Dissenting opinion of Judge Koroma

Document Number
087-19950215-JUD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
087-19950215-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE KOROMA

1regret that 1am unable to agree or to support the present Judgment
of the Court. Al1the more so when much of the reasoning deployed to
reach the findings onjurisdiction and admissibilityshould have led to the
opposite conclusions.
Although the Court in its Judgment of 1 July 1994did not expressly
state it lackedjurisdiction in this case, it was equallyable to declare it
had jurisdiction to entertain the dispute on the basis of the Application

filed byQatar on 8 July 1991.
The Court, in that Judgment, held that the exchange of letters of
19 December 1987,as well as the Doha Minutes of 25 December 1990,
constituted international agreements, creating rights and obligations for
the Parties - Qatar and Bahrain.
Both Parties had acknowledged the nature of the 1987 document as
an international agreement, but they also agreed that it did not by itself
provide an immediate basis for enabling the Court to exercisejurisdic-
tion.
By the terms of that Agreement:

"Al1 the disputed matters shall be referred to the International
Court of Justice, at The Hague, for a final ruling binding upon both
parties, who shall have to execute its terms." (Application, p. 46.)

Paragraph 3 provides for the setting up of a Tripartite Committee:
"for the purpose of approaching the International Court of Justice,
and satisfying the necessary requirements to have the dispute sub-
mitted to the Court . . .(Zbid.)

In construing these provisions, Qatar maintains that the Parties clearly
and unconditionally conferred upon the Court jurisdiction to deal with
the disputed matters between them; that the work of the Tripartite Com-
mittee was directed solelyto considering the procedures to be followed to
implement the commitment thus made to seisethe Court; and that there
was nothing to show that any particular method or procedure ought to
have been followed to that end, provided that the seisin of the Court took
place in accordance with its regulations and instructions.
Bahrain, for its part, maintains that the texts in question expressed

only the Parties' consent in principle to a seisin of the Court, but that
such consent was clearly subject to the conclusion of a special agreement
marking the end of the work of the Tripartite Committee, setting forth
the questions to be put to the Court by mutual agreement and settling anumber of related procedural questions. Bahrain further maintains
that its interpretation of the texts is corroborated by the subsequent con-
duct of the Parties, in so far as the work of the Tripartite Committee, in
which the two Parties participated, was concerned exclusively with the
drawing up of a SpecialAgreement to submit the disputed matters to the

Court.
The Court, in rejecting Bahrain's interpretation of paragraph 3 of the
Agreement, stated as follows:
"while itis undeniable that the Tripartite Committee focused exclu-
sively upon the attempt to finalize the text of a special agreement
determining the subject-matterof the dispute,this does not at al1mean
that the Parties took that approach to be the only one sanctioned
by the Agreement of 1987" (Judgment, para. 28; emphasis added).

Itis obvious that the drawing up of the SpecialAgreement,determining
the subject-matter cf the dispute, was not the only one function contem-
plated by the 1987Agreement, as certain other consequenceswould have
had to follow if that Agreement had been drawn up and which could
have been given expression either in the Agreement itself or in a related
document. But, as recognized by the Judgment, the Tripartite Committee
primarily focused on the conclusion of the Special Agreement "because
that course appeared to it, at the time, to be the most natural and best
suited to give effect to the consent of the Parties" (Judgment, para. 28).
In my view, this clearly demonstrates that the 1987 Agreement was
subject to the following conditions:

(i) the conclusion of a Special Agreement by the Tripartite Committee
for approaching the Court;
(ii) that the consent to confer jurisdiction was conditional on reaching
such an agreement by the Tripartite Committee.
Thus, the Agreement, objectively interpreted, demonstrates that the

consent of the Parties to conferjurisdiction on the Court was conditional
upon a Special Agreement being concluded. Accordingly, the consent
which the Court had deduced from the Agreement was conditional on a
joint agreement being reached by both Parties with the assistance of the
Committee. That such an agreement was necessary was the reason the
Committee held six meetings and concentrated on that issue. It is only
this reading of the 1987Agreement which offers adequate and sufficient
explanation for the activities of the Committee and its raison d'être.
This interpretation of the Committee's mandate is further reinforced
by the fact that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was requested "to continue
its good officesto guarantee the implementation of these terms".

A similar request was made in paragraph 2 of the 1990 Doha Minutes
which read as follows:

"(2) The good officesof the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques,
King Fahd Ben Abdul Aziz, shall continue between the two coun- tries until the month of Shawwal 1411A.H., corresponding to May
1991.Once that period has elapsed, the two parties may submit the
matter to the International Court of Justice in accordance with the
Bahraini formula, which has been accepted by Qatar, and with the
procedures consequent on it. The good offices of the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia will continue during the period when the matter is
under arbitration."

Both these provisions suggest that the role of Saudi Arabia in using its
good offices to reach an agreement on the subject-matter of the dispute
was independent of the act of seising the Court. In fact, Saudi Arabia's
efforts were to continue even if the dispute were submitted to the Court.
Thus an agreement on the subject-matter of the dispute was a condition
precedent for jurisdiction to be conferred. This condition was not ful-
filled prior to the submission of Qatar's unilateral Application on 8 July
1991.
On the matter of seisin of the Court, the Court's analysis and conclu-
sion of the provision "Once that period has elapsed, the two Parties may
submit the matter to the International Court of Justice in accordance
with the Bahraini formula .. .",as denoting an option or even a right of
unilateral seisin, in my view, does not bear close scrutiny, both in terms
of interpreting the provision and given the chronology of the dispute. In

the first place, the appropriate emphasis in this provision should not be
givento the word "may", which, according to the Judgment of the Court,
may allow either Party or both Parties to seise the Court, but rather on
the correct interpretation to be given to the expression "al-tarafan "in the
context of the Agreement.
The Court, in interpreting that expression, reached the conclusion that
given the failure to negotiate the Special Agreement, the Parties were
to be understood as now having agreed on a right of unilateral applica-
tion.
This conclusion is reached after the Court itself had acknowledged that
the expression "al-tarafan" - "the parties", "the two parties" - was
substituted for the words "either of the two parties" in the Doha Agree-
ment itself.1find it hard to understand and also untenable that the Court
could have reached this conclusion in the face of those changes which

