter-
prétation et d'application dela conventionde Montréal de 1971résultant
de l'incident aérien de Lockerbie.

Nous avons voté contre la décisionfigurant au point 3 du dispositif
d'aprèslaquelle

((l'exception du Royaume-Uni, selon laquelle les résolutions 748
(1992) et 883 (1993) du Conseil de sécuritéauraient privéles de-
mandes de la Libye de tout objet, n'a pas, dans les circonstances
de l'espèce,un caractère exclusivementpréliminaire)).

Nous estimons que cette décisionest erronée etqu'elle crée unprécédent
qui pourrait être dangereux,comme contraire à l'objet et au but de l'ar-
ticle 79 du Règlementde la Cour.
Cette décision esterronéepour les motifs développés ci-après.
La présente affaire porte sur la convention de Montréal. Le différend
entre lesParties est relatifI'applicabilitéde cetteconvention àl'incident
de Lockerbie et au respect des obligationsrésultantdes dispositionsde la

convention à la suite de l'incident. L'affaire ne porte pas sur les résolu-
tions du Conseil de sécurité748 (1992)et 883 (1993)qui ont été adoptées
par le Conseil les 31 mars 1992 et 11 novembre 1993, respectivement,
c'est-à-direaprès que la Libye eut présentésa requêtele 3mars 1992.Les
conclusions au fond de la Libye, telles qu'ellesfigurent dans sa requête
et dans son mémoire, concernent l'applicabilité dela convention de
Montréal etle respect par lesParties de dispositions spécifiquesde cet ins-
trument dans le traitement de l'incident de Lockerbie. S'il enétaitautre-
ment, la Cour n'aurait d'ailleurs pas compétence;en effetla seulebase de

compétenceen la matièreest le paragraphe 1 de l'article 14de la conven- JOINT DECLARATION OF JUDGES GUILLAUME AND
FLEISCHHAUER

[English Original Text]

Article79, paragraph 7, of the Rules of Court - Objection of mootness
having an exclusively preliminary character.
Actions of the United Kingdom in order to obtain the surrenderof the sus-
pects - Last substantivesubmissionof Libya directed againstthese action-
Jurisdiction of the Court in this respect only to the extent that the actionsin
questionwouldbe contrary to the Montreal Convention.

We feel prompted to make the followingjoint declaration with regard
to the Judgment of today's date on the preliminary objections raised by
the United Kingdom in the case concerning questions of interpretation
and application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the aerial
incident at Lockerbie:

We voted against the third conclusion in the dispositifthat

"the objection raised by the United Kingdom according to which
Security Council resolutions 748 (1992) and 883 (1993) have ren-
dered the claims of Libya without object does not, in the circum-
stances of the case, have an exclusivelypreliminary character".

We find that that conclusion is wrong and that it sets a potentially
dangerous precedent as it undercuts the object and purpose of Article 79
of the Rules of Court.
The conclusion is wrong for the following reasons.
Thiscase isabout the Montreal Convention.What isin dispute between
the Parties is the applicability of the Convention to the Lockerbie inci-
dent and the observation of the obligations flowingfrom its provisions in

the aftermath of the incident. The case is not about the Security Council
resolutions 748(1992)and 883(1993)which were adopted by the Council
on 31 March 1992and 11 November 1993respectively, i.e., after Libya
had submitted its Application on 3 March 1992.Libya'ssubstantive sub-
missions as contained in its Application and its Memorial concern the
applicability of the Montreal Convention and the compliance of the
Parties with particular provisions of that instrument in the handling of
the Lockerbie incident. Were it othenvise, the Court would not have
jurisdiction; the onlybase forjurisdictionin thismatter isArticle 14,para-

graph 1, of the Montreal Convention which confers on the Court juris-tion de Montréal qui confère à la Cour compétencesur «tout différend
entre des Etats contractants concernant l'interprétation ou l'application»
de la convention.
Le Royaume-Uni, en tant que défendeur, soutient, à titre d'exception
préliminaire,«que lesrésolutionsprises dans l'intervallepar le Conseil de
sécuritéont privéde tout objet lesdemandes de la Libye» (arrêt, par.46).
Le but de cette exception est d'obtenir de la Cour le prononcé d'un non-
lieu. Une telle exception a un caractère exclusivement préliminaire.La
Cour aurait pu - et aurait dû - en déciderainsi; ce faisant, elle ne se
serait pas prononcée, mêmeen partie, sur le fond des demandes de la
Libye.

