Separate opinion of Judge Fortier

Document Number
087-20010316-JUD-01-10-EN
Parent Document Number
087-20010316-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE FORTIER

Challenge of eighty-two (82) Qatari documents by Bahrain - Decision by

Qatar to disregard "non-authentic documents" - History of eighty-two (82)
documents including impact on Qatari claim to Hawar Islands - Qatar's new
argument - Potential damage to administration of internationaljustice.

Sovereignty over Zubarah - Review of 1868 to 1916documents - Burden of
proof - Naim presence in Zubarah - Allegiance of nomadic tribes as basisof
title- Events of 1937 - Acts of conquest and changeof title in 1937 - Pro-

test offorcible taking inpre-United Nations Charterdays - Effect of principle
of stability - Competency of Court.

Janan Island and 1939 British decision - Janan Island aspart of the Hawars
Context and interpretation letters of 23 December 1947.

Maritime delimitation - Reservations.

1. Before 1write my separate opinion in respect of Zubarah and Janan
Island, 1 wish to address one important issue which has arisen in the
course of the present proceedings and which, 1 believe, should have been

commented upon in the Judgment. Since the Court chose not to address
this issue, 1 have decided that it was my duty to do so. 1 refer to the
82 Qatari documents whose authenticity was successfully challenged by
Bahrain.

2. The only reference to the 82 documents in the Judgment is found in
paragraphs 15to 23 of the section setting out the history of the proceed-
ings before the Court. It consists of a mere narrative. 1 am of the view
that this extraordinary incident merits the following comments.

3. When Qatar made its Application to the Court in July 1991, it
based its principal contentions in support of its claim to the Hawar
Islands on these 82 documents. When Qatar filed its Memorial in Sep-
tember 1996,its Annexes included these 82 documents. These documents

played an essential role in Qatar's Memorial, serving as almost the only
basis for Qatar's claim to the Hawar Islands as well as, to a lesser degree,
the Zubarah region. Once the authenticity of these essential docu-
ments was challenged by Bahrain, Qatar did not abandon its claim to

the Hawar Islands. It adduced a new argument, which was not even
developed in its original Memorial as an alternative argument. 4. 1believethat the Court should not simply disregard and fail to take
into consideration this unprecedented incident. In my opinion, these
documents have "polluted" and "infected" the whole of Qatar's case
(CR2000/11, pp. 12and 14).
5. Some of them resurface, directly or indirectly, at various stages of
Qatar's written and oral pleadings. They remain in the record and some
of them linger and are invoked occasionally in support of Qatar's alter-
native argument.
6. While 1 must accept, as 1do, Qatar's disclaimer and apologies, in
my opinion 1 cannot consider Qatar's case without having in mind the

damage that would have been done to the administration of international
justice, indeed to the very position of this Court, if the challenge by
Bahrain of the authenticity of these documents had not led Qatar,
eventually, to inform the Court that it had "decided [to] disregard al1
the 82 challenged documents for the purposes of the present case".
7. In my consideration of Qatar's case, 1cannot ignore the history of
these documents. Qatar's case today is not the same case as it was when
it was first set out in the Claimant's Memorial in September 1996.The
manner in which the Qatari claim to the Hawar Islands has been
developed before the Court has changed fundamentally since the Qatar
Memorial and Counter-Memorial. What has happened has a direct
bearing on the substance of various important aspects of the case.
8. 1note that the introduction to Qatar's Counter-Memorial contained
a summary of what it called "the central elements" of its case and
asserted that Qatar's evidence had achieved the following:

one, it had "demonstrated" the territorial integrity of Qatar ascom-
prising the whole peninsula and the Hawar Islands;
two, it "showed" that this alleged territorial integrity was recognized
"at least" since the mid-nineteenth century by Britain, the Ottoman
Empire, local rulers, and indeed Bahrain;
three, it had "shown" the worthlessness of Bahrain's evidence in sup-
port of itssuccessful defence of the Hawar Islands in the arbitration
that resulted in the British Award of 1939; and
four, it had "provided evidence" of Qatar's own "acts of sovereignty"
on the Hawar Islands (Counter-Memorial of Qatar, paras. 1.2-1.8).

9. 1observe that al1these "central elements" of Qatar's case depended
on the use of the 82 documents. These documents were later abandoned
by Qatar.
10. As 1 noted earlier, Qatar then adopted a new argument to support
the maintenance of its claim to the Hawar Islands. Conduct and effec-
tivitéhaving been abandoned, Qatar's title to the Hawar Islands now
rests on original title and proximity. Why was this new argument, if it has
the merit that Qatar now claims for it, not developed in Qatar's original

Memorial at the very least as an alternative line of approach? Qatar
never answered that question. 11. With these observations, 1 end my comments on the 82 challenged
documents and close that chapter. 1believethat the Court, in considering
the Parties' conflicting versions of the facts in this case, had a duty to do
more than merely narrate the Parties' respective exchange of letters fol-
lowing Bahrain's challenge of the authenticity of 82 documents which
loomed as central to Qatar's case. 1regret that it elected not to do so.

12. While 1 voted in favour of the Court's Judgment that the State of
Qatar has sovereignty over Zubarah, 1reach my conclusion for reasons
different from those set out in the Judgment.
In my view, the documents originating between 1869 and 1916 on
which Qatar relies in support of its claim to Zubarah and which the
Court found dispositive do no such thing. By 1916,Bahrain had not lost
its title to Zubarah on the Qatar peninsula.
13. In paragraph 5 of its Application to the Court in July 1991,Qatar
represented that: "until 1868,the Qatar peninsula was considered by the
British as a dependency of Bahrain". This admission by Qatar permits
me to observe at the outset of my separate opinion that, at least until
1868, the entirety of the Qatar peninsula was subject to Bahrain's sov-
ereignty; this obviously included Zubarah.
14. The question which 1set out to resolve is: how, where, when and
in what degree did Bahrain lose its title to the peninsula, including, more

particularly, Zubarah? Qatar has the burden of proof in respect of this
question. Having reviewed the evidence 1 have reached the conclusion
that it has not discharged its burden.
15. Qatar, in support of its claim to Zubarah, has relied on aseries of
documents originating between 1868and 1916. 1will refer to these docu-
ments, in turn.
16. Having reviewed the 1868Agreements, 1find no basis whatsoever
on which 1could conclude that, by virtue of these Agreements, Bahrain's
authority in the Qatar peninsula ended in 1868.
17. The history of the period from 1868to 1916 consists of a complex
web of relations between the Turks, the British, the Sheikhs of Bahrain,
the leaders of the Al-Thani family and many tribes in the east and north
of the Qatar peninsula. Having reviewed the record before the Court,
1 find nothing in it to suggest that, during this period, the Sheikhs of
Bahrain abandoned their claims to Zubarah. 1 note, in particular, that
in its Memorial and Counter-Memorial, Qatar relied on a number of
documents originating during this period as supportive of its claim to

Zubarah. Many of these documents have been acknowledged as "non-
authentic".
18. Before the departure of the Ottomans in 1915,Great Britain and454 DELIMITATION AND QUESTIONS (SEP.OP.FORTIER)

Turkey concluded the unratified 1913Anglo-Turkish Convention and the
1914Treaty. Counsel for Qatar has referred the Court to Article 11ofthe
unratified 1913Anglo-Turkish Convention (CR 2000122,p. 18,para. 40).
That Article includes the provision that "thesaid peninsula shall be gov-
erned, as heretofore, by Sheikh Jasim-bin-Sani and his successors". 1see
nothing in that clause or, indeed, anywhere in the document that amounts
to recognition of an independent State of Qatar existing throughout the
peninsula. The crucial words are that the peninsula shall be governed "as

heretofore" by the Al-Thani. The evidence before the Court is over-
whelming: the prior governance of the peninsula (prior to 1913) by the
Al-Thani did not extend to large parts of the peninsula, including Zuba-
rah. 1fail to see how Qatar can rely on the text of the 1913Agreement as
evidence of its title to Zubarah. In any event, the unratified 1913Treaty
cannot create a title.
19. Did the 1914Treaty amount to recognition of a State of Qatar as
of that date? Having reviewed the Treaty carefully,1find nothing in it to
suggest recognition of the political status of the territory of El-Katr or
the area of authority of those who governed part of it.

20. 1come now to consider the 1916Agreement. Does it demonstrate
the loss by Bahrain of its title to Zubarah, in favour of Qatar?TheCourt
has been referred by Qatar to Articles X and XI of that Agreement. By
virtue of Article X, the British Government undertook to protect the
Ruler, his subjects and his territory from aggression. By virtue of
Article XI, Britain also undertook to grant the Ruler its good offices

should he or his subjects be assailed by land within the territory of
Qatar. In neither of these articles or, indeed, anywhere in the Treaty,
was any definition given of this "Territory". Nowhere in the 1916
Agreement can 1 find an acknowledgment of Qatar's status or of title to
the Qatar peninsula, in particular, Zubarah.

21. 1 conclude that Qatar has not discharged its burden of proof
and that the evidence is clear: by 1916,Bahrain had not lost its title to
Zubarah on the Qatar peninsula.
22. Before 1 come to certain events in 1937 which are crucial to my
conclusion on which Party has sovereignty over Zubarah today, 1 will
review brieflytwo important facets of the present case:

(i) May a Ruler establish or maintain his title in territories having cer-
tain characteristics through tribes swearing allegiance to him?

(ii) May the ties between the Ruler of Bahrain and the Naim Tribe be
characterized as ties of allegiance capable of serving as the basis of a
claim by Bahrain to sovereignty over Zubarah?

