Separate opinion of Judge Ranjeva (translation)

Document Number
084-19950630-JUD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
084-19950630-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE RANJEVA

[Translation]

While the Court is to be applauded for recalling that the right of

peoples to self-determination is one of the essentialprinciples of custom-
ary international law, possessing the characteristic of an absolute right
erga ornnesand for upholding the Australian objection to the effect that
Portugal's Applicationwould necessitatea ruling on the rights and obliga-
tions of Indonesia, itis neverthelessregrettable that this case should not
have led the Court to analyse the extent and limitations of the jurispru-
dence in Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943. It would have
been appropriateto highlight the true overall economy of the 1954Judg-
ment, to ensure that no doubt remained regarding questions of jurisdic-
tion at a time when recourse to the jurisdiction of the Court is receiving
growing support from the international community. The virtue of this
approach would have been al1the more instructive in that it could use-
fully have been supplemented by meticulous analysis of that State's
request on the basis of a consideration of its subject-matter. Such an
improvement would not have affected the operative part of the Judgment

delivered by the Court in this case.

The consensual nature of international jurisdiction prohibits the Court
from adjudicating on the legal interests of a State which has not clearly
expressedits consent to jurisdiction.Such was the basic principle evoked
by the Judgrnent of 1954. In the present case, was it necessary for the

Court to adjudicate, as a prerequisite, by applying the jurisprudence of
Monetary Gold, on the lawfulness of Indonesia's presence in the Terri-
tory of East Timor? This is the crux of the matter. The Judgment
responds positively to this question bymeans ofpetitio principii, whereas
it would perhaps have been preferable to ponder how far the analysis of
the structure of the Court's reasoning, both in 1954and in 1992,in the
case concerning Certain PhosphateLands inNauru (Nauru v. Australia),
justified a conclusion as to whether or not it was valid to transpose the
jurisprudence of Monetary Gold.

The conclusive passage in the 1954Judgment deserves to be recalled:

"In the present case, Albania's legal interests would not only be
affected by a decision,but would form the very subject-matter of the
decision. In such a case, the Statute cannot be regarded, by implica- tion, as authorizing proceedings to be continued in the absence of
Albania." (1.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 32.)

This conclusion is explained by the logical sequence of propositions
which form the structure of the Court's reasoning. The sequence of this
reasoning is as follows: the reply to the question of the possible respon-
sibility of Albania vis-à-vis Italy, the determining proposition, subse-
quently conditioned the possibility of the reply to the question of the
definitive attribution of the Albanian gold, the substance of the dispute.
In other words, the determining proposition turned upon a question of
subjective personal rights governing mutual relations between two legal
entities, whereas the principal question turned upon a true objective
point of law: the attribution of the gold. This being so, it was impossible
for a court of a consensual nature to adjudicate upon a question of sub-
jective rights without the consent of al1the parties concerned: the rele-
vant decision, by a constitutive act or by a declarative act, would have
determined the substance of the rights and obligations governing the rela-
tions between the parties.
On reading the conclusive paragraph of the Judgment of 1992in the

case concerning Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru, one may wonder
whether one is not faced with a departure from previous doctrine:
"In the present case, a finding by the Court regarding the existence
or the content of the responsibility attributed to Australia by Nauru
might well have implications for the legal situation of the two other
States concerned, but no findingin respect of that legal situation will

be needed as a basis for the Court's decision on Nauru's claims
against Australia. Accordingly, the Court cannot decline to exercise
its jurisdiction."(1C.J. Reports 1992, pp. 261-262.)

The problem of the 1992Judgment turns upon a preliminary objection

relating to the jus standi ut singuli of Australia as Respondent in a dis-
pute about responsibility, in other words in the context of subjective
rights. Notwithstanding the mandate or trusteeship agreements, which
determined the legal situation of the relations between the three manda-
tory or trust powers, the Court did not find it necessary,as a prerequisite,
to rule on the legal problems relating to relations between the United
Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.
To analyse these propositions, the elements pertinent to an under-
standing of the decision by which the Court accepts the exercise of its
jurisdiction must be called to mind. To begin with, the very subject-
matter of the Judgment concernsAustralia's obligation to reply before the
Court to the allegations that it has violated its obligations as mandatory
then trust Power; in other words, one is faced with a question affecting
the basis of the procedural right, but which does not cal1into question
the material content of a subjective right concerning the legal relations
between the three parties. Secondly, as regards the actual subject-matterof the procedural rights, the act of seising the Court has the effect of
imposing a general, impersonal system,in other words, a system of objec-