En effet, si la Cour avait, en tout ou en partie, rejetécette exception
préliminaire,elle aurait été amenép ear la suiteàse pencher au fond sur
les conclusions de la Libye dans la mesure où elle aurait écartél'excep-
tion; elle les aurait examinéesune à une dans les limites de sa compé-
tence. Le résultatde cet examen n'aurait en aucune manière été prédéter-
minépar l'examen préalable de l'exception du Royaume-Uni et par la
décision prisesur cet exception.
Sila Cour avait àl'inverse retenul'exception soulevée par le Royaume-
Uni, elleen aurait effectivementfiniavecl'affaire.Elle l'aurait faitcepen-
dant sans se prononcer au fond sur les conclusions présentéespar
la Libye et sans en préjuger. La Cour aurait laisséla convention de

Montréal complètement de côté.Elle aurait fondésa décisionexclusive-
ment sur un nouvelélément,étranger à la conventionde Montréal et sans
rapport aveccetteconvention, à savoir lesrésolutionsdu Conseil de sécu-
rité. Enadoptant lesrésolutions748 (1992) et 883(1993)qui contiennent
des décisions prisesen application du chapitre VI1 de la Charte, obliga-
toires en vertu de l'article25,le Conseilde sécurn'a pas pris position en
cequi concerne la convention de Montréal;ilne s'est nullementprononcé
sur l'applicabilité decette convention l'incidentde Lockerbie; il n'a pas
davantage décidéou pris partie sur la question de savoir si les dispo-
sitions de la convention ont étérespectéespar les Parties. En réalité,le
Conseil, dans l'exercicede sa responsabilitéprincipaledu maintien de la
paix et de la sécuritéinternationales, a estiménécessaire d'imposer cer-

taines obligationsà la Libye. Conformément à l'article 103de la Charte,
ces obligations l'emportent sur toutes autres obligations des Parties, que
ces dernières obligations aient ou non étécontestées entre les Parties
et qu'ellesaient ou non étrespectées.L'absence derelation entre lesréso-
lutions du Conseilde sécuritéet la positiondes Parties sous l'empirede la
convention de Montréal interdit de regarder l'exception du Royaume-
Uni comme une défenseau fond; elle interdit aussi d'affirmer, comme le
fait la Cour, que l'exceptionfait bien plus qu'«effleurerdessujets appar-
tenant au fond de l'affaire))(arrêt, par.50) ou qu'«elle est((inextricable-
ment liée» à celui-ci» (ibid).
Pour cesmotifs également,la décision priseau point 3 du dispositif de
l'arrêtsemblecontraire àlajurisprudence de la Cour relative à l'applica-

tion de l'article 79 du Règlementde la Cour dans sa version résultant dediction over "any dispute between two or more Contracting States con-
cerning the interpretation or application" of the Convention.

The United Kingdom as Respondent claims, as a matter of preliminary
objection, "that the interveningresolutions of the Security Council have
rendered the Libyan claims without object" (Judgment, para. 46). The
aim of the objection is to obtain a decision from the Court that there is

no ground for proceeding to judgment on the merits. This is an exclu-
sively preliminary objection. The Court could - and should - have
decided on it without thereby passing judgment - if only in part - on
the merits of Libya's claims.
Had the Court rejected - in whole or in part - the preliminary objec-
tion in question, then it would now turn - in so far as the preliminary
objection was rejected - to the merits of the Libyan submissions and
examine them one by one within the limits of its jurisdiction. The out-
come of that examination would in no way be predetermined by the pre-
vious examination of and decision on the objection of the United King-

dom.
Had the Court, on the other hand, accepted the objection raised by the
United Kingdom, then the Court would have effectivelyended the case.
It would, however, have done so without deciding on the merits of any of
the submissions presented by Libya or predetermining them. The Court
would have left the Montreal Convention completely aside. It would
have based its decision exclusivelyon a new element, extraneous to the
Montreal Convention and not related to it - the Security Council reso-
lutions. In adopting resolutions 748 (1992)and 883(1993),which contain
decisions made under Chapter VI1 of the Charter and binding under

