Separate Opinion of Judge Shahabuddeen

Document Number
083-19940203-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
083-19940203-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE SHAHABUDDEEN

The case at bar recalls a world now left behind. In telling flashes, it
illuminates an age when international law tended to develop as a legal
construct supportive of the global projection of the power of a single

region; when in important respects it was both fashioned and adminis-
tered by leading members of a select community; when that community,
by itself called the international community, bore little resemblance to
the world as it then stood, and even less to the world as it stands today.
The record of the Court speaks of those days; it is not easy to recover the
various standpoints of the period. Both Parties, however, correctly
accepted that the legal manners of the times were not on trial. Thus, if it
were necessary to examine some of the issues bequeathed by the past to
the present, itis possible that it is the law as it then was which would still
govern.
As it has turned out, there is no need to do so. This is because, inter-
esting and important as those issues are, they stand foreclosed by the
answer which the Court has returned to what both sides agreed was the
threshold question, that is to say, whether the boundary claimed by Chad
is supported by the 1955Franco-Libyan Treaty. The Court's answer is, 1
think, inevitable. It results from the application of the normal principles

of interpretation to the wording of Article 3 of the Treaty, as set out in
paragraph 39 of the Judgment. The first part of the Article, up to the
words "on the other", necessarily implies that the Parties(Chad claiming
through France) recognize the existence of frontiers separating al1of the
territory of Libya from al1of the French territories mentioned, inclusive
of the territory ofChad. As to what those frontiers are, the Article refers
the reader to the international instruments listed in Annex 1 to the
Treaty. Absent compelling reasons to the contrary, those instruments
must accordingly be construed so as to produce a comprehensive defini-
tion of the frontiers, including a frontier separating the territory of Libya
from the territory ofChad, consistently with the above-mentioned recog-
nition, impliedly made by the Parties, that frontiers exist in relation to
such territories.

A difficulty which 1 do, however, have concerns the principle of stabil-
ity of boundaries, to which the Judgment refers: is the principle germane
to the issue whether the 1955 Treaty can be considered to be a treaty

establishing a boundary between Libya and Chad? The principle (by
whatever name called) is of wide application in the field of boundary
delimitation. Its utility is clear in considering the question, examined in
paragraph 72 of the Judgment, concerning the permanence of a bound-ary established by treaty. But how far, if at all, does it aid in resolving a
problem of interpretation as to whether a treaty can be considered to be
a treaty establishing aspecific boundary, and more especially a boundary
of substantial length as in this case? As is pointed out in paragraph 46 of

the Judgment, the use of the word "frontiers" in the plural in Article 3 of
the 1955 Treaty is

"to be explained by the fact that there were differences of legal status
between the various territories bordering on Libya for whose inter-
national relations France was at the time responsible, and their
respective frontiers had been delimited by different agreements".

1 agree with the Court that that provision of the 1955Treaty is neverthe-
less to be interpreted as meaning that it was "aimed at settling al1 the
frontier questions, and not just some of them". The one small question
which occurs to my mind is whether the principle of stability of bound-

aries helps to establish that interpretation (see paragraphs 47 and 48 of
the Judgment).
The operation of the principle in this case has to be considered within
the framework of the Court's Judgment, which rests on the 1955Treaty,
and not on effectivitésor any other ground. Libya accepts that the 1955
Treaty is a boundary treaty as to some parts of its territory, but not as to

all; in particular, it denies that the Treaty was intended to establish a
boundary between its territory and that of Chad. That is the short issue
before the Court: did the 1955 Treaty in one way or another establish
such a boundary? It could only do so if it was intended to settle compre-
hensively the boundary between Libya and al1 adjacent French territo-
ries, which then of course included the territory of Chad. So the real

question presented by recourse to the principle of stability of boundaries
in proof of that proposition is whether the principle creates a presump-
tion that a boundary treaty is intended to settle comprehensively al1the
boundaries between the contracting parties (see CR 93132, pp. 18-20
and 31, Professor Cot, for Chad; and cf. CR 93/27, p. 29, Sir Ian Sinclair,
Q.C., for Libya).

The principle of stability of boundaries, as it applies to a boundary
fixed by agreement, hinges on there being an agreement for the establish-
ment of a boundary; it comes into play only after the existence of such an
agreement is established and is directed to giving proper effect to the
agreement. It does not operate to bring into existence a boundary agree-
ment where there was none. Libya says that the 1955 Treaty was not a
boundary treaty as between its territory and that of chad; that, in

effect, it made no boundary agreement relating to the territory of Chad.
It begs the question so raised to seek to answer it by pleading the prin-
ciple that parties to a boundary agreement are presumed to intend to
establish a definite. complete and continuous boundary. Parties to what
boundary agreement? Whether there was ever such an agreement is
itself the issue. In Sovereignty over Certain Frontier Land the Court first noted the
existence of the Convention of 8 August 1843,and in particular the pre-
amble thereof which recorded the common intention of the two States
"to fix and regulate al1 that relates to the demarcation of the frontier
between" them (I.C.J. Reports 1959, p. 221). It was in the light of the
existence of this agreement for comprehensive demarcation of the fron-
tier between the two kingdoms that the Court proceeded to consider the
question whether the Mixed Boundary Commission established by the
Convention could properly leave in suspense the issue of the right of
either party to certain plots of land. An affirmative answer was excluded,

as it would leave undemarcated part of the territory which the Conven-
tion required to be demarcated. The situation here is different: Libya
denies that any agreement exists for the delimitation of its territory from
that of Chad, let alone any agreement for demarcation.

Paragraph 47 of the Judgment quotes from the Advisory Opinion of
the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Interpretation of
Article 3, Paragruph2, of'the Treuty ef Lausunnecase the words:

"It is. ..natural that any urticledesignedt0Ji.uafrontier should, if
possible, be so interpreted that the result of thepplicationof its pro-
visions in their entirety should be the establishment of a precise,
complete and definitive frontier." (P.C.I.J., SeriesB, No. 12, p. 20;
emphasis added.)

