Dissenting opinion of Judge ad hoc Paolillo

Document Number
127-20031218-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
127-20031218-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

413

DISSENTTNG OPINION OF JUDGE PAOLlLLO

[Trans/at ionJ

Need for the Court 10 venfy compliance with the conditions of admissibility
laid down by Article1 of rhe Stature; no role played by the Parties' vie1vson
thematter ~ isagreemenl aY10rhemain groundfor refection by the Chamber
in the original proceedings on El Sa!vador's clailns in respect of the six.th sector
of the land bmmdary- True ratio decidendiof the 1992 Judgment in respect of
the sixth sector of tite boundary -Befated presentation by Honduras of ifs
argument in thisregard ~mplicit acknowledgment by the Chamher thar docu­

mentmT evidence may constitute "facts" within the meaning of Article 61 of the
Statute - New facts alleged by El Salvador large/y satisfying the t-·onditions
laid down by Article 61 of the Statute- Decisive nature of evidence demon­
s/rating theact of avulsion -Doubts as to the reliability of the copies of the
"Carla E4érica" and the repori of tite brigamEleActiva on which the Cham­
ber based its 1992 decision regarding rhe sixth sector of the land boundary -
No negligence on the part of El Salvador in presenting the new evidence.

L 1 regret that the Chamber has missed the opportunity to declare

admissible, for the first time in the Court's history, an application for
revision which, to my mind, satisfied ali the conditions laid dawn by
Article61 of the Statute of the Court. My disagreement with the majority
of the Chamber îs based on a difference of opinion as to the reasonîng
which led the Chamber hearing the original proceedings in 1992 to rejeet

El Salvador's daims regarding the course of the land boundary between
its territory and that of Honduras in the sixth scctor. l cannat share the
view of a majority of the Chamber's Members on what constituted the
ratio decidendi of the decision rendered by the Chamber in 1992 in
respect of that sector.
2. ln the reasoning of its decision holding El Salvador's Application

for revision inadmissible, the present Chamber maintained that the
material presented by the latteras "new facts" did not constitutc "'deci­
sive factors' in respect of the Judgment which it seeks to have revised"
(paras. 40 and 55), in other words that those facts had no impact on the
ratio decidendi of the Judgment in question. The Chamber reached that

conclusion because it considers that the ratio decidendi in respect of the
sixth sectorof the land boundary between El Salvador and Honduras is
explained in paragraph 312 of the 1992Judgment, in which the Chamber,
referring toEl Salvador's contention that the uti possidetis juris defined
the boundary in that sector as following an old course that the river

Goascoran bad left fo!lowing an avulsion, states that "[i]t is a new daim
and inconsistent with the previons history of the dispute".

25 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (DISS. OP. PAOLILLO) 414

3. Viewed in the general context of the 1992Judgment, this statement,
which follows the detailed reasoning contained in paragraphs 308, 309
and 310 concerning evidence of the phenomenon of avulsion as alleged
by El Salvador, seems to me to be an ancillary argument in relation to the
main ground invoked by the Chamber in 1992 for its rejectîon of El Sal­
vador's daims. This main ground, in my view, was that El Salvador had

been unable to demonstrate that, on a specifie date in the seventeenth
century, the river Goasconin had suddenly changed its course. 1t is this
view of the ratio decidendi of the 1992 Judgment in respect of the sixth
sector of the land boundary- a view that confticts with that of a major­
ityof Members of the present Chamber - which prompts me to draw an
equally different conclusion regarding the admissibility of El Salvador's

Application for revision.
4. I fully agree with the Chamber's statement in paragraph 22 of the
present Judgment that "it isin any event for the Court, when seised of ...
an application (for revision], to ascertain whether the admissibility
requirements laid down in Article 61 of the Statute have been met",

regardless of the parties' views on the matter. ln ascertaining whether
these conditions have been satisfied, the Chamber's assessment will
necessa.rilydepend on the terms of the Judgment whose revision is sought
and the Chamber must act in conformity wîth the findings in that Judg­
ment. This is particularly important for purposes of ascertaining whether
the new facts presented by the party seeking revision are "of such a

nature as to be a decisive factor". That phrase has to be construed
as meaning that, if the facts had been known previously, the Chamber
would have taken a different decision. The new facts must, as noted by
the present Chamber, be '"decisive factors' in respect of the Judgment
which [the Applicant] seeks to have revised" (paras.40 and 55), that is to
say in relation to the ground thal led the Chamber to take its decision

in the original proceedings. Hence, the trickiest part of the process of
considerîng an application for revision of a judgment consists in correct1y
identifying the real ratio decidendi of the judgment. ln the case before
us, the Chamber identified as ratio decidendi of the 1992 Judgment an
observation by the Chamber, to my mind of secondary importance,
relatcd to the previous history of the dispute but not to its object or

to the rights claimed by the Parties.

5.The dispute between the Parties regarding the sixth sector of their
land boundary focused on the course of the boundary on the basis of the
application of the principle of uti possidetis juris to that sectoIn 1992,
the Chamber's sole task consisted in establishing where this boundary

line lay. Should it follow the course of the Goascoran in 1821 (Hondu­
ras's position)or the course of the river prior to the avulsion alleged by
El Salvador? Those were the terms in which the Chamber stated the
problem in 1992. ln the first paragraph of the section of the Judgment
dcaling with the sixth sector, it described the crux of the dispute in very
simple and straightforward terms:

26 AJ'J>LICATION FOR REVISION (DISS. OP. PAOLILLO) 415

"The dispute between the Parties in this sector is simple. Hondu­

ras contends that in 1821 the river Goasconl.n constituted the bound­
ary between the colonial units to which the two States have suc­
ceeded, that there bas been no material change in the course of the
river since 1821,and that the boundary therefore follows the present
stream, Aowing into the Gulf north-west of the Islas Ramaditas in
the Bay of La Union. El Salvador however daims that it is a previ­

ous course fo11owed by the river which defines the boundary, and
that this course, since abandoned by the stream, can be traced, and
it reaches the Gulf at Estero La Cutu." (1992 Judgment, para. 306.)

6. This was the issue that the Chamber bad to resolve with respect to
the sixth sector of the land boundary and which it addressed in the para­
graphs of the Judgment dealing with that sector. ln its description of the
dispute, the Chamber made no reference to the incompatibility of El Sal­
vador's daim with the previous history of the dispute.