Article 25, the Security Councilhas not taken position with regard to the
Montreal Convention; in no way has it decided whether the provisions of
the Convention are applicable to the Lockerbie incident, nor has it
decided or taken a position on the question as to whether the provisions
of the Convention have been complied with by the Parties. Rather, in the
exerciseof its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international
peace and security, the Councilfound it necessary to impose certain obli-
gations on Libya. In accordance with Article 103 of the Charter, those
obligations override al1other obligations of the Parties, irrespective of
whether the latter obligations were contested between the Parties or

whether they had been complied with or not. The lack of connection
between the Security Council resolutions and the position of the Parties
under the Montreal Convention precludes the evaluation of the objection
of the United Kingdom as a defence on the merits; it also prohibits the
Court from stating, as it does, that the objection "does much more than
'touch[ing]upon subjectsbelongingto the merits of the case'" (Judgment,
para. 50)or that it is " 'inextricably interwoven'with the merits" (ibid.).
Because this is so, the third conclusion of the dispositif of the Judg-
ment seemsto run counter to the jurisprudence of the Court concerning

the application of Article 79 of the Rules of Court since their 1972la revision de 1972.Depuis lors et sauf dans un cas (affaire des Activités
militaires et paramilitaires au Nicaraguaet contre celui-ci (Nicaragua

c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1984,p. 392), la Cour a toujours statué sur les exceptions préli-
minaires dans la première phase de la procédure; elle a en effet penché
pour une interprétation restrictive de la notion d'exception «non exclu-
sivement préliminaire»en vue de parvenir, selon une procéduresimple, à
une décisionrapide sur les exceptions (ibid.,fond, arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil
1986, p. 29 et suiv.).
L'arrêtcherche à justifier la décision prise sousle point 3 en déclarant
qu'accueillir l'exception préliminairedu Royaume-Uni aurait signifié
prendre «une décisionétablissantqueles droits revendiquéspar la Libye
aux termes de la convention de Montréal sont incompatibles avec les
obligations découlant pour elle des résolutionsdu Conseil de sécurité))
(par. 50). Il ajoute qu'accueillir l'exception soulevéepar le défendeur
aurait constitué une ((décisionfaisant prévaloirces obligations sur ces

droits par lejeu des articles 25 et 103de la Charte))ibid.). Cela pourrait
êtreexact, mais est sans intérêten ce qui concerne la décision à prendre
actuellement sur l'exception préliminairedu Royaume-Uni. En effet,
définirle sens et les effets des résolutionsdu Conseil de sécuritet com-
parer ces résolutions aveclesdemandes de la Libye présentées au titre de
la convention de Montréal n'implique en aucune manièreprendre partie
sur les droits et obligationsde la Libye en vertu de la convention.
La circonstance qu'accueillir l'exception préliminairedu Royaume-Uni
aurait mis un terme à l'affaire n'est pas davantage un argument a l'en-
contre du caractère exclusivementpréliminairede l'exception; mettre un
terme à une affaire est le but de toute exception préliminaire.Il en est
ainsi pour ce qui est des exceptions du type de celletraitéeau point 3 du
dispositif. La Cour a dans le passéeu l'occasion de se pencher sur de
telles exceptions et les a examinéesindépendamment du fond; elle a

