Dissenting Opinion of Judge Urrutia Holguin (translation)

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039-19601118-JUD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
039-19601118-JUD-01-00-EN
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IIISSENTING OPINIOX OF JUDGE ITRRI-TIAI HOLGIIIX

[Translation!
1regret that 1 am unable to concur in the Judgment of the Court.
1 must state my persona1 conclusions on:

1. The legal doctrines involved.
II. The different concepts in America and in Europe as to the
exercise of the right of States to contest arbitral aulards.

III. The uti Possidetis jz~ris rule which in America excluded
decisions in equity.
IV. Possible defects giving rise to nullity andacts of acquiescence
in the Award of the King of Spain of 23 December 1906.

During the course of the present proceedings both Nicaragua and
Honduras have set forth legal theories, as to which certain obser-
vations should be made:

Eoects of the nullity of arbitral awards
In international law, there are not some defects which are
"sanabiles" and others which are "insanabiles", the reason being
that there is no compulsory international jurisdiction by means of
which the causes of nullity may be put right. The absence in inter-
national law of such a body cannot confer an automatic character
upon nullity, allow a State to be judge ints own case and to declare
itself free from any obligation to carry out an award, just as on the

other hand it cannot confer an automatic character on an absolute
presumption of the validity of the award nor confer the right to
require its execution without permitting the verification of itç
validity when the other party validly raises grounds of nullity.

In a conflict between the rights of the State which invokes the
nullity of an arbitral award and of the State urhich relies upon res
judicata, the only recourse at the disposa1 of the countries is to
ask an international court to decide the question whether there iç
a judgment having binding force.
In Latin America, in al1 the cases referred to in Part II in which
the award was disputed, its execution was suspended and thé
question of its validity referred to thecision of a new arbitrator-
as, moreover, in the present case, where Counsel for Honduras
explained (at thc meeting of 7 October) that the country which hc.
represented claimed the execution of the award, but that the obli-
gation to give effect to the award resulted only from

"a finding b,- the Coiirt ofits bindingforce".
32 JL-DG1IEh.r 18 SI 60 (DIS. OPIS. JYDGE URRI.TI.1 1101-GG~N) 222
7 .
lhe Court \vas asked to consider the cases in ivhich acts of
accluiescence, estoppel, or the belated raising of grounds of nullity
might limit the right of a State to dispute the validity of an award
or might deprive it of that right.

(i)~4cquiescence.To see what effect acquiescence may have in
regard to an award the validity of which is disputed, it is necessary
to define the possible limits of acquiescence, and to see iihether
it 1s within the power of acquiescence to revive the non-existent
effects of an award which is void.
In civil law there are acts which are null and void \hich cannot
be given life even by subsequent acceptance by the parties. In
international la^, however, States are sovereign and are bound

by no limitation upon their acceptailce of or agreement to anything
whatsoever.
States may agree, if they think fit, to the carrying out of the
provisions of a null and void award, but in that case the cause and
the legal basis of the provisions of the award are not to be found
in theaward which is a nullity, but in the valid agreement between
t~o Sovereign States.
If there are in the award itself any essential defects ~f which
the parties cannot know before they receive the text of the award,
it is possible to regard as acquiescence only some forma1 decla-

ration by the competent organ of the State making clear that it
expressly renounces the right to dispute the validity of the award.
In treaties which submit a question for decision "without appeal"
by an arbitrator or a court, the parties renounce the right to bring
proceedings "on appeal", but they cannot in advance renounce
the right eyer to contest a future award, the contents of which
they do not know, on the ground that it is a nullity.

(ii) Estoppel. The objection on the grounds of good faith which
exists in almost al1legal systems and which prevents a party froin
profiting by its own misrepresentation and which, in Anglo-saxon
law, is known as estoppel, would be applicable in the present case
if itwere proved that the action and behaviour of one of the States
caused the other State to place reliance upon its acts of acquies-

cence and to believe in its renunciation of its right to dispiitcxthe
validity of the award.
(iii) Belated rnising ~YO,I~PZ~ofn:z~LL Siofar.therc. cioesnot cxist

in international law any uniform custom which makes it possiblc to
assert that inaction on the part of States which may have interest
in invoking a ground of nullity involves any presunîption of thcii-
rcnunciation of the right to cont~st the \didit?; of an award.
In private law thcre are rules rclating to yrcscriptioii antl
limitation but in general, in almost al1 legal sj.stems, an excel)tioii
is made in respect of the rights of th? State. \\,hicharthhrld iiot to
1~. harred by th? passage of timt,. In international relations, in certain cases the challenging of an

aurard by the State concerned has been immediate. In other cases,
several years have elapsed before it was disputed. In the St. Law-
rence River case, the award made in 1814 hias contested in a Note
of 1831 and the contestation was accepted in 1842. In the case
between Venezuela and Colombia, the King of Spain's award was
rendered in 1891. Venezuela originally accepted the award but
in 1917 secured the agreement of Colombia to the submission of
the question of the validity of the award to the Swiss Federal
Council. Costa Rica's contestation of President Loubet's award of

1897 was not brought before Chief Justice White until 1910.

In America, in eleven bilateral treaties on general arbitration
signedbefore 1911,a procedure for reviewon the ground of the nullity
of the award was provided for. In two of those treaties, atime-limit
of from three to six months was laid down for bringing the pro-
ceedings, and in the other cases it was simply stated that thev
should be brought before the carrying out of the award.

II. DIFFERENT CONCEPTS IN AMERICA AND II\EUROPE
AS TO THE EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT OF STATES
TO CONTEST ARBITRAL AWARDS

The rules and customs generally accepted in America were in
1894 and 1907 far from being those which may be regarded as the
most desirable for giving greater authority to arbitration in the
international law of 1960.
Whereas in Europe there had only been recourse to arbitration in

the nineteenth century with the greatest precautions and on the
basis of special agreements signed in respect of each particular case,
America was in advance of the times and had, between 1847 and
the Second Hague Conference, signed more than two hundred
general treaties of arbitration. In forty-eight of these compulsory
arbitration was provided for in respect of territorial questions.
That explains why at the Hague Conference of 1907 (only Mexico
had been invited to the 1899 Conference) the American represent-

atives: (1) urged the ideal approved in America of compulsory
arbitration, even for territorial questions(2) insisted that it should
be restricted to legal decisions, and (3) supported the establish-
ment of a body to verify the validity of awards. In 1907 European
prudence, on the contra~y, songht to confine the notion of arbi-
tration: (1) to questions which did not involve the honour or the
essential interests of States,2)to arbitration al1the rules for which
had been laid down in the special agreement, and (3) to awards
against which the poçsibility of any type of remedy was resisted.

Faced with the difficulties presented, in 1960, by the interpre-
tation of the intention of the parties in siqing a treaty in 1894, the
33 circumstances in which certain proceedings took place in 1904, or
the significance of the actions ofAmerican States in 1906, the Court
cannot lose sight of the fact that the diplomatic history of the
evolution of the principle of arbitration in America is more authori-
tative than the literal or textual examination of documents.
In the case with which we are dealing, it isof particular importance
not to pass a judgment on the acts or behaviour of the parties in
their attempts to ask for explanations or to verify the validity of
alvards, without studying the customs which, as regards those
aspects of arbitration procedure, were accepted in ,4inerica at that
time.

.4lthough the existence of grounds of nullity in respect of arbitral
awards was recognized bythe Institut de Droit international as long
ago as 1875, the idea has been accepted in Europe only with very
inarked reserve.
At the Hague Peace Conferences in 1899 and 1907 the possibility
of calling in question the validity of an award was deleted from
the two draft Conventions in view of the difficulty of suggesting
any authority which should adjudicate upon the issue of validity.
The reserve up till 1907 with regard to this aspect of the evolution
of the law in Europe is explained in the course of lecturesby Profes-
sor Borel on "Voies de recours contre les sentencesarbitrales" (1935,
II), and M. Lammasch expressed this European reticence when in
1914 he proposed that proceedings to upset awards should only
be allowed with the consent of the arbitrator.
In America, on the other hand, as early as 1899, arbitration
treaties had been signed containing clauses which provided for
review of awards on grounds of nullity.
In a series of treaties of which the first two were signed in 1899
with Paraguay and with Uruguay, Argentina accepted arbitration

by tribunals whose award could be challenged in the event of
falsification of documents or "error of fact" resulting from the
procedure or from the documents submitted to the arbitrator.

Before the Hague Conference, four other treaties on the same
lines were signed: by Bolivia and Peru in 1902, by Argentina and
Bolivia in 1902, by Brazil in 1907, by Chile in 1902, and two others
in 1911 and 1912 between Colombia and ilrgentina and between
&\rgentina and Ecuador.
In 1902 and 1905 Brazil signed general arbitration treaties with
Bolivia and Peru, in which a new aspect of the nullity of awards
Iras provided for, namely the case where, in whole or in part, the
award was based on an error of fact ;and in 1907 Peru and Colombia
\vent further, and allowed review in cases where the award was
allegedly based on a "positive or negative" error of fact.

Historical circumstances explain these two tendencies:
In Europe, up to the beginning of the present century, resort
was as a rule had to arbitration only for the settlement of cluestions
3h JI-L)C;lIENT18 XI 60 (DISS. OPIN. JVDGE CRRCTI.4 HOLGIJ~N) 22j

rclating to concessions, claims or compensation which, in sixteen
oiit of twenty-two cases cited between 1850 and 1910, had to be
paid by American countries on the basis of arbitral awards more
often than not manifestly unjust or vitiated by defects rendering
them nullities, and it is understandable that the European countries
~tere not inclined to weaken the principle of res jzrdicata nor to
accept a change in the rule as to the execution without appeal of
allards which had been so successful from their point of view.
In America, on the other hand, the legal abuses to which these

arbitrations gave rise resulted in the express recognition of the
right of States to challenge the validity of arbitral awards in the
eleven treaties signed between 1899 and 1912, mentioned above,
and in al1 arbitrations regarding territorial boundaries where the
awards were disputed, and which were the following:
(a) The boundary case between C'olombia and Venezuela in

\\-hich the King of Spain's arbitral award was accepted by the
parties in 1891 but in which another arbitration by the Swiss
I'ederal Council was agreed upon in 1917 to decide al1the questions
rclative to the King's award.

Kica and Panama, Loubewhich was disputed by in thCosta Rica and Cosnever

carried out.
(c) The award by Chief Justice White in 1910, in the proceedings
between Panama and Costa Rica in respect of President Loubet's
award, which was held by Panama to be vitiated and a nullity
and was never carried out.

(d) The validity of the award of 1909 by President Figueroa
A\lcorta in the frontier dispute between Bolivia and Peru, which
was contested by Bolivia. ils A. Sanchez de Bustamante explained
in hisopinionon the question of Costa Rica and Panama, page II:

"'l'hc Award reridered by Dr. Figueroa Xlcorta on 0 July 1900
immcdiately gave rise to a protest by Rolivia, on thc ground that
the arbitrator had cxceeded his powers and had not kept to the
trrms of the Agreement ...despitç ill-informed ~)assions which
wcre dangerously over-excited, hoth at Buenos -4irt.sand at Lima
1)atriotismin the c,ndfinished hy seeingrcason, thc f'eruvian Govern-
mciit rcnounced part of the advantagcs whicli tht arl~itrator's
award offcmd to it, and dealt dircctly witli its formcr opponcnt
t» arrangc in a frieridly way the l~oiindaof thtir rtsl>c~çtiposscs-
.;ion>."

(1.)The lrnited Statcs dispiited and today still disl~iites tlie
\.alidity of the award of 1910 in the Cl7amizal casc with Mexico.
3Icxico has still not bcen able to obtain either the carrying out of
tlic award or agreenic~nt to siibmit tht. (~iiostion of its validity to
the consi(1cration of another trit~iiilal.

37 (f) In a matter where not only American couritries were concern-
ed, but also Great Britain, the United States disputed the King of
Holland's award on the St. LawrenceRiver bozrndary ;that country's

objections were accepted by the other side and the award had no
effects.
In several cases arising between American countries and bearing
upon claims which were submitted to arbitration, the right
to verify the validity of the award was also recognized (Akrn
Silver Mining in 1898, Paraguay Navigation Company in 1860,

the Orinoco case in ~goq), but, in disputes regarding national
sovereignty and territorial questions, the contestation was in al1
cases accepted or submitted to the decision of a new arbitrator.

III. ARBITRATION SGREED TO ON THE BASIS OF
"CTI POSSIDETIS JURIS" COULD ONLY BE oh; A STRICT BASIS OF
LAW' AND EXCLUDED DECISIONS IX EQUITY

The countries of Latin America whose constitutions had fixed
their boundaries on the basis of the zsti possidetis jurisexisting
at the time when they became independent envisaged only strictly
legal decisions when they undertook to submit the delimitation
of their boundaries to arbitration.

This rule which the parties laid down for recourse to arbitration
was not merely academic but a condition precedent sine qua non
which had its origin in the actual constitutions of the States.
The reason why Colombia, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Nicaragua,
Honduras, Peru and Ecuador applied to the King of Spain is
explained in the decision of the Swiss Federal Council in the pro-
ceedings concerning the Award rendered bq- the King of Spain
in 1891 in the dispute between Colombia and Venezuela:

"When the Spanish colonies of Central and South America pro-
claimed their independence in the second decade of the nineteenth
century,they adopted a principle of constitutional and international
law to which they gave the name of uti possidetisjuriof 1810 for
the purpose of laying down the rule that the boundaries of the
newly established republics should be the frontiers of the Spanish
provinces which they were succeeding.This general principle offered
the advantage of establishing an absolute rule that in law no terri-
tory of the former Spanish America was without an owner. Although
there were many regions that had not been occupied by the Spanish
and many regions that were unexplored or inhabited by uncivilized
natives, these regionswere regarded as belonging in law to the respec-
tive republics that had succeeded the Spanish provinces to which
these lands were connected by virtue of old royal decrees of the
Spanish mother country. These territories, although not occupied
in fact, were by common agreement considered as being occupied in
law by the new republics from the very beginning. Encroachments
and ill-timed efforts at colonization beyond the frontiers, as well as
defactooccupation, became ineffective and of no legal consecluence."been set up on 2 October 1904, M. Carrere y Lembeye was himself
the third arbitrator and the tribunal, once constituted, could not
giïe up its duties and transfer them to a new arbitrator. If, on the
contrary, what was involved was merely a preparatory meeting.
the Honduran and Nicaraguan arbitrators had no need of M. Car-
rere y Lembeye, who could not take part in the discussions of the
tribunal unless he had already been appointed third arbitrator.
The procedural irregularities at the meetings of 2, IOand 18 Oc-
tober were not, howevyr, in contradiction with the chief object
of the Gamez-Bonilla Treaty, which was to submit the question
to a procedure which envisaged the possibility, provided for in
Article V, of appointing the Spanish Government as arbitrator.
The fact that the two Governments accepted the appcintment
of the King, welcomed the choice and argued the case at Madrid,
proves that they did not regard as essential the rules of procedure

which had been laid down, and non-essential defects do not involve
nullity.
Doubts have also been put fonvard as to the date when the period
of ten years of the Gamez-Bonilla Treaty began to run. The inten-
tion of the parties is not clear, and different interpretations of
the Treaty might be justified, if both Nicaragua and Honduras
had not themselves in 1904 believed in good faith that the Treaty
had not expired.
It would be questioning the President of Nicaragua's good faith
to suppose that he sent a telegram on 7 October 1904, expressing
his hope that the King would accept the task of arbitration, on
the very day when the Treaty came to an end.
It is not acquiescence and acceptance which revalidate these
irregularities,but the interpretations by the Parties in 1904 of
the Gamez-Bonilla Treaty, which are definitive and which cannot
now be called in question.

(b) Acqz~iescencaend intrinsic defectsof the Award

To be able to assert, as the Court does, that Nicaragua, by express
declaration and by conduct, recognized the Award as valid and
binding and that it is no longer open to Nicaragua to go back upon
that recognition and to challenge the validity of the Award, it
must first of al1 be established whether there are essential defects.

1. Intrinsic defects

The fundamental question on which my opinion is different from
that of the majority of the Court is that of the interpretation of
the rules of the special agreement set forth in Article II of the
Gamez-Bonilla Treaty. Interpreting those rules in a different way.
1 corne to the conclusion that the King exceeded his powers and,
thus faced witli the nullity of the Award, 1 cannot accord the same
weight to the acts of acquiescence found by the Court. (i) lnterpretation of the rztles of the Agreemelzt
For the reasons set forth in Parts II and III on the legal rule2
accepted by the American countries, 1 do not consider that al1the
paragraphs of Article II had the same importance.
The niles which constituted a condition precedent governing
the whole arbitration were those of paragraphs 3 and 4 on the
fixing of the boundaries in accordance with the legal titles existing
at the date of independence.
This rule isstrengthened bythe fact that the arbitrator isexpress1'-
forbidden to recognize any juridical value to de facto possession.