7. In its 1992 decision, the Chamber, having examined the evidence
presented by the Parties, rejected El Salvador's daim "[f]or the reasons
set out in the present Judgment, in particular paragraphs 306 to 322
thereof' (para. 430). And the reasons in question were set out clearly in

paragraphs 308 and 309. ln the fom1er it stated that:

"No record of such an abrupt change of course having occurred

bas been brought to the Chamber's attention, but were the Chamber
satisfied that the river's course was earlier so radically different from
its present one, then an avulsion might reasonably be inferred."

ln the latter, itindicated that "[t]here is no scientific evidence that the
previous course of the Goascoran was such that it debouched in the
Estero La Cutu ... ".
8. The ratio decidendi of the decision rendered by the Chamber in

1992 in respect of the sixth sector is in effect contained in paragraphs 308
and 309. The reasoning in the subsequent paragraphs is subject to the
conclusion reached by the Chamber in those two paragraphs regarding
the avulsion alleged by El Salvador. J am convinced that this was also the
Chamber' s perception of the mat ter in 1992, not only because this is what
emerges from its discussion of El Salvador's daim in paragraphs 307 to

321 of its decision but also because the Chamber itself express!y states as
much in paragraph 321. This last part of that paragraph reads as follows:

"Having been unable to accept the contrary submissions of El Sal­
vador as to the o1d course of the Goascoran, and in the absence of
any reasoned contention of El Salvador in favour of a line to the
south-east of the Ramaditas, the Chamber considers that it may

27 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (DISS. OP. PAOULLO) 416

uphold the Honduran submissions in the terms in which they were
presented." (Emphasis added.)

9. AU these passages show that in 1992 the Chamber's reasoning
focused on what constîtuted the crucial - and sole- point of dispute
between the Parties with respect to the sixth sector, namely what was the
course of the Goascoran which, by application of the uti possidetis juris,

detlned the boundary in the sixth sector. As El Salvador was unable to
prove its allegation in the orig1nal proceedings, the Chamber rejected its
daim.
1O. It was only in paragra ph 312 of the Judgmen t, after a relatively
detailed analysis of the extent to which El Salvador had substantiated the

fact of the avulsion, that the Cham ber described El Salvador's daim as
"new ... and inconsistent with the previous history of the dispute". This
briel',isolated and indeed ambiguous statement (what is meant by "incon­
sistent with the previous history of the dispute"?) seems to have been
inserted after the Chamber's discussion of the evidence of El Salvador's
allegations as an additional or supplementary line of argument rather

than a decisive finding in the case.
Yet the Chamber, in paragraph 40 of the present Judgment, asserts
that

"while the Chamber in 1992 rejected El Salvador's daims that the
1821 boundary did not follow the course of the river at that date,
it did so on the basis of that State's conduct during the nineteenth
century'';

it accordingly condudes that
"[e]ven if avulsion were now proved, and even if its legal conse­

quences were those inferred by El Salvador, findings to that effect
would provide no basis for calling into question the decision taken
by the Cham ber in 1992 on wholly different grounds".

ll. As 1 see it, the Chamber, in so stating, overlooks what was said in
paragraphs 308 and 309 of the 1992 Judgment, which suggest, on the
contrary, that if El Salvador had provided the Chamber during the origi­
nal proceedings with satîsfactory evidence of the fact that the Goascoràn
had suddenly changed course by avulsion, the Chamber's decision regard­
ing the sixth sector of the boundary wou1d have been different (see para­

graph 17 be1ow).
12. Ifthe ground for the Chamber's dismissal of El Salvador's daims
in 1992 was that the daim concerning the sixth sector was new and
"incom.istent with the previous history of the dispute", one may weil ask
(to cite the language of paragraph 38 of the present Judgment) why it
proceeded to "consideration as a matter of law" of that State's proposi­

tion concerning the avulsion of the Goascoran. The fact is that, having
considered El Salvador's daim and the evidence adduced to substantiate
it, the Chamber concluded that no record of a sudden change in the
course of the river had been brough t to its att en tion (1992 Judgmen t,

28 APPLICATION fOR REVISION (DISS. OP. PAOLILLO) 4\7

para. 308) and that there was no scientific evidence that the previous
course of the Goasconin was such that it debouched into the Estero La
Cutu (1992 Jud.!,'1llent,para. 309). The Chamber could certainly have
spared itself the troubleof assessing the weight of the evidence presented
if the grounds on which itthen rejected El Salvador's daim were its new­

ness and its inconsistency with the previous history of the dispute.

13. 1therefore find little justification for today's assertion that in 1992
"the Chamber did not take any position on the existence of an earlier
course of the Goascorân which might have debouched iota the Estero La
Cutu, or on any avulsion of the river" (para. 38). lnasmuch as ît exam­

ined El Salvador's allegations concerning the avulsion of the Goascorân
and the existence of an old riverbed, and concluded that those allegations
had not been proved, the Chamber unquestionably did not confine itself
in 1992 "to defining the framework in which it could possibly have taken
a position on these various points" (ibid.). Granted that in 1992 the

Chamber "did not take a position on the consequences that any avulsion,
occurring before or after 1821, would have had on provincial boundaries,
or boundaries between States, under Spanish colonial law or interna­
tional law" (para. 24). But what purpose would it have served for the
Chamber to take a position on the consequences of an avulsion after
findi'ngthat no such avulsion bad been proved?

14.'Relying solely on paragraph 312 of the 1992Judgment, the present
Chamber concludes that El Salvador's daims that the 1821 boundary
defined by application of the uti possidetis juris principle did not follow
the course of the river at that date were rejected by the Cham ber in 1992
on the basis of "that State's conduct during the nineteenth century"
(para. 40). In so doing, it appears to attach no importance to the points

made in the preceding paragraphs, especially paragraphs 308 and 309,
which, to my mind, contain the real grounds for the Chamber's rejection
of El Salvador's daims in the sixth sector.

15. 1tis on the basis of this alleged "inconsistency" of El Salvador's
claim with the previous history of the dispute that the present Judgment

indicates that in 1992
"applying the general rule which it had enunciated in paragraph 67
of the Judgment, the Chamber proceeded, in paragraph 312, con­

cerning the sixth sector of the land boundary, by employing reason­
ing ana\ogous to that which it had adopted in paragraph 80 in
respect of the first sector" (para. 40).

ln other words, a majority of the Members of the present Chamber view
the course of the land boundary between El Salvador and Honduras in
the sixth sector, as dcfined in the1992 Judgment, as a further instance of
modification, by acquiescence or acknowled&,'lllentof the Parties, of a
situation resulting from uti possidetis juris.