1will deal with these two questions together. 23. 1believethat the evidencebefore the Court is sufficientto establish
a regular and consistent Naim presence in the Zubarah region, at the very
least from 1868to 1937.That the Naim and the Al-Khalifah had a rela-
tionship is uncontroverted (see Reply of Bahrain, pp. 124-126).Does the
allegiance of the Naim tribes that inhabited the northwest of the Qatar
peninsula and who remained loyal to Bahrain and the Al-Khalifah
throughout the relevant period confirm Bahrain's title over the Zubarah
region? Qatar has argued forcefully that there was no such allegiance and
that, in any event, allegiance of nomadic tribes such as the Naim in the
Gulf region cannot create title.
24. In areas such as the Zubarah region, where the pattern of habita-
tion was nomadic and boundaries were not drawn formally, are the ties

of allegiance referred toabove capable of serving as the basis of a claim
by Bahrain to sovereignty over Zubarah? 1believe so.
25. International law recognizes that in certain territories that are pos-
sessedof exceptional circumstances such as low habitability, of which the
Zubarah region is undoubtedly one, a Ruler might establish and main-
tain title to his territory by manifestations of dominion or control through
tribes who gave him their allegiance and looked to him for assistance.

26. In the DubailSharjah Arbitration, which involved a border dispute
between neighbours of the Parties to the present case, this basis of title
received legal approbation. The Tribunal observed as follows:

"until the mid-twentieth century this region was largely desert and
sparsely populated. Except for the coastal fringe, the population was
nomadic or semi-nomadic and for such people the modern concept
of 'boundary' or 'frontier' had no meaning. They were concerned
only with areas or localities within which they moved from place to
place.
.............................
The tribes owed allegiance to a Ruler. The form of allegiance
varied, but might, for instance, involve the payment of the religious
tax known as 'zakat'. The link between a tribe and a Ruler might be
close or tenuous, dependent on the degree of independence mani-
fested by the people concerned. It was, however, by way of this alle-

giance that a Ruler was able to exercisea form of sovereignty over a
region where nomadic tribesmen were regularly moving from place
to place. There was no direct control by a Ruler over a given terri-
tory but a control exercised through the tribal system, which might
indeed, if a particular tribe displayed a high degree of independence,
become more or less theoretical. Mr. Morsy Abdullah has very well
summarised the position in these words:
'Political boundaries were dependent on tribal loyalties to par-
ticular shaikhs and consequently were subject to frequent change.
Therefore, the frontier between the Trucial States and the Sultan-
ate of Muscat and the inter-state boundaries changed frequently during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as it was based on
the dirah of the tribes.Diruh in Arabia at this time was a flexibly
defined area, changing in sizeaccording to the strength of the tribe
which wandered within it. In addition, a tribe's loyalty was deter-
mined by its own interests and could, and at this time often did,
alter.'
The term 'dirah' indicates a region within which a nomadic people

moves. The term 'haram' means, however, an area in the vicinity of
a town or settlement upon which such town or settlement has a
claim of exclusiverights for the purpose of obtaining the necessities
of its existence.(DubailSharjah Border (A~vard), International Law
Reports, Vol. 91, pp. 587-588.)

27. The tribal dirah of Zubarah was the home of the Naim tribe
during the relevant period and it remained so until the events of

1937 (Memorial of Bahrain, Sect. 2.1; Counter-Memorial of Bahrain,
Sect. 2.2. See also Map 5 in Annex 7 of Memorial of Bahrain).
28. In the Western Sahara case, the Court considered different regional
concepts of sovereignty as basis for territorial sovereignty ininternational
law. The Court said:

"Morocco requests that, in appreciating the evidence, the Court
should take account of the special structure of the Sherifian State.
No rule of international law, in the view of the Court, requires the

structure of a State to follow any particular pattern, as is evident
from the diversity of the forms of State found in the world today.
Morocco's request is therefore justified. At the same time, where
sovereignty over territory is claimed, the particular structure of a
State may be a relevant element in appreciating the reality or other-
wise of a display of State activity adduced as evidence of that sov-
ereignty.
That the Sherifian State at the time of the Spanish colonization of
Western Sahara was a State of a special character is certain. Its spe-
cial character consisted in the fact that it was founded on the com-
mon religious bond of Islam existing among the peoples and on the
allegiance of various tribes to the Sultan, through their caids or
sheikhs, rather than on the notion of territory . . .Political ties of
allegiance to a ruler, on the other hand, have frequently formed a

major element in the composition of a State. Such an allegiance,
hovvever, if it is to afford indications of the ruler's sovereignty, must
clearly be real and manifested in acts evidencing acceptance of his
political authority. Otherwise, there will be no genuine display or
exerciseof State authority. It follows that the special character of the
Moroccan State and the special forms in which its exercise of sov-
ereignty may, in consequence, have expressed itself, do not dispense
the Court from appreciating whether at the relevant time Moroccan457 DELIMITATION AND QUESTIONS (SEP.OP.FORTIER)

sovereignty was effectively exercised or displayed in Western
Sahara." (Western Sahara, Advisory Opinion,I. C. J. Reports 1975,
pp. 43-44, paras. 94-95; emphasis added.)

29. In my opinion, sovereignty over Zubarah appertained to Bahrain
through the period from 1868 to 1937as a result of the presence in the
region of the Naim tribe, which clearly manifested its allegiance to the
Ruler of Bahrain and accepted his political authority. The record pro-
vides numerous examples of this relationship (Reply of Bahrain, pp. 124-
126).
30. 1observe that Qatar, for its part, has been unable to provide any
evidence of Al-Thani or Ottoman activities in the Zubarah region prior
to 1937.

31. 1 find a letter written by the British Political Resident, Hickin-
botham, in May 1937, pertinent both to events which unfolded later in
that year aswell as to the alleged sovereignty of Qatar at that time to the
whole of the peninsula. He wrote:

"The Adviser [Belgrave] informed me that the Bahrain Govern-
ment had a counter proposa1 ready if necessary, the basis of which
was that they were prepared to concede al1the area directly extra-
neous to Zubarah itself provided the Bahrain Government were per-
mitted to retain Zubarah itself to do with exactly as they wished. We
were agreed that provided any vestige of power remained with
Shaikh Abdullah [or Qatar], there was no reason why a compromise
should not be satisfactorily arrived at in this form - whilst the
Na'im should be given the right to decide by plebiscite as to which
ruler they desire to serve, and of course should they move into any
portion of Qatar belonging to the Shaikh of Qatar, after having
admitted, for example, Bahrain nationality, they would then ipso
facto be liable for payment of al1taxation that at the time had been
imposed upon other adherents to Qatar." (Memorial of Bahrain,

Vol. 3, Ann. 128,p. 675; emphasis added.)

32. There was thus no doubt in the mind of the British Political Resi-
dent in that crucial year of 1937that there were portions of Qatar which

did not then belong to the Sheikh of Qatar. The Zubarah region was
manifestly one of those "portions".
33. In sum, the evidence provided by Bahrain, in my opinion, estab-
lishes a regular and consistent Naim presence in the Zubarah region until
1937. Sovereignty over Zubarah appertained to Bahrain prior to the
events of 1937. 1now come to those events.
34. As 1wrote earlier, the Zubarah region was then inhabited by the
Naim tribe. In July 1937,the Naim tribesmen who lived in Zubarah were
attacked by the Al-Thani and their adherents and forcibly evicted from
the region. First-hand recollections of this battle have been provided to
the Court. (See Memorial of Bahrain, paras. 283-284.)458 DELIMITATION AND QUESTIONS (SEP. OP.FORTIER)

35. Having examined the record before the Court, I believe that the
events of July 1937 can only be characterized as acts of conquest by
Qatar. Bahrain has never acquiesced in the seizure by Qatar of Zubarah
(see Reply of Bahrain, Sect. 4.6, at pp. 140 et seq.See also Mernorial of
Bahrain, Vol. 5, Ann. 301, pp. 1216-1217).
36. If the seizure of Zubarah, in 1937,by an act of force, were to occur
today, there would be no doubt that it would be unlawful and ineffective
to deprive Bahrain of its title. The position now prevailing and fully

accepted in international law is that the use of force is unlawful and, by
itself, ineffective to bring about a change of title.

37. In 1937, however, the law was in a process of evolution and the
situation was not so clear.
38. During the oral pleadings, the Court was referred to the Fifth Edi-
tion of Oppenheim's International Larcj,published in 1937,and the Ninth
Edition, published in 1992 (CR 2000111, pp. 39-41). In this last edition,
the authors, Sir Robert Jennings and Sir Robert Watts, opined that it
should not be assumed that forcible takings of territories in the pre-
United Nations Ch'arterdays can be protested today.

39. The authors of the Ninth Edition conclude their comments with
the following observation: "This conclusion is fortified by the principle
of stability which must be at least a significant factor in questions con-
cerning territorial sovereignty" (at p. 705)1 agree.
40. 1have thus come to the conclusion that the Court is not competent
to judge and declare today, more than 60 years after the forcible taking,

that Bahrain is and at al1 material times has remained sovereign over
Zubarah.
41. For these reasons, 1 conclude that Qatar has sovereignty over
Zubarah.

42. The Court has found that the State of Qatar has sovereignty over
Janan Island, including Hadd Janan. In this separate opinion, I set out
the reasons why, in my view, the State of Bahrain has sovereignty over
Janan Island, including Hadd Janan.
43. The Court h~sruled that the 1939British decision was dispositive
of the question of title to the Hawar Islands in favour of Bahrain. The
critical issue in relation to Janan is whether, by the normal canons of
interpretation, thatdecision is to be understood as having, at the time,
included Janan. The Court's sole task is to interpret the 1939decision.

44. The letter containing the 1939decision states

"on the subject of the ownership of the Hawar IslandsI am directed
by His Majesty's Government to inform you that, after careful con-no need to repeat but in fact chose to do something different - to
attempt to substantiate a claim already made through now identifying
rocks and islands with beacons. This list was passed by Belgrave, who
within a fewdays also passed a concession map clearly showing Janan as

part of the Hawar Islands concession area.

52. Finally, 1 note that in the claim presented by Qatar in respect of
the 1939British decision, it isever suggested that, whatever the outcome
of the Hawars might be, Janan was a separate issue, in which Qatar's
claim was as strong, or stronger.