These two mandatory rules were in conformity with the consti-
tutional provisions of the two countries, and it is difficult to believe
that their Parliaments ratified this Treaty while attnbuting to
other paragraphs (5,6 and 7) of Article II a scope which would
have the effect of making them prevail over or which would be
in conflict with the rule in their Constitutions.
The text adopted in paragraphs 5 and 6ofArticle II of the Gamez-
Bonilla Treaty was practically the same asthat proposed in 1886
by Colombia and Venezuela, adopted again in the Treaty of 1886
between Nicaragua and Costa Rica, the Treaty of 1902 between
Bolivia and Peru, and the Treaty of 1930 between Guatemala and
Honduras.
The interpretation given both by the parties and by the arbitra-
tors to clauses drawn up in the same terms as those of Article II
of the Gamez-Bonilla Treaty is in consonance with the idea of
arbitration strictly on the basis of law and does not recognize the
right of the arbitrator to determine a line "according to equity".

These treaties and the interpretations put upon them are as
follows :
(a) Arbitration by President Figueroa illcorta
In 1902 Peru and Bolivia signed an arbitration agreement which
laid down a rule similar to that of paragraph 4 of Article II of the
Gamez-Bonilla Treaty :

"Art. 3.-The possession of a territory, although held by one of
the parties, cannot have effect nor prevail against the titles or
royal dispositions setting forth the contrary",
and another Article which authonzed compensatioils in the follow-

ing terms :
"Art. 4.-Only when the royal acts or dispositions do not defint
the dominion of a territory in clear terms shall the arbitrator decide
the question according to equity, keeping as near as possible to
the meaning of those dociimsnts and to the spirit which inspired
them."
These two Articles gave the arbitrator indisputably fuller and
clearer powcrs than those conferred by the Cramez-Bonilla Treatj-. JCDGJIEST 1s SI 60 (DISS. OPIS. JYDGE VRRCT1.I HOLGUIN) 230

Ijespite these authorizations, President Figueroa -3lcorta was
unwilling to interpret thein as a right to decide the question as a
whole according to equity but merely to fix the frontier line so that
it should follow those geographical features ~vhich were nearest
to the legal line.
But the application even in this restricted sense of the right
laid down in the arbitration agreement gave rise to protests, and

-3rcentina and Bolivia broke off relations, but the Argentine inter-
nationalist Sanchez Sorondo in the book which he published to
justify the award and the attitude of President Figueroa Alcorta
;splained in the following terms how this article of the agreement
ivas interpreted by the Argentine President:
"The arbitrator was in any case a judge of law and in no sense
a judge of conscience. The treaty laid down two rules to qualify
the results of his historical and legal investigation. The first was
direct and derived from an express title, the second was approxi-
mate and derived from the sense and the spirit of titles which were
neither clear ilor precise. But the equity of which the treaty speaks
is not subjective but merely a matter of the interpretation of the
documents submitted.
...he could not drau- capricious lines based upon reasons which
could not be inferred from the documents, nor settle the dispute
as a mediator by the proportional division of the territory in ques-
tion."

In his last recital but one, President Figueroa Xlcorta confirmed
that he "would settle these questions ecluitably, keeping as near
as possible to the sense of the royal provisions".

(b) =Irbifration by tlze Kig~g of Spnirz in tlze bo~~lzdnrydisp7rte
between Venezztela ad Colonzbia

This was signed in 1881, but Venezuela refused to accept the
clause which conferred the power of judging "in equity", explaining
that legal decisions could be considered declaratory, whilst a dcci-
sion in equity would imply a cession of territory forbidden by the
federal constitution.
In 1886, Colombia secured the follo\ving clause in an additional
instrument signed at Paris:

"...The arbitrator may fi?;the line in the way which he thinks
the closest to the existing documents when, in one or another part
of the line, those documents are not sufficientlyclear."

The power thus conferred \vas siniilar to that laid down in the
Gainez-Bonilla Treaty, yet the King only made use of it in respect
uf two sectors and for the following reasons: (1) in the Sarrare
region, because "the Royal cédzdaof 1786, ~uhichmzztstserve as the
legal basis for the fisin5 of the boundary in the fifth sector, raises
cloubts in that it mentions the names of places not known today,
nainely the Barrancas de Sarrare and the Paso Real de los Casa-

-12 JUDGMEXT 18 XI 60 (DISS. OPIN. JUDGE URRPTIA HOLGU~N) 231

narcs"; the King chose the course of the river "Sarrare", on the
basis of an interpretation of certain ancient documents whicl-i
indicatcd that those two points lay "in the line of communication
between Sarrare and the Arauca"; (2)in the second part of the
sisth sector, the King accepted as title of sovereignty tlie Royal
cédulaof 1786 and, holding that its terms were not clear enough
to fix the estreme limits of the sector, he selected as boundary a
line which, to the west of the Orinoco, followed tlie rivers Casi-
quiare and Rio Negro referred to in the same Royal cédzfln.
Thus, in that arbitration, the King did not make use of the power
which was granted to him in 1886 to depart from the legal line and
to reach a decision "in equity". He confined himself to seeking in

other documents the names or rivers which corresponded most
nearly to the general lines of the boundaries of the Royal titles.
The King rendered this arbitral award in 1891, and it is most
probable that Nicaragua and Honduras adopted the same formula
in the Treaty of 1896, in the conviction that the arbitrators would
not interpret this authorization otherwise than within the same
limits which the King of Spain had observed in 1891.

(c) Arbitration between GzsatemaLaand H - onduras
This arbitration was only agreed upon in 1930 and it shows that,
twenty-four years after the King of Spain's Award in the dispute
between Honduras and Nicaragua, the countries of that part of
America insisted on arbitration on the basis of strictlaw, refused
to submitboundary questions to arbitration by equity, and accepted
compensations only on specific points and only if they had been
agreed upon by conciliation tribunals cornposed of representatives

of the parties to tlie dispute.
Article 5 of the agreement runs as follows:
"Art. 5.-The High Contracting Parties are agreed that the only
linethat canbeestablished, dejure,between their respectivc countries
isthat ofthe utipossidetiso1821.Consequently it is for the Tribunal
to determine this line. If the Tribunal finds that either Party has
during its subsequent development acquired beyond this line in-
terests which must 1x2talten into consideration in establishing the
final frontier, it shall modify as it may consider suitable the linc
of the uti possidetiof 1821 and shall fixsuch territorial or otl-ier
compensation as it may deem equitable for one Party to pay to
the other."
This agreement insists 011 the rule of the z~tipossidetls as a
condition precedent, and does not authorize compensation esccpt
for territories agrccd upon in advance in accordancc witli the zcti

possirlefi.~as being "bcyond this line", which is the legal one.
This right was morcover only conferred upon a conciliation
tribunal of which the members were to be appointed by the two
countries, for as the Honduran delegatc, Dr. Mariano Vasquez,
said at the meeting of 22 January 1930 at Washington:
13 "An arbitration tribunal is not set up, as is well known, to recon-
ciie interests, nor to do what is desired by one of the parties to the
dispute, but to dispense justice where justice is due.
International questions of fundamental importance for countries,
such as territorial boundaries, can only with difficultybe the subject
of conciliation procedure and even sometimes of arbitration,
because the local political effect that an adverse award might have
is to be feared."

(d) Arbitrntioîî between Costa Rica and Nicaragua
Here the only authorization given, and not to the arbitrator but
to a mixed commission, was to "depart slightly from the line laid
down so as to find a natural boundary" (Treaty of 1858, Art. 3),
a clause which, in the Treaty of 1886, was limited to one mile from
the legal line.
The King could not disregard this order of importance-this

hierarchy-of the different rules of Article II, since as M. Maura
stated in his Rejoinder submitted to the King in 1905:
"The hierarchy of proofs is mandatory, and no public document
of greater value can be in contradiction with the legal title."

1 cannot concur in the Court's opinion which, while stating that
the King had to follow the whole of Article II, on the one hand
interprets paragraph 6 as an authorization conferred on the King
and not on the Mixed Commission, and on the other hand gives
this paragraph a scope which would not confine it to the power
to grant compensations but which would also confer on the arbi-
trator the right of settling the dispute by a compromise on the facts.
The authorization to grant compensations could not apply to
the arbitration bv the King.
For the reasons developed by the Honduran delegate, Dr. Ma-
riano Vasquez, at Washington on 22 July 1930, the Latin Amer-
ican countries were not ready to accept local compensations, once
the legal line was fixed, unless they were agreed upon by mixed
commissions.

The King had al1 the powers laid down in the Gamez-Bonilla
Treaty, but on condition that that is understood to mean only
those powers which were laid down for the "arbitration" stage
and not those for the preliminary conciliation stage of the proceed-
ings. Articles II. VI1 and IX of the Treaty cannot be interpreted
as meaning that the King had to "mcst" with anyone "at one of
the border towns", that he was to record "in two special books"
the points of disagreement, to take "decisions bj. a rnajonty vote",
or to "begin his studic~sbefore the rainy scason".
Honduras itself right1'- stated that not al1 thc. clau3c.h of the
(;Amc.z-Bonilla Trcaty could be applicable to ar1)itratioii bj- the
King and that certain of thcm onl'. conccrncd th(, arbitral tribunal. JUDG3lE'iT 18 XI 60 (DISS. OPIN. JUDGE CTRRUTIA HOLGU~N) 233
With regard to Article VI, for example, the President of Honduras
in his telegram of 22 October to the Spanish Minister in Central
America said:

"The time-limits laid down in Article VI of the Boundaries
'Treatybetween Honduras and Nicaragua refer only to the Arbitral
Tribunal...SignedBonilla" (Annex5 to the Nicaraguan Rejoinder).
Just as the procedures laid down in Articles II, VI1 and IX refer-
red to in the previous paragraph could only apply to the concilia-
tion procedure and Article VI to the Arbitral Tribunal, as Presi-
dent Bonilla States, in the same way the authonzation laid down
in paragraph 6 f Article IIcould also not apply to the King.
But, even allowing that paragraph 6 could be applicable also

to the King, to compensate does not mean to conciliate. The
Dictionary of the Spanish Academy gives as the meaning of "com-
eensar": to equalize in an opposite sense the effect of one thing
with another. Therefore, compensation can only be granted in
respect of temtories that are equivalent. There is no kind of equi-
valence nor compensation as between the few hectares of the village
of Gracias a Dios and the whole northern basin of the Segovia
River, and the King made use of the power conferred by para-
graph 6 not to grant compensations but to settle the dispute as
mediator or arbitrator of conscience.
The interpretation of the relative importance of the rules laid
down in Article II can only be that uniformly accepted by aii
the American countries which signed treaties containing similar
articles, by the arbitrators who were called upon to apply those
rules, and by the King himself in his Award of 1891 in the dispute
between Colombia and Venezuela, and consequently the King

exceeded his powers by the improper application of paragraph 6
of Article II of the Gamez-Bonilla Treaty.
(ii) The King committed essential errors related to the exceed-
ing'of powers in the application of the uti possidetis juris rule
It is not for the Court to review the appreciation of the probative

force of the documents and other legal evidence submitted to the
arbitrator.
But there is a great difference between the evaluation of evidence
which lay within the discretionary power of the arbitratorand that
of essential error committed by the King when he asserted that
the Warrant which fixed the boundaries was one which in fact did
not fix any boundary.
Ours are neither appeal nor revision proceedings, and the Court
cannot discuss the choice which the King made of the Decree of
1791 to establish the rights of sovereignty of the two countries in
1821.
Nor can the Court discuss the King's right to seek in previous
Decrees the boundaries of the provinces which did not figure in
the Decree which he had chosen. JL'DGSIEXT 18 SI 60 (DISS. OPIX. JUDGE CRRUTIA HOLGU~N)
234
But on the other hand we can hold prima facie that he committed
a manifest error or that he exceeded his powers in choosing, to
fix the boundaries which were lacking in the Decree of 1791, the
two Decrees of 1745 which expressly and formally stated that the
-ilcaldia of Tegucigalpa was excluded from the boundaries referred
to in those decrees.
The relevant text of the Decree of 1745 which, according to the

arbitrator, fixed the boundaries and which on the contrary excludes
the Alcaldia Mayor of Tegucigalpa is as follows:
"As regards the AlcaldiaMayorof Tegucigalpa ..you will refraigz
(and take great pains to do so) from al1 meddling with the civil
affairsf that territor..." (Annex 54 to the Nicaraguan Counter-
Memorial.)
This manifest error had already been noted when the same decrees
were studied by a tribunal consisting of Charles Evans Hughes,
Luis Castro Urefia and Emilio Bello, in the arbitration between
Honduras and Guatemala, and by the Spanish Council of State
which declared in its Opinion:

"It may be considered as certain that the Royal Decreesof 1745
did not in any way change the boundaries of Nicaragua and Hon-
duras."
The King thus committed an essential error involving an excess
of jurisdiction intaking as proof of a title of sovereignty a Decree
which the Spanish Council of State had itself acknowledged to
fix no boundary and which, as we have seen, excluded the dlcaldia
of Tegucigalpa.

(iii)The King exceededhis powers in recognizing juridical value
tode facto possession established by acts of jurisdiction
Paragraph 4 of ArticleII of the Gkmez-Bonilla Treaty precluded
the recognition of "juridical value to de facto possession".
The Spanish Council of State explained in its Opinion that the
Commission appointed by the King had decided, in case of lack
of proof of ownership, to take into consideration acts of jurisdic-
tion as being complementary to the study of the royal provisions.
But acts of jurisdiction could not be used except as proofs of

possession, and came under the forma1 prohibition in paragraph 4
of Article II. And it is acts of possession which the King allows
when, in recitals 14 and 15, he refers to the "expanding influence
of Nicaragua" and to the "ephemeral" nature of the extension of
Honduran sovereignty.
This part of the Award is, prima facie, contrary to the forma1
prohibition in paragraph 4 of Article II of the Treaty.
(iv) Absence of reasons

The majority of the Court holds that an examination of the
Award shows that it contains ample reasoning and explanations
in support of its conclusions.
46 JUDGMEXT 18 XI 60 (DISS. OPIiri. JUDGE URRUTIA HOLGU~S)
235
The greater part of the "recitals" in the Award merely indicate
one by one the arguments which were put forward by each of the
Parties.
Inadequacy of reasons is quite as serious as lack of reasons. In
the present case, if the King had not found sufficient reasons to

make a decision on the basis of law, he should have declined to
promulgate his Award, as he didin 1910inthe case between Ecuador
and Peru, instead of affirming in recital 21 that his decision "best
answered the purpose by reasons of historical right, of equity and
of a geographical nature..." but without indicating either why
or how.
This inadequacy of reasons is not in itself sufficient to entai1
the nullity of the Award, but it confirms the exceeding of juris-
diction dealt with in the foregoing paragraphs and the error com-
mitted by the King in rejecting the study of the other Royal titles
submitted to him by the Parties.

(v) Obscz~ritiesand contradictions in the Award
Nicaragua has asked the Court to find that, even if it was valid,
the Award was not capable of execution by reason of its omissions,
contradictions and obscurities.
Itis difficult to define which is the thalweg, the navigable arm or
the principal mouth of rivers which, on land still in process of
formation, often change their course. A court cannot give opinions
on questions which only engineers or technicians can decide. Like
the Court, 1 do "not consider that the Award is incapable of exe-

cution", since it is for mixed commissions, or for any other authoritj-
to whom the Parties might entrust the drawing of the boundarj-
line, to settle problems which omissions, contradictions or obscuri-
ties in the Award present.

II. Bearing of acquiesce~zceo.rilzactiononthepart of Nicaragz[nfro~ri
1906 to1912
With regard to Nicaragua's inaction between the years 1906 and
1912, 1 would make the following observations:
(a) As explained in the section on the legal considerations, tlie

inaction of any American State in respect of appeal for the nullity
of an award could only correspond to the statc of evolution of
international law at that period and in that region.

(b) If even the Hague Conference of 1907, while accepting tlit.
principle of the nullity of awards, refrained from endorsing it
because it was not in a position to designatc an authority respons-
ible for dealing with the appeal. it is natural that at that peri~~d
Nicaragua should have confined herself to considering only tht,
possibility of obtaining esplanations or at most a revision b>-tht.
arbitrator himself.