The second part of that statement, relating to "the establishment of a pre-
cise,complete and definitive frontier", turns on the words in the first part
"any article designed to fix a frontier"; it relates to thepplicationof the
provisions of an article which is designed to fix a frontier. It is only if it
is first established that the article is "designed to fix a frontier" that the
principle of stability of boundaries, referred to in the second part, begins
to operate. The question here is whether Article 3 of the 1955Treaty was
an "article designed to fix a frontier" between Libya and Chad; the
second part of the statement concerningthe principle of stabilityof bound-
aries does not help to answer that preliminary question. On the contrary,
that question must first be answered, and answered in the affirmative,
before the principle can come into play.
To invoke the principle of stability of boundaries where the issue is
whether the 1955Treaty was a treaty which was intended to establish a
boundary between Libya and Chad is really to make it Say that every
boundary treaty is to be interpreted as intended to delimit the entirety of
the adjoining territories of the Parties. The Treaty of Lausannecase does
not say that. There, Article 3, paragraph 2, of the Treaty read:

"From the Mediterranean to the frontier of Persia, the frontier of
Turkey is laid down as follows:

(1) With Syria:47 TERRITORIAL DISPUTE (SEP.OP. SHAHABUDDEEN)

The frontier described in Article 8 of the Franco-Turkish Agree-

ment of October 20th, 1921;
(2) With Iraq:

The frontier between Turkey and Iraq shall be laid down in
friendly arrangement to be concluded between Turkey and Great
Britain within nine months.
In the event of no agreement being reached between the two Gov-
ernments within the time mentioned, the dispute shall be referred to
the Council of the League of Nations.

The Turkish and British Governments reciprocally undertake that,
pending the decision to be reached on the subject of the frontier, no
military or other movement shall take place which might modify in
any way the present stateof the territories of which the final fate will
depend upon that decision." (P.C.I.J.,Series B, No. 12, pp. 18-19.)

The main question for advice was this:

"What is the character of the decision to be taken by the Council
in virtue of Article, paragraph 2,of the Treaty of Lausanne - is it
an arbitral award, a recommendation or a simple mediation?" (Ihid.,

P. 6.)
In other words, failing a consensual determination of the boundary
between Turkey and Iraq, which was to be made by Turkey and Great
Britain within nine months, could the Council of the League of Nations

itself determine the boundary? Or could it only make a recommendation
or act by way of mediation?
The Court was of opinion that
"the intention of the Parties was. bymeans of recourse to the Coun-

cil, to insure a definitive and binding solution of the dispute which
might arise between them, namely, the final determination of the
frontier" (ihid p.,19).

The first supporting reason which the Court gave was that Article 3 of
the Treaty, as it clearly stated, "intended to Iuy down the frontier of Tur-
key from the Mediterranean to Persia" (original emphasis). As between
the two undisputed terminal points thus established by the Treaty itself,
the frontier necessarily had to be "continuous and definitive". It could be
neither continuous nor definitive if any gaps left by failure of Turkey and

Great Britain to agree on its course here and there could not be filled by
a determination made by the Council. It was in these circumstances that
the Court said:

"Not only are the terms used ('lay down',,fiucr, ck;irrtnit7er),only
to be explained by an intention to establish a situation which would
be definitive, but, furthermore, the very nature of a frontier and of
any convention designed to establish frontiers between two countries imports that a frontier must constitute a definite boundary line
throughout its length." (P.C.I.J., Series B. No. 12,p. 20.)

These remarks were directed to ascertaining the character of the func-
tion which fell to be performed by the Council of the League of Nations.
They were not intended to suggest that every frontier agreement between
parties was to be presumed to extend to the entirety of their adjacent ter-

ritories. The Court was not concerned with any question as to what was
the overall length of the agreed boundary. It was merely concerned with
the mechanism for ensuring that,throughout its undisputed length, "From
the Mediterranean to the frontier of Persia", the frontier should be
definitive and continuous. This explains the terminal words "that a fron-
tier must constitute a definite boundary line throughout its length", Le.,

throughout whatever that length was under the agreement providing for
the fixing of the frontier. In other words, the case was not about overall
length, but about gaps within an undisputed overall length. By contrast,
the issue here concerns not gaps within an overall length, but overall
length itself: did this, or did this not, include the specific and very long
frontier between Libya and Chad?

Nor is the foregoing reasoning at variance with the Jaicorzina, also
cited by Chad. There three pieces of territory were in dispute between
Poland and Czechoslovakia. The settlement procedures involved a Deci-
sion given on 27 September 1919by the Supreme Council of the Principal
Allied and Associated Powers acting under enabling treaty provisions.
The Decision delimited the three territories with a view to the settlement

of the dispute through the holding of a plebiscite. The plebiscite was not
held and recourse had to be made to other settlement procedures. Poland
contended that the delimitation lost al1value once it had been decided to
abandon the plebiscite. Distinguishing between the delimitation as a first
step in the application of the settlement procedures and the remainder of
the settlement procedures, the Permanent Court of International Justice

held

"that the Decision of September 27th, 1919,determined once and for
al1the territories in dispute and that the successive decisions taken
with a view to the settlement of this very dispute must be considered
as relating to the territories thus determined" (P.C.I.J., Series B,
No. 8, p. 23).

Poland did not deny that the Decision of 27 September 1919 effected a

delimitation; the issue which it raised was whether that delimitation was
still in force. To resolve this point, the 1919 Decision could be helpfully
construed on a footing consistent with the principle of stability of bound-
aries. Here, by contrast, Libya is not raising any question as to the con-
tinuance in force of a boundary agreement, if there was one; it is saying
that there was simply no boundary agreement. The Jaiilorzinadoes nothelp to answer the question raised by Libya as to whether the 1955
Treaty was a boundary treaty in relation to its southern territories.

More to the point is the Monastery at Saint-Naoutn, in which the Per-
manent Court of International Justice found that the London decision of

11 August 1913 had fixed certain parts of the Albanian frontier, but not
the part relating to the frontier in the region of Saint-Naoum, which it
found "had indeed remained undetermined . . ." (P.C.I.J., SerirsB, No. 9,
p. 20).In reaching that conclusion the Court did not seek to beg the ques-
tion by commencing the task of interpretation on the basis that the prin-
ciple of stability of boundaries required the decision of11 August 1913 to
be interpreted as having been intended to fix al1of the frontiers of Alba-

nia. Had it started out with any such presupposition, its conclusion might
well have been different.
This understanding of the case-law is not at variance with the obser-
vation of this Court in the Ternplr of Prruh Viheur:

"In general, when two countries establish a frontier between them,
one of the primary objects is to achieve stability and finality.(I.C.J.
Reports 1962, p. 34.)

The principle of stability of frontiers applies "when two countries estab-
lish a frontier between them". Libya says that France and Libya made no
agreement establishing any frontier between Libya and Chad. It is only
after it has been proved that Libya and France did make an agreement
establishing such a frontier that the principle of stability of frontiers will

apply. It will then apply so as to give due effect to the agreement estab-
lishing the frontier, and not in proof of the existence of the agreement.
Also, in the Terîzplof Preuh Vilzrur the question was, not what was the
overall length of the boundary, but where was the boundary in a specific
sector of its agreed overall length. The observation of the Court quoted
above is not the same thing as saying:

"In general, when two countries establish a frontier between them,
one of the primary objects is that it shall extend throughout al1 of
their adjacent territories."