29 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (DISS. OP. PAOLILLO) 418

16. Yet 1 see nothing in paragraph 312 of the 1992 Judgment, or in
any other paragraph thereof, from which it might be inferred that the

Chamber wished to apply to the sixth sector of the boundary the same
criterion as it bad applied to the first sector. ln my opinion, the present
Chamber is attributing to the 1992 Chamber more than it wished to say
in paragra ph 312 of its decision. Ail the Cham ber did in that passage was
to draw attention to certain aspects of the previous history of the bound­
ary dispute in support of the conclusions it had reached in the preceding

paragraphs, namely that El Salvador had not substantiated its daims
concerning the land boundary in the sixth sector.

17. ln 1992 the Chamber did not even imp\y that evidence of an avul­
sion was irrelevant by virtue of the fact that El Salvador, in the sixth sec­

tor of the boundary, had accepted a change in the position resulting from
the application of uti possidetis juris. On the contrary, the Chamber pro­
ceeded to consider the daims of the two Parties and concluded that
El Salvador bad been unable to substantiate its argument. Moreover, it
added that if it had been satisfied that the river's course was earlier so
radicaUy different from its present one, "then an avulsion might reason­

ably be inferred" (1992 Judgment, para. 308). The Chamber thus implied
that this would have ledit to draw different legal conclusions from those
reached in its decision, for its function would not normally involve
simply determining whether the phenomenon of avulsion had in fact
occurred: its raie is not to take a position on the occurrence of hydro­

logical phenomena without drawing legal inferences from them.

18. Moreover, even if analogies may be drawn between the uti possi­
detis jurispositions in respect of the first and sixth sectors, and even if it
may be inferred in principle from these analogies that the same criterion
should be applied in the both cases, it is clear, in my view, that the Cham­

ber did not adopt that approach. First, because if, as assumed in the
present Judgment, the Chamber had in 1992 applied the same criterion to
the sixth sector as ît had applied to the fi.rst, it would have done so
expressly, as in paragraph 80 of its decision. Furthermore, acknowledg­
ment of a modification of the uti possidetis juris position or acquiescence
in such a modification is far more difficult to infer in the case of the sixth
sector than in that of the first. lt should be borne in mind in this regard

that, as the Chamber stated in 1992 in paragraph 67 of its Judgment,
such a modification must be based on "sufficient evidence to show that
the parties have in effect clearly accepted a variation, or at !east an inter­
pretation, of the uti possidetis juris position" (emphasis added).

19. 1 have not found such evidence in respect of the application of the
uti possidetis juris principle to the sixth sector. The Jack of an express
reference to the old course of the Goasconin ùuring the negotiations that
took place prior to 1972 does not constitute suffi.cient evidence to show

30-- --------

APPLICATION FOR REVISION (DISS. OP. PAOLILLO) 419

that El Salvador "clearly accepted" a variation of the uli possidetis juris
position. Construing this lack of a reference as a waiver by El Salvador of
its claim to have the boundary follow the old riverbed by application of
the uti possidetis juris principle would be giving undue weight to, and
drawing unduly far-reaching legal consequences from, the silence of the

Parties. This silence cannot imply "clear acceptance" of a modification of
the application of the principle in question.

20. Even if one in/ers from El Salvador's conduct during the Saco

negotiations that it accepted settlement formulas establishing the present
course of the Goasconin as the boundary between the territories of the
two countries, it does not follow that El Salvador thus definitively waived
itsdaim to base the boundary line on the course of the old riverbed.
There is no evidence to demonstrate beyond doubt that El Salvador's

intention was to waive its right to application of the uti possidetis juris
without variation.
21. During the Saco negotiations, the two States tried to find a politi­
cal solution to their boundary dispute, and it was natural, indeed neces­
sary, in the circumstances in which the negotiations took place, to make

concessions by waiving rights at the political leve! that they could have
asserted at the judicial leve!. Moreover, the Saco negotiations "were
unsuccessful" (Written Observations of Honduras, para. 3.54) and the
conference records say nothing about the precise location of the point in
the Bay of La Union into which the Goascon'tn flows, a question on

which the Parties have never agreed.
22. The contention that the "newness" of El Salvador's daim cannat
be the ratio decidendi of the Chamber's 1992 decision is borne out by the
fact that Honduras's daim in respect of the boundary line to the north­
west of the Islas Ramaditas was also first asserted during the Antigua

negotiations of 1972. In any case, are these negotiations not part of the
"previous history of the dispute"? In what way is El Salvador's daim
"inconsistent" with the previous history of the dispute? ln the light of
these negotiations, can El Salvador's daim be described in 1992 or in
2003 as a "new claim"?

23. Honduras's approach to the question of revision was clearly based
on the same understanding of the ratio decidendi of the 1992Judgment as
is set forth in this opinion, at !east prior to the final public sitting of the
Chamber on 12September 2003. Honduras's opposition to El Salvador's

Application for revision was based on the premise that the Chamber had
rejected El Salvador's daim on the ground that that State had not
provided sufficient evidence of the avulsion. It follows that, in the
view of Honduras, the ratio decidendi of the decision was unrelated
to the historical pertinence of the daim. This premise represents the

substance of Honduras's Written Observations and also of the statements
of its Agents and counsel, who occasionally express it in explicit terms
(see, for example, the statements by the Agent, Mr. L6pez Contreras,

31 AI'PLICATJON FOR REVISION (OISS. OP. PAOLILLO) 420

on 9 September (C6/CR2003/3, p. 12, para. 1.20) and by a counsel,
Mr. Jiménez Piernas, on the same day (C6/CR 2003/3, p. 35, para. 15)).
24. As the Cham ber stated in 1992, "[f]or Honduras the norm of inter­
national law applicable ta the dispute is simply the uti possidetis juris"
(1992 Judgment, para. 40). During the present proceedings, Honduras

not only reiterated this view but made it the cornerstone of its Wrîtten
Observations in response to El Salvador's Application for revision.
Honduras stated that

"in general a fact can ·beof such a nature as to be a decisive factor
for the purposes of an application for revision of a final, binding
judgment bearing the sacrosanct authority of resjudicata only ifthat
fact is the discovery of a title, orof additional colonial effectivités in
cases where title is either non-existent or indeterminate" (Written