1, JUDGMENT 18 XI 60 (DISS. OPIN. JUDGE CRRUTIA HOLGÇ~N)
236
(c) As soon as the Nicaraguan Agent received the text of the
-%ward,he submitted a note of protest, dated 25 December 1906,
a note which the Spanish Government endeavoured to persuade
him to withdraw.
In the months following, Nicaragua sought to bring an appeal so

as to obtain either explanations or a revision.
The rules admitted today only allow of revision in the case of the
discovery of a new fact ;but long before the discussions as to allow-
ing this means of recourse in Europe, and before 1907, Brazil,
Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, Peru, Chile and later
Colombia and Ecuador signed general bilateral arbitration treaties
which recognized the right of revision of the Award by the same
arbitrator in the case of "errors of facresulting from the proceed-
ings". This concept of "revision" is certainly different from the
one accepted today, but in 1906 and 1907 it was a form of appeal
accepted by al1 the countries in the foregoing list. It is therefore
understandable that, at that period, Nicaragua only thought of
proposing that form of appeal. A too favourable circumstance
obliged her however, as a matter of tact and scruple, not to make

any such appealin the earlier years:M.Maura, who was Nicaragua's
Counsel during the arbitration proceedings, became Prime Ninister
of Spain shortly after the Award of 23 December 1906, and it
would have been neither proper nor admissible, as Minister Gamez
explained, to ask her own Counsel, now become Prime Minister,
to suggest to the King that he should revise the Award.
Other historical facts also show that Nicaragua and Honduras
between 1906 and 1912 believed in good faith that the problem
of the carrying out of the Award would not even anse.
It was only in 1911 that the question of the carrying out of the
Award was raised for the first time by Honduras and that Nicaragua
declared that it was a nullity and later proposed arbitration to
decide as to its validity.

The theory of estoppel cannot be invoked against Nicaragua
because she had not brought a nullity appeal between 1906 and
1912, unless it is also invoked against Honduras who, during the
same period, seemed to have renounced requiring the carrying
out of the Award. It cannot be said that Nicaragua's attitude
between 1906and 1912 caused Honduras to believe that the Award
was accepted.
(d) From 1912 to 1957 Nicaragua continually proposed to submit
the verification of the validity of the King's Award to fresh arbi-
tration. In 1914 she proposed arbitration by the President of the

United States of America. In 1918 she accepted the proposa1
made by President Bertrand of Honduras to submit the question
to President Wilson, but Honduras withdrew her offer. Nicaragua
accepted but Honduras refused to accept the arbitration proposals
put forward by the Department of State of the United States of
Xmerica in 1921 and 1923 and the proposa1 put forward by Nica-
48 JUDGMENT 18 XI 60 (DISS. OPIN. JUDGE URRUTIA HOLGU~X)
237
ragua to the commission of mediation of Costa Rica, the United
States of America and Venezuela in 1937-1938. The Irias-Vlloa
Protocol which, on the other hand, accepted the carrying out of
the Award, was signed in 1931 by the Nicaraguan Government,
but was not ratified by the Nicaraguan Parliament. The verification
of the validity of the Award could not be submitted to the decision

of an international court before 1957 because Honduras maintained
that Article VI of the Pact of Bogota did not allow the Court to
deal with questions "already settled" by arbitral awards within
the framework of compulsory jurisdiction. It was not until 1957
that through the intervention of the Organization of American
States Honduras accepted the Court's jurisdiction. Al1these facts
have been mentioned during the oral proceedings bythe Nicaraguan
Agent without Honduras having raised any objections.
As to the acquiescences relied upon by the Court, they do not
constitute a formal renunciation of the right to challenge the validity
of the Award.

(a) President Zelaya's telegram of 25 December to the President
of Honduras does not fulfil the requirements of proof of renuncia-
tion of a nullity appeal.
(b) The note sent by Minister GAmez to the Spanish Chargé
d'affaires on 9 January 1907, as he himself explained to Minister

Medina on the twenty-first of the same month, was a mere acknow-
ledgment and conventional expression of respectful thanks to
the King, since M. Medina had already on 25 December submitted
his note of protest direct to the Minister of State at Madrid.

(c) The publication of the complete text of the Award in the
Nicaraguan Officia1Journal on 28 January 1907 cannot be upheld
as an argument, since publications given by way of information

in the newspapers, even if they are official, have never yet been
considered as proofs of engagements on the part of States.
(d) The declaration made by the President of Nicaragua to the
Nicaraguan Assembly on I December 1907 cannot be held as a
proof of renunciation of bringing an appeal against the Award.
On the contrary it implies such an appeal, since it ends with the
following sentence :

"..it has instructed Minister Cnsanto Medina to request a clarifi-
cation of a few points in thiscision which are obscure and even
contradictory..".

(e) The report to the National Assembly of 26 December 1906
could only have constituted a proof of renunciation of disputins
the validity of the Award if the Government had expressly sc)
stated and the Assembly had approved that renunciation. But on
the contrary, in this report it is said: JUDGMEXT 18 SI 60 (DISS.OPIK. JUDGE URRUTIX HOLGU~N)
238
"Unfortunately, in this arbitral Award, as in so many similar
cases, so-called political expediency, that is to Say the very simple
device of bisecting the dispute in order to prove to the Parties that
the arbitrator has the same consideration and esteem for both of
them, has prevailed over legal arguments and historical bases."

This report thus takes note of the exceeding of jurisdiction in the
Award and cannot be considered as a renunciation of contesting it.
(0 The approval given by the Nicaraguan Legislative Assembly

on 14 January 1908 of "the acts of the executive power in the
field of foreign affairs betweenI December 1905 and 26 December
1907" has never legally existed. The photostatic copy of the Offi-
cial Journal submitted to the Court shows that the Foreign Affairs
Committee of the Assembly submitted a draft resolution in that
sense, a draft which only had a first reading, but which was never
discussed in a -second reading nor definitively approved. If the
proposa1 had been approved, then it would inevitably also cover
the note of protest from Minister Medina of 25 December 1906,
the instructions sent to M. Medina by the notes of I February 1907
from President Zelaya and of 21 February and 14 October from
Minister Ghmez, instructing him to ask for "explanations" and,

if possible, even the "revision" (reforma) of the Award.
(g) As Minister of the Interior, General Moncada neither was
nor could be the competent organ to pledge his country's respons-
ibility in the matter of a nullity appeal against an arbitral award.
and his telegram of 23 March 1911 cannot therefore be held as
proof of renunciation of a nullity appeal.

(h) The Note of Honduras dated 25 April 1911, and signed bj-
the Foreign Minister, cannot in an? way commit Nicaragua. The
text of the Nicaraguan reply to that Note might possibly have
committed Nicaragua, but in fact the only reply was a note dated
27 November 1911 by M. Chamorro to the Honduran Chargé
d'affaires, M. Médal, in which he confined himself to stating that
he had not concluded his study of the question.

(i) The information sent on 8 September 1911 bu the Honduran
Chargé d'affaires, M. Médal, to his Minister regarding his visit
to M. Chamorro was not a Note coming from Nicaragua but fronl
a Honduran official, and cannot therefore be a proof serving to
show Nicaragua's renunciation of disputing the Award.

There is thus, in these documents or declarations, no proof ot
renunciation on the part of Nicaragua of disputing the validitj-
of the Award, the intrinsic defccts of which in my opinion entai1
its nullity.
Certain of thcsc declarations might indicate thc intention to
accept the Aurard but noni, of thcm can I,c adoptcd as proof of JLUGJIEST 18 SI 60 (DISS.OPIN. JUDGE CRRVTIA HOLGU~.'
239
"an undertaking by a State" to renounce its right to challeng. the
validity of the Award within the meaning required by the rules

of law set out in Chapter 1.

For the foregoing reasons, 1 arrive at the conclusion that the

intrinsic defects studied in Chapter IV entai1 the nullity of the
arbitral Award made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906.

Bilingual Content

OPIXION DISSIDEXTE DE 11. 1-RRCTIA HOLGUIN

.je regrette de ne pouvoir me rallier à l'arrêtde la Cour

.je dois exposer mes conclusions personnelles sur:
1. Les doctrines de droit.

II. Les notions différentes en Amérique et en Europe sur l'exer-
cice du droit des Etats à contester les sentences arbitrales.
III. La règle de l'uti possidetis jziris qui excluait en Amérique
les décisions en équité.

IV. Vices possibles de nullité et acquiescements à la sentence
du roi d'Espagne du 23 décembre 1906.

Le Nicaragua comme le Honduras ont exposé au cours de cette
procédure des doctrines de droit sur lesquelles des observations
s'imposent :
EjJets des nullités des sentences arbitrales

En droit international il n'existe pas de vices (sanabiles » et de
vices insanabiles », par le fait mêmequ'il n'existe pas de juri-
diction internationale obligatoire devant laquelle peuvent être
corrigées les causes de nullité.
L'absence de cet organe en droit international ne peut conférer
caractère automatique à la nullité, permettre à un Etat d'être

juge de sa propre cause et se déclarer déliéde toute obligation
d'exécuter une sentence, tout comme elle ne peut non plus donner
caractère automatique à la présomption absolue de validité de la
sentence ni donner le droit d'exiger son exécution sans admettre
le contrôle de sa validité lorsque l'autre partie soulève valablement
des griefs de nullité.
Devant le conflit des droits de l'État qui invoque la nullité de
la sentence arbitrale et de celui qui invoque l'autorité de la chose
jugée, les pays n'ont d'autre recours que celui de demander à
l'instance internationale de trancher la auestion de savoir s'il v
a un jugement ayant force obligatoire.

En Amérique latine, dans tous les cas cités au chapitre II où
la sentence a étécontestée, son exécution a étésuspendue et le
contrôle de sa validité soumis à la décision d'un nouvel arbitre,
comme du reste dans la présente affaire où le conseil du Honduras
a expliqué (séance du 7 octobre) que le pays qu'il représentait
demandait l'exécution de la sentence, mais que cette obligation
d'exécuter ne résultait que
i... de la constatation par la Cour de sa force obligatoD.e

33 IIISSENTING OPINIOX OF JUDGE ITRRI-TIAI HOLGIIIX

[Translation!
1regret that 1 am unable to concur in the Judgment of the Court.
1 must state my persona1 conclusions on:

1. The legal doctrines involved.
II. The different concepts in America and in Europe as to the
exercise of the right of States to contest arbitral aulards.

III. The uti Possidetis jz~ris rule which in America excluded
decisions in equity.
IV. Possible defects giving rise to nullity andacts of acquiescence
in the Award of the King of Spain of 23 December 1906.

During the course of the present proceedings both Nicaragua and
Honduras have set forth legal theories, as to which certain obser-
vations should be made:

Eoects of the nullity of arbitral awards
In international law, there are not some defects which are
"sanabiles" and others which are "insanabiles", the reason being
that there is no compulsory international jurisdiction by means of
which the causes of nullity may be put right. The absence in inter-
national law of such a body cannot confer an automatic character
upon nullity, allow a State to be judge ints own case and to declare
itself free from any obligation to carry out an award, just as on the

other hand it cannot confer an automatic character on an absolute
presumption of the validity of the award nor confer the right to
require its execution without permitting the verification of itç
validity when the other party validly raises grounds of nullity.

In a conflict between the rights of the State which invokes the
nullity of an arbitral award and of the State urhich relies upon res
judicata, the only recourse at the disposa1 of the countries is to
ask an international court to decide the question whether there iç
a judgment having binding force.
In Latin America, in al1 the cases referred to in Part II in which
the award was disputed, its execution was suspended and thé
question of its validity referred to thecision of a new arbitrator-
as, moreover, in the present case, where Counsel for Honduras
explained (at thc meeting of 7 October) that the country which hc.
represented claimed the execution of the award, but that the obli-
gation to give effect to the award resulted only from

"a finding b,- the Coiirt ofits bindingforce".
32 Il a étédemandé à la Cour de considérer les cas où les acquiesce-
ments, I'estoppel ou la présentation tardive d:s griefs de nullité
peuvent limiter ou faire perdre le droit à un Etat de contester la
validité d'une sentence.

i) Acquiesceme~zts.Pour étudier l'effet que peut avoir l'acquies-
cement sur une sentence dont la validité est contestée, il est néces-
saire de définir les limites possibles de l'acquiescement et s'il est

dans son pouvoir de faire revivre les effets inexistants d'une sen-
tence nulle.
Il y a en droit civil des actes nuls qui ne peuvent revivre même
par acceptation ultérieure des parties. Mais, en droit international,
les Etats sont souverains et n'ont aucune limitation pour accepter
ou convenir quoi que ce soit.

Les États peuvent convenir, si bon leur semble, de l'exécution
des dispositions d'une sentence nulle, mais dans ce cas les dispo-
sitions de la sentence trouveront leur cause et leur fondement de
droit non dansla sentence qui est nulle, mais dans l'accord valable
entre deux Etats souverains.

S'il existe dans la sentence elle-même des vices essentiels que
les parties ne peuvent connaître avant d'en recevoir le texte, on ne
peut retenir comme acquieçcement que la déclaration formelle,
par l'organe compétent de lJEtat, manifestant qu'il renonce expres-
sément à contester la validité de la sentence.
Dans les traités qui soumettent une question à la décision (sans
appel » d'un arbitre ou d'un juge, les parties renoncent à interjeter
des recours ((en appel D,mais ne peuvent renoncer à l'avance à
ne jamais contester la nullité possible dans une sentence à venir
qu'ils ne connaissent pas.

ii) Estopfiel. L'exception de bonne foi qui existe dans presque
tous les svstèmes iuridiaues et aui interdit de tirer ~rofit de ses
propres 'tirts et q;i, da& le dro'it anglo-saxon, a le nom de
(1estoppel 11,serait applicable dan? le cas présent s'il est prouvé

que les comportements d'un des Etats ont déterminé l'autre à se
fier aux acquiescements et à croire à une renonciation à contester
la validité de la sentence.

iii) Présentation tardive des griefs de nullité. Il n'existe pas en
droit international jusqu'à présent une coutume uniforme qui per-
mette d'affirmer que l'inaction des Etats qui peuvent avoir intérêt
à invoquer la cause de nullité implique une présomption de renon-
ciation à contester la validité d'une sentence.
En droit privé des délais de prescription existent, mais générale-
ment, dans presque toutes les législations, on fait une exception
pour les droits de 1'Etat qui sont considéréscomme imprescrip-
tibles. JL-DG1IEh.r 18 SI 60 (DIS. OPIS. JYDGE URRI.TI.1 1101-GG~N) 222
7 .
lhe Court \vas asked to consider the cases in ivhich acts of
accluiescence, estoppel, or the belated raising of grounds of nullity
might limit the right of a State to dispute the validity of an award
or might deprive it of that right.

(i)~4cquiescence.To see what effect acquiescence may have in
regard to an award the validity of which is disputed, it is necessary
to define the possible limits of acquiescence, and to see iihether
it 1s within the power of acquiescence to revive the non-existent
effects of an award which is void.
In civil law there are acts which are null and void \hich cannot
be given life even by subsequent acceptance by the parties. In
international la^, however, States are sovereign and are bound

by no limitation upon their acceptailce of or agreement to anything
whatsoever.
States may agree, if they think fit, to the carrying out of the
provisions of a null and void award, but in that case the cause and
the legal basis of the provisions of the award are not to be found
in theaward which is a nullity, but in the valid agreement between
t~o Sovereign States.
If there are in the award itself any essential defects ~f which
the parties cannot know before they receive the text of the award,
it is possible to regard as acquiescence only some forma1 decla-

ration by the competent organ of the State making clear that it
expressly renounces the right to dispute the validity of the award.
In treaties which submit a question for decision "without appeal"
by an arbitrator or a court, the parties renounce the right to bring
proceedings "on appeal", but they cannot in advance renounce
the right eyer to contest a future award, the contents of which
they do not know, on the ground that it is a nullity.