If there are elements which show that a treaty was intended to achieve
a comprehensive delimitation, they can be taken into account to the
extent admissible in the course of applying the normal canons of treaty

interpretation, without the need to encumber the process of interpreta-
tion with any presupposition that the principle of stability of boundaries
requires the treaty to be interpreted as intended to achieve a comprehen-
sive delimitation. It is easy to think of cases in which the adjoining areas
are so extensive as to make it both practical and sensible for parties to
agree a boundary for some particular sector only. It would introduce an
unnecessary complication if such an agreement had to be construed onthe basis of a presumption that the boundary was intended to be com-
prehensive. The other legal authorities cited by counsel for Chad do not
overthrow this conclusion and 1do not propose to deal with them.
The principle of stability of boundaries isa valuable one. But where, as
here, itis invoked in relation to a boundary said to be fixedby treaty, its
proper use is in the interpretation and application of the treaty if it exists,
andnot in proof of the existence of the treaty. Apart from questions con-
cerning the course of an agreed boundary in particular sectors, the prin-
ciple may no doubt assist in resolving a question as to the precise location
of the end-points of an agreed boundary; but, where the distances are on
the scale ofthose involved in this case, it isnot credible to assert that the
argument is about the precise location of an end-point of an agreed
boundary. The question raised by Libya is one asto whether there is any
agreement establishing any boundary at al1between its territory and that

of Chad. The principle of stability of boundariescannot be used to prove
the existence of the contested agreement; that proof must be made in
other ways.

As it happens, it is clear that there is a treaty relating to the boundary
between Libya and Chad. This is because, as mentioned above, the text
of the 1955Treaty shows that the parties to the Treaty intended to estab-
lish a complete delimitation as between Libya and al1adjacent French
territories, including the territory of Chad. It is neither relevant nor
necessary to import the principle of stability of boundaries to reach that
conclusion; the normal principles of treaty interpretation suffice. To
adapt the words used by Charles De Visscher on the subject of extensive
or restrictive interpretations, to begin with a presumption that every
boundary treaty is intended to be territorially comprehensive "c'estantici-
per sur les résultats du travail interprétatif. . ."(Charles De Visscher,
Problèmes d'interprktution judiciaire endroit international public, 1963,

p. 87).

(Signrd) Mohamed SHAHAHUDDEEN.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE SHAHABUDDEEN

The case at bar recalls a world now left behind. In telling flashes, it
illuminates an age when international law tended to develop as a legal
construct supportive of the global projection of the power of a single

region; when in important respects it was both fashioned and adminis-
tered by leading members of a select community; when that community,
by itself called the international community, bore little resemblance to
the world as it then stood, and even less to the world as it stands today.
The record of the Court speaks of those days; it is not easy to recover the
various standpoints of the period. Both Parties, however, correctly
accepted that the legal manners of the times were not on trial. Thus, if it
were necessary to examine some of the issues bequeathed by the past to
the present, itis possible that it is the law as it then was which would still
govern.
As it has turned out, there is no need to do so. This is because, inter-
esting and important as those issues are, they stand foreclosed by the
answer which the Court has returned to what both sides agreed was the
threshold question, that is to say, whether the boundary claimed by Chad
is supported by the 1955Franco-Libyan Treaty. The Court's answer is, 1
think, inevitable. It results from the application of the normal principles

of interpretation to the wording of Article 3 of the Treaty, as set out in
paragraph 39 of the Judgment. The first part of the Article, up to the
words "on the other", necessarily implies that the Parties(Chad claiming
through France) recognize the existence of frontiers separating al1of the
territory of Libya from al1of the French territories mentioned, inclusive
of the territory ofChad. As to what those frontiers are, the Article refers
the reader to the international instruments listed in Annex 1 to the
Treaty. Absent compelling reasons to the contrary, those instruments
must accordingly be construed so as to produce a comprehensive defini-
tion of the frontiers, including a frontier separating the territory of Libya
from the territory ofChad, consistently with the above-mentioned recog-
nition, impliedly made by the Parties, that frontiers exist in relation to
such territories.

A difficulty which 1 do, however, have concerns the principle of stabil-
ity of boundaries, to which the Judgment refers: is the principle germane
to the issue whether the 1955 Treaty can be considered to be a treaty

establishing a boundary between Libya and Chad? The principle (by
whatever name called) is of wide application in the field of boundary
delimitation. Its utility is clear in considering the question, examined in
paragraph 72 of the Judgment, concerning the permanence of a bound- OPINION IhlDIVIDUELLE DE M. SHAHABUDDEEN

La présenteaffaire rappelle un ordre mondial aujourd'hui révolu.En
traits éloquents, elle éclaire uneépoque où le développement du droit
international tendait ril'édificationd'un systèmejuridique étayantla pro-
jection au niveau mondial de la puissance d'une seule région,où, à des
égards importants, ce droit étaità la fois façonnéet administrépar des
membres influents d.'une communauté fermée,où celle-ci, la soi-disant
communauté internationale, ressemblait peu au monde d'alors, et moins
encore au monde actuel. C'est cette époque qu'évoquele dossier de la
Cour. Il n'est pas facile de retrouver les différentspoints de vue qui exis-
taient alors. Les deux Parties ont néanmoins admis, a juste titre, qu'il ne

s'agissait pas dejuger les mŒursjuridiques de ce temps-lri. Ainsi, peut-
êtreest-ce le droit de l'époquequi resterait déterminant s'il étaitnéces-
saire d'examiner un certain nombre de problèmes héritésdu passé.
En l'occurrence, cela n'est pas nécessaire.En effet, si intéressants et
importantsque soienitces problèmes, ilssetrouvent écartéspar la réponse
que la Cour a donnée à la question reconnue par les deux Parties comme
liminaire: celle desa.voirsi la frontière revendi1,éeDar le Tchad trouve
un fondement dans le traitéfranco-libyen de 1955.La réponse de laCour
est Amon sens inéluctable.Elle résultede l'application des principes ordi-
naires d'interprétation au libelléde l'article du traité,tel qu'énoncéau