were made to the draft of the Agreement, accepted by both Qatar and
Bahrain, and supported by the travaux préparatoires,which is undis-
puted by both Parties.
If, as the Court has found, unilateral seisin was contemplated and
expected, it is incomprehensible why the proposed changes were made
and agreed to by both Parties. Moreover, if unilateral seisin was contem-
plated, the original text would have remained as it was proposed and
would have read as follows: "Once that period has elapsed, [either]party
may submit the matter to the International Court of Justice . . ." But
"either party" was changed and replaced with "the parties" or "the two
parties", and this was accepted by both Qatar and Bahrain. This, reason-ably, suggeststhat what was intended was a joint approach to the Court.
This conclusion is even stronger and persuasive when read together with

the "Bahraini formula", according to which: "The Parties request the
Court to decide any matter of territorial right or other title . . ."That
"formula" also stipulates that it is "the Parties" not "either of the
parties" that rnay request the Court to decide any matter of territorial
right or other title.

Byway ofanalogy,Article III of the Optional Protocol concerningthe
Settlement of Disputes of the Law of the Sea, provides as follows:

"The Parties rnay agree, within a period of two months after one
party has notified its opinion to the other that a dispute exists, to
resort not to the International Court of Justice but to an arbitral
tribunal. After the expiry of the said period, either Party to this
Protocol rnay bring the dispute before the Court by an application."
(United Nations, Tveaty Series, Vol. 450, 1963,p. 172.)

Similarly, under this Protocol, "the Parties", not "either Party", first

have to agree to resort to an arbitral tribunal in case of a dispute. Where
it is intended that either party rnay bring the dispute before the Court
after an expired period by an application, it is so explicitly stated and
leavesno room for doubt that one party rnay bring the dispute before the
Court. On the other hand, the 1990Agreement states: "After the end of
this period, the Parties rnay submitthe matter to the International Court
of Justice in accordance with the Bahraini formula, . . ."

The similarities between this Protocol and the Doha Minutes are not
only striking and unambiguous, but the Protocol lends further clarity to
the text of Doha. Nor is this conclusion vitiated by the rules of interpre-
tation embodied in Article 31of the 1969Vienna Convention on the Law
of Treaties, that a treaty must be interpreted in good faith in accordance
with the ordinary meaning to be givento its terms in their context and in
the light of its object andpurpose. The ordinary meaning of the "parties"
is that the two or both Parties jointly must submit their dispute to the
Court and neither the Doha Minutes nor the Bahraini formula has as its
object and purpose the unilateral seisin of the Court.

From a jurisdictional point of view,therefore, and for this stage of the
dispute, the crucially important issue was that of consent: whether con-
sent was granted conferring jurisdiction on the Court, on what condi-
tions, and whether those conditions weremet by Qatar's unilateral Appli-
cation. Both legal principles and the fundamental jurisprudence of the
Court have always foundedjurisdiction upon the clear and unambiguous
consent of the parties to a dispute. While the Court has tended to refine
this principle to allow for the intention of the parties to bedetermined inparticular circumstances, it has remained constant that clear and indubi-
table consent remains the basis for the assumption of jurisdiction. Not
only must such consent be clear and unambiguous, it only acquires its

validity if and when the procedure or the conditions under which it was
granted have been met. In my view, the unilateral Application of Qatar
did not meet the requirements laid down in both the 1987Agreement and
the 1990 Doha Minutes for the Court to be in a position to assume juris-
diction in this matter.
Qatar had initiated these proceedings in accordance with Article 40,
paragraph 1,of the Statute of the Court read with Article 38 of the Rules
of Court. Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Statute provides as follows:
"Cases are brought before the Court, as the case may be, either by

the notification of the special agreement or by a written application
addressed to the Registrar. In either case the subject of the dispute
and the parties shall be indicated."
According to Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court:

"When proceedings before theCourt are instituted by means of an
application addressed as specifiedin Article 40, paragraph 1, of the
Statute, the application shall indicate the party making it, the State
against which the claim is brought, and the subject of the dispute."

Qatar, having brought this matter by means of a written Application,
the Application should indicate the party making it, the State against
which the claim is brought, and the subject of the dispute. It was, there-
fore, a prerequisite to indicate the subject of the dispute to enable the
Court to assumejurisdiction.
When the Court by its Judgment of 1 July 1994 afforded the Parties
to submit "the whole of the dispute", based on the terms of the 1987
Agreement and the 1990 Doha Minutes, it implied that this had not
been done by Qatar's Application of 8 July 1991. It also implied that
there had to be an agreement between the Parties for "the whole dispute"
whether separately or jointly to be submitted to the Court. If this
were not so, the Court could just specifically have instructed Qatar to
amend its Application, to enable it to decide on itsjurisdiction. Sinceno
agreement was reached within the time allotted, the Court had accord-
ingly not been seised of "the whole of the dispute" by "the Parties" as
comprehended by the "Bahraini formula". It would be stretching credu-
lity too far to hold that the Applicant by its "Act" of 30 November 1994
had completed the circle, as it were, by mentioning "Zubarah" in its

amended Application, even though no agreement had been reached both
as contemplated by the "Bahraini formula", and by the 1 July 1994
Judgment.

Bahrain did not agree to the formulation of the Zubarah issue over
which it claims sovereignty, as presented by Qatar, and, as the record
shows, Zubarah has been one of the main bones of contention that theParties had not been able to reach agreement to seise the Court of the
dispute. To accept that the reformulation of this issue by Qatar alone,
without the agreement of the other Party, and for the Court to accept
that such reformulation has now invested it with "the whole dispute",
does not, in my view,lend conviction to the Court's Judgment. It is evi-
dent that the conditions stipulated in the Agreements that "the Parties"
submit "the whole dispute", underlying the consent to conferjurisdiction
had not been met and the Court is not therefore in a position to assume
jurisdiction in this matter.