53. In coming to its conclusion in respect of Janan Island, the Court
has attached a great deal of importance to the letters sent on 23 Decem-
ber 1947by the British Political Agent in Bahrain to the Rulers of Qatar
and Bahrain. The Court has found that the British Government, in thus
proceeding in 1947,"provided an authoritative interpretation of the 1939
decision and of the situation resulting from it" (Judgment, para. 164).
54. In my opinion, the 1947letters do not purport to determine owner-
ship of any island, large or small. The letters, by any normal rule of
interpretation, do not purport to interpret the 1939decision. The critical
issue for the Court is not whether the 1947 sea-bed delimitation, in its
references to Janan, was or was not right. If the 1939British decision did

indeed include Janan as part of the Hawars (as 1 believe it does), the
statement in the letter of 1947that "Janan Island is not regarded as being
included in the islands of the Hawar Croup", cannot lawfully revise the
1939decision. Finally, in my opinion, it carries little conviction even as
an interpretation by an official, in 1947,of a governmental decision in
1939, because it does not address the documentation that would be rele-
vant to such an interpretation.

55. Finally, the context of the 1947letters is also important.The pur-
pose of the letters was not to notify the Rulers of a decision which they
would be entitled to respect, but merely to inform them that the British
authorities would henceforth consider the sea-bed as being divided by the
line described therein, particularly in the course of their dealings with
PLC and BAPCO, the two competing oil companies concerned. In sum,
it appears clear to me that the 1947letters purported only to express the
policy of the United Kingdom and had no legal significancewhatsoever
regarding ownership of Janan Island.

56. In closing, 1 observe that the fact that Janan Island has always
been considered to be one of the Hawar group of islands appears to be
acknowledged by Qatar when it cites Lorimer's 1908description of the
Hawar Islands. Lorimer wrote that "the island (Jaruzar Hawar) is
adjoined on the north by Jazirats Rubadh and on the south by Jazirat
Janan" (see Memorial of Qatar, para. 5.38). 57. For the foregoing reasons, 1 find that Janan, including Hadd
Janan, must be considered to be part of the Hawars over which Bahrain
has sovereignty. In the circumstances,1have thus voted against para-
graph 3 of the operative part of the Judgrnent.

58. Although 1 have some serious reservations with the Court's
reasoning in respect of certain aspects of the maritime delimitation,
particularly its treatment of Fasht al Azm, Qit'atJaradah and Fasht
ad Dibal, 1have decided to vote for paragraph 6 of the operative part of
the Judgment.
59. However, 1wish to stress tha1 do not agree with that part of the
singlemaritime boundary that runs westward between Jazirat Hawar and
Janan. Since in my viewJanan is part of the Hawars and thus belongs to
Bahrain, 1agree with my colleague Judge Kooijmans that the boundary
should run south-westward between Janan and the coast of the penin-
sula. Since the Court, however, has ruled that Janan belongs to Qatar
and has drawn the maritime boundary on that basis,1have elected not to

express my disagreement by casting a negative vote.

(SignedL ). Yves FORTIER.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE FORTIER

Challenge of eighty-two (82) Qatari documents by Bahrain - Decision by

Qatar to disregard "non-authentic documents" - History of eighty-two (82)
documents including impact on Qatari claim to Hawar Islands - Qatar's new
argument - Potential damage to administration of internationaljustice.

Sovereignty over Zubarah - Review of 1868 to 1916documents - Burden of
proof - Naim presence in Zubarah - Allegiance of nomadic tribes as basisof
title- Events of 1937 - Acts of conquest and changeof title in 1937 - Pro-

test offorcible taking inpre-United Nations Charterdays - Effect of principle
of stability - Competency of Court.

Janan Island and 1939 British decision - Janan Island aspart of the Hawars
Context and interpretation letters of 23 December 1947.

Maritime delimitation - Reservations.

1. Before 1write my separate opinion in respect of Zubarah and Janan
Island, 1 wish to address one important issue which has arisen in the
course of the present proceedings and which, 1 believe, should have been

commented upon in the Judgment. Since the Court chose not to address
this issue, 1 have decided that it was my duty to do so. 1 refer to the
82 Qatari documents whose authenticity was successfully challenged by
Bahrain.

2. The only reference to the 82 documents in the Judgment is found in
paragraphs 15to 23 of the section setting out the history of the proceed-
ings before the Court. It consists of a mere narrative. 1 am of the view
that this extraordinary incident merits the following comments.

3. When Qatar made its Application to the Court in July 1991, it
based its principal contentions in support of its claim to the Hawar
Islands on these 82 documents. When Qatar filed its Memorial in Sep-
tember 1996,its Annexes included these 82 documents. These documents

played an essential role in Qatar's Memorial, serving as almost the only
basis for Qatar's claim to the Hawar Islands as well as, to a lesser degree,
the Zubarah region. Once the authenticity of these essential docu-
ments was challenged by Bahrain, Qatar did not abandon its claim to

the Hawar Islands. It adduced a new argument, which was not even
developed in its original Memorial as an alternative argument. OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. FORTIER

[Traduction]

Contestation par 13ahreïnde quatre-vingt-deux (82) documents qataris -
Décision deQatar de nepas tenir compte des ((documentsnon authentiques)) -

Episode des quatre-vingt-deux (82) documents, y compris leur impact sur la
revendication qatarie concernant lesîles Hawar - Nouvelle argumentation de
Qatar - Tort pouvant avoir étécauséa l'administration de lajustice interna-
tionale.
Souverainetésur Zubarah - Examen des documents datant de 1868 à 1916
- Charge de la preuve - Présence desNaim a Zubarah - Titre fondé sur
l'allégeance de tribusnomades - Evénementsde 1937 - Actes de conquêteet
changement du titre en 1937 - Protestations contre une appropriation par la
force a une époqueaiztérieurea la Charte des Nations Unies - Effet du prin-

cipe de stabilit- Compétencede la Cour.
L'île de Janan et la décisionbritannique de 1939 - L'île de Janan, partie
intégrantedes Hawar - Contexte et interprétationdes lettres du 23 décembre
1947.
Dklimitation maritime - Réserves.

1. Avant de rédigermon opinion individuelle sur Zubarah et l'île de

Janan, je tiens à reli:ver un fait important qui est survenu au cours de la
procédure et qui, à mon sens, aurait dû faire l'objet d'un commentaire
dans l'arrêt. LaCour ayant choisi de ne pas aborder cette question, j'ai
décidé qu'ilétait de mon devoir de le faire. Je veux parler des quatre-

vingt-deux documents qataris dont l'authenticité a été contestéa evec
succèspar Bahreïn.
2. Ces quatre-vingt-deux documents ne sont mentionnés dans l'arrêt
qu'aux paragraphes 15 à 23 de la section qui retrace le déroulement de

l'instance devant la Cour. Il s'agit d'un simple exposénarratif. Je pense
pour ma part que cet incident extraordinaire appelle les observations sui-
vantes.
3. Lorsque Qatar a introduit sa requêtedevant la Cour enjuillet 1991,
c'est sur ces quatre-vingt-deux documents qu'il fondait l'essentielde son

argumentation à l'appui de sa revendication sur les îles Hawar. En sep-
tembre 1996,lorsqu'il a déposé son mémoire,cesquatre-vingt-deux docu-
ments figuraient parmi les annexes. Constituant presque le seul fonde-
ment de la revendication de Qatar sur les îles Hawar et, à un degré

moindre, sur la région deZubarah, ilsjouaient dans ce mémoireun rôle
essentiel. Quand l'authenticitéde cesdocuments fondamentaux a été mise
en cause par Bahreïn, Qatar n'a pas renoncé à sa revendication sur les îles
Hawar. Il a avancéun nouveau moyen qu'il n'avait mêmepas développé

à titre subsidiaire d;ms son mémoire initial. 4. 1believethat the Court should not simply disregard and fail to take
into consideration this unprecedented incident. In my opinion, these
documents have "polluted" and "infected" the whole of Qatar's case
(CR2000/11, pp. 12and 14).
5. Some of them resurface, directly or indirectly, at various stages of
Qatar's written and oral pleadings. They remain in the record and some
of them linger and are invoked occasionally in support of Qatar's alter-
native argument.
6. While 1 must accept, as 1do, Qatar's disclaimer and apologies, in
my opinion 1 cannot consider Qatar's case without having in mind the

damage that would have been done to the administration of international
justice, indeed to the very position of this Court, if the challenge by
Bahrain of the authenticity of these documents had not led Qatar,
eventually, to inform the Court that it had "decided [to] disregard al1
the 82 challenged documents for the purposes of the present case".
7. In my consideration of Qatar's case, 1cannot ignore the history of
these documents. Qatar's case today is not the same case as it was when
it was first set out in the Claimant's Memorial in September 1996.The
manner in which the Qatari claim to the Hawar Islands has been
developed before the Court has changed fundamentally since the Qatar
Memorial and Counter-Memorial. What has happened has a direct
bearing on the substance of various important aspects of the case.
8. 1note that the introduction to Qatar's Counter-Memorial contained
a summary of what it called "the central elements" of its case and
asserted that Qatar's evidence had achieved the following:

one, it had "demonstrated" the territorial integrity of Qatar ascom-
prising the whole peninsula and the Hawar Islands;
two, it "showed" that this alleged territorial integrity was recognized
"at least" since the mid-nineteenth century by Britain, the Ottoman
Empire, local rulers, and indeed Bahrain;
three, it had "shown" the worthlessness of Bahrain's evidence in sup-
port of itssuccessful defence of the Hawar Islands in the arbitration
that resulted in the British Award of 1939; and
four, it had "provided evidence" of Qatar's own "acts of sovereignty"
on the Hawar Islands (Counter-Memorial of Qatar, paras. 1.2-1.8).