paragraphe 39 de I'a.rrêt. a première partie de l'article, jusqu'aux mots
((d'autre partn,implique nécessairementla reconnaissance par les Parties
(le Tchad par l'intermédiairede la France) de l'existence de frontières
séparanttout le territoire de la Libye detous les territoires français men-
tionnés,notamment une frontière séparant le territoire du Tchad. Quant
Asavoir où passent ces frontières, l'article renvoie le lecteur aux instru-
mentsinternationaux énumérés à l'annexe 1 du traité.En l'absencede rai-
sons imdratives d'effet contraire. ces instruments doivent donc être
interpré;ésde telle manière qu'ils fournissent une définitionexhaustive
des frontières, yconipris une frontière séparant le territoire de la Libye
du territoire du Tchad, conformément Ala reconnaissance implicite par

les Parties,mentionn.éeplus haut, du fait que des frontièresexistent en ce
qui concerne tous ces territoires.
Une difficultése pose néanmoinsen ce qui concerne le principe de la
stabilitédes frontières, auquel l'arrêtse réfère:ce principe s'applique-t-il
à la question de savoir si le traitéde 1955peut êtreconsidérécomme un
traité établissant une frontière entre la Libye et le Tchad? Ce principe
(quel que soit lenom qu'on lui donne) est d'application généraledans le
domaine de la délimitation des frontières.Son utilité est évidentepour
l'examen de la question, abordée au paragraphe 72 de l'arrêt,de la per-ary established by treaty. But how far, if at all, does it aid in resolving a
problem of interpretation as to whether a treaty can be considered to be
a treaty establishing aspecific boundary, and more especially a boundary
of substantial length as in this case? As is pointed out in paragraph 46 of

the Judgment, the use of the word "frontiers" in the plural in Article 3 of
the 1955 Treaty is

"to be explained by the fact that there were differences of legal status
between the various territories bordering on Libya for whose inter-
national relations France was at the time responsible, and their
respective frontiers had been delimited by different agreements".

1 agree with the Court that that provision of the 1955Treaty is neverthe-
less to be interpreted as meaning that it was "aimed at settling al1 the
frontier questions, and not just some of them". The one small question
which occurs to my mind is whether the principle of stability of bound-

aries helps to establish that interpretation (see paragraphs 47 and 48 of
the Judgment).
The operation of the principle in this case has to be considered within
the framework of the Court's Judgment, which rests on the 1955Treaty,
and not on effectivitésor any other ground. Libya accepts that the 1955
Treaty is a boundary treaty as to some parts of its territory, but not as to

all; in particular, it denies that the Treaty was intended to establish a
boundary between its territory and that of Chad. That is the short issue
before the Court: did the 1955 Treaty in one way or another establish
such a boundary? It could only do so if it was intended to settle compre-
hensively the boundary between Libya and al1 adjacent French territo-
ries, which then of course included the territory of Chad. So the real

question presented by recourse to the principle of stability of boundaries
in proof of that proposition is whether the principle creates a presump-
tion that a boundary treaty is intended to settle comprehensively al1the
boundaries between the contracting parties (see CR 93132, pp. 18-20
and 31, Professor Cot, for Chad; and cf. CR 93/27, p. 29, Sir Ian Sinclair,
Q.C., for Libya).

The principle of stability of boundaries, as it applies to a boundary
fixed by agreement, hinges on there being an agreement for the establish-
ment of a boundary; it comes into play only after the existence of such an
agreement is established and is directed to giving proper effect to the
agreement. It does not operate to bring into existence a boundary agree-
ment where there was none. Libya says that the 1955 Treaty was not a
boundary treaty as between its territory and that of chad; that, in

effect, it made no boundary agreement relating to the territory of Chad.
It begs the question so raised to seek to answer it by pleading the prin-
ciple that parties to a boundary agreement are presumed to intend to
establish a definite. complete and continuous boundary. Parties to what
boundary agreement? Whether there was ever such an agreement is
itself the issue.manence d'une frontière établiepar traité. Mais peut-il, et si oui dans
quelle mesure, contribuer à la solution d'un problème d'interprétation
sur le point de savoir si un traitépeut êtreconsidérécomme un traité éta-
blissant une frontière donnée, et plus spécialementune frontière d'une
longueur substantielle comme dans la p-esente espèce?Comme la Cour le
relèveau paragraphe: 46 de son arrêt,l'utilisation du mot«frontières)>au
plurielà l'article 3 du traitéde 1955

((s'explique par le fait que les divers territoires limitrophes de la
Libye dont la France assumait à l'époqueles relations internatio-
nales avaient des statuts juridiques différentset que leurs frontières
respectives avaient étédélimitéespar des accords distincts)).

Je pense cotnme la Cour que cette disposition du traitéde 1955doit néan-
moins êtreinterpréteecomme «ayant pour but de réglertoutes les ques-
tions de frontières et pas seulement certaines d'entre elles». La seule
petite question qui rne vient à l'esprit est de savoir si le principe de la
stabilitédes frontièri:~contribueà établircette interprétation (voir para-
graphes 47 et 48 de Il'arrêt).
En l'espèce,le rôle de ce principe doit êtreexaminédans le cadre de
l'arrêtde la Cour, lequel se fonde sur le traité de 1955, et non sur des

effectivitésni sur quelque autre motif. La Libye admet que le traité
de 1955est un traitéfrontalier quant àcertaines parties de son territoire,
mais non pour sa totalité; elle nie en particulier que le traité ait viséi
établirune frontière entre son territoire et celui du Tchad. Telle est donc
brièvement la question dont est saisie la Cour: le traité de 1955 a-t-il,
d'une façon ou d'unieautre, établi une telle frontière? II ne pouvait le
faire que s'ilvisait réglerde façon exhaustive la frontièreentre la Libye
et la totalité des territoires français adjacents, qui l'époquecompre-
naient bien sûr celui du Tchad. La vraie question que pose l'invocation du
principe de lastabilit12des frontièriil'appui de cette position est donc de
savoir si de ce principe découle une présomptionselon laquelle un traité
frontalier viseà réglerde manière exhaustive la totalité des frontières
entre les parties contractantes (voir CR 93132,p. 18-20 et 31, M. Cot,