(ii) Estoppel. The objection on the grounds of good faith which
exists in almost al1legal systems and which prevents a party froin
profiting by its own misrepresentation and which, in Anglo-saxon
law, is known as estoppel, would be applicable in the present case
if itwere proved that the action and behaviour of one of the States
caused the other State to place reliance upon its acts of acquies-

cence and to believe in its renunciation of its right to dispiitcxthe
validity of the award.
(iii) Belated rnising ~YO,I~PZ~ofn:z~LL Siofar.therc. cioesnot cxist

in international law any uniform custom which makes it possiblc to
assert that inaction on the part of States which may have interest
in invoking a ground of nullity involves any presunîption of thcii-
rcnunciation of the right to cont~st the \didit?; of an award.
In private law thcre are rules rclating to yrcscriptioii antl
limitation but in general, in almost al1 legal sj.stems, an excel)tioii
is made in respect of the rights of th? State. \\,hicharthhrld iiot to
1~. harred by th? passage of timt,.223 ARRET DU 18 XI 60 (OPIS. DISS. h1. URRVTIA HOLGUIS)

Dans les relations internationales, dans certains cas la contesta-
tion de la sentence par 1'Etat intéressé a étéimmédiate. Dans
d'autres, plusieurs années se sont écouléesavant la contestation.
Dans l'affaire du St. Lawrence River. la sentence rendue en 1812
fut contestée par note de 1831 et la contestation acceptée en 1842.
Dans l'affaire entre le Venezuela et la Colombie, la sentence du
roi d'Espagne fut rendue en 1891. Le Venezuela accepta initiale-
ment la sentence mais obtint, en 1917, que la Colombie acceptât

de soumettre la validité de la sentence à la décision du Conseil
fédéralsuisse. La contestation par le Costa Rica de la sentence du
président Loubet de 1897 ne fut portée devant le Chief Justicr
White qu'en 1910.
En Amérique, dans onze traités bilatéraux sur arbitrage général
signés avant 1911, le recours en cas de nullité de sentence a été
rév vu.Dans deux de ces traités on fixe une limite de trois à six mois
pour présenter le recours et dans les autres ilest simplement déclaré

que le recours doit êtreprésentéavant l'exécution de la sentence.

II. ~OTIONS DIFFÉRENTES EX AMÉRIQUE ET EN EUROPE SUR
L'EXERCICE DU DROIT DES ÉTATS A CONTESTER LES
SENTESCES ARBITRALES

Les règles et coutumes généralement acceptées en Amérique
étaient en 1894 et 1907 loin de celles qui peuvent êtreconsidérées

comme les plus souhaitables pour donner plus d'autoritéà l'arbi-
trage dans le droit international de 1960.
Alors qu'en Europe on n'avait fait appel à l'arbitrage auxlxme
siècle qu'avec d'extrêmes précautions et sur la base de compromis
spéciaux, signés pour chaque cas particulier, l'Amérique avait
devancé son époque en signant, entre 1847 et la deuxième confé-
rence de La Haye, plus de deux cents traités générauxd'arbitrage.
Dans quarante-huit d'entre eux l'obligation d'arbitrage obligatoire

était prévue pour des questions territoriales.
Ceci explique qu'à la conférence de La Haye de 1907 (seul le
Mexique avait été invité à celle de 1899) les représentants de 1'Amé-
rique :1) insistaient sur l'idéal préconiséen Amérique de l'arbitrage
obligatoire, même pour les questions territoriales, 2) exigeaient
de le limiter au droit, et 3) appuyaient l'établissement d'un con-
trôle juridictionnel sur la validité des sentences. Par contre, en
1907 la prudence européenne limitait la notion de l'arbitrage:

I) aux questions qui ne,mettaient pas en cause l'honneur ou les
intérêts essentiels des Etats, 2) aux arbitrages dont toutes les
règlesdevaient êtreprévues dans le compromis, et 3)à dessentences
contre lesquelles on résistaità admettre la possibilité d'un recours
quelconque.
Ilevant les difficultés que présente, en 1960, l'interprétation
de ce que petit êtrela volonté des parties à la signature d'un trait(:

35 In international relations, in certain cases the challenging of an

aurard by the State concerned has been immediate. In other cases,
several years have elapsed before it was disputed. In the St. Law-
rence River case, the award made in 1814 hias contested in a Note
of 1831 and the contestation was accepted in 1842. In the case
between Venezuela and Colombia, the King of Spain's award was
rendered in 1891. Venezuela originally accepted the award but
in 1917 secured the agreement of Colombia to the submission of
the question of the validity of the award to the Swiss Federal
Council. Costa Rica's contestation of President Loubet's award of

1897 was not brought before Chief Justice White until 1910.

In America, in eleven bilateral treaties on general arbitration
signedbefore 1911,a procedure for reviewon the ground of the nullity
of the award was provided for. In two of those treaties, atime-limit
of from three to six months was laid down for bringing the pro-
ceedings, and in the other cases it was simply stated that thev
should be brought before the carrying out of the award.

II. DIFFERENT CONCEPTS IN AMERICA AND II\EUROPE
AS TO THE EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT OF STATES
TO CONTEST ARBITRAL AWARDS

The rules and customs generally accepted in America were in
1894 and 1907 far from being those which may be regarded as the
most desirable for giving greater authority to arbitration in the
international law of 1960.
Whereas in Europe there had only been recourse to arbitration in

the nineteenth century with the greatest precautions and on the
basis of special agreements signed in respect of each particular case,
America was in advance of the times and had, between 1847 and
the Second Hague Conference, signed more than two hundred
general treaties of arbitration. In forty-eight of these compulsory
arbitration was provided for in respect of territorial questions.
That explains why at the Hague Conference of 1907 (only Mexico
had been invited to the 1899 Conference) the American represent-

atives: (1) urged the ideal approved in America of compulsory
arbitration, even for territorial questions(2) insisted that it should
be restricted to legal decisions, and (3) supported the establish-
ment of a body to verify the validity of awards. In 1907 European
prudence, on the contra~y, songht to confine the notion of arbi-
tration: (1) to questions which did not involve the honour or the
essential interests of States,2)to arbitration al1the rules for which
had been laid down in the special agreement, and (3) to awards
against which the poçsibility of any type of remedy was resisted.

Faced with the difficulties presented, in 1960, by the interpre-
tation of the intention of the parties in siqing a treaty in 1894, the
33 224 ARRÊT DU 18 XI 60 (OPIN. DISS. JI. URRUTIA HOI-GU~N)

en 1894, les circonstances dans lesquelles se défoula une procédure
en 1904, OU la portée des comportements d'Etats américains en
1906, la Cour ne peut perdre de vue que l'histoire diplomatique
de l'évolution du principe d'arbitrage en Amériquea plus d'autorité
que l'analyse littérale ou textuelle des textes.
Il est particulièrement important dans l'affaire qui nous occupe

de ne pas porter de jugement sur le comportement des Parties
dans leurs tentatives pour demander des explications ou contrôler
la validité des sentences, sans étudier les coutumes qui, sur ces
aspects de la procédure d'arbitrage, étaient acceptées en Amérique
à l'époque.
Quoique depuis 1875 l'existence de causes de nullités dans les
sentences arbitrales fut reconnue par l'Institut de droit internatio-

nal, ce n'est qu'avec une réticence très marquée que l'idée même
a étéacceptée en Europe.
Aux conférences de la paix à La Haye en 1899 et 1907, la possi-
bilité de mettre en doute la validité d'une sentence a étésupprimée
des deux projets de conventions devant la difficulté de suggérer
l'instance qui aurait à statuer sur la validité. La réticence sur cet
aspect de l'évolution du droit en Europe jusqu'en 1907 est expli-
quée dans le cours du professeur Borel sur les ((Voies de recours

contre les sentences arbitrales ))(1935, II), et M. Lammasch s'est
fait l'interprète de la réticence européenne quand il a proposé,
en 1914, que les recours contre les sentences ne soient admis qu'avec
le consentement de l'arbitre.
En Amérique,par contre, dès1899 des traités d'arbitrage avaient
étésignés avec des clauses qui prévoyaient les recours pour le
contrôle des sentences en cas de nullités.

Ce fut l'Argentine qui, dans une série de traités dont les deux
premiers furent signés en 1899 avec le Paraguay et l'Uruguay,
accepta l'arbitrage sur la base de tribunaux dont la sentence pouvait
êtrecontestée en cas de falsification de documents ou ((d'erreur
de fait ))résultant de la procédure ou des documents soumis à
l'arbitre.
Quatre autres traités furent signés sur les mêmes bases avant

la conférence de La Haye par la Bolivie et le Pérou en 1902, par
l'Argentine et la Bolivie en 1902, le Brésil en 1907, le Chili en 1902,
et deux autres en 1911 et 1912 entre la Colombie et l'Argentine
et l'Argentine et l'Équateur.
Le Brésil en 1902 et 1905 a signé des traités d'arbitrage général
avec la Bolivie et le Pérou, dans lesquels un nouvel aspect des
nullités des sentences a étéretenu: le cas où la sentence en tout

ou en partie se serait basée sur une erreur de fait; et en 1907 le
Pérou et la Colombie sont allésplus loin et ont admis le recours
au cas où la sentence se serait basée sur une erreur de fait (positive
OU négative 1).
Des circonstances historiques expliquent ces deux tendances:

En Europe, jusqu'au commencement de ce siècle, on ne fit
généralementappel à l'arbitrage que pour régler des questions de circumstances in which certain proceedings took place in 1904, or
the significance of the actions ofAmerican States in 1906, the Court
cannot lose sight of the fact that the diplomatic history of the
evolution of the principle of arbitration in America is more authori-
tative than the literal or textual examination of documents.
In the case with which we are dealing, it isof particular importance
not to pass a judgment on the acts or behaviour of the parties in
their attempts to ask for explanations or to verify the validity of
alvards, without studying the customs which, as regards those
aspects of arbitration procedure, were accepted in ,4inerica at that
time.

.4lthough the existence of grounds of nullity in respect of arbitral
awards was recognized bythe Institut de Droit international as long
ago as 1875, the idea has been accepted in Europe only with very
inarked reserve.
At the Hague Peace Conferences in 1899 and 1907 the possibility
of calling in question the validity of an award was deleted from
the two draft Conventions in view of the difficulty of suggesting
any authority which should adjudicate upon the issue of validity.
The reserve up till 1907 with regard to this aspect of the evolution
of the law in Europe is explained in the course of lecturesby Profes-
sor Borel on "Voies de recours contre les sentencesarbitrales" (1935,
II), and M. Lammasch expressed this European reticence when in
1914 he proposed that proceedings to upset awards should only
be allowed with the consent of the arbitrator.
In America, on the other hand, as early as 1899, arbitration
treaties had been signed containing clauses which provided for
review of awards on grounds of nullity.
In a series of treaties of which the first two were signed in 1899
with Paraguay and with Uruguay, Argentina accepted arbitration

by tribunals whose award could be challenged in the event of
falsification of documents or "error of fact" resulting from the
procedure or from the documents submitted to the arbitrator.

Before the Hague Conference, four other treaties on the same
lines were signed: by Bolivia and Peru in 1902, by Argentina and
Bolivia in 1902, by Brazil in 1907, by Chile in 1902, and two others
in 1911 and 1912 between Colombia and ilrgentina and between
&\rgentina and Ecuador.
In 1902 and 1905 Brazil signed general arbitration treaties with
Bolivia and Peru, in which a new aspect of the nullity of awards
Iras provided for, namely the case where, in whole or in part, the
award was based on an error of fact ;and in 1907 Peru and Colombia
\vent further, and allowed review in cases where the award was
allegedly based on a "positive or negative" error of fact.

Historical circumstances explain these two tendencies:
In Europe, up to the beginning of the present century, resort
was as a rule had to arbitration only for the settlement of cluestions
3hconcessions, réclamations ou indemnisations qui, dans 16 des 22
cas cités entre 1850 et 1910, ont dû êtrepayées par des pays amé-
ricains sur la base de sentences arbitrales le plus souvent mani-

festement injustes ou entachées de vices de nullité, et il est expli-
cable que les pays européens n'ont pas été disposés à affaiblir le
principe del'autorité de la chosejugée ni à admettre de changement
à la règle de l'exécution sans recours dans des sentences qui leur
avait si bien réussi. .r
En Amérique, par contre, les abus de droit auxquels donnèrent
lieu ces arbitrages firent expressément reconnaître le droit des
Etats à contester la validité des sentences arbitrales dans les onze
traités signés entre 1899 et 1912 cités plus haut, et dans tous les
arbitrages sur des limites territoriales dont les sentences furent
contestées et qui sont les suivants:

a) L'affaire de limites entre la Colombie et le Venezuela, dans
laquelle la sentence arbitrale du roi d'Espagne fut acceptée par
les parties en 1891, mais où un nouvel arbitrage du Conseil fédéral
suisse fut convenu en 1917 pour décider de toutes les questions
relatives à cette première sentence.

b) La sentence du président Loubet de 1897 dans l'affaire de
Costa Rica et Panama qui fut contesfée par le Costa Rica et jamais
exécutée.
c) La sentence du Chief Justice White de 1910, dans le recours

présentépar le Panama et le Costa Rica surla sentence du président
Loubet qui fut entachée de nullité par le Panama et ne fut jamais
exécutée.
d) La validité de la sentence de 1909 du président Figueroa
Alcorta dans le litige de frontière entre la Bolivie et le Pérou qui
fut contestée par la Bolivie. Comme l'explique A. Sanchez de

Bustamante dans son avissurla question de Costa Rica et Panama,
page II:
«La sentence arrêtéepar le Dr Figueroa Alcorta le 9 juille~c)oc)
suscita immédiatement la protestation de la Bolivie parce que
l'arbitre avait excédéses pouvoirs et ne s'en était pas tenu aux
termes du compromis ..: malgré les passionsmal informéeset
surexcitées dangereusement, le patriotisme tant à Buenos Aires
comme à Lima finit par entendre la raison, le Gouvernement du
Pérou renonça à une partie des avantages que lui offrait la décision
de l'arbitre et s'entendit directement avec son ancien adversaire
pour arranger de manière amicale la limite de leurs possessions
respectives.»

e) Les États-unis contestèrent et contestent encore aujourd'hui
la validité de la sentence de 1910 dans l'affaire de Chamizal avec
le Mexique. Ce dernier n'a pu obtenir jusqu'à présent ni l'exécu-
tion de la sentence ni l'acceptation de soumettre son contrôle à
la constatation d'un noux7eau tribunal. JI-L)C;lIENT18 XI 60 (DISS. OPIN. JVDGE CRRCTI.4 HOLGIJ~N) 22j

rclating to concessions, claims or compensation which, in sixteen
oiit of twenty-two cases cited between 1850 and 1910, had to be
paid by American countries on the basis of arbitral awards more
often than not manifestly unjust or vitiated by defects rendering
them nullities, and it is understandable that the European countries
~tere not inclined to weaken the principle of res jzrdicata nor to
accept a change in the rule as to the execution without appeal of
allards which had been so successful from their point of view.
In America, on the other hand, the legal abuses to which these

arbitrations gave rise resulted in the express recognition of the
right of States to challenge the validity of arbitral awards in the
eleven treaties signed between 1899 and 1912, mentioned above,
and in al1 arbitrations regarding territorial boundaries where the
awards were disputed, and which were the following:
(a) The boundary case between C'olombia and Venezuela in

\\-hich the King of Spain's arbitral award was accepted by the
parties in 1891 but in which another arbitration by the Swiss
I'ederal Council was agreed upon in 1917 to decide al1the questions
rclative to the King's award.

Kica and Panama, Loubewhich was disputed by in thCosta Rica and Cosnever

carried out.
(c) The award by Chief Justice White in 1910, in the proceedings
between Panama and Costa Rica in respect of President Loubet's
award, which was held by Panama to be vitiated and a nullity
and was never carried out.

(d) The validity of the award of 1909 by President Figueroa
A\lcorta in the frontier dispute between Bolivia and Peru, which
was contested by Bolivia. ils A. Sanchez de Bustamante explained
in hisopinionon the question of Costa Rica and Panama, page II:

"'l'hc Award reridered by Dr. Figueroa Xlcorta on 0 July 1900
immcdiately gave rise to a protest by Rolivia, on thc ground that
the arbitrator had cxceeded his powers and had not kept to the
trrms of the Agreement ...despitç ill-informed ~)assions which
wcre dangerously over-excited, hoth at Buenos -4irt.sand at Lima
1)atriotismin the c,ndfinished hy seeingrcason, thc f'eruvian Govern-
mciit rcnounced part of the advantagcs whicli tht arl~itrator's
award offcmd to it, and dealt dircctly witli its formcr opponcnt
t» arrangc in a frieridly way the l~oiindaof thtir rtsl>c~çtiposscs-
.;ion>."

(1.)The lrnited Statcs dispiited and today still disl~iites tlie
\.alidity of the award of 1910 in the Cl7amizal casc with Mexico.
3Icxico has still not bcen able to obtain either the carrying out of
tlic award or agreenic~nt to siibmit tht. (~iiostion of its validity to
the consi(1cration of another trit~iiilal.

37 jl Dans une affaire où n'étaient pas seulement en cause des paj-s
américains mais la Grande-Bretagne, les Etat~-~nis contestèrent
la sentence du roi de Hollande sur la frontière du St. Lawrencr

River; ses griefs furent acceptés par la contrepartie et la sentence
n'eut pas d'effets.
Dans plusieurs affaires entre pays américains portant sur de>
réclamations qui furent soumises à l'arbitrage, le droit de vérifier

la validité de la sentence a étéaussi reconnu (Akra Silver Mining
en 1898, Paraguay Navigation Company en 1860, affaire de 1'0ri~zoco.
19o4), mais dans les affaires ayant trait à la souveraineté nationale
et à des questions territoriales, dans tous les cas la contestation
fut acceptée ou soumise au contrôle d'un nouvel arbitre.