9. 1observe that al1these "central elements" of Qatar's case depended
on the use of the 82 documents. These documents were later abandoned
by Qatar.
10. As 1 noted earlier, Qatar then adopted a new argument to support
the maintenance of its claim to the Hawar Islands. Conduct and effec-
tivitéhaving been abandoned, Qatar's title to the Hawar Islands now
rests on original title and proximity. Why was this new argument, if it has
the merit that Qatar now claims for it, not developed in Qatar's original

Memorial at the very least as an alternative line of approach? Qatar
never answered that question. DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP.IND.FORTIER) 452

4. J'estime que la Cour ne devrait pas se borner à ne tenir aucun
compte de cet incidient sans précédent. A mon avis, ces documents ont

«vicié»tout le dossier de Qatar (CR2000/11, p. 12et 14).

5. Certains d'entre eux ont d'ailleurs refait surface, directement ou
indirectement, dans divers passages des écritures et plaidoiries de Qatar.
Ils restent dans le dossier et certains sont encore parfois invoqués à
l'appui de l'argumentation présentée à titre subsidiaire par Qatar.
6. Si je dois accepter, et je le fais, la renonciation de Qaàaces docu-
ments et ses excuses,je ne puis pour ma part considérerses thèsessans

penser au tort qui aurait été causéàl'administration de la justice interna-
tionale, voireàl'autoritémêmede la Cour, si la mise encause par Bahreïn
de l'authenticité deiresdocuments n'avait en fin de compte conduit Qatar
à informer la Cour iqu'ilavait ((décidédene pas tenir compte, aux fins de
la présente affaire, desquatre-vingt-deux documents contestés)).
7. Lorsque j'exannineledossier deQatar, je ne saurais oublier l'épisode
de ces documents. La cause de Qatar aujourd'hui n'est pluscellequi a été
exposéepour la première fois dans le mémoiredu demandeur en sep-
tembre 1996.Lafaçon dont la revendication qatarie sur lesîles Hawar a été

présentée à la Cour a radicalement changé depuis le mémoire etlecontre-
mémoirede Qatar. Ce qui s'est passéa directement et matériellement
influésur plusieurs aspects importants de l'affaire.
8. Je note que, dans l'introduction de son contre-mémoire, Qatar résu-
mait ce qu'il appelait les ((principaux éléments))de sondossier et affir-
mait que les élémentsde preuve produits par lui avaient:

- premièrement, <<montré» que toute la péninsule etles îles Hawar fai-
saient partie intégrante de son territoire;
- deuxièmement,((montré))que cette prétendue intégrité territoriale était
reconnue «au rrioins))depuis le milieu du XIXesièclepar la Grande-
Bretagne, l'Empire ottoman, les émirs locauxet mêmeBahreïn;
- troisièmement, *:<faijtustice)) des preuves présentées avec succèpsar

Bahreïn à I'appiuide sa défenseconcernant les îles Hawar lors de
l'arbitrage ayant abouti à la sentence britannique de 1939; et
- quatrièmement, ((apportéla preuve qu'il avait fait acte de souverai-
neté»dans les îles Hawar (contre-mémoire de Qatar, par. 1.2-1.8).

9. Je constate que ces ((principaux éléments))du dossier de Qatar
étaienttous tributaires des quatre-vingt-deux documents, qui ont ensuite
étéabandonnés par Qatar.
10. Comme je l'aiindiquéplus haut, Qatar a alors adoptéune nouvelle
argumentation pour maintenir sa revendication sur les îles Hawar. Le
comportement et les effectivitésayant étéabandonnés, Qatar fait main-
tenant reposer son titre sur les îles Hawar sur le titre originaire et sur la
proximité. Si ce nouvel argument est aussi bien fondé que le prétend

maintenant Qatar, pourquoi n'a-t-il pas été développé dans le mémoire
initial de Qatar, à tout le moins à titre subsidiaire? Qatar n'a jamais
répondu à cette question. 11. With these observations, 1 end my comments on the 82 challenged
documents and close that chapter. 1believethat the Court, in considering
the Parties' conflicting versions of the facts in this case, had a duty to do
more than merely narrate the Parties' respective exchange of letters fol-
lowing Bahrain's challenge of the authenticity of 82 documents which
loomed as central to Qatar's case. 1regret that it elected not to do so.

12. While 1 voted in favour of the Court's Judgment that the State of
Qatar has sovereignty over Zubarah, 1reach my conclusion for reasons
different from those set out in the Judgment.
In my view, the documents originating between 1869 and 1916 on
which Qatar relies in support of its claim to Zubarah and which the
Court found dispositive do no such thing. By 1916,Bahrain had not lost
its title to Zubarah on the Qatar peninsula.
13. In paragraph 5 of its Application to the Court in July 1991,Qatar
represented that: "until 1868,the Qatar peninsula was considered by the
British as a dependency of Bahrain". This admission by Qatar permits
me to observe at the outset of my separate opinion that, at least until
1868, the entirety of the Qatar peninsula was subject to Bahrain's sov-
ereignty; this obviously included Zubarah.
14. The question which 1set out to resolve is: how, where, when and
in what degree did Bahrain lose its title to the peninsula, including, more

particularly, Zubarah? Qatar has the burden of proof in respect of this
question. Having reviewed the evidence 1 have reached the conclusion
that it has not discharged its burden.
15. Qatar, in support of its claim to Zubarah, has relied on aseries of
documents originating between 1868and 1916. 1will refer to these docu-
ments, in turn.
16. Having reviewed the 1868Agreements, 1find no basis whatsoever
on which 1could conclude that, by virtue of these Agreements, Bahrain's
authority in the Qatar peninsula ended in 1868.
17. The history of the period from 1868to 1916 consists of a complex
web of relations between the Turks, the British, the Sheikhs of Bahrain,
the leaders of the Al-Thani family and many tribes in the east and north
of the Qatar peninsula. Having reviewed the record before the Court,
1 find nothing in it to suggest that, during this period, the Sheikhs of
Bahrain abandoned their claims to Zubarah. 1 note, in particular, that
in its Memorial and Counter-Memorial, Qatar relied on a number of
documents originating during this period as supportive of its claim to

Zubarah. Many of these documents have been acknowledged as "non-
authentic".
18. Before the departure of the Ottomans in 1915,Great Britain and DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP.IND.FORTIER) 453

11. Je mets ici fià mes observations sur les quatre-vingt-deux docu-
ments contestés et clos ce chapitre. J'estime que la Cour, lorsqu'elle a
examiné les versionscontradictoires données par lesParties des faits de la
cause, ne devait pris se borner à rendre compte des correspondances
qu'elles ont échangées à la suite de la contestation par Bahreïn de
l'authenticité desuatre-vingt-deux documents qui devaient êtreles prin-
cipaux élémentsdu dossier de Qatar. Je regrette qu'elle n'ait pas pris le

parti d'aller plusoin.

12. Sij'ai votépour le paragraphe de l'arrêtde la Cour selon lequel
I'Etat de Qatar a souverainetésur Zubarah, je suis arriàéma conclusion
pour des raisons différentesde celles qui sont exposéesdans I'arrêt.
A mon avis, lesdocuments établis entre 1869et 1916sur lesquels Qatar
fonde sa revendication concernant Zubarah ne sont pas aussi détermi-
nants que le dit la Cour. En 1916, Bahreïn n'avait pas perdu, dans la
péninsulede Qatar, son titre sur Zubarah.
13. Le paragraphie 5de la requêtede Qatar soumise à la Cour enjuillet

1991indique que ((jusqu'en 1868la péninsuledu Qatar fut considéréepar
les Britanniquescornme une dépendance deBahreïn)). Cet aveu de Qatar
me permet de fair12observer d'embléeque, au moins jusqu'en 1868,
l'ensemblede la péninsulede Qatar relevait de la souverainetéde Bahreïn;
cela incluait manifestement Zubarah.
14. La question que je me suis posée est lasuivante: comment, quand,
où et dans quellemesure Bahreïn a-t-il perdu son titre sur la péninsule,et
plus particulièrement sur Zubarah? La charge de la preuve incombait à
cet égard à Qatar. Après avoir examiné les faits, je suis parvenu à la
conclusion que Qatar ne l'a pas assumée.
15.A l'appui de sa revendication sur Zubarah, Qatar a invoquéune
sériede documents établisentre 1868et 1916.Je vais les évoquersucces-
sivement.

16. Ayant examinéles accords de 1868,je ne vois absolument rien qui
puisse m'amener à conclure qu'en vertu de ces accords l'autorité de
Bahreïn dans la péninsulede Qatar a pris fin à cette date.
17. L'histoire de la période comprise entre 1868 et 1916 tient en un
tissu complexe de relations entre les Turcs, les Britanniques, les cheikhs
de Bahreïn, leschefisde la famille Al-Thani et de nombreuses tribàsl'est
et au nord de la pé:ninsulede Qatar. Je ne vois rien, dans le dossier sou-
mis à la Cour, qui laisse entendre que, pendant cette période,les cheikhs
de Bahreïn aient renoncé à leur prétention sur Zubarah. Je note aussi
que, dans son mémoireet son contre-mémoire, Qatar a invoquéplusieurs
documents établis à cette époque pour appuyer sa revendication sur
Zubarah. Nombre d'entre eux ont étéreconnus comme «non authen-
tiques)).
18. Avant le départ des Ottomans, en 1915,la Grande-Bretagne et la454 DELIMITATION AND QUESTIONS (SEP.OP.FORTIER)

Turkey concluded the unratified 1913Anglo-Turkish Convention and the
1914Treaty. Counsel for Qatar has referred the Court to Article 11ofthe
unratified 1913Anglo-Turkish Convention (CR 2000122,p. 18,para. 40).
That Article includes the provision that "thesaid peninsula shall be gov-
erned, as heretofore, by Sheikh Jasim-bin-Sani and his successors". 1see
nothing in that clause or, indeed, anywhere in the document that amounts
to recognition of an independent State of Qatar existing throughout the
peninsula. The crucial words are that the peninsula shall be governed "as

heretofore" by the Al-Thani. The evidence before the Court is over-
whelming: the prior governance of the peninsula (prior to 1913) by the
Al-Thani did not extend to large parts of the peninsula, including Zuba-
rah. 1fail to see how Qatar can rely on the text of the 1913Agreement as
evidence of its title to Zubarah. In any event, the unratified 1913Treaty
cannot create a title.
19. Did the 1914Treaty amount to recognition of a State of Qatar as
of that date? Having reviewed the Treaty carefully,1find nothing in it to
suggest recognition of the political status of the territory of El-Katr or
the area of authority of those who governed part of it.