The Judgrnent also considered the links which exist betweenjurisdic-
tion and seisin and their correlation to the issue before the Court. That

the Court willlackjurisdiction to deal with a case so long as the relevant
basis of jurisdiction has not been supplemented by the necessary act of
seisinis unimpeachable. But this statement is subject to any special pro-
vision upon which the parties may have agreed as to the method of insti-
tuting proceedings under a given title of jurisdiction. It is in this sense
that 1would tend to agree with the submission that "seisin" is an integral
part of consensual jurisdiction.
When this principle is applied to the Doha document, and in attempt-
ing to determine the meaning of the Arabic term "al-tarafa wn",h
Qatar had maintained could be interpreted to mean "the two parties"
acting separately, and Bahrain that it was intended toean "the two par-
ties" acting together or jointly, it leaves enormous room for doubt. The
disagreement relates to the issue of the method of approaching the Court,
whether separate seisin was contemplated by the Doha Agreement as
contended by Qatar, or joint seisin was intended, as Bahrain maintains.
The Judgment acknowledges that the expression "al-tarafia sa"mbigu-
ous by itself to give the true intention of the Parties.
Notwithstanding the serious ambiguities and lack of clarity surround-

ing the crucial aspects of the Agreements, and which do not make for a
decisive resolution of the issues in contention, the Court has held that it
could validly be seised bymeans of a unilateral application. This conclu-
sion is not unimpeachable. To find as a basis for jurisdiction, the evi-
dence must be clear and preponderant. Here the evidence is not of such
quality. Hence, 1 do not find this conclusion, like the rest of the Judg-
ment, impeccable.
Similarly, the Judgment of 1 July 1994 contemplated an agreement
when it enjoined the Parties to submit to the Court "the whole of the
dispute" as circumscribed by the "Bahraini formula". Since neither the
"Act" of Qatar of 30November nor the "Report" of Bahrain, evinced an
agreement between the two Parties to submit "the whole of the dispute"
to the Court, the Court does not accordinglyhave before it "the whole of
the dispute", a prerequisite for conferring jurisdiction on it in terms of
the Doha Minutes, and without which it cannot be in a position to
assumejurisdiction.
In viewof the foregoing, and taking into account the 1July 1994deter-mination by the Court that it did not have "the whole of the dispute"
before it to enable it to assume jurisdiction on the matter, which defect
was not cured by the inability of the two Parties to reach an agreement to
submit the whole of the dispute, 1 am not persuaded that the Court is
entitled to assumejurisdiction in this matter. This conclusion isin accord-
ance with the material before the Court, and with its Judgment of 1July
1994.The Court should accordingly have decided that it lackedjurisdic-
tion, and that the claim is inadmissible.

(Signed) Abdul G. KOROMA.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE KOROMA

1regret that 1am unable to agree or to support the present Judgment
of the Court. Al1the more so when much of the reasoning deployed to
reach the findings onjurisdiction and admissibilityshould have led to the
opposite conclusions.
Although the Court in its Judgment of 1 July 1994did not expressly
state it lackedjurisdiction in this case, it was equallyable to declare it
had jurisdiction to entertain the dispute on the basis of the Application

filed byQatar on 8 July 1991.
The Court, in that Judgment, held that the exchange of letters of
19 December 1987,as well as the Doha Minutes of 25 December 1990,
constituted international agreements, creating rights and obligations for
the Parties - Qatar and Bahrain.
Both Parties had acknowledged the nature of the 1987 document as
an international agreement, but they also agreed that it did not by itself
provide an immediate basis for enabling the Court to exercisejurisdic-
tion.
By the terms of that Agreement:

"Al1 the disputed matters shall be referred to the International
Court of Justice, at The Hague, for a final ruling binding upon both
parties, who shall have to execute its terms." (Application, p. 46.)

Paragraph 3 provides for the setting up of a Tripartite Committee:
"for the purpose of approaching the International Court of Justice,
and satisfying the necessary requirements to have the dispute sub-
mitted to the Court . . .(Zbid.)

In construing these provisions, Qatar maintains that the Parties clearly
and unconditionally conferred upon the Court jurisdiction to deal with
the disputed matters between them; that the work of the Tripartite Com-
mittee was directed solelyto considering the procedures to be followed to
implement the commitment thus made to seisethe Court; and that there
was nothing to show that any particular method or procedure ought to
have been followed to that end, provided that the seisin of the Court took
place in accordance with its regulations and instructions.
Bahrain, for its part, maintains that the texts in question expressed

only the Parties' consent in principle to a seisin of the Court, but that
such consent was clearly subject to the conclusion of a special agreement
marking the end of the work of the Tripartite Committee, setting forth
the questions to be put to the Court by mutual agreement and settling a OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. KOROMA

[Traduction]

A regret,je ne puis me rallier ou m'associerau présentarrêtdela Cour.
D'autant plus qu'une grande partie du raisonnement qui a été suivp iour
justifier les conclusions sur la compétenceet la recevabilitédevrait ap-
peler les conclusions inverses.
Bien que, dans son arrêtdu le'juillet 1994,la Cour n'ait pas expres-

sément décliné sa compétenceen l'espèce, ellen'a pas davantage pu se
déclarercompétentepour connaître du différendsur la base de la requête
déposéepar Qatar le 8juillet 1991.
Dans cet arrêt-là, laCour a conclu que l'échangede lettres du 19 dé-
cembre 1987 et le procès-verbal de Doha du 25 décembre 1990 consti-
tuaient des accords internationaux créant des droits et des obligations
pour les Parties- c'est-à-dire pour Qatar et Bahreïn.
Les deux Parties avaient reconnu que le document de 1987 étaitun
accord international, mais elles avaient égalementadmis qu'il ne consti-
tuait pas un titre permettant directementà la Cour d'exercer sa compé-
tence.

Aux termes de cet accord:
((Toutes les questions en litige seront soumiseàla Cour interna-
tionale de Justiceà La Haye, pour qu'elle rende une décisiondéfi-
nitive et obligatoire pour lesdeux parties, qui devront en exécuterles
dispositions. (Requête,p. 47.)