tive law, upon the various players involved, be they the parties them-
selvesor the Court; in other words, the legal tiesresulting from the seisin
of the Court are not contractual or subjectivein nature, since the modi-
fications proposed by the parties to a case originate in Article 101of the
Rules.
It is therefore the objective nature of the legal relations which exist
between those involved in the proceedings, relations stemming from the
act of seisin, which explains, in the preliminary phase, the fact that the
Court did not deem it necessary to transpose the jurisprudence of Mon-
etary Gold,inasmuch as that jurisprudence required that a dispute impli-
cating a State absent from the proceedings should first be settled.
In the present case, the structure of the Portuguese Application pre-
supposes that the givens of the dispute, which have given rise to an agree-
ment of principle by the two Parties in contention, concern a question of
an objectiveright erga omnes, namely, East Timor's acknowledged status
as a non-self-governing territory and the right of the people of Timor to
self-determination. Hence, in logical terms, oneis facedwith a hypothesis
which is the inverseof that envisagedin Monetavy Gold.This observation

causes one to wonder whether it was adequate purely and simply to refer
to the principle set out in that Judgment.
In the case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and
against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), moreover,
did the Court not recall the intrinsic limits on the scope of the jurispru-
dence in Monetary Gold in the following terms?
"The circumstances of the Monetary Goldcase probably represent
the limit of the power of the Court to refuse to exercise its jurisdic-
tion; and none of the States referred to can be regarded as in the

same position as Albania in that case, so as to be truly indispensable
to the pursuance of the proceedings." (Judgment of 26 November
1984, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 431, para. 88.)

A prior decision, in the meaning in which it is understood in the Judg-
ment delivered in the Monetary Goldcase would be essential, it seems to
me, when the object of that prior decision is subjective rights, in other
words, rights relating to the legal situation of a State which has notcon-
sented to thejurisdiction or which does not appear before the Court. Can

the same principle be transposed in cases where the prior decision con-
cerns a question of objectiverights opposable erga omnes? This question
can no longer be avoided since thejus cogensfalls within the province of
positive law. The difficulty resides in the fact that, by nature, thees of
objectivelaw transcend the order of conventional rules and that disputes
involving objective law cal1 into question the legal interests of third
States.1s the purpose of the rule of Monetary Goldto limit the domain of
the Court's jurisdiction rationejuris solely to disputes involving subjec-tive rights? To refer without any explanation to the jurisprudence in
Monetary Gold leaves too many questions open for it to satisfy the
requirements of the good administration of justice, one of whose com-
ponents is the foreseeability of legal decisions; this observation is al1
the more valid since the same results could have been obtained and
reinforced on the basis of an actual analysis of Portugal's Application.

II. SUBJECT-MATT OERPORTUGALA 'PPLICATION

In my view, a scrupulous examination of the subject-matter of Portu-
gal'sApplication did not obligethe Court, as a prerequisite, to adjudicate
on the lawfulness of the entry into and continued presence of Indonesia
in the Territory of East Timor; such an approach would also have led to
the conclusion that the Court could not exercisethe jurisdiction which it
possesses by virtue of the acceptance by Portugal and Australia of the
jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.
Portugal is simultaneously pursuing three objectives :first, the preser-
vation of the right of the people of East Timor to self-determination; sec-
ond, the "nullification" of the obligations stipulated by Australia and
Indonesia in the 1989Treaty and, at the same time, depriving Indonesia
of the benefit of the legal effects of the principlea sunt servanda. One
is therefore faced with an Application concerning a dispute relating to
questions of objectiverights and subjectiverights. An examination of the

relations between the propositions concerning each type of right shows
that the questions of objective rights are the justification for matters of
subjectiverights being taken into account, which must be regarded as the
Applicant's principal and final conclusion. Moreover, this cause and
effect relationship between the submissions of the Application calls to
mind the distinction between submissions and false submissions, as high-
lighted by the Court in the Minquiers and Ecrehos case (Judgment, I. C.J.
Reports 1953, p. 52).
In the present dispute, by partly but principally requiring the "nullifi-
cation" of the treaty obligations entered into by Australia vis-à-visIndo-
nesia and thus depriving Indonesia of the benefit of the effects of the
principle pacta sunt servanda, a decision of the Court would have adju-
dicated directly upon Indonesia's rights. Such a solution cannot be
accepted in international law without there being any need, as a prereq-
uisite, for a decision relating to the lawfulness of the entry into and con-

tinued presence of Indonesia in the Territory of East Timor.
Where the questions of objective rights are concerned, the Court
observes that there is no longer any reason to adjudicate on that part of
Portugal's submission which calls for the right of the people of East
Timor to self-determination to be declared opposable to Australia. The
Judgment takes note of the fact that the dispute in the relations between
the two Parties on this point has been resolved during the proceedings;
but in so doing, has the Court not deprived itself of the opportunity toindicate in detail the fate it intended to reserve to its jurisdiction, since a
dispute arose turning upon an objective right?