Observations, para. 3.9).
It added that "[i]t must in ali events be kept in mind that the dispute

decided by the Judgment of 11 September 1992 very specifically concerns
the uti possidetis of 1821" (ibid., para. 3.10) and that "[t]he [new] fact
must be important per se ... in proving the uri possideris" (ibid.,
para. 3.11). Honduras did not explicitly address the issue of the "incon­
sistency" of El Salvador's daim with the previous history of the dispute.
25. lt was on1y at a late stage, at the last public sitting on 12 Septem­

ber 2003 during the second round of oral argument (El Salvador, the
applicant State, thus had no opportunity to respond), that Honduras
asserted that the Chamber's brief reasoning in paragraph 312 of the
1992 Judgmen t concerning the historical pertinence of El Salvador' s
daim constituted the ratio decidendi of the decision or, in other words,

that it was on the basis of that reasoning that the Cham ber had defined
the boundary of the sixth sector as following the present course of the
Goascoran. It was only at this stage in its oral argument that Honduras
alleged for the first time that "the material presented by El Salvador
to that subject is irrelevant to the operative factual determination"
(Mr. Philippe Sands, C6/CR 2003/5, pp. 9-10, para. 5). To paraphrase the
Chamber's words in 1992, I would say that Honduras's last-minute line

of argument is incontestably "new and inconsistent with the previous
history" of the case.
26. This unexpected last-minute change of strategy by Honduras had
the unfortunate consequence of preventing El Salvador from expressing
its opinion on the questions thus raised.
27. The late presentation of a new argument would not appear, under

the circumstances, to have been consistent with sound procedural prac­
tice or with the principle of equalîty of the Parties.

*

28. The new facts on which El Salvador based its Application for
revision consist of a series of items of documentary evidence (scientific

32 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (mSS. OP. PAOLILLO) 421

studies, technical reports, cartographie material, publications) discovered
or produced after 1992 which, according to El Salvador, were unknown

both to itself and to the Chamber and are alleged to be of such a nature
as to be a decisive factor.
29. The Chamber did not ask itself whether or not this documentary
evidence could be regarded as "new facts" within the meanîng of
Article 61 of the Statu te of the Court. 1 t concluded tha t i tfailed to satisfy

one of the conditions laid down by that Article (being of such a nature
asto be a decisive factor), which is tantamount to an implicit acknowledg­
ment of its status as "new facts". The Chamber thus confirms that the pro­

duction of such documents may substantiate an application for revision
provided that they meet the criteria laid down by Article 61 of the
Statu te.
30. The proposition that documents may be put forward as "new

tacts" has not always been accepted. A minority view in the literature,
seeking to restrict recourse to revision proceedings, has opted for a
narrow interpretation of Article 61, arguîng that the term "facts" does not
caver documents or other evidence 1•This position stems from a negative

perception of the institution of revision, which is vîewed as a means of
breaching the sacrosanct principle of resjudicata. According to this view,
revision is a substitute for appeal and as such represents a threat to legal
certainty. This fear seems to be shared by Honduras, which cautioned the

Cham ber in the following terms:

"[i]f this Application for revision were to be held admissible, the
unfortunate precedent which this would create would come to be
seen in future as an encouragement to any State dissatisfied with

a judgment of the Court to ap2ly for its revision ... " (Written
Observa tians, para. 1.19) .

31. Honduras also put forward a narrow interpretation of the terms of
Article 61 of the Statute of the Court. lt argued that "the objective reality
of a fact must be distinguished from the interpretation which ... [one]
seeks to place upon it,and from inferences or other new 'intellectual con­

structs' " (ibid., para. 2.17). According to Honduras, there is "a distinc­
tion in kind between the facts alleged and the evidence relied upon
to prove them, and only the discovery of the former opens a right to

1 See Daniel Bardonnet. "De l'équivoquedes catégoriesjuridiques: la revision des sen­
tences arbitrales pour 'erreur de fait' '!àinouveau' dans la pratique latina-améri­

caine"',n Liher Amicorum '"ln Memoriam"" of Judge José Maria Ruda, C. A. Armas
rice,1959, p. 245. p. 199; Simpson and FoxInternational Arbitrarion -Law and Prac­
2
Time has shown, however, thal this fear is unfounded. No application for revision ha.>
been filed under the Hague Convention:;, none was filcd before the Permanent Court or
lnternational Justice, and this Court hus dealt with on!y three applications for revision
(including that filed by El Salvador) during the 60 years of its existence and has declared
ail thrcc inadmissible.

33 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (mss. OP. PAOULLO) 422

revision" (Written Observations, para. 2.20). Honduras claimed to be

relying on "well-established case law", although ît merely cited the Advî­
sory Opinion of the Permanent Court of International Justice on the
delimitation of the boundary between Serbia and Albania at the Monas­

tery of Saint Naoum, which states that "fresh documents do not in them­
selves amount to fresh facts" 3.
32. While it is true that an application for revision is by its very nature

and abject exceptional and bence that "the conditions in which it îs exer­
cised are ... necessarily limîted" 4 and that it is admissible only when aH

the- very strict- conditions of Article 61 of the Statute are satisfied,
the restrictive nature of the conditions governing its exercise cannot be
extended to the manner in which the language of those conditions is

interpreted. To say that the admissibility of an application for revision is
subject to strict conditions is one thing; to argue that the provisions gov­
erning the use of such an application must therefore be narrowly inter­

preted and applied is quite a different matter. There is no justification for
applying a narrow interpretative criterion to the terms of Article 61 of the
Statute of the Court, by virtue of which documents are not to be

regarded as "facts" within the meaning of Article 61. The Article should
be interpreted in accordance with general rules of interpretation, which

require that terms should be given their ordinary meaning. And there can
be no doubt whatsoever that the ordinary meaning of the term "facts"
indudes documents 5•

33. The discussions that preceded the adoption of Article 59 of the
Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice (which subse­
quently became Article 61 of the Statute of this Court) show that, in the
6
minds of the drafters of the Article, documents constîtuted "facts" .This
opinion also prevails in the literature 7 and in that, albeit seant, corpus of

3 Advisory Opinion, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series 8. No.9, p. 22.
4 Miche! Dubisson, Lu Cour inremmionule de Justice, !964, p. 250.
5 What is true, real; what really exists (Larousse); what constitutcs the SLlbstance of
something known (Lalande, Vocabulaire technique et critique de la philosophie) [trans­
lotions by the Registry}Sec aIso Jean Salmon, "Le fait dans l'application du droit inter­
national", Recueil des cours de l'Académiede droit international dLa Haye (RCADI),