Le paragraphe 3 pourvoit àla constitution d'une commissiontripartite:

«en vue d'entrer en rapport avec la Cour internationale de Justice et
d'accomplir les formalitésrequises pour que le différendsoit soumis
à la Cour..» (Ibid.)
Selon l'analyse que Qatar fait de ces dispositions, les Parties ont, de

façon claire et inconditionnelle, conféré compétence à la Cour pour
connaître des questions qui les opposent; les travaux de la commission
tripartite ont exclusivementportésur l'examen desprocédures à observer
pour mettre en Œuvre l'engagement ainsi souscritde saisir la Cour, et rien
ne permettait d'établir qu'une méthode ou une procédure particulière
aurait dû êtresuivieà cette fin, pour autant que la saisine de la Cour fût
conforme au Règlementde la Cour et à ses prescriptions.
Quant à lui, Bahreïn fait valoir que les textes en question n'exprimaient
que leconsentement de principe des Parties àune saisinede la Cour, mais
que ce consentement dépendait manifestement de la conclusion d'un
compromis, qui devait marquer la fin des travaux de la commission tri-

partite, énoncer les questions à porter devant la Cour d'un communnumber of related procedural questions. Bahrain further maintains
that its interpretation of the texts is corroborated by the subsequent con-
duct of the Parties, in so far as the work of the Tripartite Committee, in
which the two Parties participated, was concerned exclusively with the
drawing up of a SpecialAgreement to submit the disputed matters to the

Court.
The Court, in rejecting Bahrain's interpretation of paragraph 3 of the
Agreement, stated as follows:
"while itis undeniable that the Tripartite Committee focused exclu-
sively upon the attempt to finalize the text of a special agreement
determining the subject-matterof the dispute,this does not at al1mean
that the Parties took that approach to be the only one sanctioned
by the Agreement of 1987" (Judgment, para. 28; emphasis added).

Itis obvious that the drawing up of the SpecialAgreement,determining
the subject-matter cf the dispute, was not the only one function contem-
plated by the 1987Agreement, as certain other consequenceswould have
had to follow if that Agreement had been drawn up and which could
have been given expression either in the Agreement itself or in a related
document. But, as recognized by the Judgment, the Tripartite Committee
primarily focused on the conclusion of the Special Agreement "because
that course appeared to it, at the time, to be the most natural and best
suited to give effect to the consent of the Parties" (Judgment, para. 28).
In my view, this clearly demonstrates that the 1987 Agreement was
subject to the following conditions:

(i) the conclusion of a Special Agreement by the Tripartite Committee
for approaching the Court;
(ii) that the consent to confer jurisdiction was conditional on reaching
such an agreement by the Tripartite Committee.
Thus, the Agreement, objectively interpreted, demonstrates that the

consent of the Parties to conferjurisdiction on the Court was conditional
upon a Special Agreement being concluded. Accordingly, the consent
which the Court had deduced from the Agreement was conditional on a
joint agreement being reached by both Parties with the assistance of the
Committee. That such an agreement was necessary was the reason the
Committee held six meetings and concentrated on that issue. It is only
this reading of the 1987Agreement which offers adequate and sufficient
explanation for the activities of the Committee and its raison d'être.
This interpretation of the Committee's mandate is further reinforced
by the fact that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was requested "to continue
its good officesto guarantee the implementation of these terms".

A similar request was made in paragraph 2 of the 1990 Doha Minutes
which read as follows:

"(2) The good officesof the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques,
King Fahd Ben Abdul Aziz, shall continue between the two coun-accord, et régler un certainnombre de points connexes d'ordre procé-
dural. Bahreïn soutient égalementque son interprétation des textes est
corroboréepar la conduite ultérieure des Parties,dans la mesure ou les
travaux de la commission tripartite, auxquels les deux Parties ont pris
part, ont étéexclusivementconsacrés àla rédaction d'un compromisen

vue de soumettre les questions litigieuses la Cour.
Rejetant l'interprétation bahreïnite du paragraphe 3 de l'accord, la
Cour a dit que:
«s'il est indéniable que la commissiontripartite s'estattachéeexclu-
sivement à tenter de mettre au point le texte d'un compromisJixant
l'objet du différend,cela ne signifienullement que les Parties aient
considéré que c'étaitlà la seule voie ouverte par l'accord de 1987))

(arrêt,par. 28; les italiques sont de moi).
Il est évidentque la rédactiond'un compromis fixant l'objet du diffé-
rend n'étaitpas la seuletâche qu'envisageait l'accordde 1987,puisque la
rédactiond'un tel accord aurait dû entraîner d'autres conséquences,qui
auraient pu trouver leur expression soit dans l'accord lui-même,soitans
un document connexe; mais, comme le reconnaît l'arrêt,sila commission
tripartite a surtout concentréses efforts sur la conclusion d'un compro-
mis, c'est(parceque [cettevoie]luia paru, à l'époque, la plus naturelle et
la plus propre à donner effet au consentement des Parties)) (arrêt,

par. 28).
A mon sens, cela démontreclairement que l'accord de 1987était sou-
mis aux conditions suivantes:
i) la conclusion d'un compromis par la commission tripartite en vue
d'entrer en rapport avec la Cour;
ii) l'assujettissement du consentement à la compétence de laCour à la
conclusion d'un tel accord par la commission tripartite.

Ainsi,ilressort d'une interprétationobjectivedel'accordque leconsen-
tement des Partiesà la compétence dela Cour dépendait de la conclusion
d'un compromis. Par conséquent, le consentement que la Cour avait
déduit de l'accordétaitassujetti à la conclusion d'un accord commun,
par les deux Parties, avec l'aide de la commission.C'est parce qu'un tel
accord étaitnécessaireque la commission s'est réunie à six reprises et
qu'elle s'estconcentréesur cette question. Seule cette lecture de l'accord
de 1987offre une explication satisfaisante et suffisante des travaux de la

commission et de la raison d'être de cette dernière.
Cette interprétation du mandat de la commission est égalementcorro-
boréepar la demande, faite au Royaume d'Arabie saoudite, de continuer
((d'exercerses bons officespour assurer la mise en Œuvredes présentes
dispositions».
Le paragraphe 2 du procès-verbal de Doha de 1990 contient une
demande semblable, expriméedans les termes suivants:
((2) Les bons offices du Serviteur des deux Lieux saints, le roi

Fahd Ben Abdul Aziz, sepoursuivront entre les deux pays jusqu'au tries until the month of Shawwal 1411A.H., corresponding to May
1991.Once that period has elapsed, the two parties may submit the
matter to the International Court of Justice in accordance with the
Bahraini formula, which has been accepted by Qatar, and with the
procedures consequent on it. The good offices of the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia will continue during the period when the matter is
under arbitration."