On examination, the agreement of principle reached between Portugal
and Australia concerning the right of the people of Timor shows the
acceptance, by them, of a norm of international law, the expression of
convictio juris, whose legal consequences must be deduced, both as
regards the Applicant and the Respondent. In ruling that the case should
be dismissed, the Judgment has refrained from adjudicating upon a dis-
pute between the Parties which is stillpending - the legal consequences
of the agreement of principle concerning the right of the people of East
Timor to self-determination; the Judgment should have done this by
showing the need for a prior decision in order to adjudicate upon this
auestion of obiective law. which it does not do.
But could the Court, in the context of the interpretation it has given of
the jurisprudence of Monetary Gold, go beyond a simple acknowledg-
ment, in legal terms, of a situation of fact, from which it does not draw

the legal consequences?
In my view,the difficultiesthe Court had to confront resulted from the
fact that it was difficultto establish the summa divisiobetween the parties
and the third party in an international act :Australia is the centre of grav-
ity of the whole case. But is it realistic to consider that State as an abso-
lute third party, falling within the residual category exterior to the circle
of the Parties: Portugal vis-à-vis the 1989Treaty and Indonesia vis-à-vis
the Judgment? This approach, bearing the hallmark of realism, reveals
the limitations of an (abstract and) theoretical viewof the principle of the
relative effect of the conventions and of resjudicata.
Realism in such a tricky case should have led the Court to offer the
Parties involved an appropriate legal framework for holding in check the
undesirable effects of a legal act or a situation. In acting thus, the Court

would not be concerned with choosing between the practical measures
which the interested States orthe competent organs of theUnited Nations
can take in order to solve the more general problem of East Timor. In
adjudicating on the submissions relating to the fundamental questions of
procedure, the Court could have spelled out the scope of the jurispru-
dencerelating to the prior decision in its relations with the multiple facets
which have attracted the attention of the two Parties in dispute and pre-
cluded the possibilities for erroneous interpretation of the Judgment.
It was a difficult exercisebut one to which a solution proved possible,
inasmuch as the operative part itself did not pose any problems. But in
dealing with these difficulties, the Court is laying down the framework
for the development of international law and performing one of its prin-
cipal functions, described by Sir Robert Jennings in the following terms:

"Ad hoc tribunals can settle particular disputes; but the function
of the established 'principal judicial organ of the United Nations'
must include not only the settlement of disputes but also the scien-
tific development of general international law .. .There is thereforenothing strange in the ICJ fulfilling a similar function for the inter-
national community." (Judge Sir Robert Jennings, "The Role of the
International Court of Justice in the Development of International
Environmental Protection Law", Review of European Community
and International Environmental Law, Vol. 1, 1992,p. 242.)

(Signed) Raymond RANJEVA.

Bilingual Content

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. RANJEVA

Si la Cour doit être approuvéelorsqu'elle rappelle que le droit des
peuples à disposer d'eux-mêmes esu tn des principes essentielsdu droit
international contemporain ayant le caractère d'un droit absolu oppo-
sable erga omneset fait droit àl'exception australienne selon laquelle la
requêtedu Portugal obligerait à se prononcer sur les droits et les obliga-
tions de l'Indonésie,je regrette néanmoinsque la présenteaffaire n'ait

pas conduit la Cour à analyser l'étendueet les limites de la jurisprudence
de l'Or monétairepris à Rome en 1943. Il aurait étappropriéde dégager
la véritable économie généradlee l'arrêt de1954pour qu'aucun doute ne
subsiste sur les questions de compétenceà une périodeoù le recours à la
juridiction de la Cour reçoit un appui de plus en plus large de la commu-
nautéinternationale. Cette démarche aurait eu une vertu d'autant plus
pédagogique qu'ellepouvait êtreutilement complétéepar une analyse
minutieuse de la requêtedu Portugal, à partir d'un examen de l'objet de
la demande de cet Etat. Une telle amélioration n'auraitpas affecté le dis-
positif de l'arrêt rendupar la Cour en la présente instance.

Le caractère consensuel de la juridiction internationale interdità la
Cour de statuer sur les intérêtjsuridiques d'un Etat qui n'a pas exprimé
de manière évidenteson consentement à la compétence juridictionnelle.
Tel est le principe de base qu'a rappelél'arrêtde 1954.Dans la présente

espèce, était-il nécessaieour la Cour de statuer, de manière préalable,
par application de la jurisprudence del'Or monétaire,sur la licéitde la
présencede l'Indonésiesur le Territoire du Timor oriental? Tel estle pro-
blème crucial. A cette question l'arrêt répond de manière positivepar
l'affirmation de pétitions deprincipe, alors qu'il aurait peut-êtreété pré-
férable dese demander dans quelle mesure l'analysede la structure du
raisonnement de la Cour tant en 1954qu'en 1992dans l'affaire de Cer-
taines terresà phosphates à Nauru (Nauru c. Australie) permettait de
conclure à la validitéou non de la transposition de la jurisprudence de
l'Or monétaire.
En 1954,la phrase conclusive de l'arrêt doit être rappelée:

«En l'espèce, lesintérêtjsuridiques de l'Albanie seraientnon seu-
lement touchéspar une décision, maisconstitueraient l'objet même
de ladite décision.En pareil cas, le Statut ne peut êtreconsidéré SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE RANJEVA

[Translation]

While the Court is to be applauded for recalling that the right of

peoples to self-determination is one of the essentialprinciples of custom-
ary international law, possessing the characteristic of an absolute right
erga ornnesand for upholding the Australian objection to the effect that
Portugal's Applicationwould necessitatea ruling on the rights and obliga-
tions of Indonesia, itis neverthelessregrettable that this case should not
have led the Court to analyse the extent and limitations of the jurispru-
dence in Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943. It would have
been appropriateto highlight the true overall economy of the 1954Judg-
ment, to ensure that no doubt remained regarding questions of jurisdic-
tion at a time when recourse to the jurisdiction of the Court is receiving
growing support from the international community. The virtue of this
approach would have been al1the more instructive in that it could use-
fully have been supplemented by meticulous analysis of that State's
request on the basis of a consideration of its subject-matter. Such an
improvement would not have affected the operative part of the Judgment

delivered by the Court in this case.