pour le Tchad, et CF:93127,p. 29, sir Ian Sinclair, Q.C., pour la Libye).
Le principe de la stabilité des frontières,tel qu'il s'appliquee fron-
tièrefixéeconventiorinellement, s'articule sur l'existenced'un accord aux
finsde délimitationd'une frontière; il n'intervient qu'aprèsque cette exis-
tence a été établieet il viseà donner l'effet voulu à I'accord. Il n'a pas
pour effet de faire naître un accord frontalier là où il n'y en a pas. La
Libye affirme que le traitéde 1955n'était pasun traitéfrontalier s'agis-
sant de son territoire et de celui du Tchad et au'en fait elle n'a conclu
aucun accord frontalier relatif au territoire du Tchad. Tenter de répondre
à la question ainsi posée enarguant que les partiesà un accord frontalier
sont présuméesavoir voulu établirune frontièredéfinie,complèteet inin-
terrompue est une pétitionde principe. Les parties àquel accord fronta-
lier? Le problème est précisémentde savoir s'il y a jamais eu un tel
accord. In Sovereignty over Certain Frontier Land the Court first noted the
existence of the Convention of 8 August 1843,and in particular the pre-
amble thereof which recorded the common intention of the two States
"to fix and regulate al1 that relates to the demarcation of the frontier
between" them (I.C.J. Reports 1959, p. 221). It was in the light of the
existence of this agreement for comprehensive demarcation of the fron-
tier between the two kingdoms that the Court proceeded to consider the
question whether the Mixed Boundary Commission established by the
Convention could properly leave in suspense the issue of the right of
either party to certain plots of land. An affirmative answer was excluded,

as it would leave undemarcated part of the territory which the Conven-
tion required to be demarcated. The situation here is different: Libya
denies that any agreement exists for the delimitation of its territory from
that of Chad, let alone any agreement for demarcation.

Paragraph 47 of the Judgment quotes from the Advisory Opinion of
the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Interpretation of
Article 3, Paragruph2, of'the Treuty ef Lausunnecase the words:

"It is. ..natural that any urticledesignedt0Ji.uafrontier should, if
possible, be so interpreted that the result of thepplicationof its pro-
visions in their entirety should be the establishment of a precise,
complete and definitive frontier." (P.C.I.J., SeriesB, No. 12, p. 20;
emphasis added.)

The second part of that statement, relating to "the establishment of a pre-
cise,complete and definitive frontier", turns on the words in the first part
"any article designed to fix a frontier"; it relates to thepplicationof the
provisions of an article which is designed to fix a frontier. It is only if it
is first established that the article is "designed to fix a frontier" that the
principle of stability of boundaries, referred to in the second part, begins
to operate. The question here is whether Article 3 of the 1955Treaty was
an "article designed to fix a frontier" between Libya and Chad; the
second part of the statement concerningthe principle of stabilityof bound-
aries does not help to answer that preliminary question. On the contrary,
that question must first be answered, and answered in the affirmative,
before the principle can come into play.
To invoke the principle of stability of boundaries where the issue is
whether the 1955Treaty was a treaty which was intended to establish a
boundary between Libya and Chad is really to make it Say that every
boundary treaty is to be interpreted as intended to delimit the entirety of
the adjoining territories of the Parties. The Treaty of Lausannecase does
not say that. There, Article 3, paragraph 2, of the Treaty read:

"From the Mediterranean to the frontier of Persia, the frontier of
Turkey is laid down as follows:

(1) With Syria: DIFFÉREIVD TERRITORIAL (OP. IND. SHAHABUDDEEN) 46

Dans l'affaire relative à la Souveruinetl sur certainesparcellesfrontu-
liPres,la Cour a d'abord relevé l'existence de laconvention du 8 août 1843

et, notamment, le préambule de celle-ci qui relatait l'intention commune
des deux Etats de «régler et arrêter tout ce qui a rapport à la délimita-
tion)) entre eux (C.I.J. Recueil 1959,p. 221). C'est au vu de l'existence de
cet accord qui visait aune délimitation exhaustive de la frontière entre les
deux royaumes que la Cour a abordé la question de savoir si la commis-
sion mixte de délimitation établiepar la convention pouvait légitimement
laisser en suspens la détermination de l'appartenance à l'une ou l'autre

partie de certaines parcelles. Une réponse par l'affirmative a étéexclue,
car elle aurait laissénon délimitéeune partie du territoire qui devait être
délimitéeaux termes de la convention. Dans le cas présent, la situation
est différente: la Lilbyenie qu'il existe un quelconque accord de délimi-
tation entre son territoire et celui du Tchad, et à plus forte raison un
accord de démarcation.
Au paragraphe 47, l'arrêt citele passage suivant de l'avis consultatif

rendu par la Cour permanente de Justice internationale dans l'affaire de
I'Irzterprétutiordze lirrti3,rpurugruph(~2. (lu truitéde Luusunnc:
(<ilest naturel que tout article destiné à fixer une ,frontiPresoit, si

possible. interprétéde telle sorte que, par son application intégrale,
une frontière précise,complète et définitive soit obtenue.)) (C.P.J.I.
.st;rieBri"12, p. 20; les italiques sont de moi.)

La seconde partie de cette affirmation, ayant trait a ce qu'«une frontière
précise, complète i:t définitive soit obtenue)) s'appuie sur les mots
employésdans la première partie, A savoir ((tout article destiné à fixer une
frontière)); elle concernel'upplicutiondes dispositions d'un article destiné
à fixer une frontière. Ce n'est que si l'on établit d'abord que l'article est

«destiné à fixer une frontière)) que le principe de la stabilité des fron-
tières, visédans la seconde partie. intervient. La question est donc de sa-
voir si l'article 3 du imitéde 1955étaitun «article destinéà fixer une fron-
tière))entre la Libye et le Tchad; le second membre de phrase concernant
le principe de la stabilité des frontières ne permet pas de répondre à cette
question préliminaire. Au contraire, le principe ne pourra jouer qu'après
que cette question aura reçu une réponse, et une réponse affirmative.
Invoquer le principe de la stabilité des frontières, alors qu'il s'agit de

savoir si le traité de 1955 était destiné à établir une frontiere entre la
Libye et le Tchad, rl-vient en fait à lui faire dire que tout traité frontalier
doit être interprété commevisant à délimiter l'intégralité desterritoires
contigus des parties. Or, ce n'est pas le sens de l'avis consultatif rendu
dans l'affaire du Traitéde Luu.sunnc. Dans cette affaire, le paragraphe 2
de l'article 3 du traité était ainsi libellé:

«De la mer Méditerranéeà la frontière de Perse, la frontiere de la
Turquie est fixéecomme il suit:

1"Avec la Syrie :47 TERRITORIAL DISPUTE (SEP.OP. SHAHABUDDEEN)

The frontier described in Article 8 of the Franco-Turkish Agree-

ment of October 20th, 1921;
(2) With Iraq:

The frontier between Turkey and Iraq shall be laid down in
friendly arrangement to be concluded between Turkey and Great
Britain within nine months.
In the event of no agreement being reached between the two Gov-
ernments within the time mentioned, the dispute shall be referred to
the Council of the League of Nations.