Vo6. 175 (1982),P- 273.
A proposai by 1taly to insert the word "document" in the text of the Article was with­
dra wn alterMr. Polilis poimed om that "the discovery of a documenl was included in the
discovery of a fact" (League of Nations, Minutes 1-V1ll of the Third Commiltee, Fir.1·1
Assembly, Records, p.375).
7 See, for example,M. Scerni, "La procédure de la Cour permanente de Justice inter­
nationale",RCAD1, Vol. 65 (1938), p. 672; Paul Remer, "La motivationet larevision des
sentences arbitrales à la conférence de la paixe La Haye (1899) ct le conflit frontalier
entre Je Royaume-Uni et le Vénézuela", Mélangesoffens à Jumj Andrassy, pp. 243, 245;
P_ Lalive,Questions acwelles concermmt l'arbitrage international, I.H.E.!.Cours 1959-
1960, pp. 100, 101; W. M. Reisman, Nu/lity and Revision. The Review and Enforcement of

lmernational Judgments and Awards, pp. 38, 210; E.Zoller, "Observations sur la revision
et l'interprétation des sentences arbitrales",Annuaire français de droit européen,
Vol. XXIV (1978), pp. 331, 351; O. V. Sandifer,Evidence before !ntemutional Tribunats,
1975, p.453.

34 AJ>PUCATION FOR REVISION (mss. OP. PAOULLO) 423

international jurisprudence. lt is the approach that the Court adopted in
the past in interpreting the requirement of discovery of a "new fact" as
grounds for an application for revision 8. ln its Judgment of 10 Decem­

ber 1985 (Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of
24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)), the

Court, while refraining from taking an explicit position on this point,
nevertheless treated the documents presented by Tunisia in support of its
Application for revision as "facts". The Court declared the Application
inadmissible because those facts did not satisfy two of the conditions for

admissibility laid down in Article 61: that ignorance of the new fact by
the Applicant must not be due to negligence and that the new fact must
be of such a nature as to be a decisive factor 9. This conclusion implies

that the Court acknowledged that the documents constituted "facts"
within the meaning of Article 61.
34. By refraining from expressly addressing the issue of the admissi­

bility of documents or other evidence presented in support of an applica­
tion for revision, the present Chamber also seems ta endorse a broad
interpretation of what may constitute a "fact" within the meaning
of Article 61 of the Statute of the Court. On this point 1 find the

Chamber's Judgment, with which 1 am regrettably unable to associate
myself, a positive development in jurisprudence of which 1 am pleased
to take note.

>1<

35. 1 have come to the conclusion that, taken overall, the material and

information that El Salvador presented in these proceedings as "new
facts" large!y satisfy the conditions laid down by Article 61 of the Statute
of the Court. Given that the ratio decidendi of the 1992 Judgment in

respect of the sixth sector of the land boundary is, in my opinion,
explained in paragraphs 308, 309 and 321 of that decision (no evidence of
an abrupt change of course of the river; Jack of scientific evidence that
the previous course of the river was such that it debouched in the Estero

" Othcr similar decisionby international tribunals may be citcd. See, for example, the
Heim el Chaman/ c. Etat allemand case.Recueil des décisions des tribunaux arbitraux
mixtes, Vol. 3, pp. 54-55; more recently lnter-American Court of Hllman RightsGenie
Lacayo case, decision of 13 Septcmbcr 1997,para. 12. In its Judgmcnt onApp!icmion
for Rerision of the Judgmem of il July 1996 in the Case concerningApplication of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and
Herzegovina ,. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslaviav. Bosnia and Herze­
govina),the Court look no position on this point, but the judges who produccd separate
or dissenting opinions addrcssed the issue and look it as self-evident thal newly produccd
evidence, including documcntary evidence, could constitute new facts within the meaning
of Article 61 of the Statutc; see, for example, the separatc opinion of Judge Koroma
(! C J Reports 2003, p. 34, para. 2); dissenting opinion o1udge Dimitrijevié (ibid.,
pp. 54 and 55, paras. 6 and 9).
9 lC. J. Reports 1985,pp. 206 and 213, paras. 28 and 39.

35 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (mss. OP. PAOULLO) 424

La Cutu), any evidence demonstrating the fact of the Goascoràn avulsion
may be of such a nature as to be a decisive factor.

36. During the present proceedîngs, El Salvador produced technical
evidence that irrefutably demonstrates, in its view, the existence of the
old bed, which the Goascoràn allegedly left following an avulsion and
which debouched into the Cutu inlet. El Salvador also produced scientîfic

evidence contained in an expert report which states categorically that an
abrupt change in the course of the river occurred after the Spanish colo­
nial authorities had defined the boundary between the Aicaldia Mayor de
Tegucigalpa and the municipality of San Miguel as following the rîver­
bed, and that the Cutu inlet and its distributory channels were the pri­

mary outlets of the Goascorân at the time when the old course was
abandoned.
37. To this new evidence should be added the copies of the "Carta
Esférica" and of the report of the expedition of the brigantine El Aclivo
recently discovered in the Ayer Collection of the Newberry Library in

Chicago, by means of which El Salvador seeks to weaken the probative
force of the only evidence on which the Chamber based its determination
of the course of the boundary in the sixth sector in 1992, namely copies of
the same documents held at the Madrid Naval Museum and produced by
Honduras in the original proceedings. ln the absence of other evidence, it

was exclusively on the basis of thcsc copies that the Chambcr decided
that the boundary line should follow the present course of the Goascorân
as far as its mou th in the Gulf of Fonseca, north-west of the lslas Rama­
ditas.
38. The copies produced by El Salvador in these proceedings differ in
many respects from those of the Madrid Naval Muscum (different dates,

conflicting data - especially as regards the general configuration of the
coast, differences in presentation, type of cha.racters, calligraphy and
symbols used). A majority of the Members of the Chamber hold that
these discrepancies "afford no basis for questioning the reliability of the
charts that were produced to the Chamber in 1992" (Judgment, para. 52).

lt is possible that, considering in isolation, each such discrepancy would
not appear to be of great importance. However, one is justified in ques­
tioning the reliability of the documents and the accuracy of the informa­
tion they contain when the dîscrepancics are viewed as a whole. If we add
to this the fact that during the present proceedings El Salvador presented
other evidence designed to show that an avulsion phenomenon effectivcly

shifted the mouth of the Goascoràn from the Estero La Cutû to the
Estero Ramaditas, the question arises whether the Chamber may not in
1992 have relied as the basis for its decision on a document having no
evidential value. If the reliability of this evidence is now brought into
question by the discovery of a new document, there are then grounds to

believe that the decision taken by the Chamber in 1992 in respect of the
sixth sector of the land boundary between El Salvador and Honduras
was perhaps not entirely correct.