The consensual nature of international jurisdiction prohibits the Court
from adjudicating on the legal interests of a State which has not clearly
expressedits consent to jurisdiction.Such was the basic principle evoked
by the Judgrnent of 1954. In the present case, was it necessary for the

Court to adjudicate, as a prerequisite, by applying the jurisprudence of
Monetary Gold, on the lawfulness of Indonesia's presence in the Terri-
tory of East Timor? This is the crux of the matter. The Judgment
responds positively to this question bymeans ofpetitio principii, whereas
it would perhaps have been preferable to ponder how far the analysis of
the structure of the Court's reasoning, both in 1954and in 1992,in the
case concerning Certain PhosphateLands inNauru (Nauru v. Australia),
justified a conclusion as to whether or not it was valid to transpose the
jurisprudence of Monetary Gold.

The conclusive passage in the 1954Judgment deserves to be recalled:

"In the present case, Albania's legal interests would not only be
affected by a decision,but would form the very subject-matter of the
decision. In such a case, the Statute cannot be regarded, by implica- comme autorisant implicitement la continuation de la procédure en
l'absence de l'Albanie.» (C.I.J. Recueil 1954, p. 32.)
Cette conclusion s'explique par l'enchaînement logique des proposi-
tions qui structurent les termes du raisonnement de la juridiction. La

séquenceen est ainsi établie:la réponse à la question de la responsabilité
éventuelle de l'Albanie vis-à-vis de l'Italie, proposition déterminante,
conditionnait dansun second temps l'éventualité de la réponse àla ques-
tion de la dévolutiondéfinitivede l'or albanais, fond du litige.Autrement
dit, la proposition déterminante portait sur une question de droits per-
sonnels subjectifsrégissant desrapports réciproquesentre deux sujets de
droit tandis que la question principale portait sur un point de droit réel
objectif: la dévolution del'or. Dans ces conditions, il étaitimpossibleà
une juridiction de nature consensuelle de statuer sur une question de
droits subjectifs sans le consentement de toutes les parties en cause: la
décision enla matière aurait définisoit par la voie d'un acte constitutif
soit par la voie d'un acte déclaratif la consistance desdroits et obligations
régissantles rapports entre les parties.

En 1992, dans l'affaire de Certaines terresà phosphates à Nauru, on
peut se demander, à la lecture de l'alinéa conclusif,si l'on n'est pas en
présenced'un revirement de jurisprudence:
((Dans la présente affaire,toute décision de laCour sur l'existence

ou le contenu de la responsabilité que Nauru impute à l'Australie
pourrait certes avoir des incidences sur la situation juridique des
deux autres Etats concernés, mais laCour n'aura pas à se prononcer
sur cette situation juridique pour prendre sa décisionsur les griefs
formuléspar Nauru contre l'Australie. Par voie de conséquence, la
Cour ne peut refuser d'exercer sa juridiction. » (C.I.J. Recueil 1992,
p. 261-262.)

Le problème de l'arrêtde 1992 porte sur une exception préliminaire
relative aujus standi ut singuli de l'Australie comme partie défenderesse
dans un contentieux de responsabilité, c'est-à-diredansun cadre de droit
subjectif. Malgréles accords de mandat ou de tutelle qui définissaientla
situation juridique des relations entre les trois puissances mandataires ou
tutélaires,la Cour n'a pas jugé nécessairde statuer préalablementsur les
problèmesjuridiques relatifs aux relations entre: le Royaume-Uni, 1'Aus-
tralie et la Nouvelle-Zélande.
L'analyse deces propositions amène à rappeler les élémentspertinents
à la compréhension dela décisionpar laquelle est acceptél'exercicede sa
compétencepar la Cour. En premier lieu, l'objet mêmede l'arrêtporte

sur l'obligation pour l'Australie de répondredevant la Cour des viola-
tions alléguéesde ses obligations de puissance mandataire puis tutélaire;
autrement dit, on est confrontéà une question qui touche au fond le droit
de la procédure maisqui ne met pas en cause le contenu matérield'un
droit subjectif qui porterait sur les relations juridiques entre les trois
parties. En second lieu, sur le plan de l'objet mêmedes droits procédu- tion, as authorizing proceedings to be continued in the absence of
Albania." (1.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 32.)