20. 1come now to consider the 1916Agreement. Does it demonstrate
the loss by Bahrain of its title to Zubarah, in favour of Qatar?TheCourt
has been referred by Qatar to Articles X and XI of that Agreement. By
virtue of Article X, the British Government undertook to protect the
Ruler, his subjects and his territory from aggression. By virtue of
Article XI, Britain also undertook to grant the Ruler its good offices

should he or his subjects be assailed by land within the territory of
Qatar. In neither of these articles or, indeed, anywhere in the Treaty,
was any definition given of this "Territory". Nowhere in the 1916
Agreement can 1 find an acknowledgment of Qatar's status or of title to
the Qatar peninsula, in particular, Zubarah.

21. 1 conclude that Qatar has not discharged its burden of proof
and that the evidence is clear: by 1916,Bahrain had not lost its title to
Zubarah on the Qatar peninsula.
22. Before 1 come to certain events in 1937 which are crucial to my
conclusion on which Party has sovereignty over Zubarah today, 1 will
review brieflytwo important facets of the present case:

(i) May a Ruler establish or maintain his title in territories having cer-
tain characteristics through tribes swearing allegiance to him?

(ii) May the ties between the Ruler of Bahrain and the Naim Tribe be
characterized as ties of allegiance capable of serving as the basis of a
claim by Bahrain to sovereignty over Zubarah?

1will deal with these two questions together.Turquie ont conclu la convention anglo-turque non ratifiéede 1913et le

traitéde 1914. Le conseil de Qatar a renvoyé laCour à l'article 11de la
convention anglo-turque non ratifiéede 1913(CR 2000122,p. 18,par. 40),
qui stipule entre autres que ((ladite presqu'île sera. comme par le passé,
gouvernéepar le cheikh Djassim-bin-Sani et par ses successeurs)). Je ne
vois dans cette disposition ou ailleurs dans le document rien qui soit assi-
milable à une reconnaissance d'un Etat de Qatar indépendant occupant
toute la péninsule.Les mots cléssont que la presqu'île sera, ((comme par
le passé»,gouvernéepar les Al-Thani. Les preuves présentées à la Cour
sont concluantes: dans le passé(avant 1913),l'autoritédes Al-Thani ne
s'étendait pasà de vastes régionsde la presqu'île, y compris Zubarah. Je
ne m'explique pas comment Qatar peut invoquer le texte de l'accord de
1913comme preuve de son titre sur Zubarah. En tout étatde cause, le

traiténon ratifiéde 1913ne saurait créerde titre.
19. Le traité de 1914 porte-t-il reconnaissance,à partir de cette date,
d'un Etat de Qatar? Je l'ai examinéattentivement et n'y ai trouvé aucune
indication pouvant être interprétée commu ene reconnaissance du statut
politique du territoire d'El-Katr ou de la zone sur laquelle s'exerçait
I'autorité deceux qui en gouvernaient une partie.
20. J'en viens maintenant à l'accord de 1916. Etablit-il la perte par
Bahreïn de son titre sur Zubarah, au profit de Qatar? Ce dernier a ren-
voyé laCour aux articles X et XI de cet accord. Aux termes de l'article X,
le Gouvernement britannique s'engageait à protéger le souverain, ses
sujets et son territoire de toute agression. Aux termes de l'articleXI, la
Grande-Bretagne s'engageait également à prêterses bons offices au cas

où le souverain ou :;essujets seraient en butte sur le territoire de Qaàar
des attaques lancéespar voie de terre. Ni l'un ni l'autre de ces articles, ni
d'ailleurs aucune autre disposition du traité,ne précisaitl'étenduede ce
((territoire)). Je ne vois nulle part dans cet accord une reconnaissance du
statut de Qatar ou de son titre sur la péninsule et, en particulier, sur
Zubarah.
21. Je conclus que Qatar n'a pas assumé lacharge de la preuve qui lui
incombait et que le:sfaits sont clairs: en 1916,Bahreïn n'avait pasperdu
son titre surZubarah dans la péninsulede Qatar.
22. Avant d'en venir à certains événementsde 1937 qui ont peséde
façon décisivesur rna conclusion concernant laquelle des deux Parties a
souveraineté sur Zubarah auiourd'hui. i'examinerai brièvement deux
,.l
aspects importants de la présenteaffaire:
i) Un souverain peut-il établirou maintenir un titre sur des territoires
possédant certaines caractéristiques par l'intermédiaire de tribus lui
ayant prêté serment d'allégeance?
ii) Les liens existant entre le souverain de Bahreïn et la tribu des Naim
peuvent-ils être(définsomme des liensd'allégeance susceptiblesd'être

utiliséspar Bahreïn pour fonder sa revendication de souveraineté sur
Zubarah?
Je traiterai cesdeux questions ensemble. 23. 1believethat the evidencebefore the Court is sufficientto establish
a regular and consistent Naim presence in the Zubarah region, at the very
least from 1868to 1937.That the Naim and the Al-Khalifah had a rela-
tionship is uncontroverted (see Reply of Bahrain, pp. 124-126).Does the
allegiance of the Naim tribes that inhabited the northwest of the Qatar
peninsula and who remained loyal to Bahrain and the Al-Khalifah
throughout the relevant period confirm Bahrain's title over the Zubarah
region? Qatar has argued forcefully that there was no such allegiance and
that, in any event, allegiance of nomadic tribes such as the Naim in the
Gulf region cannot create title.
24. In areas such as the Zubarah region, where the pattern of habita-
tion was nomadic and boundaries were not drawn formally, are the ties

of allegiance referred toabove capable of serving as the basis of a claim
by Bahrain to sovereignty over Zubarah? 1believe so.
25. International law recognizes that in certain territories that are pos-
sessedof exceptional circumstances such as low habitability, of which the
Zubarah region is undoubtedly one, a Ruler might establish and main-
tain title to his territory by manifestations of dominion or control through
tribes who gave him their allegiance and looked to him for assistance.

26. In the DubailSharjah Arbitration, which involved a border dispute
between neighbours of the Parties to the present case, this basis of title
received legal approbation. The Tribunal observed as follows:

"until the mid-twentieth century this region was largely desert and
sparsely populated. Except for the coastal fringe, the population was
nomadic or semi-nomadic and for such people the modern concept
of 'boundary' or 'frontier' had no meaning. They were concerned
only with areas or localities within which they moved from place to
place.
.............................
The tribes owed allegiance to a Ruler. The form of allegiance
varied, but might, for instance, involve the payment of the religious
tax known as 'zakat'. The link between a tribe and a Ruler might be
close or tenuous, dependent on the degree of independence mani-
fested by the people concerned. It was, however, by way of this alle-

giance that a Ruler was able to exercisea form of sovereignty over a
region where nomadic tribesmen were regularly moving from place
to place. There was no direct control by a Ruler over a given terri-
tory but a control exercised through the tribal system, which might
indeed, if a particular tribe displayed a high degree of independence,
become more or less theoretical. Mr. Morsy Abdullah has very well
summarised the position in these words:
'Political boundaries were dependent on tribal loyalties to par-
ticular shaikhs and consequently were subject to frequent change.
Therefore, the frontier between the Trucial States and the Sultan-
ate of Muscat and the inter-state boundaries changed frequently 23. Les preuves qui ont été fournies à la Cour attestent à mon avis
d'une présence régulière ec tonstante des Naim dans la régionde Zuba-
rah, en tout casde 1868 à 1937.Que lesNaim et lesAl-Khalifah étaient en
relation n'a jamais été mis endoute (voir la réplique de Bahreïn, p.124-
126). Les liens d'allkgeance des tribus naim qui habitaient le nord-ouest
de la péninsulede Qatar et sont restées loyalesa Bahreïn et aux Al-Kha-

lifah pendant toute la périodeconsidérée confirment-ilsle titre de Bahreïn
sur la régionde Zubarah? Qatar a soutenu avec force que de tels liens
n'existaient pas etqlue,en tout état de cause, l'allégeancede tribus no-
mades comme les Naim dans la régiondu Golfe ne saurait créer untitre.
24. Dans des régionscomme cellede Zubarah, qui étaient habitéespar
des nomades et n'avaient pas de frontièresformelles, des liensd'allégeance
comme ceux évoqué,p slus haut peuvent-ils servir de basà la revendica-
tion par Bahreïn de sa souverainetésur Zubarah? Je le crois.
25. Le droit international reconnaît que, dans certains territoires pré-
sentant des caractéristiques exceptionnelles comme une faible habitabi-
lité,ce qui est incontestablement le cas de la région de Zubarah, un
souverain peut établir et maintenir un titre sur un territoire en y exerçant
son pouvoir ou un contrôle par l'intermédiairede tribus lui ayant fait ser-
ment d'allégeance eitayant sollicitéson aide.