mêmestatué surcesexceptions avant de s'interroger sur la compétenceet
la recevabilité (affairesdesssais nucléaires(Australie c. France), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1974,p. 259-272,et des Essais nucléaires(Nouvelle-Zélande
c. France), arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 457-478). A cet égard on doit
aussi noter que si le Conseil de sécuritéabrogeait pour l'avenir les me-
sures prescrites par lesrésolutions748(1992)et 883 (1993)la position des
Parties sous l'empire de la convention resterait ce qu'elle est, inchangée.
La décisionpriseau point 3du dispositif va enfin àl'encontre de l'objet
et du but de l'article 79 du Rè"lementde la Cour et créeun ~récédent
dangereux pour l'application future de cette disposition,pour les motifs
exposésci-après.
Lorsque la Cour a adopté en 1972le texte qui devait devenir par la
suite l'article 79, elle l'a fait pour des raisons de simplificationédu-
rale et debonne administrationde lajustice. La Cour et lespartiesétaient

invitéesà éliminerles questions préliminairesde compétenceet de rece-
vabilitéde mêmeque les autres exceptionspréliminairesavant d'entamer
des procédureslongues et coûteuses sur le fond de l'affaire. Naturelle-revision.The Court, with one exception(Military and PararnilitaryActivi-
ties in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. UnitedStates of Arnerica),
Jurisdiction and Adrnissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 392),
has always dealt with preliminaryobjections in the first phase of the pro-
ceedings and has indeed favoured a restrictive interpretation of the
notion "not exclusivelypreliminary" in the interest of speedy and ;CO-
nomical disposa1of the objections (ibid.,Merits, Judgrnent,I.C.J. Reports
1986,pp. 29 ff.).

The Judgrnent seeks to justify its third conclusion by declaring that
accepting the preliminary objection of the United Kingdom would have
meant taking "a decision establishing that the rights claimed by Libya
under the Montreal Convention are incompatible with its obligations

under the Security Council resolutions" (para. 50). It adds that accep-
tance of the objection raised by the Respondent would have constituted
"a decision that those obligations prevail over those rights by virtue of
Articles 25 and 103of the Charter" (ibid.). This might be true, but it is
beside the point for the decision to be taken now on the preliminary
objection of the United Kingdom. Defining the meaning and the effect of
the resolutions of the Council and comparing those resolutions with the
submissions of Libya regarding the Montreal Convention in no way
means taking position on the rights and obligations of Libya under the
Convention.
That acceptance of the preliminary objection of the United Kingdom
would have brought the caseto an end is also not an argument against its
exclusivelypreliminarycharacter :the ending of a case is the intention of
every preliminary objection. This is so in the case of objections of the

kind of those dealt with in the third conclusion of the dispositif. The
Court has in the past had occasion to deal with such objections and has
considered them separate from the merits; it dealt with them even before
turning to jurisdiction and admissibility (Nuclear Tests cases (Australia
v. France), Judgrnent, I.C.J. Reports 1974, pp. 259-272and (New Zea-
landv. France), Judgrnent,1.C.J. Reports 1974,pp. 457-478).In this con-
nection it has also to be pointed out that if the Council terminated, with
effectex nunc, the measures prescribed by resolutions 748 (1992)and 883
(1993),the position of the Parties under the Convention would still exist,
unchanged.
The third conclusion of the dispositifruns counter to the object and
purpose of Article 79 of the Rules of Court and sets a dangerous
precedent for the future handling of that provision for the following
reasons.

When the Court, in 1972, adopted the text which later became Ar-
ticle 79,it did so for reasons of procedural economy and of sound admin-
istration of justice. Court and parties were called upon to clear away
preliminary questions of jurisdiction and admissibility as well as other
preliminary objections before entering into lengthy and costly proceed-
ings on the merits of a case. Of course, provision had to be made forment, une disposition a dû être prévue pour les exceptions qui ne
possèdent pas, «dans les circonstances de l'affaire, un caractère exclusi-
vement préliminaire))(art. 79, par. 7). En vue de permettrà la Cour de
se prononcer à cet égard,elle «peut, le cas échéant,inviter les partiàs
débattre tous points de fait et de droit, età produire tous moyens de
preuve qui ont traità la question)) (art. 79, par. 6). Mais l'interprétation
donnée par la Cour à la notion d'exception «non exclusivementprélimi-
naire))dans la présenteaffaire est si large et si vague que la possibilitéde
retenir une exception préliminaireen est singulièrementréduite. De ce
fait l'arrêtva l'encontre des objectifspoursuivis par l'articleà9savoir
la simplification des procédureset la bonne administration de la justice.