This conclusion is explained by the logical sequence of propositions
which form the structure of the Court's reasoning. The sequence of this
reasoning is as follows: the reply to the question of the possible respon-
sibility of Albania vis-à-vis Italy, the determining proposition, subse-
quently conditioned the possibility of the reply to the question of the
definitive attribution of the Albanian gold, the substance of the dispute.
In other words, the determining proposition turned upon a question of
subjective personal rights governing mutual relations between two legal
entities, whereas the principal question turned upon a true objective
point of law: the attribution of the gold. This being so, it was impossible
for a court of a consensual nature to adjudicate upon a question of sub-
jective rights without the consent of al1the parties concerned: the rele-
vant decision, by a constitutive act or by a declarative act, would have
determined the substance of the rights and obligations governing the rela-
tions between the parties.
On reading the conclusive paragraph of the Judgment of 1992in the

case concerning Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru, one may wonder
whether one is not faced with a departure from previous doctrine:
"In the present case, a finding by the Court regarding the existence
or the content of the responsibility attributed to Australia by Nauru
might well have implications for the legal situation of the two other
States concerned, but no findingin respect of that legal situation will

be needed as a basis for the Court's decision on Nauru's claims
against Australia. Accordingly, the Court cannot decline to exercise
its jurisdiction."(1C.J. Reports 1992, pp. 261-262.)

The problem of the 1992Judgment turns upon a preliminary objection

relating to the jus standi ut singuli of Australia as Respondent in a dis-
pute about responsibility, in other words in the context of subjective
rights. Notwithstanding the mandate or trusteeship agreements, which
determined the legal situation of the relations between the three manda-
tory or trust powers, the Court did not find it necessary,as a prerequisite,
to rule on the legal problems relating to relations between the United
Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.
To analyse these propositions, the elements pertinent to an under-
standing of the decision by which the Court accepts the exercise of its
jurisdiction must be called to mind. To begin with, the very subject-
matter of the Judgment concernsAustralia's obligation to reply before the
Court to the allegations that it has violated its obligations as mandatory
then trust Power; in other words, one is faced with a question affecting
the basis of the procedural right, but which does not cal1into question
the material content of a subjective right concerning the legal relations
between the three parties. Secondly, as regards the actual subject-matterraux, l'acte de saisinede la Cour a pour effet d'imposer aux différents
acteurs impliqués,qu'il s'agisse desparties ou de la Cour, un régime
générae lt impersonnel, c'est-à-direun régimede droit objectif; end'autres
termes, les liensde droit résultantde la saisine de la Cour ne sont pas de
nature contractuelle ou subjective,puisque lesmodificationsproposéespar
les partiesà une affaire ont leur source dans l'article 101du Règlement.

Aussi est-cele caractère objectifdes rapports de droit qui existent entre
les acteurs du procès,rapports nésde l'acte de saisine, qui explique,au
stade de la phase préliminaire,le fait que la Cour n'a pas jugénécessaire
de transposer la jurisprudence del'Or monétairedans la mesure où celle-

ci exigeait que fût tranchéau préalableun différendmettant en cause un
Etat absent.
Dans la présente affaire, lastructure de la requête portugaise suppose
que les donnéesdu litige qui ont donnélieu àun accord de principe de la
part des Parties litigantes portent sur une question dedroit objectif oppo-
sable erga omnes: le statut de territoire non autonome reconnu au Timor
oriental et le droit du peuple de Timorà l'autodétermination.Aussi, sur
le plan logique, se trouve-t-on face à l'hypothèse inverse decelle envi-
sagéedans I'Or nzonétaire.Cette observation amène à se demander s'il
était suffisantde se référer purement et simplementau principe énoncé
dans ledit arrêt.
Dans l'affaire des Activitésmilitaireset paramilitaires au Nicaragua et
contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique), d'ailleurs, laCour
n'a-t-ellepas déjà rappeléles limites intrinsèquesde la portéede la juris-
prudence de I'Or monétaireen ces termes:

«Les circonstances de l'affaire de I'Or monétairemarquent vrai-
semblablement la limite du pouvoir de la Cour de refuser d'exercer
sa juridiction; aucun des pays mentionnés en la présenteespècene
peut êtreconsidéré comme étantdans la mêmesituation que 1'Alba-
nie dans cette affaire, au point que sa présence serait véritablement
indispensable à la poursuite de la procédure.)) (Arrêtdu 26 no-
vembre 1984, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 431, par. 88.)