Both these provisions suggest that the role of Saudi Arabia in using its
good offices to reach an agreement on the subject-matter of the dispute
was independent of the act of seising the Court. In fact, Saudi Arabia's
efforts were to continue even if the dispute were submitted to the Court.
Thus an agreement on the subject-matter of the dispute was a condition
precedent for jurisdiction to be conferred. This condition was not ful-
filled prior to the submission of Qatar's unilateral Application on 8 July
1991.
On the matter of seisin of the Court, the Court's analysis and conclu-
sion of the provision "Once that period has elapsed, the two Parties may
submit the matter to the International Court of Justice in accordance
with the Bahraini formula .. .",as denoting an option or even a right of
unilateral seisin, in my view, does not bear close scrutiny, both in terms
of interpreting the provision and given the chronology of the dispute. In

the first place, the appropriate emphasis in this provision should not be
givento the word "may", which, according to the Judgment of the Court,
may allow either Party or both Parties to seise the Court, but rather on
the correct interpretation to be given to the expression "al-tarafan "in the
context of the Agreement.
The Court, in interpreting that expression, reached the conclusion that
given the failure to negotiate the Special Agreement, the Parties were
to be understood as now having agreed on a right of unilateral applica-
tion.
This conclusion is reached after the Court itself had acknowledged that
the expression "al-tarafan" - "the parties", "the two parties" - was
substituted for the words "either of the two parties" in the Doha Agree-
ment itself.1find it hard to understand and also untenable that the Court
could have reached this conclusion in the face of those changes which

were made to the draft of the Agreement, accepted by both Qatar and
Bahrain, and supported by the travaux préparatoires,which is undis-
puted by both Parties.
If, as the Court has found, unilateral seisin was contemplated and
expected, it is incomprehensible why the proposed changes were made
and agreed to by both Parties. Moreover, if unilateral seisin was contem-
plated, the original text would have remained as it was proposed and
would have read as follows: "Once that period has elapsed, [either]party
may submit the matter to the International Court of Justice . . ." But
"either party" was changed and replaced with "the parties" or "the two
parties", and this was accepted by both Qatar and Bahrain. This, reason- mois de chawwal 1411 de l'hégire,correspondant à mai 1991. A
l'expiration de ce délai,les deux parties pourront soumettre la ques-
tionà la Cour internationale de Justice conformément à la formule
bahreïnite, qui a été acceptépear Qatar, et aux procédures qui en
découlent.Les bons officesde l'Arabie saoudite sepoursuivront pen-
dant que la question sera soumise à l'arbitrage.»

Ces deux dispositions laissent entendre que lerôle de l'Arabie saoudite,
dans l'exercicede ses bons offices en vue de parvenir à un accord sur
l'objet du différend,était indépendant del'acte de saisine de la Cour. De
fait, les efforts de'Arabie saoudite devaient se poursuivre mêmeaprès
que le différendaurait étéportédevant la Cour. Ainsi, la conclusion d'un
accord sur l'objet du différendétaitune condition préalable à la dévolu-
tion de compétence.Or, cette condition n'a pas étéremplie avant le dépôt
de la requête unilatéralede Qatar, le8juillet 1991.
Sur la question de sa saisine, l'analyse et la conclusion de la Cour, qui
considèrent que la disposition aux termes de laquelle«A l'expiration de

ce délai,les deux parties pourront soumettre la questionà la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice conformément à la formule bahreïnite..» visait une
faculté, voireun droit de saisineunilatérale,ne résistentpas un examen
attentif, qu'on le fonde sur l'interprétation de la disposition ou sur la
chronologie du différend.En premier lieu, l'accent ne devrait pas être
mis, dans cette disposition, sur le verbe «pouvoir», qui, selon l'arrêtdela
Cour, permet à l'une ou l'autre des Parties ou aux deux Parties de saisir
la Cour, mais plutôt sur l'interprétation qu'il convient de donner à
l'expression«al-taraf andans le contexte de l'accord.
Interprétant cette expression, la Cour a conclu que, étant donné queles
Parties n'étaient pas parvenues à négocier un compromis, on devait
considérerqu'ellesavaient maintenant acceptéla possibilitéd'une saisine

unilatérale.
La Cour est arrivée àcette conclusion après avoir elle-mêmereconnu
que l'expression « al-taraf an- «les parties », «les deux parties »-
avait remplacéles mots «l'une ou l'autre des deux parties»dans l'accord
de Doha. J'ai du mal à comprendre comment la Cour a pu parvenir à
cette conclusion - qui me semble indéfendable - au vu des change-
ments qui ont étéapportés au projet d'accord, qui ont étéacceptés à la
fois par Qatar et par Bahreïn, et dont les travaux préparatoires viennent
confirmer l'existence,comme les Parties n'en disconviennent pas.
Si, comme la Cour l'ajugé,la saisine unilatéraleétaitenvisagée et pré-

vue, on ne comprend pas pourquoi les changements proposés ont été
apportéset agréés par les deux Parties. En outre, si la saisine unilatérale
avait été envisagée , texte original serait demeurétel qu'il étaitdans le
projet et aurait étéainsi libellé:A l'expiration de ce délai, [l'uneou
l'autre des parties] pourra soumettre la questionla Cour internationale
de Justice...))Mais l'expression ((l'uneou l'autre des parties» a été rem-
placéepar «les parties» ou «les deux parties)),un changement accepté àably, suggeststhat what was intended was a joint approach to the Court.
This conclusion is even stronger and persuasive when read together with

the "Bahraini formula", according to which: "The Parties request the
Court to decide any matter of territorial right or other title . . ."That
"formula" also stipulates that it is "the Parties" not "either of the
parties" that rnay request the Court to decide any matter of territorial
right or other title.