III. LES ARBITRAGES COSVESVS SUR LA BASE DE L'CCTI POSSIIIETI>

JURIS )SE POVVAIEXT ÊTRE QU'EX DROIT STRICT ET EXCLC.LIEXT
LES DÉCISIONS ES ÉQUITÉ

Les pays de l'Amérique latine dont les constitutions avaient fixé
les frontières sur la base de l'uti possidetis juris existant au moment
de leur indépendance n'ont envisagé que des décisions en droit
strict lorsqu'ils se sont engagés à soumettre à arbitrage les délimi-
tations de leurs frontières.
Cette règle que posaient les parties pour pouvoir recourir à
l'arbitrage n'était pas une simple doctrine, mais une condition sine
qua non et avait son origine dans les constitutions mêmesdes Etats.

Le motif qui fit que la Colombie, le Costa Rica, le Venezuela, le
Nicaragua, le Honduras, le Pérou et 1'Equateur se soient adressés
au roi d'Espagne est expliqué dans la sentence du Conseil fédéral
suisse dans le recours sur l'arrêt rendu par le roi d'Espagne en 1891
dans l'affaire entre la Colombie et le Venezuela:

(Lorsque les colonies espagnoles de l'Amériquecentrale et méri-
dionale se proclamèrent indépendantes, dans la seconde décade
du dix-neuvième siècle,elles adoptèrent un principe de droit cons-
titutionnel et international auquel elles donnèrent le nom d'ztti
possidetis jurisde 1810, à l'effet de constater que les limites des
Républiques nouvellement constituées seraient les frontières cles
provinces espagnoles aiixquelles elles se substituaient. Ce principe
général offraitl'avantage de poser en règleabsolue qu'il n'y a pas
en droit, dans l'ancienne Amérique espagnole, de territoire sans
maître; bien qu'il existât de nombreuses régions qui n'avaient
pas étéoccupéespar les Espagnols et de nombreuses régionsines-
plorées ou habitées par des indigènes non civilisés, ces régions
iitaient réputéesappartenir, en droit,à chacune des Républiques
qui avaient succédé à la Province espagnoleà laquelle ces territoires
étaient rattachés en vertu des anciennes ordonnances royales de
la mère-patrie espagnole. Ces territoires, bien que non occupésen
fait, étaient de commun accord considéréscomme occupésen droit,
dèsla premièreheure, par la nouvelleRépublique. Des empiétements
et des tentatives de colonisation intempestive de l'autre côté de
la frontière, comme aussi les occupations dc fait, devenaient sans
portée ou sans conséquencesen droit. ))

38 (f) In a matter where not only American couritries were concern-
ed, but also Great Britain, the United States disputed the King of
Holland's award on the St. LawrenceRiver bozrndary ;that country's

objections were accepted by the other side and the award had no
effects.
In several cases arising between American countries and bearing
upon claims which were submitted to arbitration, the right
to verify the validity of the award was also recognized (Akrn
Silver Mining in 1898, Paraguay Navigation Company in 1860,

the Orinoco case in ~goq), but, in disputes regarding national
sovereignty and territorial questions, the contestation was in al1
cases accepted or submitted to the decision of a new arbitrator.

III. ARBITRATION SGREED TO ON THE BASIS OF
"CTI POSSIDETIS JURIS" COULD ONLY BE oh; A STRICT BASIS OF
LAW' AND EXCLUDED DECISIONS IX EQUITY

The countries of Latin America whose constitutions had fixed
their boundaries on the basis of the zsti possidetis jurisexisting
at the time when they became independent envisaged only strictly
legal decisions when they undertook to submit the delimitation
of their boundaries to arbitration.

This rule which the parties laid down for recourse to arbitration
was not merely academic but a condition precedent sine qua non
which had its origin in the actual constitutions of the States.
The reason why Colombia, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Nicaragua,
Honduras, Peru and Ecuador applied to the King of Spain is
explained in the decision of the Swiss Federal Council in the pro-
ceedings concerning the Award rendered bq- the King of Spain
in 1891 in the dispute between Colombia and Venezuela:

"When the Spanish colonies of Central and South America pro-
claimed their independence in the second decade of the nineteenth
century,they adopted a principle of constitutional and international
law to which they gave the name of uti possidetisjuriof 1810 for
the purpose of laying down the rule that the boundaries of the
newly established republics should be the frontiers of the Spanish
provinces which they were succeeding.This general principle offered
the advantage of establishing an absolute rule that in law no terri-
tory of the former Spanish America was without an owner. Although
there were many regions that had not been occupied by the Spanish
and many regions that were unexplored or inhabited by uncivilized
natives, these regionswere regarded as belonging in law to the respec-
tive republics that had succeeded the Spanish provinces to which
these lands were connected by virtue of old royal decrees of the
Spanish mother country. These territories, although not occupied
in fact, were by common agreement considered as being occupied in
law by the new republics from the very beginning. Encroachments
and ill-timed efforts at colonization beyond the frontiers, as well as
defactooccupation, became ineffective and of no legal consecluence." Les pays qui demandèrent au roi d'interpréter l'uti possidetis
jzrvis selon les titres de souveraineté espagnols le firent donc parce

qu'ils pensaient que c'était l'autorité la plus qualifiée pour inter-
préter ses propres règles de droit, mais ne pouvaient certainement
pas songer à confier à ((son équité ))l'interprétation de clauses
constitutionnelles approuvées justement pour rompre le joug
espagnol.

IV. VICES POSSIBLES DE NULLITÉ ET ACQUIESCEMENTS
A LA SENTENCE DU ROI D'ESP-~GNE

Des quatre arbitrages soumis au roi d'Espagne par ces pays,
celui entre la Colombie et le Venezuela ne put être exécutéqu'après
l'arrêt de 1923 dans le nouveau recours devant le Conseil fédéral
suisse. L'arbitrage entre la Colombie et le Costa Rica fut retiré de
la considération du roi en 1896, peu après sa sentence dans l'affaire
antérieure, et le roi s'excusa lui-mêmeen 1910 de prendre une déci-
sion dans l'arbitrage entre le Pérou et l'Équateur vingt-trois ans

après en avoir étésaisi. Le quatrième est l'arbitrage entre le Hon-
duras et le Nicaragua.

Sur la base des principes exposés aux chapitres précédents et
sans perdre de vue les raisons historiques qui expliquent l'origine
de cet arbitrage, étudions dans la sentence du roi d'Espagne du
23 décembre 1906

a) si les vices extrinsèques de la sentence entraînent sa nullité;
b) si des vices intrinsèques sont manifestes dans la sentence et si
le Nicaragua a perdu la faculté que lui accordait le droit des gens
de dénoncer ces griefs, du fait de ses acquiescements, ou par leur
présentation tardive.

a) Vices extrinsèques

La Cour considère que les vices extrinsèques de la sentence
résultant du manque de pouvoir de l'arbitre sont couverts par les
acquiescements postérieurs du Nicaragua.
,Je considère que les vices extrinsèques n'entraînent pas la nullité
de la sentence, mais pour des raisons différentes:

1) La désignation du roi fut irrégulière, car tous les procédés
prévus par le traité ne furent pas suivis. Les arbitres n'étaient pas
autorisés à sauter de l'article III à la partie finale de l'article V
en perdant de vue des dispositions obligatoires qu'il n'était ni dans
leurs fonctions ni dans leurs attributions de pouvoir modifier.

2) D'autres irrégularités sontévidentes, comme celle de I'interven-
tion du ministre d'Espagne M.Carrere y Lembeye dans le choix du
roi d'Espagne comme arbitre unique, car sile tribunal prévuautraité
(Zinez-Bonilla 6tait déjà constitué le 2 octobre 1904, M. Carrere y228 ARRET DI. 18 XI 60 (OPIS. L)ISS. AI. L-RRL'TIA HOLGC~S)

Lembeye était le troisième arbitre,et le tribunal, une fois constituP,
ne pouvait renoncer àses fonctions pour les reporter sur un nouvel
arbitre. Si au contraire il s'agissait d'une simple séance prépara-
toire, les arbitres du Honduras et du Nicaragua n'avaient que
faire de M. Carrere y Lembeye, qui ne pouvait intervenir dans les
délibérations du tribunal que s'il avait été déjà désignétroisième

arbitre.
Les irrégularités de procédure dans les réunions cles 2, IO et
18 octobre n'étaient cependant pas en contradiction avec l'objet
principal du traité Gamez-Bonilla qui était desoumettre la question
à une procédure qui envisageait la possibilité prévue à l'article 1'
de désigner le Gouvernement espagnol comme arbitre.
Le fait que les deux gouvernements acceptèrent la désignation
du roi, se félicitèrent du choix et plaidèrent le procès à Madrid
prouve qu'ils ne considéraient pas comme essentielles les règles de
procédure établies, et les vices non essentiels n'entraînent pas de
nullité.
Des doutes ont aussi été avancés sur la date à laquelle avait

commencé la durée de dix ans du traité Gamez-Bonilla. L'intention
des Parties n'est pas claire, et différentes interprétations du traité
pourraient se justifier si le Nicaragua et le Honduras eux-mêmes,
de bonne foi, n'avaient estimé en 1904 que le traité n'était pas
arrivé à échéance.
Ce serait douter de la bonne foi du président du Nicaragua que
de croire qu'il adressait le octobre 1904 un télégrammesouhaitant
l'acceptation de l'arbitrage par le roi le jour mêmeoù le traité
~renait fin.
Ce ne sont pas des acquiescements ou des acceptations qui reva-
lident ces irrégularités mais les interprétations des parties du trait6
G5mez-Bonilla en 1904 qui sont définitives et ne peuvent être
remises en cause.

b) Acqz~iescementet vices intrinsèques de Lnsentence
Pour pouvoir affirmer comme le fait la Cour que le Nicaragua a,
par ses déclarations expresses et par son comportement, reconnu le
caractère valable et obligatoire de la sentence et qu'il ne'lui est plus

possible de revenir sur cette acceptation pour la contester, il faut
établir d'abord s'il existe des vices essentiels.

1. Vices intrinsèqzses
La question fondamentale sur laquelle mon opinion diffère de
celle de la majorité de la Cour est celle de l'interprétation des règle.;

du compromis poséespar l'article II du traité Gamez-Bonilla. Les
interprétant de manière différente, j'arrive à la conclusion que le
roi a excédé sespouvoirs et, devant la nullité de la sentence, ne
puis donner la même portée aux acquiescements retenus par la
Cour.been set up on 2 October 1904, M. Carrere y Lembeye was himself
the third arbitrator and the tribunal, once constituted, could not
giïe up its duties and transfer them to a new arbitrator. If, on the
contrary, what was involved was merely a preparatory meeting.
the Honduran and Nicaraguan arbitrators had no need of M. Car-
rere y Lembeye, who could not take part in the discussions of the
tribunal unless he had already been appointed third arbitrator.
The procedural irregularities at the meetings of 2, IOand 18 Oc-
tober were not, howevyr, in contradiction with the chief object
of the Gamez-Bonilla Treaty, which was to submit the question
to a procedure which envisaged the possibility, provided for in
Article V, of appointing the Spanish Government as arbitrator.
The fact that the two Governments accepted the appcintment
of the King, welcomed the choice and argued the case at Madrid,
proves that they did not regard as essential the rules of procedure

which had been laid down, and non-essential defects do not involve
nullity.
Doubts have also been put fonvard as to the date when the period
of ten years of the Gamez-Bonilla Treaty began to run. The inten-
tion of the parties is not clear, and different interpretations of
the Treaty might be justified, if both Nicaragua and Honduras
had not themselves in 1904 believed in good faith that the Treaty
had not expired.
It would be questioning the President of Nicaragua's good faith
to suppose that he sent a telegram on 7 October 1904, expressing
his hope that the King would accept the task of arbitration, on
the very day when the Treaty came to an end.
It is not acquiescence and acceptance which revalidate these
irregularities,but the interpretations by the Parties in 1904 of
the Gamez-Bonilla Treaty, which are definitive and which cannot
now be called in question.

(b) Acqz~iescencaend intrinsic defectsof the Award

To be able to assert, as the Court does, that Nicaragua, by express
declaration and by conduct, recognized the Award as valid and
binding and that it is no longer open to Nicaragua to go back upon
that recognition and to challenge the validity of the Award, it
must first of al1 be established whether there are essential defects.

1. Intrinsic defects

The fundamental question on which my opinion is different from
that of the majority of the Court is that of the interpretation of
the rules of the special agreement set forth in Article II of the
Gamez-Bonilla Treaty. Interpreting those rules in a different way.
1 corne to the conclusion that the King exceeded his powers and,
thus faced witli the nullity of the Award, 1 cannot accord the same
weight to the acts of acquiescence found by the Court. i) Interprétationdes r2gLesdu cornpronzis
Pour les raisons exposéesaux chapitres II et III sur les règles de
droit acceptées par les pays américains, je considère que tous les
paragraphes del'article II n'avaient pas la mêmevaleur.

Les règles sine qua non qui conditionnaient tout l'arbitrage sont
celles des paragraphes 3 et 4 sur la détermination des frontières
suivant les titres de droit existant au moment de l'Indépendance.

Cette règleest renforcéepar l'interdiction expresse faite à l'arbitre
de ne reconnaître aucune valeur juridique à la possession de fait.
Ces deux règles obligatoires correspondaient aux dispositions
constitutionnelles des pays, et il est invraisemblable de croire que
les parlements aient ratifié ce traité en donnant aux autres para-

graphes (5,6 et 7) de l'article II une portée qui les ferait prévaloir
ou qui contredirait la norme de leurs constitutions.

Le texte adopté aux paragraphes 5 et 6 de l'article II du traité
Gfimez-Bonilla fut pratiquement le même que celui proposé en
1886 par la Colombie au Venezuela, repris dans le traité de 1886
entre le Nicaragua et le Costa Rica, le traité de 1902 entrela Bolivie
et le Pérouet le traité de 1930 entre le Guatemala et le Honduras.

L'interprétation donnée tant par les parties que par les arbitres
aux clauses rédigéesdans les mêmestermes que celles de l'article II
du traité Gfimez-Bonilla correspond à la notion d'arbitrage en droit
strict et n'admet pas la faculté pour l'arbitre de choisir une ligne
((en équité 1).
Ces traités et les interprétations qui leur ont étédonnées sont
les suivants :

a) Arbitrage du présidentFigueroa Alcorta
Le Pérou et la Bolivie signèrent en 1902 un compromis d'arbi-
trage qui fixait une règle similaire à celle du paragraphe 4 de l'ar-

ticle II du traité Gamez-Bonilla:
((Ad. 3. - La possessiond'un territoire exercéepar une desparties
ne pourra s'opposer ni prévaloir contre des titres ou dispositions
royales qui établissent le contraire )I,

et un autre article qui autorisait les compensations dans les termes
suivants :
(Art. 4. - Seulement dans les cas où des actes ou dispositions
royales ne définissent pasle domaine sur un territoire de manière
claire, l'arbitre tranchera la question équitablement en suivant
autant que possible le sens de ceux-ci et l'intention qui les aurait
inspirés.II

Ces deux articles donnaient à l'arbitre des facultés incontesta-
blement plus claires et plus amples que celles conféréespar le traité
GAmez-Ronilla.

41 (i) lnterpretation of the rztles of the Agreemelzt
For the reasons set forth in Parts II and III on the legal rule2
accepted by the American countries, 1 do not consider that al1the
paragraphs of Article II had the same importance.
The niles which constituted a condition precedent governing
the whole arbitration were those of paragraphs 3 and 4 on the
fixing of the boundaries in accordance with the legal titles existing
at the date of independence.
This rule isstrengthened bythe fact that the arbitrator isexpress1'-
forbidden to recognize any juridical value to de facto possession.

These two mandatory rules were in conformity with the consti-
tutional provisions of the two countries, and it is difficult to believe
that their Parliaments ratified this Treaty while attnbuting to
other paragraphs (5,6 and 7) of Article II a scope which would
have the effect of making them prevail over or which would be
in conflict with the rule in their Constitutions.
The text adopted in paragraphs 5 and 6ofArticle II of the Gamez-
Bonilla Treaty was practically the same asthat proposed in 1886
by Colombia and Venezuela, adopted again in the Treaty of 1886
between Nicaragua and Costa Rica, the Treaty of 1902 between
Bolivia and Peru, and the Treaty of 1930 between Guatemala and
Honduras.
The interpretation given both by the parties and by the arbitra-
tors to clauses drawn up in the same terms as those of Article II
of the Gamez-Bonilla Treaty is in consonance with the idea of
arbitration strictly on the basis of law and does not recognize the
right of the arbitrator to determine a line "according to equity".