26. Dans l'arbitrage ChardjahlDoubai'relatif à un différendfrontalier
entre des voisins des Parties la présenteaffaire, ce fondement d'un titre
a étéadmis en droit. Le Tribunal a fait observer ce qui suit:
«jusqu'au milieu du XXesiècle, cette régionétaiten grandepartie un
désert très peu peuplé. Si l'on excepte la frange côtière, elle était
habitée par des populations nomades ou semi-nomades pour les-
quelles le concept moderne de «limite» ou de «frontière» n'avait

aucun sens. Seuls comptaient pour elles les zones ou habitats à
l'intérieurdesquels elles se déplaçaient.
.............................
Les tribus faisaient allégeance à un souverain. Cette allégeance
pouvait revêtir différentes formesp,ar exemplelepaiement de l'impôt
religieuxappelit «zakat». Le lien entre une tribu et un souverain
pouvait êtreétroit ou ténuselon le degréd'indépendancedes popu-
lations concernées. C'estcependant par cette allégeancequ'un sou-
verain pouvait exercer une fosme de souveraineté sur une régionoù
des tribus nomades se déplaçaient régulièrementd'un endroit à un
autre.Il n'y avait pas de contrôle direct exercépar un souverain sur

un territoire donné mais un contrôle exercépar l'intermédiairedu
systèmetribal et qui, si une tribu semontrait trèsindépendante,pou-
vait d'ailleursevenir plus ou moins théorique. M. Morsy Abdullah
a parfaitement résuméla situation en ces termes:
«Les frontièrespolitiques dépendaientdes liens d'allégeance des
tribusà tel ou tel cheikh et étaientdonc susceptibles de se modifier
fréquemment. Ainsi, la frontière entre les Etats de la Trêve etle
sultanat de Mascate et les limites entre les Etats ont souvent during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as it was based on
the dirah of the tribes.Diruh in Arabia at this time was a flexibly
defined area, changing in sizeaccording to the strength of the tribe
which wandered within it. In addition, a tribe's loyalty was deter-
mined by its own interests and could, and at this time often did,
alter.'
The term 'dirah' indicates a region within which a nomadic people

moves. The term 'haram' means, however, an area in the vicinity of
a town or settlement upon which such town or settlement has a
claim of exclusiverights for the purpose of obtaining the necessities
of its existence.(DubailSharjah Border (A~vard), International Law
Reports, Vol. 91, pp. 587-588.)

27. The tribal dirah of Zubarah was the home of the Naim tribe
during the relevant period and it remained so until the events of

1937 (Memorial of Bahrain, Sect. 2.1; Counter-Memorial of Bahrain,
Sect. 2.2. See also Map 5 in Annex 7 of Memorial of Bahrain).
28. In the Western Sahara case, the Court considered different regional
concepts of sovereignty as basis for territorial sovereignty ininternational
law. The Court said:

"Morocco requests that, in appreciating the evidence, the Court
should take account of the special structure of the Sherifian State.
No rule of international law, in the view of the Court, requires the

structure of a State to follow any particular pattern, as is evident
from the diversity of the forms of State found in the world today.
Morocco's request is therefore justified. At the same time, where
sovereignty over territory is claimed, the particular structure of a
State may be a relevant element in appreciating the reality or other-
wise of a display of State activity adduced as evidence of that sov-
ereignty.
That the Sherifian State at the time of the Spanish colonization of
Western Sahara was a State of a special character is certain. Its spe-
cial character consisted in the fact that it was founded on the com-
mon religious bond of Islam existing among the peoples and on the
allegiance of various tribes to the Sultan, through their caids or
sheikhs, rather than on the notion of territory . . .Political ties of
allegiance to a ruler, on the other hand, have frequently formed a

major element in the composition of a State. Such an allegiance,
hovvever, if it is to afford indications of the ruler's sovereignty, must
clearly be real and manifested in acts evidencing acceptance of his
political authority. Otherwise, there will be no genuine display or
exerciseof State authority. It follows that the special character of the
Moroccan State and the special forms in which its exercise of sov-
ereignty may, in consequence, have expressed itself, do not dispense
the Court from appreciating whether at the relevant time Moroccan changéau cours des XIXeet XXe sièclescar elles dépendaient du
dirah des tribus. Le dirah étaità l'époque enArabie une région
aux contours flous dont la taille changeait selon la puissance de la
tribu qui l'occupait. Par ailleurs, I'allégeance d'unetribu était
fonction de si:sintérêtset pouvait donc se déplacer,ce qui se pro-

duisait souvent à cette époque. ))
Le mot «dir,ah» désigne une région à l'intérieur delaquelle se
déplace une population nomade. En revanche, le terme «haram»
désigne unezorie voisine d'une ville ou d'une localitéet sur laquelle
cette ville ou localitépeut prétendre exercer des droits exclusifspour
se procurer ce qui est nécessaireà son existence.» (Dflérend fronta-
lier entre Chai~djahlDoubai; International Law Reports, vol. 91,
p. 587-588.)

27. Le dirah tribal de Zubarah a été occupé par les Naim pendant la
période considérée etjusqu'aux événements de 1937(mémoirede Bahreïn,
section 2.1;contre-rnémoire de Bahreïn, section 2.2. Voir aussi la carte 5
dans l'annexe 7 du mémoirede Bahreïn).
28. Dans l'affaire du Saharu occidental, la Cour a examiné différents
concepts régionauxde souverainetéen tant que fondements d'une souve-
raineté territoriale au regard du droit international. La Cour a dit ce qui
suit:

«Le Maroc demande à la Cour de tenir compte de la structure
particulière de1'Etat chérifien enexaminant les moyens de preuve.
De l'avisde la Cour, aucune règlede droit international n'exigeque
1'Etatait une structure déterminée, commele prouve la diversité des
structures étatiques qui existent actuellement dans le monde. La
demande du Maroc est donc légitime. Plus particulièrement,
lorsqu'un Etat revendique la souverainetésur un territoire, sa struc-

ture propre peut êtreun élément à prendre en considération pour
juger de la réalité desmanifestations d'activitéétatique invoquées
comme preuves de cette souveraineté.
Que, au moment de la colonisation du Sahara occidental par l'Es-
pagne, 1'Etatchérifienait eu un caractère particulier, cela est certain.
Cette particularité tenait ce qu'il étaitfondésur le lien religieux de
l'Islam qui unissait les populations esur I'allégeancede diverses tri-
bus au sultan, par l'intermédiaire de leurs caïds ou de leurs cheikhs,
plus que sur la notion de territoire ...D'autre part, les liens poli-
tiques d'allégeancea un souverain ont souvent étéun élémene tssentiel
de la texturede 1'Etat.Mais cette allégeance doitincontestablement

être effectiveel'se manifester par des actes témoignant de I'accepta-
tion de I'uutoriipolitique du souverain, pour pouvoir êtreconsidérée
comme un signe de sa souveraineté. Autrement, il n'y a pas de mani-
festation ou d'exercice authentique de l'autorité étatique.Il s'ensuit
que le caractèrt. particulier de 1'Etatmarocain et les formes particu-
lièressous lesquelles sa souveraineté a pu en conséquencese mani-
fester nedispen~sentpas la Cour d'examiner si,au moment pertinent,457 DELIMITATION AND QUESTIONS (SEP.OP.FORTIER)

sovereignty was effectively exercised or displayed in Western
Sahara." (Western Sahara, Advisory Opinion,I. C. J. Reports 1975,
pp. 43-44, paras. 94-95; emphasis added.)

29. In my opinion, sovereignty over Zubarah appertained to Bahrain
through the period from 1868 to 1937as a result of the presence in the
region of the Naim tribe, which clearly manifested its allegiance to the
Ruler of Bahrain and accepted his political authority. The record pro-
vides numerous examples of this relationship (Reply of Bahrain, pp. 124-
126).
30. 1observe that Qatar, for its part, has been unable to provide any
evidence of Al-Thani or Ottoman activities in the Zubarah region prior
to 1937.

31. 1 find a letter written by the British Political Resident, Hickin-
botham, in May 1937, pertinent both to events which unfolded later in
that year aswell as to the alleged sovereignty of Qatar at that time to the
whole of the peninsula. He wrote:

"The Adviser [Belgrave] informed me that the Bahrain Govern-
ment had a counter proposa1 ready if necessary, the basis of which
was that they were prepared to concede al1the area directly extra-
neous to Zubarah itself provided the Bahrain Government were per-
mitted to retain Zubarah itself to do with exactly as they wished. We
were agreed that provided any vestige of power remained with
Shaikh Abdullah [or Qatar], there was no reason why a compromise
should not be satisfactorily arrived at in this form - whilst the
Na'im should be given the right to decide by plebiscite as to which
ruler they desire to serve, and of course should they move into any
portion of Qatar belonging to the Shaikh of Qatar, after having
admitted, for example, Bahrain nationality, they would then ipso
facto be liable for payment of al1taxation that at the time had been
imposed upon other adherents to Qatar." (Memorial of Bahrain,

Vol. 3, Ann. 128,p. 675; emphasis added.)

32. There was thus no doubt in the mind of the British Political Resi-
dent in that crucial year of 1937that there were portions of Qatar which

did not then belong to the Sheikh of Qatar. The Zubarah region was
manifestly one of those "portions".
33. In sum, the evidence provided by Bahrain, in my opinion, estab-
lishes a regular and consistent Naim presence in the Zubarah region until
1937. Sovereignty over Zubarah appertained to Bahrain prior to the
events of 1937. 1now come to those events.
34. As 1wrote earlier, the Zubarah region was then inhabited by the
Naim tribe. In July 1937,the Naim tribesmen who lived in Zubarah were
attacked by the Al-Thani and their adherents and forcibly evicted from
the region. First-hand recollections of this battle have been provided to
the Court. (See Memorial of Bahrain, paras. 283-284.) la souveraineté marocaine s'exerçait ou se manifestait effectivement
au Sahara occidental.)) (Sahara occidental, avis consultatiJ;
C.I.J.Recueil 1'975,p. 43-44, par. 94-95; les italiques sont de moi.)