Byway ofanalogy,Article III of the Optional Protocol concerningthe
Settlement of Disputes of the Law of the Sea, provides as follows:

"The Parties rnay agree, within a period of two months after one
party has notified its opinion to the other that a dispute exists, to
resort not to the International Court of Justice but to an arbitral
tribunal. After the expiry of the said period, either Party to this
Protocol rnay bring the dispute before the Court by an application."
(United Nations, Tveaty Series, Vol. 450, 1963,p. 172.)

Similarly, under this Protocol, "the Parties", not "either Party", first

have to agree to resort to an arbitral tribunal in case of a dispute. Where
it is intended that either party rnay bring the dispute before the Court
after an expired period by an application, it is so explicitly stated and
leavesno room for doubt that one party rnay bring the dispute before the
Court. On the other hand, the 1990Agreement states: "After the end of
this period, the Parties rnay submitthe matter to the International Court
of Justice in accordance with the Bahraini formula, . . ."

The similarities between this Protocol and the Doha Minutes are not
only striking and unambiguous, but the Protocol lends further clarity to
the text of Doha. Nor is this conclusion vitiated by the rules of interpre-
tation embodied in Article 31of the 1969Vienna Convention on the Law
of Treaties, that a treaty must be interpreted in good faith in accordance
with the ordinary meaning to be givento its terms in their context and in
the light of its object andpurpose. The ordinary meaning of the "parties"
is that the two or both Parties jointly must submit their dispute to the
Court and neither the Doha Minutes nor the Bahraini formula has as its
object and purpose the unilateral seisin of the Court.

From a jurisdictional point of view,therefore, and for this stage of the
dispute, the crucially important issue was that of consent: whether con-
sent was granted conferring jurisdiction on the Court, on what condi-
tions, and whether those conditions weremet by Qatar's unilateral Appli-
cation. Both legal principles and the fundamental jurisprudence of the
Court have always foundedjurisdiction upon the clear and unambiguous
consent of the parties to a dispute. While the Court has tended to refine
this principle to allow for the intention of the parties to bedetermined in DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP. DISSK. OROMA) 70

la fois par Qatar et par Bahreïn.On peut raisonnablement en déduireque
c'est unedémarcheconjointe auprès de la Cour qui étaitenvisagée.Cette
conclusion gagne en force et en pouvoir de conviction si on la rapproche
de la ((formulebahreïnite)) aux termes de laquelle: «Les parties prient la
Cour de trancher toute question relative à un droit territorial ouà tout
autre titre...)) Cette «formule» prévoyait également quece soit «les par-
ties» et non pas ((l'une ou l'autre des parties» qui prient la Cour de
trancher toute question relativà un droit territorial oà tout autre titre.

Par analogie, l'article III du protocole de signature facultativeconcer-
nant le règlementobligatoire des différends relatifsau droit de la mer dis-
pose que:
«Les parties peuvent convenir, dans un délai de deux moisaprès
notification par une partie l'autre qu'il existà,son avis, un litige,

d'adopter d'un commun accord, au lieu du recours à la Cour inter-
nationale de Justice, une procédure devant un tribunal d'arbitrage.
Ce délaiétantécoulé,chaque partie au présentProtocole peut, par
voie de requête,saisir la Cour du différend.Nations Unies, Recueil
des traités,ol. 450, 1963,p. 173.)

Pareillement, aux termes de ce protocole, «les parties»- et non pas
«l'une ou l'autre des parties»- doivent d'abord convenir de recourir à
un tribunal arbitral en cas de différend. Lorsqu'il est prévuqu'à l'expi-
ration d'un délai donné chacune des parties peut porter le différend
devant la Cour par voie de requête,cela est dit explicitement et aucun
doute n'est permis sur le point de savoir si une partie peut soumettre le
différend à la Cour. En revanche, l'accord de 1990 est ainsi libellé:«A
l'expiration de ce délai,les parties pourront soumettre la question à la
Cour internationale de Justice conformément à la formule bahreïnite..»
Non seulement les ressemblances et différencesentre le protocole et
l'accord de Doha sont saisissanteset dépourvuesd'ambiguïté,maisencore

le protocole jette une nouvelle lumière sur le texte de Doha. Une telle
conclusion ne se heurte pas non plus à la règled'interprétation codifiéà
l'article 31 de la convention de Vienne de 1969sur le droit des traités,en
application de laquelle un traité doit être interprde bonne foi, suivant
le sens ordinaireàattribuer àsestermes dans leur contexteet à la lumière
de son objet et de son but. Selon le sens ordinaire de l'expression «les
parties)), ce sont les deux Parties qui doivent soumettre conjointement le
différend à la Cour et ni le procès-verbal de Doha ni la formule bahreï-
nite n'ont pour objet ou pour but la saisine unilatéralede la Cour.
En conséquence,du point de vue de la compétence, àce stade du dif-
férend,il était crucialque la Cour tranchât la question du consentement:

savoir si celui-ci avait étédonné pour conférer compétence à la Cour, à
quelles conditions, et si celles-ciavaient été rempliespar la requêteuni-
latéralede Qatar. Les principes juridiques et la jurisprudence fondamen-
tale de la Cour ont toujours fait reposer la compétencesur le consente-
ment clair et non équivoque des parties à un différend.Si la Cour a eu
tendance à affiner ce principe pour permettre la détermination de l'inten-particular circumstances, it has remained constant that clear and indubi-
table consent remains the basis for the assumption of jurisdiction. Not
only must such consent be clear and unambiguous, it only acquires its

validity if and when the procedure or the conditions under which it was
granted have been met. In my view, the unilateral Application of Qatar
did not meet the requirements laid down in both the 1987Agreement and
the 1990 Doha Minutes for the Court to be in a position to assume juris-
diction in this matter.
Qatar had initiated these proceedings in accordance with Article 40,
paragraph 1,of the Statute of the Court read with Article 38 of the Rules
of Court. Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Statute provides as follows:
"Cases are brought before the Court, as the case may be, either by

the notification of the special agreement or by a written application
addressed to the Registrar. In either case the subject of the dispute
and the parties shall be indicated."
According to Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court:

"When proceedings before theCourt are instituted by means of an
application addressed as specifiedin Article 40, paragraph 1, of the
Statute, the application shall indicate the party making it, the State
against which the claim is brought, and the subject of the dispute."