These treaties and the interpretations put upon them are as
follows :
(a) Arbitration by President Figueroa illcorta
In 1902 Peru and Bolivia signed an arbitration agreement which
laid down a rule similar to that of paragraph 4 of Article II of the
Gamez-Bonilla Treaty :

"Art. 3.-The possession of a territory, although held by one of
the parties, cannot have effect nor prevail against the titles or
royal dispositions setting forth the contrary",
and another Article which authonzed compensatioils in the follow-

ing terms :
"Art. 4.-Only when the royal acts or dispositions do not defint
the dominion of a territory in clear terms shall the arbitrator decide
the question according to equity, keeping as near as possible to
the meaning of those dociimsnts and to the spirit which inspired
them."
These two Articles gave the arbitrator indisputably fuller and
clearer powcrs than those conferred by the Cramez-Bonilla Treatj-.230 ARRÈT Dr 18 XI 60 (OPIX. DISS. DE JI. URRPTI.1 HOLGU~N)

Malgréces autorisations, le président Figueroa Alcorta ne voulut
pas les interpréter comme une faculté de décider l'ensemble de la
question en équité,mais simplement de déterminer le tracé de la
frontière de manière qu'elle suivît les accidents géographiques les
plus proches de la ligne de droit.

Mêmel'application dans ce sens si restreint de la faculté prévue
dans le con~promisdonna lieu à des protestations, et l'Argentine et la
Bolivie rompirent leurs relations, mais l'intemationaliste argentin,
Sanchez Sorondo, dans lelivre qu'il publia pour justifier la sentence
et l'attitude du président Figueroa Alcorta, explique dans les termes
suivants comment fut interprété cet article du compromis par le
président argentin :

((L'arbitre était en tout cas un juge de droit et en aucun cas
un juge de conscience. Le traité prévoyait deux règlespour quali-
fier les résultats de son investigation historique et juridique. La
premièredirecte et qui émanedu titre explicite et lasecondeapproxi-
mative et découlant du sens et de l'esprit des titres qui ne furent
ni clairs ni précis.Mais l'équité dontparle le traité n'est pas la
subjective mais celle d'interprétation des documents présentés.

... il ne pouvait tracer des lignes capricieuses fondéessur des
raisons qui ne puissent pas être déduites des documents, ni trancher
le différenden tant que médiateur par la répartition proportionnelle
du territoire en question. »
Dans son avant-dernier considérant, le président Figueroa

Alcorta confirme qu'il ((procède à régler ces questions équitable-
ment en suivant la signification des dispositions royales ».

b) Arbitrage du roi d'Espagne dans l'a~jairedes limites entre le
Venezuela et la Colombie

Signéeen 1881, le Venezuela se refusa à accepter la clause qui
conférait des facultés de juger ((en équité ))en expliquant que les
décisions en droit pouvaient êtreconsidérées commedéclaratives,
tandis qu'une décision en équitéimpliquerait une cession de terri-
toire interdite par la constitution fédérale.
En 1886, la Colombie obtint dans un acte additionnel signé à Paris,
la clause suivante :

((... L'arbitre pourra fixer la ligne de la manière qu'il croira
la plus approchée des documents existants lorsque dans l'un ou
l'autre point de la ligne, ils ne présenteront pas la clarté voulue.»

Cette faculté était similaire à celle prévue dans le traité Gamez-
Bonilla, et cependant le roi n'en fit usage que pour deux secteurs et
pour les raisons suivantes: 1) dans la région de Sarrare, parce que
((la cédule royale de 1786 qui doit servir de base légale pour la déter-
mination de la frontière de la cinquième section, suscite des doutes
en ce qu'elle cite des lieux inconnus aujourd'hui, savoir: las Bar-
rancas de Sarrare et le Paso Real de los Casanares »,le roi choisit

42 JCDGJIEST 1s SI 60 (DISS. OPIS. JYDGE VRRCT1.I HOLGUIN) 230

Ijespite these authorizations, President Figueroa -3lcorta was
unwilling to interpret thein as a right to decide the question as a
whole according to equity but merely to fix the frontier line so that
it should follow those geographical features ~vhich were nearest
to the legal line.
But the application even in this restricted sense of the right
laid down in the arbitration agreement gave rise to protests, and

-3rcentina and Bolivia broke off relations, but the Argentine inter-
nationalist Sanchez Sorondo in the book which he published to
justify the award and the attitude of President Figueroa Alcorta
;splained in the following terms how this article of the agreement
ivas interpreted by the Argentine President:
"The arbitrator was in any case a judge of law and in no sense
a judge of conscience. The treaty laid down two rules to qualify
the results of his historical and legal investigation. The first was
direct and derived from an express title, the second was approxi-
mate and derived from the sense and the spirit of titles which were
neither clear ilor precise. But the equity of which the treaty speaks
is not subjective but merely a matter of the interpretation of the
documents submitted.
...he could not drau- capricious lines based upon reasons which
could not be inferred from the documents, nor settle the dispute
as a mediator by the proportional division of the territory in ques-
tion."

In his last recital but one, President Figueroa Xlcorta confirmed
that he "would settle these questions ecluitably, keeping as near
as possible to the sense of the royal provisions".

(b) =Irbifration by tlze Kig~g of Spnirz in tlze bo~~lzdnrydisp7rte
between Venezztela ad Colonzbia

This was signed in 1881, but Venezuela refused to accept the
clause which conferred the power of judging "in equity", explaining
that legal decisions could be considered declaratory, whilst a dcci-
sion in equity would imply a cession of territory forbidden by the
federal constitution.
In 1886, Colombia secured the follo\ving clause in an additional
instrument signed at Paris:

"...The arbitrator may fi?;the line in the way which he thinks
the closest to the existing documents when, in one or another part
of the line, those documents are not sufficientlyclear."

The power thus conferred \vas siniilar to that laid down in the
Gainez-Bonilla Treaty, yet the King only made use of it in respect
uf two sectors and for the following reasons: (1) in the Sarrare
region, because "the Royal cédzdaof 1786, ~uhichmzztstserve as the
legal basis for the fisin5 of the boundary in the fifth sector, raises
cloubts in that it mentions the names of places not known today,
nainely the Barrancas de Sarrare and the Paso Real de los Casa-

-12le cours de la rivière (Sarrare 11en interprétant d'anciensdocuments

qui indiquaient que ces deux points se trouvaient Ndans la commu-
nie tion du Sarrare avec 1'Arauca n; 2)dans la deuxième partie du
sixime secteur, le roi retint comme titre de souveraineté la cédule
royale de 1786 et, considérant que ses termes ne sont pas suffisam-
ment clairs pour fixer les limites extrêmes du secteur, il retint
comme frontière une ligne qui suit, à l'ouest de l'Orénoque, les
rivières Casiquiare et Rio Negro dont parle la mêmecédule royale.

Dans cet arbitrage, le roi d'Espagne ne fait donc pas usage de la
facultéqui lui fut accordée en 1886 de s'écarter de la ligne de droit
et de prendre une décision (en équité n. Il se limiteà chercher dans
d'autres documents les noms ou rivières qui correspondaient le
mieux aux lignes générales de frontières des titres royaux.
Le roi rendit cet arbitrage en 1891, et le plus probable est que Ic
Xicaragua et le Honduras adoptèrent la mêmeformule dans le

traité de 1896, convaincus que les arbitres n'interpréteraient cette
autorisation que dans les mêmeslimites que l'avait fait le roi d'Es-
pagne en 1891.

c) Arbitrage entre le Guatemala et le Honduras
Cet arbitrage ne fut convenu qu'en 1930 et démontre que vingt-
quatre ans après la sentence du roi d'Espagne dans l'affaire du

Honduras et du Nicaragua, les pays de cette région de l'Amérique
insistaient sur l'arbitrage sur la base du droit strict, se refu-
saient à soumettre des questions de limites à l'arbitrage en équité,
n'acceptaient les compensations que sur des points déterminés et
seulement si elles étaient convenues par des tribunaux de concilia-
tion formésavec des représentants des parties en cause.
L'article 5 du compromis est ainsi conçu :

((Art. 5. - IdesHautes Parties contractantes sont d'accord que
la seule ligne juridique qui puisse s'établir entre leurs pays est
celle de l'utpiossidetis de 1821. En conséquence,elles conviennent
que le tribunal détermine cette règle. Si le tribunal trouve que
l'une ou l'autre des parties au cours de son développementultérieur
a établi, au-delà de cette ligne, des intérêtsdont on doive tenir
compte pour établir la frontière définitive,le tribunal modifiera
comme ille considéreraappropriéla ligne de l'uti possidetisde 1821
et fixera la compensation territoriale ou d'autre nature qu'il trouvera
juste que l'me des parties doive payer à l'autre.II

Ce compromis insiste sur la règle sine qua norLde l'uti possidetis
et n'accorde des autorisations de faire des compensations que pour
des territoires déterminésau préalable d'accord avec l'uti possidetis
comme se trouvant ((au-delà de cette ligne 1)de droit.
Cette faculté ne fut accordéede plus qu'à un tribunal de conciliü-
tion dont les membres devaient êtredésignéspar les deux pays,car,

comme l'expliqua le déléguédu Honduras, 1)' Mariano Vasquez, à
la rkunion du 22 janvier 1030 à Washington: JUDGMEXT 18 XI 60 (DISS. OPIN. JUDGE URRPTIA HOLGU~N) 231

narcs"; the King chose the course of the river "Sarrare", on the
basis of an interpretation of certain ancient documents whicl-i
indicatcd that those two points lay "in the line of communication
between Sarrare and the Arauca"; (2)in the second part of the
sisth sector, the King accepted as title of sovereignty tlie Royal
cédulaof 1786 and, holding that its terms were not clear enough
to fix the estreme limits of the sector, he selected as boundary a
line which, to the west of the Orinoco, followed tlie rivers Casi-
quiare and Rio Negro referred to in the same Royal cédzfln.
Thus, in that arbitration, the King did not make use of the power
which was granted to him in 1886 to depart from the legal line and
to reach a decision "in equity". He confined himself to seeking in

other documents the names or rivers which corresponded most
nearly to the general lines of the boundaries of the Royal titles.
The King rendered this arbitral award in 1891, and it is most
probable that Nicaragua and Honduras adopted the same formula
in the Treaty of 1896, in the conviction that the arbitrators would
not interpret this authorization otherwise than within the same
limits which the King of Spain had observed in 1891.

(c) Arbitration between GzsatemaLaand H - onduras
This arbitration was only agreed upon in 1930 and it shows that,
twenty-four years after the King of Spain's Award in the dispute
between Honduras and Nicaragua, the countries of that part of
America insisted on arbitration on the basis of strictlaw, refused
to submitboundary questions to arbitration by equity, and accepted
compensations only on specific points and only if they had been
agreed upon by conciliation tribunals cornposed of representatives

of the parties to tlie dispute.
Article 5 of the agreement runs as follows:
"Art. 5.-The High Contracting Parties are agreed that the only
linethat canbeestablished, dejure,between their respectivc countries
isthat ofthe utipossidetiso1821.Consequently it is for the Tribunal
to determine this line. If the Tribunal finds that either Party has
during its subsequent development acquired beyond this line in-
terests which must 1x2talten into consideration in establishing the
final frontier, it shall modify as it may consider suitable the linc
of the uti possidetiof 1821 and shall fixsuch territorial or otl-ier
compensation as it may deem equitable for one Party to pay to
the other."
This agreement insists 011 the rule of the z~tipossidetls as a
condition precedent, and does not authorize compensation esccpt
for territories agrccd upon in advance in accordancc witli the zcti

possirlefi.~as being "bcyond this line", which is the legal one.
This right was morcover only conferred upon a conciliation
tribunal of which the members were to be appointed by the two
countries, for as the Honduran delegatc, Dr. Mariano Vasquez,
said at the meeting of 22 January 1930 at Washington:
13232 ARRÊT DU 18 XI 60 (OPIN. DISS. M. URRUTIA HOLGU~N)
(Un tribunal d'arbitrage n'est pas prévu, nous le savons bien,
pour concilier des intérêts,ni pour concilier ce qui convient à l'une
des parties au litige, mais pour faire justiceà qui en a le droit.
Les questions internationales d'importance fondamentale pour
les peuples, comme les limites territoriales, ne peuvent que diffici-

lement êtrel'objet de conciliations et mêmeparfois d'arbitrage,
parce qu'on craint l'effet politique local que pourrait causer une
sentence adverse. »

d) Arbitrage entrele Costa Rica et le Nicaragua
Dans cet arbitrage, la seule autorisation donnée, non à l'arbitre
mais à une commission mixte, fut de ((s'écarter légèrement de la
ligne prescrite pour trouver une limite naturelle ))(traité de 1858,

art. 3), clause qui, dans le traité de 1886, fut limitée à un mille de
la ligne de droit.
Le roi ne pouvait méconnaître cette hiérarchie des différentes
règles de l'article II, car, comme l'a affirmé M. Maura dans la du-
plique présentéeau roi en 1905:

(La hiérarchie des preuves est prece9tiveet aucun document
public de plus grande valeur ne peut êtreen contradiction avec
le titre de droit...»

Je ne puis me rallier à l'opinion de la Cour qui, en affirmant que
le roi devait suivre toutes les règles de l'article II, interprète d'une
part le paragraphe 6 comme une autorisation conféréeau roi et
non à la Commission mixte, et lui prête d'autre part une portée
qui ne limiterait pas cette clause à desfacultés de faire des compen-
sations mais conférerait à l'arbitre le droit de trancher le différend
par un compromis de circonstance.

L'autorisation de faire des compensations ne pouvait s'appliquer
à l'arbitrage du roi.
Pour les raisons exposées par le déléguédu Honduras, Dr Ma-
riano Vasquez, le 22 juillet 1930 à Washington, les pays de 1'Amé-
rique latine n'étaient prêts à accepter des compensations locales,
une fois la ligne de droit déterminée, que si elles étaient convenues

par des commissions mixtes.
Le roi avait toutes les facultés prévues au traité Gamez-Bonilla,
mais à condition que l'on n'entende par là que celles qui étaient
prévues pour l'étape de ((l'arbitrage )) et non celles de l'étape
préliminaire de conciliation. Les articles II, VI1 et IX du traité
ne peuvent être interprétés dans le sens que le roi avait à ((se
réunir ))avec qui que ce soit (dans les localités de drontière »,

qu'il devait consigner (sur deux livres spéciaux les points de dés-
accord », prendre ((des décisions à la majorité ))ou (commencer
ses travaux avant la saison des pluies 1).
Le Honduras lui-même affirmait avec raison que toutes les
clauses du traité Gamez-Bonilla ne pouvaient pas s'appliquer à
l'arbitrage du roi et que certaines d'entre elles ne concernaient

que le tribunal arbitral. "An arbitration tribunal is not set up, as is well known, to recon-
ciie interests, nor to do what is desired by one of the parties to the
dispute, but to dispense justice where justice is due.
International questions of fundamental importance for countries,
such as territorial boundaries, can only with difficultybe the subject
of conciliation procedure and even sometimes of arbitration,
because the local political effect that an adverse award might have
is to be feared."

(d) Arbitrntioîî between Costa Rica and Nicaragua
Here the only authorization given, and not to the arbitrator but
to a mixed commission, was to "depart slightly from the line laid
down so as to find a natural boundary" (Treaty of 1858, Art. 3),
a clause which, in the Treaty of 1886, was limited to one mile from
the legal line.
The King could not disregard this order of importance-this

hierarchy-of the different rules of Article II, since as M. Maura
stated in his Rejoinder submitted to the King in 1905:
"The hierarchy of proofs is mandatory, and no public document
of greater value can be in contradiction with the legal title."

1 cannot concur in the Court's opinion which, while stating that
the King had to follow the whole of Article II, on the one hand
interprets paragraph 6 as an authorization conferred on the King
and not on the Mixed Commission, and on the other hand gives
this paragraph a scope which would not confine it to the power
to grant compensations but which would also confer on the arbi-
trator the right of settling the dispute by a compromise on the facts.
The authorization to grant compensations could not apply to
the arbitration bv the King.
For the reasons developed by the Honduran delegate, Dr. Ma-
riano Vasquez, at Washington on 22 July 1930, the Latin Amer-
ican countries were not ready to accept local compensations, once
the legal line was fixed, unless they were agreed upon by mixed
commissions.