Une décision préalableau sens où on l'entend dans l'arrêtrendu en
l'affaire deI'Ormonétaire s'imposerait, me semble-t-ill,orsque cette déci-
sion préalable a pour objet des droits subjectifs, c'est-à-dire des droits
portant sur la situation juridique d'un Etat qui n'a pas consentila com-
pétenceou qui ne comparaît pas devant la Cour. Le mêmeprincipe
peut-il être transposédans des hypothèsesoù la décision préalableporte
sur une question de droit objectif, opposable erga omnes. La question ne

peut plus êtreévitéedepuis que lejus cogens relèvede l'ordre du droit
positif. La difficultétientau fait que par nature lesrèglesde droit objectif
transcendent l'ordre des règlesconventionnelles et que le contentieux de
droit objectif met en cause les intérêts juridiqudes Etats tiers. La règle
de l'Or monétaire a-t-ellepour objet de limiter le domaine de la compé-
tence ratione juris de la Cour aux seuls contentieux de droits subjectifs?of the procedural rights, the act of seising the Court has the effect of
imposing a general, impersonal system,in other words, a system of objec-

tive law, upon the various players involved, be they the parties them-
selvesor the Court; in other words, the legal tiesresulting from the seisin
of the Court are not contractual or subjectivein nature, since the modi-
fications proposed by the parties to a case originate in Article 101of the
Rules.
It is therefore the objective nature of the legal relations which exist
between those involved in the proceedings, relations stemming from the
act of seisin, which explains, in the preliminary phase, the fact that the
Court did not deem it necessary to transpose the jurisprudence of Mon-
etary Gold,inasmuch as that jurisprudence required that a dispute impli-
cating a State absent from the proceedings should first be settled.
In the present case, the structure of the Portuguese Application pre-
supposes that the givens of the dispute, which have given rise to an agree-
ment of principle by the two Parties in contention, concern a question of
an objectiveright erga omnes, namely, East Timor's acknowledged status
as a non-self-governing territory and the right of the people of Timor to
self-determination. Hence, in logical terms, oneis facedwith a hypothesis
which is the inverseof that envisagedin Monetavy Gold.This observation

causes one to wonder whether it was adequate purely and simply to refer
to the principle set out in that Judgment.
In the case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and
against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), moreover,
did the Court not recall the intrinsic limits on the scope of the jurispru-
dence in Monetary Gold in the following terms?
"The circumstances of the Monetary Goldcase probably represent
the limit of the power of the Court to refuse to exercise its jurisdic-
tion; and none of the States referred to can be regarded as in the

same position as Albania in that case, so as to be truly indispensable
to the pursuance of the proceedings." (Judgment of 26 November
1984, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 431, para. 88.)

A prior decision, in the meaning in which it is understood in the Judg-
ment delivered in the Monetary Goldcase would be essential, it seems to
me, when the object of that prior decision is subjective rights, in other
words, rights relating to the legal situation of a State which has notcon-
sented to thejurisdiction or which does not appear before the Court. Can

the same principle be transposed in cases where the prior decision con-
cerns a question of objectiverights opposable erga omnes? This question
can no longer be avoided since thejus cogensfalls within the province of
positive law. The difficulty resides in the fact that, by nature, thees of
objectivelaw transcend the order of conventional rules and that disputes
involving objective law cal1 into question the legal interests of third
States.1s the purpose of the rule of Monetary Goldto limit the domain of
the Court's jurisdiction rationejuris solely to disputes involving subjec-La référence sans explication àla jurisprudence de l'Or monétairelaisse

ouvertes trop de questions pour qu'elle puissesatisfaire aux exigences
d'une bonne administration de la justice, la prévisibilitédes décisions
judiciaires étant un des éléments de celle-ci;cette observation vaut
d'autant plus que les mêmesrésultats auraient pu être obtenuset ren-
forcés surla base de l'analysemêmede la requête du Portugal.

II. OBJET DE LA REQUÊTE DU PORTUGAL

Un examen minutieux de l'objet de la requête du Portugal, à mon avis,
n'imposait pas à la Cour de statuer au préalable sur lalicéitde l'entrée
et du maintien del'Indonésie surleTerritoire du Timor oriental; une telle

démarcheaurait, également,abouti à la conclusion selon laquellela Cour
ne pouvait exercerla compétencequ'elletient de l'acceptation par le Por-
tugal et l'Australie de la juridiction de la Cour par le jeu de l'article
paragraphe 2, du Statut.
Le Portugal poursuit simultanémenttrois objectifs :en premier lieu, la
préservation du droit du peuple de Timor orientalà l'autodétermination;
en second lieu, la«nuIlification» des obligations stipuléespar l'Australie
et l'Indonésie dansle traitéde 1989 et en mêmetemps la privation de
l'Indonésie dubénéfice des effetsjuridiques du principe pacta sunt ser-
vanda.On se trouve dès lorsface à une requêteportant sur un différend
relatifàdes questions de droit objectif et de droit subjectif. L'examen des
relations entre les propositions concernant chaque type de droit montre

que les questions de droit objectif sont les motifs qui étayent la prise en
compte de questions de droit subjectif; celle-cidoit êtreconsidéréecomme
la conclusion principale et finale de la partie demanderesse. Cette relation
de cause à effet entre les conclusions de la requêterappelle d'ailleurs la
distinction entre les conclusions et les fausses conclusions, telle qu'ellea
étémise en lumièrepar la Cour dans l'affaire des Minquiers et Ecréhous
(arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1953, p. 52).
Dans le présentlitige, en demandant, en partie maisà titre principal, la
«nullification» des obligations conventionnelles qu'a souscritesI'Austra-
lie vis-à-vis de l'Indonésieet ainsi en privant l'Indonésie dubénéfides
effets du principe pacta sunt servanda, une décision dela Cour aurait
statué directementsurlesdroits de l'Indonésie.Une telle solution ne peut