Qatar, having brought this matter by means of a written Application,
the Application should indicate the party making it, the State against
which the claim is brought, and the subject of the dispute. It was, there-
fore, a prerequisite to indicate the subject of the dispute to enable the
Court to assumejurisdiction.
When the Court by its Judgment of 1 July 1994 afforded the Parties
to submit "the whole of the dispute", based on the terms of the 1987
Agreement and the 1990 Doha Minutes, it implied that this had not
been done by Qatar's Application of 8 July 1991. It also implied that
there had to be an agreement between the Parties for "the whole dispute"
whether separately or jointly to be submitted to the Court. If this
were not so, the Court could just specifically have instructed Qatar to
amend its Application, to enable it to decide on itsjurisdiction. Sinceno
agreement was reached within the time allotted, the Court had accord-
ingly not been seised of "the whole of the dispute" by "the Parties" as
comprehended by the "Bahraini formula". It would be stretching credu-
lity too far to hold that the Applicant by its "Act" of 30 November 1994
had completed the circle, as it were, by mentioning "Zubarah" in its

amended Application, even though no agreement had been reached both
as contemplated by the "Bahraini formula", and by the 1 July 1994
Judgment.

Bahrain did not agree to the formulation of the Zubarah issue over
which it claims sovereignty, as presented by Qatar, and, as the record
shows, Zubarah has been one of the main bones of contention that thetion des parties dans des circonstances particulières, elle a néanmoins

toujours considéréque c'est le consentement clair et indubitable des par-
ties qui fonde sa compétence.Non seulement un tel consentement doit
être clairet dépourvu d'ambiguïté, maisil ne devient valable que si et
quand les conditions auxquelles il a étédonnéont été remplies.A mon
sens, la requête unilatérale deQatar n'a pas rempli les conditions de
l'exercicede la compétencede la Cour en l'espèce, tellesque posées à la
fois dans l'accord de 1987et dans le procès-verbal de 1990.
Qatar avait introduit la présente instance conformémentaux disposi-
tions de l'article 40, paragraphe 1,du Statut de la Cour et de l'article 38
du Règlement. Selon l'article 40, paragraphe 1, du Statut:

«Les affaires sont portéesdevant la Cour, selon le cas, soit par
notification du compromis, soit par une requête, adressées au Gref-
fier; dans les deux cas, l'objet du différend etles parties doivent être
indiqués.))

Aux termes de l'article 38, paragraphe 1, du Règlement:
«Lorsqu'une instanceest introduitedevant la Courpar une requête
adressée conformément à l'article 40, paragraphe 1, du Statut, la
requête indique la partierequérante,1'Etatcontre lequel la demande
est forméeet l'objet du différend.»

Qatar ayant introduit la présente instance par voie de requête, cette
dernière devrait préciser la partie requérante, l'Etat contre lequel la
demande était forméeet l'objet du différend.La compétence dela Cour
étaitdonc assujettieà la condition suspensiveque l'objet du différendfût
indiqué.
Puisque, dans son arrêtdu le'juillet 1994,la Cour a permis aux Parties
de lui soumettre ((l'ensemble du différend))sur la base des termes de

l'accord de 1987et du procès-verbal de Doha de 1990,ellea sous-entendu
que ce n'était pas ce qu'avait opéréla requête déposép ear Qatar le
8juillet 1991.Elle a égalementlaisséentendre qu'un accord devait inter-
venir entre les Parties pour que «l'ensembledu différend»lui soit soumis,
soit de façon individuellesoit de façon conjointe. S'ilen était autrement,
la Cour aurait pu demander simplement à Qatar, en termes explicites,
d'amender sa requête,afin d'être en mesure detrancher la question de sa
compétence. Puisqueaucun accord n'est intervenu dans le délaiimparti,
la Cour n'a pas étésaisie par «les Parties)) de ((l'ensembledu différend)),
tel que circonscrit par la ((formule bahreïnite)). Ce serait pousser trop
loin la crédulitéque d'estimer que le demandeur, par sa «démarche» du
30 novembre 1994,a pour ainsi dire complétéle processus en mention-
nant «Zubarah» dans sa requête amendéea ,lors qu'aucun accord n'était
intervenu, ni dans les termes envisagéspar la «formule bahreïnite)), ni

dans ceux de l'arrêtdu le'juillet 1994.
Alors qu'il a sur Zubarah des revendications de souveraineté, Bahreïn
n'a pas donné son accord à la formulation de la question de Zubarah
telle que Qatar l'a présentéeet, comme il ressort du dossier, ZubarahParties had not been able to reach agreement to seise the Court of the
dispute. To accept that the reformulation of this issue by Qatar alone,
without the agreement of the other Party, and for the Court to accept
that such reformulation has now invested it with "the whole dispute",
does not, in my view,lend conviction to the Court's Judgment. It is evi-
dent that the conditions stipulated in the Agreements that "the Parties"
submit "the whole dispute", underlying the consent to conferjurisdiction
had not been met and the Court is not therefore in a position to assume
jurisdiction in this matter.