Nous aimerions également déclarerque, bien qu'ayant votéen faveur
de la décision prisesous le point 1 du dispositif en ce qui concerne la
compétencede la Cour dans la présente affairepour connaître des der-
nièresconclusionsprésentées au fond par la Libye dans sa requête et dans
son mémoire,nous l'avons fait dans les conditions préciséesci-après.

Dans la version soumise à la Cour dans le mémoirede la Libye, ces
conclusions concernent une obligation juridique incombant, selon la
Libye, au Royaume-Uni
«de respecter le droit de la Libyà ce que [la convention de Mont-
réal]ne soit pas écartpar des moyensqui seraient au demeurant en
contradiction aveclesprincipes de la Charte des Nations Unies et du
droit international général e caractèreimpératifqui prohibent l'uti-

lisation de la force et la violation de la souveraineté,de l'intégrité
territoriale, de l'égasouveraine des Etats et de leur indépendance
politique))(arrêt, par. 34).
Nous reconnaissons qu'il existeun différendjuridique entre les Parties
sur ce point. Toutefois, ce différend n'entredans les prévisionsdu para-
graphe 1 de l'article 14 de la convention de Montréal et ne relèvepar
suite de la compétencedela Cour que si et dans la mesure où il est relatif

l'interprétation eà l'application d'une ou de plusieurs dispositions de la
convention. Le différend n'entrepas dans les prévisionsdu paragraphe 1
de l'article 14 et dans la compétencede la Cour s'il est relatifl'inter-
prétationet à l'application du paragraphe 4 de l'article2 de la Charte des
Nations Unies. Cela est préciséau paragraphe 36 de l'arrêt,mais ne l'est
pas demanière aussi explicitedans le dispositif; c'estpourquoi nous sou-
haitons rendre notre position en la matièreparfaitement claire.

(Signé) Gilbert GUILLAUME.
(Signé) Carl-August FLEISCHHAUER.objections that did not possess "in the circumstances of the case, an
exclusivelypreliminarycharacter" (Art. 79,para. 7). In order to make the
necessary determinations the Court, "whenever necessary, may request
the parties to argue al1questions of law and fact, and to adduce al1evi-
dence, which bear on the issue" (Art. 79, para. 6). The interpretation
given by the Court in the present case to the notion "not exclusively pre-
liminarycharacter" is, however, so wide and so vague that the possibility
of acceptinga preliminaryobjection becomesseriouslyrestricted.Thereby
the Judgment acts counter to the procedural economy and the sound
administration of justice which it is theintent of Article 79 to achieve.

We would also like to state that we have voted in favour of the first
conclusion of the dispositif on jurisdiction of the Court over the case on
the following understanding relating to the last of the substantive sub-
missions presented by Libya in its Application and its Memorial:

In the version submitted to the Court in the Libyan Memorial this sub-
mission concerns an alleged legalobligation of the United Kingdom

"to respect Libya's right not to have the [Montreal]Convention set

aside by means which would in any case be at variance with the prin-
ciples of the United Nations Charter and with the mandatory rules
of general international law prohibiting the use of force and the vio-
lation of the sovereignty, territorial integrity, sovereign equality and
political independence of States" (Judgment, para. 34).

We recognize that there is a legal dispute between the Parties concern-
ing this point. That dispute, however, falls under Article 14,paragraph 1,
of the Montreal Convention and therefore within the jurisdiction of the
Court only if, and in so far as, it concernsthe interpretation and applica-

tion of one or more of the provisions of the Convention. The dispute
does not fa11under Article 14, paragraph 1, and the jurisdiction of the
Court if it concerns the interpretation and application of Article 2, para-
graph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations. That is spelledout in para-
graph 36 of the Judgment, but not so explicitly in the dispositif; that is
why we wish to make Ourposition on the matter quite clear.

(Signed) Gilbert GUILLAUME.
(Signed) Carl-August FLEISCHHAUER.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Joint declaration of Judges Guillaume and Fleischhauer (English Original Text)

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