être admiseen droit international sans au'il soit nécessaire defaire inter-
venir au préalableune décisionportant sur la licéitéde l'entréeet du
maintien de l'Indonésiesur le Territoire du Timor oriental.
Sur les questions de droit objectif, la Cour fait observer qu'il n'y a
plus lieu de statuer sur la partie de la conclusion du Portugal qui
demande que soit déclaré opposable à l'Australie le droit du peuple de
Timor oriental à l'autodétermination. L'arrêtprend acte du fait que
s'estrésolue,en cours d'instance, la contestation dans les relations entre
les deux Parties relativeà ce point; mais en agissant ainsi, la Cour ne
s'est-ellepas privéede l'occasion d'indiquer les précisionsqu'elleenten-tive rights? To refer without any explanation to the jurisprudence in
Monetary Gold leaves too many questions open for it to satisfy the
requirements of the good administration of justice, one of whose com-
ponents is the foreseeability of legal decisions; this observation is al1
the more valid since the same results could have been obtained and
reinforced on the basis of an actual analysis of Portugal's Application.

II. SUBJECT-MATT OERPORTUGALA 'PPLICATION

In my view, a scrupulous examination of the subject-matter of Portu-
gal'sApplication did not obligethe Court, as a prerequisite, to adjudicate
on the lawfulness of the entry into and continued presence of Indonesia
in the Territory of East Timor; such an approach would also have led to
the conclusion that the Court could not exercisethe jurisdiction which it
possesses by virtue of the acceptance by Portugal and Australia of the
jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.
Portugal is simultaneously pursuing three objectives :first, the preser-
vation of the right of the people of East Timor to self-determination; sec-
ond, the "nullification" of the obligations stipulated by Australia and
Indonesia in the 1989Treaty and, at the same time, depriving Indonesia
of the benefit of the legal effects of the principlea sunt servanda. One
is therefore faced with an Application concerning a dispute relating to
questions of objectiverights and subjectiverights. An examination of the

relations between the propositions concerning each type of right shows
that the questions of objective rights are the justification for matters of
subjectiverights being taken into account, which must be regarded as the
Applicant's principal and final conclusion. Moreover, this cause and
effect relationship between the submissions of the Application calls to
mind the distinction between submissions and false submissions, as high-
lighted by the Court in the Minquiers and Ecrehos case (Judgment, I. C.J.
Reports 1953, p. 52).
In the present dispute, by partly but principally requiring the "nullifi-
cation" of the treaty obligations entered into by Australia vis-à-visIndo-
nesia and thus depriving Indonesia of the benefit of the effects of the
principle pacta sunt servanda, a decision of the Court would have adju-
dicated directly upon Indonesia's rights. Such a solution cannot be
accepted in international law without there being any need, as a prereq-
uisite, for a decision relating to the lawfulness of the entry into and con-

tinued presence of Indonesia in the Territory of East Timor.
Where the questions of objective rights are concerned, the Court
observes that there is no longer any reason to adjudicate on that part of
Portugal's submission which calls for the right of the people of East
Timor to self-determination to be declared opposable to Australia. The
Judgment takes note of the fact that the dispute in the relations between
the two Parties on this point has been resolved during the proceedings;
but in so doing, has the Court not deprived itself of the opportunity todait fixer au sort de sa compétencedèslorsque se posait un contentieux
de droit objectif?
A l'examen, l'accord de principe intervenu entre le Portugal et 1'Aus-
tralie qui porte sur le droit du peuple de Timor montre, de leur part,
l'acceptation d'unenorme de droit international, l'expression delaconvic-
tiojuris dont il faut dégagerles conséquencesdedroit, tant vis-à-visde la
partie demanderesse que de la partie défenderesse.Enprononçant le non-
lieu, l'arrêts'est abstenu de statuer sur une contestation toujours pen-
dante entre les Parties: les conséquencesjuridiques de l'accord deprin-
cipe portant sur le droit à l'autodétermination du peuple de Timor;
l'arrêtaurait dû le faire enmontrant la nécessitéd'une décisionpréalable
pour statuer sur cette question de droit objectif, ce qu'il ne fait pas.