The King had al1 the powers laid down in the Gamez-Bonilla
Treaty, but on condition that that is understood to mean only
those powers which were laid down for the "arbitration" stage
and not those for the preliminary conciliation stage of the proceed-
ings. Articles II. VI1 and IX of the Treaty cannot be interpreted
as meaning that the King had to "mcst" with anyone "at one of
the border towns", that he was to record "in two special books"
the points of disagreement, to take "decisions bj. a rnajonty vote",
or to "begin his studic~sbefore the rainy scason".
Honduras itself right1'- stated that not al1 thc. clau3c.h of the
(;Amc.z-Bonilla Trcaty could be applicable to ar1)itratioii bj- the
King and that certain of thcm onl'. conccrncd th(, arbitral tribunal. ARRÊT DU 18 XI 60 (OPIN. DISS. M. CRRUTIA HOLGY~N)
233
-lu sujet de l'article VI, par exemple, le président du Honduras,
dans le télégramme adressé au ministre espagnol en Amérique
centrale le 22 octobre, déclarait:

((Les délais...fixés à l'article VI du traité de limites entre le
Honduras et le Nicaragua ont trait seulement au tribunal arbitral
..Signé Bonilla )I(annexe 5 àla duplique du Nicaragua).
Tout comme les procédures des articles II, VI1 et IX cités au
paragraphe précédent ne pouvaient s'appliquer qu'à la procédure

de conciliation et l'article VI au tribunal arbitral, comme l'affirme
le président Bonilla, l'autorisation prévue au paragraphe 6 de
l'article II ne pouvait non plus s'appliquer au roi.
Mais, mêmeen admettant que le paragraphe 6 pût s'appliquer
aussi au roi, compenser ne signifie pas concilier. Le dictionnaire
de l'Académie espagnole entend par cccompensar »: égaler dans
un sens opposél'effet d'une chose avec une autre. On ne peut donc
compenser que des territoires équivalents. Il n'y a pas d'équiva-
lence ni de compensation entre les quelques hectares du village de
Gracias a Dios et tout le bassin septentrional du fleuve Segovia, et

le roi n'utilisa pas la faculté du paragraphe 6 pour faire des com-
pensations mais pour trancher le différend comme médiateur ou
arbitre de conscience.

L'interprétation de la hiérarchie des règles prescritesà l'article II
ne peut être que celle uniformément acceptée par tous les pays
américains qui signèrent des traités avec des articles similaires,
par les arbitres qui eurent à les appliquer et par le roi lui-même
dans sa sentence de 1891 dans l'affaire de la Colombie avec le
Venezuela, et par conséquent le roi a outrepassé ses pouvoirs par

l'application non fondée du paragraphe 6 de l'article II du traité
Cramez-Bonilla.
ii) Le roi a commis des erreurs esse.~ztiellsonnexes à des excès de
pouvoir dans l'application de la règlede l'uti possidetis juris

Il n'appartient pas à la Cour de reviser l'appréciation de la
force probatoire des documents et autres preuves de droit présen-
tées à l'arbitre.
Mais il y a une grande différence entre l'appréciation despreuves
qui entraient dans le pouvoir discrétionnaire de l'arbitre et celle
de l'erreur essentielle commise par le roi quand il affirme que le
brevet qui fixe les limites en est un qui justement n'en fixe aucune.

Sotre procédure n'est ni d'appel ni de revision, et la Cour ne

peut discuter le choix qu'a fait le roi du brevet de 1791pour établir
les droits de souveraineté des deux pays en 1821.

La Cour ne peut non plus discuter le droit du roi à chercher dans
des brevets antérieurs les limites des provinces qui ne figuraient
pas dans le brevet qu'il avait choisi. JUDG3lE'iT 18 XI 60 (DISS. OPIN. JUDGE CTRRUTIA HOLGU~N) 233
With regard to Article VI, for example, the President of Honduras
in his telegram of 22 October to the Spanish Minister in Central
America said:

"The time-limits laid down in Article VI of the Boundaries
'Treatybetween Honduras and Nicaragua refer only to the Arbitral
Tribunal...SignedBonilla" (Annex5 to the Nicaraguan Rejoinder).
Just as the procedures laid down in Articles II, VI1 and IX refer-
red to in the previous paragraph could only apply to the concilia-
tion procedure and Article VI to the Arbitral Tribunal, as Presi-
dent Bonilla States, in the same way the authonzation laid down
in paragraph 6 f Article IIcould also not apply to the King.
But, even allowing that paragraph 6 could be applicable also

to the King, to compensate does not mean to conciliate. The
Dictionary of the Spanish Academy gives as the meaning of "com-
eensar": to equalize in an opposite sense the effect of one thing
with another. Therefore, compensation can only be granted in
respect of temtories that are equivalent. There is no kind of equi-
valence nor compensation as between the few hectares of the village
of Gracias a Dios and the whole northern basin of the Segovia
River, and the King made use of the power conferred by para-
graph 6 not to grant compensations but to settle the dispute as
mediator or arbitrator of conscience.
The interpretation of the relative importance of the rules laid
down in Article II can only be that uniformly accepted by aii
the American countries which signed treaties containing similar
articles, by the arbitrators who were called upon to apply those
rules, and by the King himself in his Award of 1891 in the dispute
between Colombia and Venezuela, and consequently the King

exceeded his powers by the improper application of paragraph 6
of Article II of the Gamez-Bonilla Treaty.
(ii) The King committed essential errors related to the exceed-
ing'of powers in the application of the uti possidetis juris rule
It is not for the Court to review the appreciation of the probative

force of the documents and other legal evidence submitted to the
arbitrator.
But there is a great difference between the evaluation of evidence
which lay within the discretionary power of the arbitratorand that
of essential error committed by the King when he asserted that
the Warrant which fixed the boundaries was one which in fact did
not fix any boundary.
Ours are neither appeal nor revision proceedings, and the Court
cannot discuss the choice which the King made of the Decree of
1791 to establish the rights of sovereignty of the two countries in
1821.
Nor can the Court discuss the King's right to seek in previous
Decrees the boundaries of the provinces which did not figure in
the Decree which he had chosen. ARRÊT DC. 18 XI 60 (OPIX. DISS. M. URRCTIA HOLGCT~)
234
Nous pouvons par contre constater prima facie qu'il a commis
une erreur manifeste ou qu'il a excédéses pouvoirs en choisissant.
pour déterminer les limites qui manquaient au brevet de 1791.

les deux brevets de 1745 qui, de manière expresse et formelle,
déclaraient exclure lJAlcaldia de Tegucigalpa des limites de ces
brevets.
Le texte pertinent du brevet de 1745 qui, selon l'arbitre, fixe
les limites et qui au contraire en exclut lJAlcaldia Mayor de Teguci-
galpa est le suivant:

(Quant à 1'Alcaldia Mayor de Tegucigalpa ... vousvousabstie~l-
drez(en y mettant un soin spécial)de vous mêler desaffaires civiles
de ce territoi...)(-4nnexe54, contre-mémoiredu Nicaragua.)

Cette erreur manifeste fut déjàconstatée quand les mêmes brevets
furent étudiés par un tribunal composé de Charles Evans Hughes,

Luis Casto Urefia et Emilio Bello dans l'arbitrage entre le Honduras
et le Guatemala et par le Conseil d'Etat espagnol, qui déclare
dans son avis:
c(On peut considérercomme certain que les brevets rovaus de
1745ne modifièrent pointleslimites du Nicaragua et du Hondurai. i,

Le roi commit donc une erreur essentielle entraînant l'excès de
pouvoir en retenant comme preuve d'un titre de souveraineté
un brevet que le Conseil d'État espagnol lui-même reconnaît
qu'il ne fixait aucune limite et excluait, comme nous l'avons vu,

lJAlcaldia de Tegucigalpa.
iii) Le roi excédases attributions en reconnaissant une i)ale~lr
juridique à des possessions établies par dea sctes de juridictio~c

Le traité Gjmez-Bonilla interdisait au paragraphe 4 de l'arti-
cle II de (reconn~ître de valeur juridique à la possession )).
Le Conseil d'Etat dans son avis explique que la commission
désignéepar le roi, à défaut de preuves de souveraineté, a décidé
de tenir compte des actes de juridiction comme compléments dc
l'étude des dispositions royales.
Les actes de juridiction ne pouvaient servir que de preuves de
possession et tombaient sous l'interdiction formelle du paragraphe 4

de l'article II. Et ce sont des actes de possession que le roi retient
quand, aux considérants 14 et 15, il se réfèreà (<l'action expansive
du Nicaragua ,)ou à (l'éphémérité » de l'extension de souveraineté
du Honduras.
Prima facie, cette partie de la sentence est contraire à l'inter-
diction formelle du paragraphe 4 l'article II du compromis.

iv) Absence de motifs
La majorité de la Cour c-re que l'examen de la sentence
montre qu'ellc contient un raisonnement et des explications dévt>lop-
p6esA l'appui cles conclusions.

40 JL'DGSIEXT 18 SI 60 (DISS. OPIX. JUDGE CRRUTIA HOLGU~N)
234
But on the other hand we can hold prima facie that he committed
a manifest error or that he exceeded his powers in choosing, to
fix the boundaries which were lacking in the Decree of 1791, the
two Decrees of 1745 which expressly and formally stated that the
-ilcaldia of Tegucigalpa was excluded from the boundaries referred
to in those decrees.
The relevant text of the Decree of 1745 which, according to the

arbitrator, fixed the boundaries and which on the contrary excludes
the Alcaldia Mayor of Tegucigalpa is as follows:
"As regards the AlcaldiaMayorof Tegucigalpa ..you will refraigz
(and take great pains to do so) from al1 meddling with the civil
affairsf that territor..." (Annex 54 to the Nicaraguan Counter-
Memorial.)
This manifest error had already been noted when the same decrees
were studied by a tribunal consisting of Charles Evans Hughes,
Luis Castro Urefia and Emilio Bello, in the arbitration between
Honduras and Guatemala, and by the Spanish Council of State
which declared in its Opinion:

"It may be considered as certain that the Royal Decreesof 1745
did not in any way change the boundaries of Nicaragua and Hon-
duras."
The King thus committed an essential error involving an excess
of jurisdiction intaking as proof of a title of sovereignty a Decree
which the Spanish Council of State had itself acknowledged to
fix no boundary and which, as we have seen, excluded the dlcaldia
of Tegucigalpa.

(iii)The King exceededhis powers in recognizing juridical value
tode facto possession established by acts of jurisdiction
Paragraph 4 of ArticleII of the Gkmez-Bonilla Treaty precluded
the recognition of "juridical value to de facto possession".
The Spanish Council of State explained in its Opinion that the
Commission appointed by the King had decided, in case of lack
of proof of ownership, to take into consideration acts of jurisdic-
tion as being complementary to the study of the royal provisions.
But acts of jurisdiction could not be used except as proofs of

possession, and came under the forma1 prohibition in paragraph 4
of Article II. And it is acts of possession which the King allows
when, in recitals 14 and 15, he refers to the "expanding influence
of Nicaragua" and to the "ephemeral" nature of the extension of
Honduran sovereignty.
This part of the Award is, prima facie, contrary to the forma1
prohibition in paragraph 4 of Article II of the Treaty.
(iv) Absence of reasons

The majority of the Court holds that an examination of the
Award shows that it contains ample reasoning and explanations
in support of its conclusions.
46 ARRÉT DU 18 XI 60 (oPI?;. DISS. M. URRUTIA HOLGL~N)
235
La plupart des ((considérants » de la sentence se limitent à
indiquer un par un quels ont étéles arguments avancéspar chacune
des Parties.

L'insuffisance de motifs est tout aussi grave que l'absence de
motifs. Dans le cas présent, si le roi n'avait pas trouvé suffisam-
ment de motifs pour prendre une décision en droit, il aurait dû
s'excuser de promulgper son arrêt,comme il l'a fait en 1910 dans
la question entre 1'Equateur et le Pérou, au lieu d'affirmer au
'considérant 21 que sa décision ((répondait le mieux à des raisons
de droit historique, d'équitéet de caractère géographique ...)),
mais sans indiquer pourquoi ni comment.
Cette insuffisance de motifs n'entraîne pas par elle-même la
nullité de la sentence mais confirme l'excès de pouvoir indiqué

aux paragraphes précédents et l'erreur commise par le roi en
écartant l'étude des autres titres royaux que lui avaient soumis
les Parties.
v) Obscuritéset contradictions de la sentence

Le Nicaragua a demandé à la Cour de juger que, mêmesi elle
était valable, la sentence n'était pas susceptible d'exécution vu
les obscurités et contradictions qui l'affectent.
Il est difficile de définir quel est le thalweg, le bras navigable
ou l'embouchure principale de fleuves qui, dans des terrains encore
en formation, changent souvent de cours. Un tribunal de droit
ne peut donner des avis sur des questions que seuls des ingénieurs
ou techniciens peuvent trancher. Comme la Cour, je « ne considère
pas que la sentence soit impossible à exécuter 1)parce qu'il appar-

tient à des commissions mixtes, ou à toute autre autorité que les
Parties voudront charger de faire la démarcation, de trancher les
.ro.lèmes que présentent les lacunes, contradictions ou obscurités
de la sentence.

II. Portée des acquiescementsou de l'inaction du Nicaragua de
1906 à 1912
Sur l'inaction du Nicaragua entre les années 1906 et 1912 mes
observations sont les suivantes :

a) Comme il a étéexpliqqé dans les considérations de droit,
l'inaction de n'importe quel Etat américain en matière de recours
en nullité d'une sentence ne pouvait que correspondre à l'état
d'évolution du droit international à cette époque et dans cette
région.
b) Si mêmela conférencede La Haye de 1907, tout en acceptant

le principe de la nullité desritences, s'est abstenue de l'homologuer
par le fait qu'elle se trouvait hors d'état de désigner une instance
chargée de connaître du recours, il est normal que le Nicaragua
se soit limité, à cette époque, à considérer seulement la possibilité
d'obtenir des explications ou tout au plus une revision par l'arbitre
lui-même. JUDGMEXT 18 XI 60 (DISS. OPIiri. JUDGE URRUTIA HOLGU~S)
235
The greater part of the "recitals" in the Award merely indicate
one by one the arguments which were put forward by each of the
Parties.
Inadequacy of reasons is quite as serious as lack of reasons. In
the present case, if the King had not found sufficient reasons to

make a decision on the basis of law, he should have declined to
promulgate his Award, as he didin 1910inthe case between Ecuador
and Peru, instead of affirming in recital 21 that his decision "best
answered the purpose by reasons of historical right, of equity and
of a geographical nature..." but without indicating either why
or how.
This inadequacy of reasons is not in itself sufficient to entai1
the nullity of the Award, but it confirms the exceeding of juris-
diction dealt with in the foregoing paragraphs and the error com-
mitted by the King in rejecting the study of the other Royal titles
submitted to him by the Parties.

(v) Obscz~ritiesand contradictions in the Award
Nicaragua has asked the Court to find that, even if it was valid,
the Award was not capable of execution by reason of its omissions,
contradictions and obscurities.
Itis difficult to define which is the thalweg, the navigable arm or
the principal mouth of rivers which, on land still in process of
formation, often change their course. A court cannot give opinions
on questions which only engineers or technicians can decide. Like
the Court, 1 do "not consider that the Award is incapable of exe-

cution", since it is for mixed commissions, or for any other authoritj-
to whom the Parties might entrust the drawing of the boundarj-
line, to settle problems which omissions, contradictions or obscuri-
ties in the Award present.

II. Bearing of acquiesce~zceo.rilzactiononthepart of Nicaragz[nfro~ri
1906 to1912
With regard to Nicaragua's inaction between the years 1906 and
1912, 1 would make the following observations:
(a) As explained in the section on the legal considerations, tlie

inaction of any American State in respect of appeal for the nullity
of an award could only correspond to the statc of evolution of
international law at that period and in that region.

(b) If even the Hague Conference of 1907, while accepting tlit.
principle of the nullity of awards, refrained from endorsing it
because it was not in a position to designatc an authority respons-
ible for dealing with the appeal. it is natural that at that peri~~d
Nicaragua should have confined herself to considering only tht,
possibility of obtaining esplanations or at most a revision b>-tht.
arbitrator himself.

1, c) Dès qu'il reçut le texte de la sentence, l'agent du Nicaragua
présenta une note de protestation en date du 25 décembre 1906,
note que le Gouvernement espagnol essaya de lui faire retirer.