29. A mon avis, :Zubarah a relevéde la souveraineté de Bahreïn pen-
dant toute la période compriseentre 1868et 1937en raison de la présence
dans la région de la tribu des Naim qui manifestait clairement son

allégeanceau souverain de Bahreïn et acceptait son autoritépolitique. Le
dossier contient de nombreux exemples de ces liens (répliquede Bahreïn,
V. 124-126).
30. J'observe que, pour sa part, Qatar n'a pas été en mesurede fournir
de preuves d'activit~isdes Al-Thani ou des Ottomans dans la régionde
Zubarah avant 1937.
31. Une lettre écrite en mai1937par Hickinbotham, résidentpolitique
britannique, me paraît pertinente quand on considère aussibien les évé-
nements qui ont eu lieu plus tard cette année-là que la souveraineté
qu'aurait exercée Qatar sur l'ensemble de la péninsule à l'époque.

«Le conseil1i:r[Belgrave] m'a informéque le Gouvernement de
Bahreïn avait une contre-proposition à présentersi besoin était.Elle
reposait sur le fait qu'il étaitdisposé cédertoute la zone directe-
ment contiguë à Zubarah, à condition que le Gouvernement de
Bahreïn soit auitoriséa conserver Zubarah pour en disposer exacte-

ment comme il l'entendrait. Nous sommes convenus que, si lecheikh
Abdullah [ou Qatar] jouissait encore de quelque pouvoir, il n'y avait
aucune raison de ne pas parvenir à un compromis satisfaisant sous
cette forme - tandis que les Naim se verraient accorder le droit de
décider par plébiscite quel souverain ils souhaitaient servir. Bien
entendu, s'ils devaient émigrer dansn'importe quelle régionde Qatar
appartenant au cheikh de Qatar, aprèsavoir accepté,par exemple, la
nationalité bahreïnite, ils seraient ensuite automatiquement suscep-
tibles d'être assujettistous les impôts auxquels étaient a l'époque
soumis les autires contribuables de Qatar.)) (Mémoire de Bahreïn,
vol. 3, annexe 128,p. 675; les italiques sont de moi.)

32. A cette date cruciale (1937), il ne faisait donc aucun doute pour le
résident politique britannique que des «régions» de Qatar n'apparte-
naient pas alors au cheikh de Qatar. La régionde Zubarah étaitmani-
festement l'une d'elles.

33. En bref, les élémentsde preuve fournis par aahreïn attestent à
mon avis une présence régulière ec tonstante des Naim dans la régionde
Zubarah jusqu'en 1'337.Bahreïn avait souverainetésur Zubarah avant les
événementsde 1937,que je vais aborder maintenant.
34. Comme je l';aiécrit plus haut, la région de Zubarah était alors
habitéepar la tribu des Naim. En juillet 1937,lesNaim vivant àZubarah
ont étéattaquéspar les Al-Thani et leurs partisans et chassésde la région
par la force. Des témoignagesde première mainont étéfournis à la Cour
au sujet de cette bataille. (Voir mémoirede Bahreïn, par. 283-284.)458 DELIMITATION AND QUESTIONS (SEP. OP.FORTIER)

35. Having examined the record before the Court, I believe that the
events of July 1937 can only be characterized as acts of conquest by
Qatar. Bahrain has never acquiesced in the seizure by Qatar of Zubarah
(see Reply of Bahrain, Sect. 4.6, at pp. 140 et seq.See also Mernorial of
Bahrain, Vol. 5, Ann. 301, pp. 1216-1217).
36. If the seizure of Zubarah, in 1937,by an act of force, were to occur
today, there would be no doubt that it would be unlawful and ineffective
to deprive Bahrain of its title. The position now prevailing and fully

accepted in international law is that the use of force is unlawful and, by
itself, ineffective to bring about a change of title.

37. In 1937, however, the law was in a process of evolution and the
situation was not so clear.
38. During the oral pleadings, the Court was referred to the Fifth Edi-
tion of Oppenheim's International Larcj,published in 1937,and the Ninth
Edition, published in 1992 (CR 2000111, pp. 39-41). In this last edition,
the authors, Sir Robert Jennings and Sir Robert Watts, opined that it
should not be assumed that forcible takings of territories in the pre-
United Nations Ch'arterdays can be protested today.

39. The authors of the Ninth Edition conclude their comments with
the following observation: "This conclusion is fortified by the principle
of stability which must be at least a significant factor in questions con-
cerning territorial sovereignty" (at p. 705)1 agree.
40. 1have thus come to the conclusion that the Court is not competent
to judge and declare today, more than 60 years after the forcible taking,

that Bahrain is and at al1 material times has remained sovereign over
Zubarah.
41. For these reasons, 1 conclude that Qatar has sovereignty over
Zubarah.

42. The Court has found that the State of Qatar has sovereignty over
Janan Island, including Hadd Janan. In this separate opinion, I set out
the reasons why, in my view, the State of Bahrain has sovereignty over
Janan Island, including Hadd Janan.
43. The Court h~sruled that the 1939British decision was dispositive
of the question of title to the Hawar Islands in favour of Bahrain. The
critical issue in relation to Janan is whether, by the normal canons of
interpretation, thatdecision is to be understood as having, at the time,
included Janan. The Court's sole task is to interpret the 1939decision.

44. The letter containing the 1939decision states

"on the subject of the ownership of the Hawar IslandsI am directed
by His Majesty's Government to inform you that, after careful con- DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP.IND.FORTIER) 458

35. Après avoir examinéle dossier soumis à la Cour, j'estime que les
événementsde juillt:t 1937 ne peuvent êtreconsidérésque comme des
actes de conquête de la part de Qatar. Bahrein n'a jamais acquiescé à la
prise de Zubarah par Qatar (voir répliquede Bahreïn, section 4.6, p. 140
et suiv. Voir aussi mémoirede Bahreïn, vol. 5, annexe 301, p. 1216-1217).
36. Si, comme cida s'est passé en 1937, Zubarah devait êtreprise

aujourd'hui par la fi~rce,il ne fait aucun doute que l'on serait là en pré-
sence d'un acte illicitene pouvant priver Bahreïn de son titre. La position
actuelle, pleinement acceptée endroit international, est que l'emploide la
force est illicite et qu'il ne saurait par lui-mêmeavoir pour effet un chan-
gement de titre.
37. En 1937,toutefois, le droit étaiten évolutionet la situation n'était
Dasaussi claire.
38. Au cours des ]plaidoiries,la Cour a étrenvoyée à la cinquième édi-
tion, parue en 193'7,de l'ouvrage d'oppenheim intitulé International
Law, età sa neuvièmeédition,parue en 1992(CR 2000111,p. 39-41),dans
laquelle les auteurs, sir Robert Jennings et sir Robert Watts, ont exprimé
l'opinion qu'il nefaut pas tenir comme établique l'appropriation de ter-
ritoires par la forceà une époque antérieure à la Charte des Nations

Unies peut faire l'objet de protestations aujourd'hui.
39. Les auteurs de la neuvièmeédition concluent ainsi leurs observa-
tions: ((cette concluc;ionest renforcéepar le principe de stabilité quidoit
au moins êtreun facteur important dans les questions concernant la sou-
verainetéterritoriale>)(p. 705). Je partage ce point de vue.
40. Je suis donc parvenu à la conclusion que la Cour n'a pas compé-
tence pour dire etjuiger aujourd'hui, plus de soixante ans après I'appro-
priation par la force, que Bahreïn a et a gardé à toutes les époques
considéréessouveraineté sur Zubarah.
41. Pour ces raisons, je conclus que Qatar a souveraineté surZubarah.

42. La Cour a dit que 1'Etatde Qatar a souverainetésur I'îlede Janan,
y compris Hadd Janian. Dans mon opinion individuelle, j'expose les rai-
sons pour lesquelles,à mon sens, 1'Etatde Bahreïn a souverainetésur I'île
de Janan, y compris Hadd Janan.
43. La Cour a statuéen disant que la décisionbritannique de 1939a

tranché en faveur de Bahreïn la question du titre sur les îles Hawar. Au
sujet de Janan, laquestion cruciale est celle de savoir si, selon les règles
normales d'interprétation, cette décision doit êtreconsidéréecomme
ayant concerné, à l'époque,I'îlede Janan. La seule tâche qui incombe à la
Cour est d'interpréter la décisionde 1939.
44. La lettre contenant la décisionde 1939indique:
((s'agissant de la propriétdes îles Halclaje suis chargépar le gou-

vernement de Sa Majesté de vous informer qu'après un examen approfondi des élémentsde preuve présentés ...ce dernier a décidé
que ces îles appartenaient à 1'Etat de Bahreïn et non à 1'Etat de
Qatar» (contre-mémoire deBahreïn, vol. 1,p. 150,par. 362; les ita-
liques sont de moi).