The Turkish and British Governments reciprocally undertake that,
pending the decision to be reached on the subject of the frontier, no
military or other movement shall take place which might modify in
any way the present stateof the territories of which the final fate will
depend upon that decision." (P.C.I.J.,Series B, No. 12, pp. 18-19.)

The main question for advice was this:

"What is the character of the decision to be taken by the Council
in virtue of Article, paragraph 2,of the Treaty of Lausanne - is it
an arbitral award, a recommendation or a simple mediation?" (Ihid.,

P. 6.)
In other words, failing a consensual determination of the boundary
between Turkey and Iraq, which was to be made by Turkey and Great
Britain within nine months, could the Council of the League of Nations

itself determine the boundary? Or could it only make a recommendation
or act by way of mediation?
The Court was of opinion that
"the intention of the Parties was. bymeans of recourse to the Coun-

cil, to insure a definitive and binding solution of the dispute which
might arise between them, namely, the final determination of the
frontier" (ihid p.,19).

The first supporting reason which the Court gave was that Article 3 of
the Treaty, as it clearly stated, "intended to Iuy down the frontier of Tur-
key from the Mediterranean to Persia" (original emphasis). As between
the two undisputed terminal points thus established by the Treaty itself,
the frontier necessarily had to be "continuous and definitive". It could be
neither continuous nor definitive if any gaps left by failure of Turkey and

Great Britain to agree on its course here and there could not be filled by
a determination made by the Council. It was in these circumstances that
the Court said:

"Not only are the terms used ('lay down',,fiucr, ck;irrtnit7er),only
to be explained by an intention to establish a situation which would
be definitive, but, furthermore, the very nature of a frontier and of
any convention designed to establish frontiers between two countries La frontière définie dans l'article 8 de l'accord franco-turc du
20 octobre 1921.
2" Avec l'Irak :

La frontière entre la Turquie et l'Irak sera déterminéeà l'amiable
entre la Turquie et la Grande-Bretagne dans un délaide neuf mois.

A défaut d'accord entre les deux gouvernements dans le délai
prévu,le litige sera porté devant le Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations.

Les Gouvernements turc et britannique s'engagent réciproque-
ment à ce que,en attendant la décisionà prendre au sujet de la fron-
tière, il ne sera procédé a aucun mouvement militaire ou autre,
de nature à apporter un changement quelconque dans l'état actuel
des territoires dont le sort définitif dépendra de cette décision.))
(C.P.J.I.séri e no 12, p. 18-19.)

La principale question sur laquelle l'avis de la Cour étaitsollicitéétaitla
suivante :

«Quelle est la nature de la décision à prendre par le Conseil en
vertu de l'article3,paragraphe 2,du traité de Lausanne (sentence
arbitrale, recornmandation ou simple médiation)?)) (Ibid.,p. 6.)

En d'autres termes, a défaut d'une détermination de la frontière entre la
Turquie et l'Irak, (opérée d'un commun accord entre la Turquie et la
Grande-Bretagne diins un délaide neuf mois, le Conseil de la Sociétédes
Nations pouvait-il lui-mêmedéterminer la frontière? Ou pouvait-il seu-

lement faire une recommandation ou agir par voie de médiation?
La Cour a été d'iivis que
«les Parties ont voulu, au moyen du recours au Conseil, assurer une
solution définitive et obligatoire du litige qui pourrait venir à les

séparer,c'est-A-dire ladétermination définitivede la frontière)) (ibill.,
p. 19).
Le premier motif sur lequel la Cour a fondé son avis étaitque l'article 3

du traité, comme il l'énonceclairement, «a pour but dej.~er. la frontière
de la Turquie, de la mer Méditerranée à la Perse)) (les italiques sont dans
l'original). Entre les deux points terminaux non contestésainsi établispar
le traité lui-même,il fallait nécessairement que la frontière fût ((ininter-
rompue [et]définitive)).Or. elle ne pouvait êtreni ininterrompue ni défi-
nitive si des intervalles dusa l'absence d'accord entre la Turquie et la
Grande-Bretagne sur son tracé ici ou là ne pouvaient être combléspar

une décisiondu Conseil. C'est dans ces conditions que la Cour a dit:
((Non seulement les termes employés (fier, ~lktermincr)ne s'ex-
pliquent que par une intention d'établir une situation définitive;
mais ilrésulteencore de la nature mêmed'une frontière et de toute

convention destinéeà établir les frontières entre deux pays, qu'une imports that a frontier must constitute a definite boundary line
throughout its length." (P.C.I.J., Series B. No. 12,p. 20.)

These remarks were directed to ascertaining the character of the func-
tion which fell to be performed by the Council of the League of Nations.
They were not intended to suggest that every frontier agreement between
parties was to be presumed to extend to the entirety of their adjacent ter-

ritories. The Court was not concerned with any question as to what was
the overall length of the agreed boundary. It was merely concerned with
the mechanism for ensuring that,throughout its undisputed length, "From
the Mediterranean to the frontier of Persia", the frontier should be
definitive and continuous. This explains the terminal words "that a fron-
tier must constitute a definite boundary line throughout its length", Le.,

throughout whatever that length was under the agreement providing for
the fixing of the frontier. In other words, the case was not about overall
length, but about gaps within an undisputed overall length. By contrast,
the issue here concerns not gaps within an overall length, but overall
length itself: did this, or did this not, include the specific and very long
frontier between Libya and Chad?

Nor is the foregoing reasoning at variance with the Jaicorzina, also
cited by Chad. There three pieces of territory were in dispute between
Poland and Czechoslovakia. The settlement procedures involved a Deci-
sion given on 27 September 1919by the Supreme Council of the Principal
Allied and Associated Powers acting under enabling treaty provisions.
The Decision delimited the three territories with a view to the settlement

of the dispute through the holding of a plebiscite. The plebiscite was not
held and recourse had to be made to other settlement procedures. Poland
contended that the delimitation lost al1value once it had been decided to
abandon the plebiscite. Distinguishing between the delimitation as a first
step in the application of the settlement procedures and the remainder of
the settlement procedures, the Permanent Court of International Justice

held

"that the Decision of September 27th, 1919,determined once and for
al1the territories in dispute and that the successive decisions taken
with a view to the settlement of this very dispute must be considered
as relating to the territories thus determined" (P.C.I.J., Series B,
No. 8, p. 23).