Dans les mois suivants, le Xicaragua voulut intenter un recours
pour obtenir des éclaircissements ou une revision.
Les règles admises aujourd'hui ne conçoivent la revision qu'en
cas de découverte d'un fait nouveau; mais bien avant les discus-
sions sur l'admission de cette voie de recours en Europe et avant
1907, le Brésil,l'Argentine, le Paraguay, l'Uruguay, la Bolivie, le
Pérou,le Chili et plus tard la Colombie et 1'Equateur signèrent des
traités bilatéraux d'arbitrage généralqui reconnaissaient le droit de
revision de la sentence par le mêmearbitre en cas (d'errezcrsde fait

résultant de la procédure 1).Cette conception de la ((revision 1est
certainement différente de celle acceptée aujourd'hui, mais en
1906 et 1907 c'était un recours prévu par tous les pays indiqués
dans cette liste. Il est donc explicable que le Nicaragua ne pensa
alors qu'à proposer cette sorte de recours. Une circonstance par
trop favorable l'obligea cependant par délicatesse à ne pas le
formuler dans les premières années; NI. Maura, qui fut conseil
du Nicaragua pendant la procédure d'arbitrage, fut désignépre-
mier ministre d'Espagne peu après la sentence du 23 décembre

1906, et il n'aurait éténi correct ni admissible, comme l'a expliqué
le ministre GAmez. de demander à son Dronre coIseIl. devenu
premier ministre, de suggérerau roi la revision de la sentence.
D'autres faits historiques expliquent aussi que le Nicaragua et
le Honduras ont cru de bonne foi entre 1906et 1912 que le problème
de l'exécution de la sentence n'aurait mêmepas à se poser.
Ce n'est qu'en 1911 que la question de l'exécution de la sentence
fut soulevéepour la première fois par le Honduras et que le Nica-
ragua déclara la considérer nulle et proposa plus tard un arbitrage

pour constater sa validité.
On ne peut opposer au Nicaragua la théorie de l'estopfielpour
n'avoir pas intenté le recours en nullité entre 1906 et 1912 sans
l'opposer aussi au Honduras, qui, dans la mêmepériode, semblait
avoir renoncé à exiger l'exécution de la sentence. Il ne peut être
affirméque le comportement du Nicaragua de 1906 à 1912 fît croire
au Honduras que la sentence était acceptée.

d) De 1912 à 1957 le Nicaragua proposa constamment de sou-
mettre le contrôle de la validité de la sentence du roi à un nouvel
arbitrage. En 1914 il proposa celui du président des Etats-Unis
d'Amérique. En 1918 il accepta la proposition du président Ber-
trand du Honduras de soumettre la question au président Wilson,
mais le Honduras retira son offre. Le Nicaragua accepta, mais le
Honduras se refusa à accepter les propositions d'arbitrage avancées
par le Département d'Etat des Etats-Unis en 1921 et 1923 et celle

avancée par le Nicaragua à la commission de médiation du Costa JUDGMENT 18 XI 60 (DISS. OPIN. JUDGE CRRUTIA HOLGÇ~N)
236
(c) As soon as the Nicaraguan Agent received the text of the
-%ward,he submitted a note of protest, dated 25 December 1906,
a note which the Spanish Government endeavoured to persuade
him to withdraw.
In the months following, Nicaragua sought to bring an appeal so

as to obtain either explanations or a revision.
The rules admitted today only allow of revision in the case of the
discovery of a new fact ;but long before the discussions as to allow-
ing this means of recourse in Europe, and before 1907, Brazil,
Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, Peru, Chile and later
Colombia and Ecuador signed general bilateral arbitration treaties
which recognized the right of revision of the Award by the same
arbitrator in the case of "errors of facresulting from the proceed-
ings". This concept of "revision" is certainly different from the
one accepted today, but in 1906 and 1907 it was a form of appeal
accepted by al1 the countries in the foregoing list. It is therefore
understandable that, at that period, Nicaragua only thought of
proposing that form of appeal. A too favourable circumstance
obliged her however, as a matter of tact and scruple, not to make

any such appealin the earlier years:M.Maura, who was Nicaragua's
Counsel during the arbitration proceedings, became Prime Ninister
of Spain shortly after the Award of 23 December 1906, and it
would have been neither proper nor admissible, as Minister Gamez
explained, to ask her own Counsel, now become Prime Minister,
to suggest to the King that he should revise the Award.
Other historical facts also show that Nicaragua and Honduras
between 1906 and 1912 believed in good faith that the problem
of the carrying out of the Award would not even anse.
It was only in 1911 that the question of the carrying out of the
Award was raised for the first time by Honduras and that Nicaragua
declared that it was a nullity and later proposed arbitration to
decide as to its validity.

The theory of estoppel cannot be invoked against Nicaragua
because she had not brought a nullity appeal between 1906 and
1912, unless it is also invoked against Honduras who, during the
same period, seemed to have renounced requiring the carrying
out of the Award. It cannot be said that Nicaragua's attitude
between 1906and 1912 caused Honduras to believe that the Award
was accepted.
(d) From 1912 to 1957 Nicaragua continually proposed to submit
the verification of the validity of the King's Award to fresh arbi-
tration. In 1914 she proposed arbitration by the President of the

United States of America. In 1918 she accepted the proposa1
made by President Bertrand of Honduras to submit the question
to President Wilson, but Honduras withdrew her offer. Nicaragua
accepted but Honduras refused to accept the arbitration proposals
put forward by the Department of State of the United States of
Xmerica in 1921 and 1923 and the proposa1 put forward by Nica-
48237 ARRÊT DU 18 XI 60 (OPIX. DIS. M. URRCTIA HOLGLT~S)

Rica, des États-unis et du Venezuela en 1937-1938. Le protocolr
Irias-Ulloa qui par contre acceptait l'exécution de la sentence fut
signéen 1931 par le Gouvernement du Nicaragua mais ne fut pas
ratifié par son parlement. Le contrôle de la validité de la sentence
ne put êtresoumis avant 1957 à la justice internationale parce que

le Honduras soutenait que l'article VI du Pacte de Bogota ne
permettait pas à la Cour de s'occuper des questions ((déjàréglées ))
par sentences arbitrales dans le cadre de la juridiction obligatoire.
Ce n'est qu'en 1957 que, par l'intervention de l'organisation des
Etats américains, le Honduras admit la juridiction de la Cour. Tous
les faits ont étécitésau cours de la procédure orale par l'agent du
Nicaragua sans soulever d'objections de la part du Honduras.

Quant aux acquiescements retenus par la Cour, ils n'ont pas le
caractère de renonciation formelle au droit àcontester la validité de
la sentence:

a) Le télégrammedu président Zelaya du 25 décembre au prési-
dent du Honduras ne réunit pas les conditions requises pour être
reconnu comme preuve de renonciation au recours en nullité.
b) La note envoyée par le ministre Gamez au chargé d'affaires

d'Espagne le 9 janvier 1907, comme il l'explique lui-même au
ministre Medina le 21 du même mois,est un simple accuséde récep-
tion et une manifestation protocolaire de (respectueux remercie-
ments au roi »,puisque le ministre Medina avait *déjàprésentésa
note de protestation directement au ministre d'Etat à Madrid le
2j décembre.

c) La publication du texte complet de la sentence dans le journal
officiel du Nicaragua le 28 janvier 1907 ne peut être retenue, car
les publications à titre d'information dans les journaux, même s'ils
sont officiels, n'ont jamais jusqu'ici étéconsidérées commepreuves
des engagements des Etats.

d) La déclaration faite par le président du Nicaragua à l'As-
semblée le décembre 1907, loin de pouvoir être tenue comme
preuve de 'renonciation à intenter un recours contre la sentence,
en fait au contraire état, puisqu'elle termine par la phrase suivante:

«...étant donné qu'il y a quelques points obscurs et mêmes
contradictoires, il donnédes instructions au ministre Crisanto
Medina pour qu'il demande l'éclaircissemenc torrespondant )).

e) Le rapport à l'Assemblée nationale du 26 décembre 1906
n'aurait constitué de preuve de renonciation à contester la validité
de la sentence que si le Gouvernement l'avait expressément rnani-
festéet l'Assembléeavait approuvé cette renonciation. Or tout au
contraire il est dit dans ce rapport:

49 JUDGMENT 18 XI 60 (DISS. OPIN. JUDGE URRUTIA HOLGU~X)
237
ragua to the commission of mediation of Costa Rica, the United
States of America and Venezuela in 1937-1938. The Irias-Vlloa
Protocol which, on the other hand, accepted the carrying out of
the Award, was signed in 1931 by the Nicaraguan Government,
but was not ratified by the Nicaraguan Parliament. The verification
of the validity of the Award could not be submitted to the decision

of an international court before 1957 because Honduras maintained
that Article VI of the Pact of Bogota did not allow the Court to
deal with questions "already settled" by arbitral awards within
the framework of compulsory jurisdiction. It was not until 1957
that through the intervention of the Organization of American
States Honduras accepted the Court's jurisdiction. Al1these facts
have been mentioned during the oral proceedings bythe Nicaraguan
Agent without Honduras having raised any objections.
As to the acquiescences relied upon by the Court, they do not
constitute a formal renunciation of the right to challenge the validity
of the Award.

(a) President Zelaya's telegram of 25 December to the President
of Honduras does not fulfil the requirements of proof of renuncia-
tion of a nullity appeal.
(b) The note sent by Minister GAmez to the Spanish Chargé
d'affaires on 9 January 1907, as he himself explained to Minister

Medina on the twenty-first of the same month, was a mere acknow-
ledgment and conventional expression of respectful thanks to
the King, since M. Medina had already on 25 December submitted
his note of protest direct to the Minister of State at Madrid.

(c) The publication of the complete text of the Award in the
Nicaraguan Officia1Journal on 28 January 1907 cannot be upheld
as an argument, since publications given by way of information

in the newspapers, even if they are official, have never yet been
considered as proofs of engagements on the part of States.
(d) The declaration made by the President of Nicaragua to the
Nicaraguan Assembly on I December 1907 cannot be held as a
proof of renunciation of bringing an appeal against the Award.
On the contrary it implies such an appeal, since it ends with the
following sentence :

"..it has instructed Minister Cnsanto Medina to request a clarifi-
cation of a few points in thiscision which are obscure and even
contradictory..".

(e) The report to the National Assembly of 26 December 1906
could only have constituted a proof of renunciation of disputins
the validity of the Award if the Government had expressly sc)
stated and the Assembly had approved that renunciation. But on
the contrary, in this report it is said: « Malheureusementdans cet arbitrage, commedans tant d'autres
semblables, les raisons légaleset historiques furent écartéespour
leur préférerce que l'on qualifie d'opportunité politique, c'est-à-
dire l'expédienttrès simple de partager la différenceafin de prou-
ver aux parties que l'arbitre éprouvela mêmeconsidérationet
estime pour elles deux. ))

Ce rapport fait donc état de l'excès depouvoir de la sentence et
ne peut êtreconsidéré commerenonciation à la contester.
i) IdJapprobation donnéepar l'Assembléelégislativedu Nicaragua

le 'I~janvier 1908 ((des actes du pouvoir exécutif dans le domaine
des Affaires étrangèresentre le I~~décembre1905 et le 26 décembre
1907 )n'a jamais existé en droit. La copie photostatique du journal
officielprésentéeà la Cour indique que le comitédes Affaires étran-
gères présenta un projet de résolution dans ce sens, projet qui ne
passa qu'au premirr débatmais qui ne fut jamais discutéendeuxième
débat ni approuvé définitivement. Si la proposition avait étéap-
prouvée, elle couvrirait alors inévitablement aussi la note de pro-

testation du ministre Medina du 25 décembre 1906, les instructions
envoyéesau ministre Medina par notes du lerfévrier 1907 du prési-
dent Zelaya, et les 21 févrieret 14 octobre du ministre GAmezpour
qu'il demande des «explications 1)et, si possible, même la «revi-
sion » (reforma) de la sentence.

g) Le généralMoncada comme ministre de l'Intérieur n'était ni
ne pouvait êtreorgane compétent pour engager la responsabilité
de son pays en matière de recours en nullité contre une sentence
arbitrale, et son télégrammedu 23 mars 1911 ne peut donc être
retenu comme preuve de renonciation au recours en nullité.

h) La note du Honduras du 25 avril 1911 signéepar le ministre
des Affaires étrangères ne peut engager en rien le Nicaragua. Le
texte de la réponse du Nicaragua à cette note aurait pu l'engager,
mais en fait de réponseil n'y a qu'une note adresséele 27 novembre
1911 par M. Chamorro au chargéd'affaires du Honduras, M. Médal,
dans laquelle il se limiteà affirmer qu'il n'a pas terminé l'étude de
la question.

i) L'information transmise le 8 septembre 1911 par M. Médal,
chargé d'affaires du Honduras, à son ministre sur la visite faite à
M. Chamorro n'étant pas une note émanant du Nicaragua mais d'un
fonctionnaire du Honduras, elle n'est pas une preuve qui puisse
servir pour démontrer une renonciation du Nicaragua à contester
la sentence.

Il n'y a donc dans ces documents ou déclarations aucune preuve
de renonciation de la part du Nicaragua à contester la validité de la
sentence dont les vices intrinsèques à mon avis entraînent la
nullité.
Certaines de ces déclarations pourraient indiquer l'intention

d'accepter la sentence, mais aucune ne peut être tenue comme
50 JUDGMEXT 18 SI 60 (DISS.OPIK. JUDGE URRUTIX HOLGU~N)
238
"Unfortunately, in this arbitral Award, as in so many similar
cases, so-called political expediency, that is to Say the very simple
device of bisecting the dispute in order to prove to the Parties that
the arbitrator has the same consideration and esteem for both of
them, has prevailed over legal arguments and historical bases."

This report thus takes note of the exceeding of jurisdiction in the
Award and cannot be considered as a renunciation of contesting it.
(0 The approval given by the Nicaraguan Legislative Assembly

on 14 January 1908 of "the acts of the executive power in the
field of foreign affairs betweenI December 1905 and 26 December
1907" has never legally existed. The photostatic copy of the Offi-
cial Journal submitted to the Court shows that the Foreign Affairs
Committee of the Assembly submitted a draft resolution in that
sense, a draft which only had a first reading, but which was never
discussed in a -second reading nor definitively approved. If the
proposa1 had been approved, then it would inevitably also cover
the note of protest from Minister Medina of 25 December 1906,
the instructions sent to M. Medina by the notes of I February 1907
from President Zelaya and of 21 February and 14 October from
Minister Ghmez, instructing him to ask for "explanations" and,

if possible, even the "revision" (reforma) of the Award.
(g) As Minister of the Interior, General Moncada neither was
nor could be the competent organ to pledge his country's respons-
ibility in the matter of a nullity appeal against an arbitral award.
and his telegram of 23 March 1911 cannot therefore be held as
proof of renunciation of a nullity appeal.

(h) The Note of Honduras dated 25 April 1911, and signed bj-
the Foreign Minister, cannot in an? way commit Nicaragua. The
text of the Nicaraguan reply to that Note might possibly have
committed Nicaragua, but in fact the only reply was a note dated
27 November 1911 by M. Chamorro to the Honduran Chargé
d'affaires, M. Médal, in which he confined himself to stating that
he had not concluded his study of the question.

(i) The information sent on 8 September 1911 bu the Honduran
Chargé d'affaires, M. Médal, to his Minister regarding his visit
to M. Chamorro was not a Note coming from Nicaragua but fronl
a Honduran official, and cannot therefore be a proof serving to
show Nicaragua's renunciation of disputing the Award.

There is thus, in these documents or declarations, no proof ot
renunciation on the part of Nicaragua of disputing the validitj-
of the Award, the intrinsic defccts of which in my opinion entai1
its nullity.
Certain of thcsc declarations might indicate thc intention to
accept the Aurard but noni, of thcm can I,c adoptcd as proof ofpreuve Kd'engagement d'État 1)à renoncer au droit d'en contester
Ia validité dans le sens qu'exigent les règles de droit expliquées

au chapitre 1.

Pour les raisons expliquées dans cette opinion, j'arrive à la con-
clusion que les vices intrinsèques étudiésau chapitre IV entraînent
la nullité de la sentence arbitrale rendue par le roi d'Espagne le

23 décembre 1906.

(Signé)VRRCTIH AOLGU~N. JLUGJIEST 18 SI 60 (DISS.OPIN. JUDGE CRRVTIA HOLGU~.'
239
"an undertaking by a State" to renounce its right to challeng. the
validity of the Award within the meaning required by the rules

of law set out in Chapter 1.

For the foregoing reasons, 1 arrive at the conclusion that the

intrinsic defects studied in Chapter IV entai1 the nullity of the
arbitral Award made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge Urrutia Holguin (translation)

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