Mais la Cour pouvait-elle, dans le cadre de l'interprétationqu'elle s'est

donnéede la jurisprudence de l'Or monétaire, aller au-delà d'un simple
constat par voiejudiciaire d'une situation de fait dont elle ne tire pas les
conséquences dedroit?
A mon avis, les difficultésauxquelles devait faire face la Cour résul-
taient du fait que la summa divisioentreparties et tiers dans un acte inter-
national était délicateàétablir:l'Australie représentele centre de gravité
de l'ensemble. Mais est-il réaliste de considérercet Etat comme un tiers
absolu, relevant de la catégorierésiduelleextérieureau cercledes Parties:
le Portugal vis-à-vis du traitéde 1989et l'Indonésievis-à-vis de l'arrêt?
Cette approche frappée au coin du réalismerévèleles limitesd'une vision
(abstraite et) théoriquedu principe de l'effetrelatif des conventions et de
la chosejugée.
Le réalisme,dans une affaire aussi délicate,aurait dû amener la Cour à
offrir aux acteurs un cadre juridique approprié pour assurer la maîtrise

deseffetspervers d'un actejuridique ou d'une situation. En agissant de la
sorte, la Cour ne s'occuperait pas de choisir entre les mesures pratiques
que les Etats intéressésou les organes compétents del'organisation des
Nations Unies peuvent prendre pour résoudrele problème plus général
du Timor oriental. En statuant sur les conclusions afférentesaux ques-
tions du fond de la procédure, laCour aurait pu préciser la portée de la
jurisprudence de la décisionpréalabledans sesrapports avec lesmultiples
facettes qui ont retenu l'attention des deux Parties litigantes et exclure les
possibilitésd'erreur d'interprétation de l'arrêt.
Il s'agissait d'un exercice difficile,mais auquel une solution pouvait
être apportée, dansla mesure où le dispositif lui-mêmene faisait pas pro-
blème.Mais en traitant de ces difficultésla Cour fixe lecadre du déve-
loppement du droit international et exerceune de sesprincipales missions
que sir Robert Jennings décritdans les termes suivants:

«Les tribunaux ad hoc peuvent réglerdes différendsspécifiques,
mais la fonction de 1'«organejudiciaire principal desNations Unies))
doit comprendre non seulement le règlement des différends, mais
égalementle développementscientifiquedu droit international géné-indicate in detail the fate it intended to reserve to its jurisdiction, since a
dispute arose turning upon an objective right?

On examination, the agreement of principle reached between Portugal
and Australia concerning the right of the people of Timor shows the
acceptance, by them, of a norm of international law, the expression of
convictio juris, whose legal consequences must be deduced, both as
regards the Applicant and the Respondent. In ruling that the case should
be dismissed, the Judgment has refrained from adjudicating upon a dis-
pute between the Parties which is stillpending - the legal consequences
of the agreement of principle concerning the right of the people of East
Timor to self-determination; the Judgment should have done this by
showing the need for a prior decision in order to adjudicate upon this
auestion of obiective law. which it does not do.
But could the Court, in the context of the interpretation it has given of
the jurisprudence of Monetary Gold, go beyond a simple acknowledg-
ment, in legal terms, of a situation of fact, from which it does not draw

the legal consequences?
In my view,the difficultiesthe Court had to confront resulted from the
fact that it was difficultto establish the summa divisiobetween the parties
and the third party in an international act :Australia is the centre of grav-
ity of the whole case. But is it realistic to consider that State as an abso-
lute third party, falling within the residual category exterior to the circle
of the Parties: Portugal vis-à-vis the 1989Treaty and Indonesia vis-à-vis
the Judgment? This approach, bearing the hallmark of realism, reveals
the limitations of an (abstract and) theoretical viewof the principle of the
relative effect of the conventions and of resjudicata.
Realism in such a tricky case should have led the Court to offer the
Parties involved an appropriate legal framework for holding in check the
undesirable effects of a legal act or a situation. In acting thus, the Court

would not be concerned with choosing between the practical measures
which the interested States orthe competent organs of theUnited Nations
can take in order to solve the more general problem of East Timor. In
adjudicating on the submissions relating to the fundamental questions of
procedure, the Court could have spelled out the scope of the jurispru-
dencerelating to the prior decision in its relations with the multiple facets
which have attracted the attention of the two Parties in dispute and pre-
cluded the possibilities for erroneous interpretation of the Judgment.
It was a difficult exercisebut one to which a solution proved possible,
inasmuch as the operative part itself did not pose any problems. But in
dealing with these difficulties, the Court is laying down the framework
for the development of international law and performing one of its prin-
cipal functions, described by Sir Robert Jennings in the following terms:

"Ad hoc tribunals can settle particular disputes; but the function
of the established 'principal judicial organ of the United Nations'
must include not only the settlement of disputes but also the scien-
tific development of general international law .. .There is thereforeral ..Il n'y a donc rien d'étrangeà ce que la Cour internationale de
Justice s'acquitte d'unefonctionanaloguepour la communautéinter-
nationale.)) (Sir Robert Jennings, «The Role of the International

Court of Justice in the Development of International Environmental
Protection Law)), Review of European Community and International
Environmental Law, vol. 1, 1992,p. 242.)

(Signé) Raymond RANJEVA.nothing strange in the ICJ fulfilling a similar function for the inter-
national community." (Judge Sir Robert Jennings, "The Role of the
International Court of Justice in the Development of International
Environmental Protection Law", Review of European Community
and International Environmental Law, Vol. 1, 1992,p. 242.)

(Signed) Raymond RANJEVA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Ranjeva (translation)

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