36 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (D!SS. OP. PAOLILLO) 425

39. Any assessment of the terms "diligence'' and "negligence" is likely

ta be highly subjective owing to their abstract content. 1t is thus generally
not possible to determine a priori whether conduct has been diligent or
negligent. The degree of diligence or negligence involved must be assessed
on a case-by-case basis, having regard to the context. ln examining an
application for revision, each individual situation must be considered,

taking into account, in particu!ar, the nature of the facts presented as
"new facts", the means of access to these "facts" by the party applying
for revision, and the conduct of the parties.

40. The arguments employed by El Salvador to demonstrate its dili­

gence, or at !east its Jack of negligence, in presenting the new evidence
that it produced in support of its Application for revision seemed to me,
in any event, to be persuasive (except for the arguments concerning the
material that it characterizes as "historical evidence", which in reality
consists of two geographical works by Honduran authors published in
Honduras). The unstable social and politica! situation in El Salvador

resulting from the violent civil war raging on its territory during the
Court's examination of the case, the unavailability of technical facilities
that would have enabled that State to obtain certain important evidence
to substantiate its allegations, difficulties in gaining access to sornethe
new material and, in the case of the "Carta Esférica" and the logbook of

the El Activo expedition, the impossibility of consulting ali existing
sources of cartographie information, go a long way towards explaining,
in my opinion, why the evidence on the basis of which El Salvador
sought to have the 1992 Judgment revised was not presented sooner.

41. 1do not know whether the Chamber, bad it been aware in 1992 of
the information produced by El Salvador during these proceedings, would
necessarily have taken a different decision from that actually taken. At
this stage, the present Chamber is merely rcquired to rule on the admis­
sibility of the Application for revision without taking a position on
the merits. 1 have therefore confined myself to ascertaining whether the

material that El Salvador presented as "new facts" satisfied the condi­
tions laid down by Article 61 of the Statute of the Court. On this point,
1 reached an affirmative conclusion: the conditions were satisfied and
the Applicalion for revision was therefore admissible.

42. Having concluded, erroneously in my view, that the ratio decidendi

of the 1992 Judgment in respect of the sixth sector of the land boundary
was not related to the substance of the dispute but toits previous history,
and that the new tacts presented during the proceedings were therefore
not of such a nature asto be a decisive factor, the Chamber decided that
the Application for revision liled by El Salvador was inadmissible. It fol­

lows that the second stage of the revision proceedings, during which the
Cham ber would have had to rule on the mcrits of the Application, can­
nat commence. This is regrettable, since a fresh examination of the merits

37 l

APPLICATION FOR REVISION (DISS. OP. PAOLILLO) 426

of the dispute - limited, of course, to the sixth sector of the land bound­
ary- would have allowed the Court to confirm or revise the 1992 Judg­
ment on the basis of considerably more abundant and relîable infor­
mation than had been available to the Chamber during the original
proceedings. A new decision on the merits, relating to the sixth sector,
might have better served the cause of justice than the !992 Judgment,

inasmuch as the better informed a court is, the greater are its chances of
adopting correct decisions. To my great regret, and for the reasons men­
tioned in this opinion,I have no choice but to express my disagreement
with the present decision holding inadmissible the Application for revi­
sion filed by El Salvador.

(Signed) Felipe H. PAOLTLLO.

38

Bilingual Content

413

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. LE JUGE PAOLILLO

Vérificationnécessairepar fa Cour des conditions de recevabilitéfixées par
t'articl61 du Statut; absence de rôlejouépar l'attitude des Partiàscesujet­
Désaccordquant au motif principal de rejet par la Chambre saisie de l'affaire
originelle des prétentionsd'El Salvador concernant le sixième secteur de lafron­
tière terrestre- Véritableratio decidendide l'arrêtde 1992 en ce qui concerne
fe sixième secteur de fa fromière - Caractère tardif de l'argumentation du

Honduras y relative- ReconnaissanΠimplicite par la Chambre de ce que des
élémentsde preuve documentaires peuvent constituer des <<faits»au sens de
l'article 61 du Statut - Faits nouveaux alléguéspar El Salvador satisfaisa/lt
dans leur ensemble les conditions fixées par l'artic61 du Statut - Influence
décisivede tollt élémentde preuve rendant à démontrer lefait de l'avulsion -
Dowe quant à lafiabilitédes copies de la «Cart a Esféri>>el du compte rendu
du brigantin El Activo, prises parlaChambre en 1992 comme base de sa déci­
sion ence qui concerne le sixième secteur de lafrontière terrestre-Absence de
négligencede la part d"EISalvador dans la présemation des nouveaux éléments
de preuve.

l. Je regrette que la Chambre ait laissépasser l'occasion de déclarer

recevable, pour la première fois dans l'histoire de la Cour, une requêteen
revision qui, à mon avis, remplissait toutes les conditions requises par
J'article 61 du Statut de la Cour. Mon désaccord avec la majorité de la
Chambre est fondé sur une différence d'opinion quant au motif pour
lequel la Chambre saisie de l'instance originelle rejeta en 1992 les préten­

tions d'El Salvador au sujet du tracé de la frontière terrestre entre son
territoire et celui du Honduras dans le sixième secteur. Je ne peux pas
partager l'opinion de la majorité des membres de la Chambre sur ce qu'a
étéla ratio decidendi de la décisionrendue par la Chambre en 1992 au
sujet dudit secteur.

2. Dans la motivation de sa décision d'irrecevabilité de la requêteen
revision d'El Salvador, la présenteChambre a déclaréque ce que ce der­
nier avait présentécomme des «faits nouveaux» était «sans «influence
décisive» sur l'arrêtdont il sollicite la revisiom>(par. 40 et 55), c'est-à-dire
que ces faits n'avaient aucune incidence sur la ratio decidendi de l'arrêten

question. La Chambre est arrivée à cette conclusion parce qu'elle consi­
dère que la ratio decidendi en ce qui concerne le sixièmesecteur de la fron­
tière terrestre entre El Salvador et le Honduras est expliquée au para­
graphe 312 de l'arrêtde 1992, dans lequel la Chambre, se référantà
l'affirmation d'El Salvador selon laquelle l'utipossidetisjuris voudrait que

la frontière en ce secteur suive un ancien cours que le fleuve Goasconin
aurait quittéà la suite d'une avulsion, indique qu' «[i]l s'agit là d'une pré­
tention nouvelle et incompatible avec l'historique du différend».