45. La référence généraa ux îles Hawar dans la décisionbritannique
de 1939 doit-elle êtrecomprise comme incluant ou excluant Janan?
J'estime qu'elle nepeut être compriseautrement qu'incluant Janan.
46. Le dossier dont est saisie la Cour prouve abondamment que les
termes «groupe des îles Hawar)), «îles du groupe des Hawarn, ((groupe
des Hawar)) et «îles Hawar))o~itété utilisésindifféremmentcomme syno-
nymes par tous les iintéresséasu cours des années trente.
47. Avant et pendant les annéestrente, on avait généralementtendance
à considérerJanan comme faisant partie des Hawar sans que cela repose
sur de quelconques études géologiques ou mesures de la profondeur de la
mer entre Jazirat Hawar et Janan. Chacune des parties s'est efforcéede
présenter descartes montrant que les Hawar, y compris Janan, lui appar-
tenaient. Aucune carte ne contient des élémentsdonnant a entendre que

les Britanniques, les Turcs ou d'autres distinguaient Janan des Hawar. Il
est clair que, dans les annéestrente, les Britanniques ont dû penser que
l'attribution de la souverainetésur «les Hawar» s'étendaità Janan.
48. Et rien, dans le comportement de Bahreïn et de Qatar au cours de
la période antérieure à la décisionde 1939, n'aurait amenéla Grande-
Bretagne àpenser qu'elleavait plus d'un problèmea résoudrepour déci-
der de la souverainetésur les îlessituéesau large de la côte occidentalede
Qatar.
49. En 1936,dans le cadre des négociations engagéespour l'octroi
d'une concession pétrolièredans le secteur non alloué de Bahreïn,le sou-
verain de cet Etat a communiquéune liste d'îles officialisantsa prétention
sur les Hawar. Cettt: liste incluait l'île de Janan. On ne trouve aucune
indication, tant sur le plan interne que dans la correspondance échangée
avec le souverain de IBahreïn,que la Grande-Bretagne ait considéréJanan

comme ne faisant pas partie des Hawar et ayant par conséquent été
incluse dans la concession accordéeen 1935 à PCL Dar Oatar.
50. Janan était mentionnéeexpressémentdans laLlistektablie en 1936
par Bahreïn, qui semibleavoir été la premièra effirmation écriteofficielle
par Bahreïn de sa souverainetésur les îles Hawar. La deuxième listede
Bahreïn, datant de 1937, ne mentionnait ni Janan ni les îles Hawar ni
aucune autre île en particulier, mais se bornaità faire étatde la «pres-
qu'île desHawar)). II n'y a aucune raison de ne pas interpréterces mots
comme un renvoi aux listes plus précisesde l'année précédenteq,ui
incluaient Janan.
51. La liste de 1938 fut présentéeaux fins directes de la décision à
prendre au sujet des îles Hawar. On aurait pu s'attendre dans ces condi-
tions à une énumérationcomplète de toutes les îles revendiquées et des
îles situéesau large de la côte occidentale de Qatar. Toutefois, je trouve

parfaitement normal que, compte tenu des deux listes soumises les deuxno need to repeat but in fact chose to do something different - to
attempt to substantiate a claim already made through now identifying
rocks and islands with beacons. This list was passed by Belgrave, who
within a fewdays also passed a concession map clearly showing Janan as

part of the Hawar Islands concession area.

52. Finally, 1 note that in the claim presented by Qatar in respect of
the 1939British decision, it isever suggested that, whatever the outcome
of the Hawars might be, Janan was a separate issue, in which Qatar's
claim was as strong, or stronger.

53. In coming to its conclusion in respect of Janan Island, the Court
has attached a great deal of importance to the letters sent on 23 Decem-
ber 1947by the British Political Agent in Bahrain to the Rulers of Qatar
and Bahrain. The Court has found that the British Government, in thus
proceeding in 1947,"provided an authoritative interpretation of the 1939
decision and of the situation resulting from it" (Judgment, para. 164).
54. In my opinion, the 1947letters do not purport to determine owner-
ship of any island, large or small. The letters, by any normal rule of
interpretation, do not purport to interpret the 1939decision. The critical
issue for the Court is not whether the 1947 sea-bed delimitation, in its
references to Janan, was or was not right. If the 1939British decision did

indeed include Janan as part of the Hawars (as 1 believe it does), the
statement in the letter of 1947that "Janan Island is not regarded as being
included in the islands of the Hawar Croup", cannot lawfully revise the
1939decision. Finally, in my opinion, it carries little conviction even as
an interpretation by an official, in 1947,of a governmental decision in
1939, because it does not address the documentation that would be rele-
vant to such an interpretation.

55. Finally, the context of the 1947letters is also important.The pur-
pose of the letters was not to notify the Rulers of a decision which they
would be entitled to respect, but merely to inform them that the British
authorities would henceforth consider the sea-bed as being divided by the
line described therein, particularly in the course of their dealings with
PLC and BAPCO, the two competing oil companies concerned. In sum,
it appears clear to me that the 1947letters purported only to express the
policy of the United Kingdom and had no legal significancewhatsoever
regarding ownership of Janan Island.

56. In closing, 1 observe that the fact that Janan Island has always
been considered to be one of the Hawar group of islands appears to be
acknowledged by Qatar when it cites Lorimer's 1908description of the
Hawar Islands. Lorimer wrote that "the island (Jaruzar Hawar) is
adjoined on the north by Jazirats Rubadh and on the south by Jazirat
Janan" (see Memorial of Qatar, para. 5.38). DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP.IND.FORTIER) 460

annéesprécédentes, Bahreïn n'aitpas jugé nécessaire d'en établirencore
une mais ait choisi une démarchedifférente - à savoir tenter d'étayer
une revendication déjà formuléeen énumérantles rochers et les îles
équipésde balises. Cette liste fut transmise par Belgrave qui, quelques
jours plus tard, trainsmit également unecarte de concession où Janan
apparaît clairement comme faisant partie de la concession desîles Hawar.
52. Je note enfin que, dans la demande présentéepar Qatar au sujet de
la décisionbritannique de 1939,rien ne donne à entendre que, quelle que
puisse êtrela conclusion au sujet des Hawar, Janan constituait une ques-
tion distincte dans laquelle les thèses de Qatar étaient tout aussi bien
étayées,voire plus.

53. Pour arrêter isaconclusion au sujet de l'île de Janan, la Cour a
attaché une grande importance aux lettres que l'agent politique britan-
nique à Bahreïn a adlresséesle 23 décembre1947aux souverains de Qatar
et de Bahreïn. Elle a estiméque, en procédantde la sorte en 1947,l'agent
politique britanniqul- «a fourni une interprétation faisant foi de la déci-
sion de 1939et de la situation en résultant))(arrêt,par. 164).
54. A mon avis, ces lettres de 1947 ne visaient à déterminer la pro-
priétéd'aucune île, grande ou petite. Si on leur applique les règlesde lec-
ture normales, on voit qu'ellesne visaient pas àinterpréterla décisionde
1939. La question dkcisivepour la Cour n'est pas de savoir si, dans son
application en ce qui concerne Janan, la délimitation des fonds marins
effectuée en1947 éta.itou non correcte. Si (comme je le crois) la décision

britannique de 1939incluait effectivement Janan dans les Hawar, l'affir-
mation, dans la lettre de 1947, selon laquelle ((l'île de Janan n'est pas
considéréecomme faisant partie du groupe des Hawar)), ne saurait modi-
fier en droit la décisionde 1939.Enfin, elle n'estselon moi guèreprobante
mêmesi on y voit une interprétation donnéeen 1947par un haut fonc-
tionnaire d'une décisiongouvernementale de 1939parce qu'elle neprend
pas en considération la documentation qui serait pertinente pour une
telle interprétation.
55. Dernier point: le contexte des lettres de 1947est égalementimpor-
tant. Leur objet n'était pasde notifier aux souverains une décision qu'ils
seraient en droit ou en devoir de respecter mais simplement de les infor-
mer que les autorités britanniques considéreraient désormais leursfonds

marins comme délimités ainsi qu'ellels'indiquaient, en particulier dans le
cadre de leurs négociationsavec PLC et BAPCO, les deux sociétés pétro-
lièresconcurrentes concernées. En somme, ilme paraît clair que leslettres
de 1947visaient simplement à formuler la politique du Royaume-Uni et
n'avaient aucune significationjuridique pour ce qui est de la propriétéde
l'îlede Janan.
56. Je termine en notant queQatar semble admettre que l'îledeJanan
a toujours été considéréceomme appartenant au groupe des îles Hawar
quand il cite la description faite par Lorimer de ces îlesen 1908.Celui-ci
écritque ((l'île(Jaruzar Hawar) est flanquéeau nord par Jazirat Rubadh
et au sud par Jazirat Janann (mémoirede Qatar, par. 5.38). 57. For the foregoing reasons, 1 find that Janan, including Hadd
Janan, must be considered to be part of the Hawars over which Bahrain
has sovereignty. In the circumstances,1have thus voted against para-
graph 3 of the operative part of the Judgrnent.

58. Although 1 have some serious reservations with the Court's
reasoning in respect of certain aspects of the maritime delimitation,
particularly its treatment of Fasht al Azm, Qit'atJaradah and Fasht
ad Dibal, 1have decided to vote for paragraph 6 of the operative part of
the Judgment.
59. However, 1wish to stress tha1 do not agree with that part of the
singlemaritime boundary that runs westward between Jazirat Hawar and
Janan. Since in my viewJanan is part of the Hawars and thus belongs to
Bahrain, 1agree with my colleague Judge Kooijmans that the boundary
should run south-westward between Janan and the coast of the penin-
sula. Since the Court, however, has ruled that Janan belongs to Qatar
and has drawn the maritime boundary on that basis,1have elected not to

express my disagreement by casting a negative vote.

(SignedL ). Yves FORTIER. DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP.IND.FORTIER) 461

57. Pour les raisons que je viens d'exposer, j'estimeque Janan, y com-
pris Hadd Janan, d,oitêtreconsidéréecomme faisant partie des Hawar

sur lesquelles Bahreïn a souveraineté.C'est pourquoi j'ai votécontre le
paragraphe 3 du dispositif de l'arrêt.

DÉLIMITATIO M ARITIME

58. Bien que j'ai de sérieuses réservsn ce qui concerne le raisonne-
ment de la Cour sur certains aspects de la délimitationmaritime, et en
particulier sur son traitement des cas de Fasht al Azm, Qit'at Jaradah et
Fasht ad Dibal, j'ai décide voter pour le paragraphe 6 du dispositif de
l'arrêt.

59. Je tiens cepenIdanta souligner mon désaccordpour ce qui est de la
partie de la limitearitimeunique qui passe en direction de l'ouest entre
Jazirat Hawar etJanian.Puisque Janan fait selon moi partie des Hawar et
appartient doncà Bahrein, je conviens avecmon collègueM. Kooijmans
que la limite devrait passer, en direction du sud-ouest, entre Janan et la
côte de la péninsule.Mais la Cour ayant décidéque Janan appartenaità
Qatar et tracéla limite maritime sur cette base,je n'ai pas voulu exprimer
ce désaccordpar un vote négatif.

(SignéL ). Yves FORTIER

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Separate opinion of Judge Fortier

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