Poland did not deny that the Decision of 27 September 1919 effected a

delimitation; the issue which it raised was whether that delimitation was
still in force. To resolve this point, the 1919 Decision could be helpfully
construed on a footing consistent with the principle of stability of bound-
aries. Here, by contrast, Libya is not raising any question as to the con-
tinuance in force of a boundary agreement, if there was one; it is saying
that there was simply no boundary agreement. The Jaiilorzinadoes not DIFFÉREIVD TERRITORIAL (OP. IND. SHAHABUDDEEN) 48

frontière doit êtreune délimitation précisedans toute son étendue. ))
(C.P.J.I. .@ri e3no 12, p. 20.)

Ces remarques visaient à définirla nature de la fonction qui incombait
au Conseil de la Société desNations, et non à accréditer l'idéeque tout
accord frontalier entre les Parties devait être résumé s'étendreà I'inté-
gralité de leurs territoires contigus. Le souci de la Cour n'était pas de
savoir quelle était la longueur totale de la frontière convenue. Il ne con-

cernait que le mécai~ismedestinéà garantir que, dans toute son étendue
incontestée, «de la rner Méditerranéeà la frontière de Perse)), la frontière
soit définitiveet ininterrompue. C'est ce qui explique le dernier membre
de phrase ((qu'une frontière doit êtreune délimitation précisedans toute
son étendue)), c'est-à-dire sur toute l'étendue, quelle qu'ellesoit, viséepar
l'accord stipulant la fixation de la frontière. En d'autres termes, la ques-

tion ne portait pas sur I'étenduetotale, mais sur des interruptions dans
une étendue totale incontestée. A l'inverse, la question qui se pose en I'es-
pèceconcerne non des brèchesdans une longueur totale, mais la longueur
totale elle-même:celle-ci comprenait-elle ou non la frontière particulière
et très lonuue entre la Libve et le Tchad?
Le raisonnement qui précèdene contredit pas non plus l'arrêt rendu

dans l'affaire de Jl.ritlor:ina,que le Tchad cite également. Dans cette
affaire, trois parcelles de territoire faisaient l'objet d'un litige entre la
Pologne et la Tchécoslovaquie. Les procédures de règlement mettaient en
jeu une décision rendue le 27 septembre 1919 par le conseil suprêmedes
principales puissanc:es alliées etassociées, agissant en vertu de disposi-
tions conventionnelles l'habilitant à cet effet. Par sa décision, le conseil

suprêmedélimitait les trois territoires en vue d'un plébiscite qu'il était
prévud'organiser pour réglerle différend.Le plébisciten'eut pas lieu et il
fallut recourirrid'autres procédures de règlement. La Pologne soutenait
que la délimitation perdait toute valeur dès lors que l'on avait renoncé
au plébiscite. Etablissant une distinction entre la délimitation comme
première étape de l'application des procédures de règlement et le reste

de ces procédures, la Cour permanente de Justice internationale a
déclaré

«que la décisiondu 27 septembre 1919a fixé,une fois pour toutes, les
territoires contestés, et que les décisionssuccessives, rendues en vue
du règlement du mêmedifférend, doivent êtreconsidéréescomme se
rapportant aux territoires ainsi délimités)) (C.P.J.I. série B n" 8,
p. 23).

La Pologne ne niait pas que la décisiondu 27 septembre 1919eût opéré
une délimitation; le problème qu'elle posait était de savoir si cette déli-

mitation étaittoujoi~rsen vigueur. Pour résoudrece problème, la décision
de 1919pouvait utilement êtreinterprétéesur une base compatible avec le
principe de la stabilité des frontières. Dans la présente affaire, au con-
traire, la Libye ne ,soulèveaucune question relative à la pérennitéd'un
accord frontalier, s'il en existait un; la Libye dit qu'il n'y avait tout sim-help to answer the question raised by Libya as to whether the 1955
Treaty was a boundary treaty in relation to its southern territories.

More to the point is the Monastery at Saint-Naoutn, in which the Per-
manent Court of International Justice found that the London decision of

11 August 1913 had fixed certain parts of the Albanian frontier, but not
the part relating to the frontier in the region of Saint-Naoum, which it
found "had indeed remained undetermined . . ." (P.C.I.J., SerirsB, No. 9,
p. 20).In reaching that conclusion the Court did not seek to beg the ques-
tion by commencing the task of interpretation on the basis that the prin-
ciple of stability of boundaries required the decision of11 August 1913 to
be interpreted as having been intended to fix al1of the frontiers of Alba-

nia. Had it started out with any such presupposition, its conclusion might
well have been different.
This understanding of the case-law is not at variance with the obser-
vation of this Court in the Ternplr of Prruh Viheur:

"In general, when two countries establish a frontier between them,
one of the primary objects is to achieve stability and finality.(I.C.J.
Reports 1962, p. 34.)

The principle of stability of frontiers applies "when two countries estab-
lish a frontier between them". Libya says that France and Libya made no
agreement establishing any frontier between Libya and Chad. It is only
after it has been proved that Libya and France did make an agreement
establishing such a frontier that the principle of stability of frontiers will

apply. It will then apply so as to give due effect to the agreement estab-
lishing the frontier, and not in proof of the existence of the agreement.
Also, in the Terîzplof Preuh Vilzrur the question was, not what was the
overall length of the boundary, but where was the boundary in a specific
sector of its agreed overall length. The observation of the Court quoted
above is not the same thing as saying:

"In general, when two countries establish a frontier between them,
one of the primary objects is that it shall extend throughout al1 of
their adjacent territories."

If there are elements which show that a treaty was intended to achieve
a comprehensive delimitation, they can be taken into account to the
extent admissible in the course of applying the normal canons of treaty

interpretation, without the need to encumber the process of interpreta-
tion with any presupposition that the principle of stability of boundaries
requires the treaty to be interpreted as intended to achieve a comprehen-
sive delimitation. It is easy to think of cases in which the adjoining areas
are so extensive as to make it both practical and sensible for parties to
agree a boundary for some particular sector only. It would introduce an
unnecessary complication if such an agreement had to be construed on DIFFEREND TERRITORIAL (OP.IND.SHAHABUDDEEN) 49

plement pas d'accord frontalier. La jurisprudence de Jaworzinu n'est
d'aucun secours pour résoudre laquestion poséepar la Libye, qui est de
savoir si le traitéde 1955constituait un accord frontalier relativement à
ses territoires méridionaux.
Plus pertinente est l'affaire duonastère deSaint-Naoum, dans laquelle
la Cour permanente de Justice internationale a conclu que la décisionde
Londres du 11août 11913 avait fixécertains segments de la frontière alba-
naise, mais non la partie de la frontière dans la régionde Saint-Naoum,
qui, a-t-elle dit, «était bien restée indécise...)).I. sérieBno 9, p. 20).
Pour parvenir a cette conclusion, la Cour n'a pas tentéde s'appuyer sur

une pétition de principe pour aborder sa tâche d'interprétation en sup-
posant que le principe de la stabilité des frontièresl'obligeaitonsidérer
que la décisiondu II août 1913était destinée à fixer toutes les frontières
de l'Albanie. Si la Cour étaitpartie d'une telle prémisse,sa conclusion
aurait bien DU êtredifférente.
Cette interprétation de la jurisprudence ne contredit pas l'observation
de la Cour dans l'affaire du Tenlplede Prèuh Vihéur:

«D'une manière générale,lorsque deux pays définissententre eux
une frontière,un de leurs principaux objectifs est d'arrêterune solu-
tion stable et définitive.(CI.J. Recueil1962, p. 34.)
Le principe de la stabilité des frontières s'applique((lorsque deux pays
définissententre eux une frontière)).La Libye déclareque la France et la

Libye n'ont conclu aucun accord définissant unefrontière entre la Libye
et le Tchad. Ce n'est qu'après qu'il aura été prouvé que la Libye et la
France ont effectivement conclu un accord définissantune telle frontière
que le principe de la stabilitédes frontières s'appliquera.l s'appliquera
alors de manière à donner l'effetvoulu à l'accord définissantla frontière,
et non pour prouver l'existencede l'accord. Dans l'affaire du Temple de
PréuhViliéurégalement, ils'agissait non pas de savoir quelle était la lon-
gueur totale de la frontière, mais de son tracédans un secteur particulier
de sa longueur totale convenue. L'observation de la Cour citée ci-dessus
ne revient pas ridire:

«D'une manilire générale,lorsque deux pays définissententre eux
une frontière, uinde leurs principaux objectifs est que cette frontière
suive toute l'étenduede leurs territoires contigus.

S'ilexiste des élémentsqui prouvent qu'un traitéétait destinéa réaliser
une délimitation complète, on peut en tenir compte dans la mesure
admissible lors de l'application des règlesnormales d'interprétation des
traités; il n'est pas pour autant nécessaired'alourdir le processus d'inter-
prétation en présuplposantque le principe de la stabilité des frontières
impose de considérer que le traité visait à une délimitation totale. On
peut aisément imaginer des cas dans lesquels les zones contiguës sont si
vastes qu'il està la fois pratique et raisonnable pour les parties de con-
venir d'une frontière pour un secteur donnéuniquement. On introduirait
d'inutiles complicatiions si l'on devait fonder l'interprétation d'un telthe basis of a presumption that the boundary was intended to be com-
prehensive. The other legal authorities cited by counsel for Chad do not
overthrow this conclusion and 1do not propose to deal with them.
The principle of stability of boundaries isa valuable one. But where, as
here, itis invoked in relation to a boundary said to be fixedby treaty, its
proper use is in the interpretation and application of the treaty if it exists,
andnot in proof of the existence of the treaty. Apart from questions con-
cerning the course of an agreed boundary in particular sectors, the prin-
ciple may no doubt assist in resolving a question as to the precise location
of the end-points of an agreed boundary; but, where the distances are on
the scale ofthose involved in this case, it isnot credible to assert that the
argument is about the precise location of an end-point of an agreed
boundary. The question raised by Libya is one asto whether there is any
agreement establishing any boundary at al1between its territory and that

of Chad. The principle of stability of boundariescannot be used to prove
the existence of the contested agreement; that proof must be made in
other ways.

As it happens, it is clear that there is a treaty relating to the boundary
between Libya and Chad. This is because, as mentioned above, the text
of the 1955Treaty shows that the parties to the Treaty intended to estab-
lish a complete delimitation as between Libya and al1adjacent French
territories, including the territory of Chad. It is neither relevant nor
necessary to import the principle of stability of boundaries to reach that
conclusion; the normal principles of treaty interpretation suffice. To
adapt the words used by Charles De Visscher on the subject of extensive
or restrictive interpretations, to begin with a presumption that every
boundary treaty is intended to be territorially comprehensive "c'estantici-
per sur les résultats du travail interprétatif. . ."(Charles De Visscher,
Problèmes d'interprktution judiciaire endroit international public, 1963,

p. 87).

(Signrd) Mohamed SHAHAHUDDEEN.accord sur une présomption selon laquelle la frontière visait à être com-
plète. Les autres pr~tcédentscitéspar le conseil du Tchad ne renversent
pas cette conclusion et je n'entends pas les examiner.
Le principe de la stabilité des frontièresest des plus utiles. Mais lors-
que, comme en l'espèce, il est invoquéau sujet d'une frontière prétendu-
ment fixéepar un traité, il convient de l'employer pour l'interprétationet

l'application du traités'ilexiste, et non pour prouver l'existencedu traité.
Abstraction faite cles problèmes concernant le tracé d'une frontière
convenue dans certains secteurs particuliers, ce principe peut incontesta-
blement aider à résoudreune question quant à I'emplacement précisdes
points terminaux d'une frontière convenue; mais, lorsque les distances
sont à l'échellede c<:llesen cause dans la présenteaffaire, on ne peut pas
soutenir de manièreplausible que le débat porte sur I'emplacement précis
d'un point terminal d'une frontière convenue. La question poséepar la
Libye est de savoir s'ilexiste un quelconque accord établissant une fron-
tièreentre son territoire et celui du Tchad. Le principe de la stabilitédes
frontières ne saurait servir à prouver l'existence de l'accord contesté;

cette preuve doit êtreapportée par d'autres moyens.
En l'occurrence, il est clair qu'il existe un traité relatif aux frontières
entre la Libye et le Tchad, parce que, ainsi qu'on l'a dit plus haut, il res-
sort du texte du traitéde 1955que les parties à ce traité entendaient éta-
blir une délimitation complèteentre la Libye et l'ensemble des territoires
français adjacents,y compris le territoire du Tchad. Il n'est nipertinent ni
nécessaire d'invoqui:r le principe de la stabilitédes frontièrespour parve-
nir à cette conclusion; les principes normaux d'interprétation des traités
suffisent. Pour adapter au présent contexte la formule employée par
Charles De Visscher à propos des interprétations extensives ou restric-
tives, partir d'une présomption selon laquelle tout traitéfrontalier vise

êtreterritorialement exhaustif «c'est anticiper sur les résultatsdu travail
interprétatif.1)(Charles De Visscher, Problknzrsd'intrrprc;tutionjudiciuirr
en droit intrrnutionulpuh/ic,1963,p. 87).

(SignP) Mohamed SHAHARUDDEEN.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Shahabuddeen

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