The Judgrnent also considered the links which exist betweenjurisdic-
tion and seisin and their correlation to the issue before the Court. That

the Court willlackjurisdiction to deal with a case so long as the relevant
basis of jurisdiction has not been supplemented by the necessary act of
seisinis unimpeachable. But this statement is subject to any special pro-
vision upon which the parties may have agreed as to the method of insti-
tuting proceedings under a given title of jurisdiction. It is in this sense
that 1would tend to agree with the submission that "seisin" is an integral
part of consensual jurisdiction.
When this principle is applied to the Doha document, and in attempt-
ing to determine the meaning of the Arabic term "al-tarafa wn",h
Qatar had maintained could be interpreted to mean "the two parties"
acting separately, and Bahrain that it was intended toean "the two par-
ties" acting together or jointly, it leaves enormous room for doubt. The
disagreement relates to the issue of the method of approaching the Court,
whether separate seisin was contemplated by the Doha Agreement as
contended by Qatar, or joint seisin was intended, as Bahrain maintains.
The Judgment acknowledges that the expression "al-tarafia sa"mbigu-
ous by itself to give the true intention of the Parties.
Notwithstanding the serious ambiguities and lack of clarity surround-

ing the crucial aspects of the Agreements, and which do not make for a
decisive resolution of the issues in contention, the Court has held that it
could validly be seised bymeans of a unilateral application. This conclu-
sion is not unimpeachable. To find as a basis for jurisdiction, the evi-
dence must be clear and preponderant. Here the evidence is not of such
quality. Hence, 1 do not find this conclusion, like the rest of the Judg-
ment, impeccable.
Similarly, the Judgment of 1 July 1994 contemplated an agreement
when it enjoined the Parties to submit to the Court "the whole of the
dispute" as circumscribed by the "Bahraini formula". Since neither the
"Act" of Qatar of 30November nor the "Report" of Bahrain, evinced an
agreement between the two Parties to submit "the whole of the dispute"
to the Court, the Court does not accordinglyhave before it "the whole of
the dispute", a prerequisite for conferring jurisdiction on it in terms of
the Doha Minutes, and without which it cannot be in a position to
assumejurisdiction.
In viewof the foregoing, and taking into account the 1July 1994deter- DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP. DISSK. OROMA) 72

reste, dans ce différend, l'unedes principales pommes de discorde dont
les Parties n'ont pas pu convenir de saisir la Cour.on avis, accepter,
d'une part, que Qatar reformule cette questioà lui seul sans l'accord de
l'autre Partie et, d'autre part, que la Cour considèreque cette reformu-
lation la saisit maintenant de ((l'ensembledu différend)),necontribue pas
à rendre convaincant l'arrêtde la Cour. Il est évidentque les conditions

poséesdans les accords, aux termes desquelles «les Parties)) devaient sou-
mettre ((l'ensembledu différend)) et dont dépendait le consentement a
conférer compétence,n'ont pas été remplies,et que la Cour n'est donc
pas en mesure d'exercer sacompétenceen l'espèce.
L'arrêt aégalementenvisagéles liens qu'entretiennent compétence et
saisine, et leur corrélation avec la question portéedevant la Cour. Il est
incontestable que la Cour n'est pas compétente pour connaître d'une
affaire tant que l'acte nécessairede saisine n'a pas complété la base per-
tinente de compétence. Mais ceci est sous réservede toute disposition
spécialedont les parties auraient pu convenir quant à l'introduction de
l'instance en vertu d'un titre donnéde compétence. C'estdans ce sens que
j'aurais tendanceà me rallierà la conclusion selon laquelle la «saisine»
fait partie intégrante de la juridiction consensuelle.
Une grande marge d'incertitude demeure lorsque ce principe est

appliquéau document de Doha, s'agissant d'interpréter l'expressiarabe
«al-tarafan qui,selon Qatar, pouvait signifier «les deux parties)) agis-
sant séparément, etqui, selon Bahreïn, devait signifier«les deux parties))
agissant ensemble ou conjointement. Le désaccordporte sur le mode de
saisine de la Cour, sur le point de savoir si l'accord de Doha envisageait
une saisine unilatérale, comme le soutient Qatar, ou bien une saisine
conjointe, comme le fait valoir Bahreïn. L'arrêtreconnaît que l'expres-
sion «al-taraf a nst trop ambiguë pour indiquer l'intention véritable des
Parties.
En dépit deces ambiguïtéssérieuses etdu manque de clartéqui entou-
rent les aspects cruciaux des accords, et ne rendent pas facilela résolution
des questions en litige, la Cour a décidéqu'ellepouvait êtrevalablement
saisieau moyen d'une requête unilatérale. ette conclusion n'est pas inat-
taquable. La preuve de l'existence d'une base de compétencedoit être

claire et prépondérante. La preuveen l'espècene revêtpas ces caractères.
Par conséquent,il ne me semblepas que cette conclusion, comme le reste
de l'arrêt,soit irréprochable.
De même,l'arrêtdu le' juillet 1994 envisageait un accord lorsque la
Cour a enjoint aux Parties de lui soumettre ((l'ensembledu différend)),tel
que circonscrit par la ((formule bahreïnite)). Etant donné que ni la
«démarche» de Qatar du 30 novembre ni le «rapport» de Bahreïn ne
manifestait un accord entre les deux Parties pour soumettre à la Cour
«l'ensemble du différend)), laCour n'a pas été saisie de «l'ensembledu
différend)),ce qui, aux termes du procès-verbaldeDoha, constituait une
condition préalable desa compétence,en l'absence de laquellela Cour est
dans l'incapacité d'exercer sa compétence.
Au vu de ce qui précède, comptetenu de la décisiondu le'juillet 1994mination by the Court that it did not have "the whole of the dispute"
before it to enable it to assume jurisdiction on the matter, which defect
was not cured by the inability of the two Parties to reach an agreement to
submit the whole of the dispute, 1 am not persuaded that the Court is
entitled to assumejurisdiction in this matter. This conclusion isin accord-
ance with the material before the Court, and with its Judgment of 1July
1994.The Court should accordingly have decided that it lackedjurisdic-
tion, and that the claim is inadmissible.

(Signed) Abdul G. KOROMA. DÉLIMITATION ET QUESTIONS (OP.DISS.KOROMA) 73

dans laquelle la Cour avait estimé qu'ellen'avait pas été sde ((l'en-
sembledu différend))de manièreà êtreen mesure d'exercer sa compétence
en l'instance, etétant donné queles actions des Parties n'ont pas porté
remède à ce défaut,je ne suis pas convaincu que la Cour soit en droit
d'exercer sacompétenceen la matière.Cette conclusion est conforme au
dossier dont la Cour est saisie etarrêt qucelle-cia rendu le le'juillet
1994.En conséquence,la Cour aurait dû déclinersa compétenceet décla-
rer la requêteirrecevable.

(SignéA )bdul G. KOROMA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Judge Koroma

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