25 413

DISSENTTNG OPINION OF JUDGE PAOLlLLO

[Trans/at ionJ

Need for the Court 10 venfy compliance with the conditions of admissibility
laid down by Article1 of rhe Stature; no role played by the Parties' vie1vson
thematter ~ isagreemenl aY10rhemain groundfor refection by the Chamber
in the original proceedings on El Sa!vador's clailns in respect of the six.th sector
of the land bmmdary- True ratio decidendiof the 1992 Judgment in respect of
the sixth sector of tite boundary -Befated presentation by Honduras of ifs
argument in thisregard ~mplicit acknowledgment by the Chamher thar docu­

mentmT evidence may constitute "facts" within the meaning of Article 61 of the
Statute - New facts alleged by El Salvador large/y satisfying the t-·onditions
laid down by Article 61 of the Statute- Decisive nature of evidence demon­
s/rating theact of avulsion -Doubts as to the reliability of the copies of the
"Carla E4érica" and the repori of tite brigamEleActiva on which the Cham­
ber based its 1992 decision regarding rhe sixth sector of the land boundary -
No negligence on the part of El Salvador in presenting the new evidence.

L 1 regret that the Chamber has missed the opportunity to declare

admissible, for the first time in the Court's history, an application for
revision which, to my mind, satisfied ali the conditions laid dawn by
Article61 of the Statute of the Court. My disagreement with the majority
of the Chamber îs based on a difference of opinion as to the reasonîng
which led the Chamber hearing the original proceedings in 1992 to rejeet

El Salvador's daims regarding the course of the land boundary between
its territory and that of Honduras in the sixth scctor. l cannat share the
view of a majority of the Chamber's Members on what constituted the
ratio decidendi of the decision rendered by the Chamber in 1992 in
respect of that sector.
2. ln the reasoning of its decision holding El Salvador's Application

for revision inadmissible, the present Chamber maintained that the
material presented by the latteras "new facts" did not constitutc "'deci­
sive factors' in respect of the Judgment which it seeks to have revised"
(paras. 40 and 55), in other words that those facts had no impact on the
ratio decidendi of the Judgment in question. The Chamber reached that

conclusion because it considers that the ratio decidendi in respect of the
sixth sectorof the land boundary between El Salvador and Honduras is
explained in paragraph 312 of the 1992Judgment, in which the Chamber,
referring toEl Salvador's contention that the uti possidetis juris defined
the boundary in that sector as following an old course that the river

Goascoran bad left fo!lowing an avulsion, states that "[i]t is a new daim
and inconsistent with the previons history of the dispute".

25414 DEMANDE EN REVISION (OP. DISS. PAOLILLO)

3. Replacée dans le contexte généralde l'arrêtde 1992, cette aflirma­
tian, qui fait suite aux considérations précisesdes paragraphes 308, 309 et
310 relatifs à la preuve du phénomènede 1'avuision du Goascorân allégué

par El Salvador, me paraît être un argument accessoire par rapport
au motif principal invoqué par la Chambre en 1992 pour rejeter les pré­
tentions d'El Salvador. A mon avis, ce motif principal était que cet
Etat n'avait pas su démontrer que, à une certaine date au cours du
xvue siècle, le Goascoràn avait brusquement changé de lit. C'est cette
perception de la ratio decidendi de l'arrêtde 1992 en ce qui concerne le

sixième secteur de la frontière terrestre- perception qui diffère de celle
de la majorité des membres de la présente Chambre -qui m'amène à
une conclusion elle aussi différente quant à la recevabilité de la requête
en revision d'El Salvador.
4. Je partage entièrement l'affirmation faite par la Chambre au para­
graphe 22 du présent arrêt,selon laquelle «il appartient à la Cour, dès
lors qu'elle est saisie d'une... demande [en revision], de vérifier si les

conditions de recevabilitéfixéespar !'article 61 du Statut sont remplies>>,
indépendamment de l'attitude adoptée par les parties àce sujet. En véri­
fiant si ces conditions ont étéremplies, l'appréciation de la Chambre est
nécessairement subordonnée au contenu de l'arrêtdont la revision est
sollicitéeet la Chambre doit agir en conformité avec les données dudit
arrêt.Cette précision est particulièrement importante quand il s'agit de

vérifiersi les faits nouveaux présentéspar la partie qui demande la revi­
sion sont «de nature à exercer une influence décisive». Cette dernière
expression doit êtreinterprétée comme signifiant que, si les faits nou­
veaux avaient étéconnus auparavant, la Chambre aurait adopté une
décision différente. Les faits nouveaux doivent exercer, comme il est dit
par la présenteChambre, une «influence décisivesur l'arrêtdont [on] sol­
licite laevision» (par. 40 et 55), c'est-à-dire sur la raison qui amena la

Chambre à adopter sa décisiondans l'instance originelle. C'est la raison
pour laquelle, dans l'examen d'une demande en revision d'un arrêt,
l'identification correcte de la véritable ratio decidendi de ce dernier est
l'opération la plus délicate du procès. Dans lecas qui nous occupe, la
Chambre a identifiécomme ratio decidendi de l'arrêtde 1992 une obser­
vation de la Chambre à mon avis d'importance secondaire, qui est liée à
l'historique du différendmais pas à l'objet de celui-ci ou aux droits reven­

diqués par les Parties.
5. Le différend entre les Parties, en ce qui concerne le sixième secteur
de leur frontière terrestre,tait centrésur le tracéde cette frontière sur la
base de l'application du principe de I'utî possidetis juràsce secteur. En
1992, la Chambre avait seulement pour mission de définir cette lîgne
frontière. Devait-elleà cet effet suivre le cours du Goascorân en 1821

(thèse du Honduras) ou le cours suivi par le fleuve avant l'avulsion allé­
guéepar El Salvador? C'est de cette manière que la Chambre a poséle
problème en 1992. Au premier paragraphe de la section de l'arrêtconsa­
crée au sixième secteur, el1e a décrit le nŒud essentiel du différend de
façon très simpie et très claire:

26 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (DISS. OP. PAOLILLO) 414

3. Viewed in the general context of the 1992Judgment, this statement,
which follows the detailed reasoning contained in paragraphs 308, 309
and 310 concerning evidence of the phenomenon of avulsion as alleged
by El Salvador, seems to me to be an ancillary argument in relation to the
main ground invoked by the Chamber in 1992 for its rejectîon of El Sal­
vador's daims. This main ground, in my view, was that El Salvador had

been unable to demonstrate that, on a specifie date in the seventeenth
century, the river Goasconin had suddenly changed its course. 1t is this
view of the ratio decidendi of the 1992 Judgment in respect of the sixth
sector of the land boundary- a view that confticts with that of a major­
ityof Members of the present Chamber - which prompts me to draw an
equally different conclusion regarding the admissibility of El Salvador's

Application for revision.
4. I fully agree with the Chamber's statement in paragraph 22 of the
present Judgment that "it isin any event for the Court, when seised of ...
an application (for revision], to ascertain whether the admissibility
requirements laid down in Article 61 of the Statute have been met",

regardless of the parties' views on the matter. ln ascertaining whether
these conditions have been satisfied, the Chamber's assessment will
necessa.rilydepend on the terms of the Judgment whose revision is sought
and the Chamber must act in conformity wîth the findings in that Judg­
ment. This is particularly important for purposes of ascertaining whether
the new facts presented by the party seeking revision are "of such a

nature as to be a decisive factor". That phrase has to be construed
as meaning that, if the facts had been known previously, the Chamber
would have taken a different decision. The new facts must, as noted by
the present Chamber, be '"decisive factors' in respect of the Judgment
which [the Applicant] seeks to have revised" (paras.40 and 55), that is to
say in relation to the ground thal led the Chamber to take its decision

in the original proceedings. Hence, the trickiest part of the process of
considerîng an application for revision of a judgment consists in correct1y
identifying the real ratio decidendi of the judgment. ln the case before
us, the Chamber identified as ratio decidendi of the 1992 Judgment an
observation by the Chamber, to my mind of secondary importance,
relatcd to the previous history of the dispute but not to its object or

to the rights claimed by the Parties.

5.The dispute between the Parties regarding the sixth sector of their
land boundary focused on the course of the boundary on the basis of the
application of the principle of uti possidetis juris to that sectoIn 1992,
the Chamber's sole task consisted in establishing where this boundary

line lay. Should it follow the course of the Goascoran in 1821 (Hondu­
ras's position)or the course of the river prior to the avulsion alleged by
El Salvador? Those were the terms in which the Chamber stated the
problem in 1992. ln the first paragraph of the section of the Judgment
dcaling with the sixth sector, it described the crux of the dispute in very
simple and straightforward terms:

26415 DEMANDE EN RF.VISION (OP.I)JSS. PAOULLO)

«Le différendqui oppose les Parties dans ce secteur est simple. Le

Honduras affirme qu'en 1821 le Goasconin constituait la limite entre
les divisions coloniales auxquelles les deux Etats ont succédé,qu'il n'y
a pas eu de modification importante du cours de la rivièredepuis 1821
et qu'en conséquencela frontière suit le cours actuel de la rivière,qui
sejette dans Jegolfe au nord-ouest des Islas Ramaditas dans la baie de

La Union. De son côté,El Salvador affirme que, ce qui définitla fron­
tière, c'est un cours antérieur suivi par la rivière et que cet ancien
cours, abandonné ensuite par la rivière, peut êtrereconstituéet abou­
tit dansle golfeà Estero La Cutu. >>(Arrêtde 1992, par. 306.)

6. Voilà le problème que la Chambre avait à résoudre en ce qui
concerne le sixièmesecteur de la frontière terrestre et qui a fait l'objet de
ses développements aux paragraphes de l'arrêtconsacrés à ce secteur.
Dans la description du différend, la Chambre n'a fait aucune a!lusion à
l'incompatibilitè de la prétention d'El Salvador avec l'historique du dif­

férend.
7. Dans sa décisionde 1992, la Chambre, après avoir procédé à l'exa­
men des preuves présentéespar les Parties, s'est prononcéeen défaveurde
la prétention d'El Salvador «pour les motifs exposés dans le présent
arrêt,et en particulier aux paragraphes 306 à 322 dudit arrêt»(par. 430).

Et <des motifs exposés» l'ont étéavec précision aux paragraphes 308 et
309. Dans le premier, elle a déclaréqu'elle:

«n'a pas étéinformée de l'existence de documents établissant un
changement aussi brusque du cours de la rivière, mais s'il était
démontré à la Chambre que le cours du fleuve étaitauparavant aussi
radicalement différent de ce qu'il est actuellement, on pourrait alors
raisonnablement en déduire qu'il y a eu avulsion».

Dans le second, elle a indiqué qu\<[i]l n'existe aucun élémentscientifique
prouvant que le cours antérieur du Goascanin était tel qu'il débouchait
dans l'Estero La Cu tu...».
8. La ratio decidendi de la décisionrendue par la Chambre en 1992 en
ce qui concerne le sixième secteur se trouve précisément aux para­

graphes 308 et 309. Les considérations faites aux paragraphes suivants
sont subordonnées à la conclusion relativeàl'avulsion alléguéepar El Sal­
vador àlaquelle la Chambre est arrivéedans ces deux paragraphes. J'ai Ja
certitude que telle était également la conception de la Chambre en 1992,
non seulement parce que c'est ce qui ressort de l'ensemble de ses déve­

loppements sur la revendication d'El Salvador aux paragraphes 307 à321
de sa décision,mais encore parce que c'est ce que la Chambre elle-même
dit de façon explicite au paragraphe 321. La dernière partie de ce para­
graphe s'énonce en effet comme suit:

«La Chambre, n'ayant pu accepter les conclusions contraires
d'El Salvador quant à l'ancien cours du Goascoran, et en l'absence
de toute prétention moti1'éed'El Sab,ador enfaveur d'une ligne située
au sud-est des Ramaditas, considère qu'elle peut faire droit aux

27 AJ'J>LICATION FOR REVISION (DISS. OP. PAOLILLO) 415

"The dispute between the Parties in this sector is simple. Hondu­

ras contends that in 1821 the river Goasconl.n constituted the bound­
ary between the colonial units to which the two States have suc­
ceeded, that there bas been no material change in the course of the
river since 1821,and that the boundary therefore follows the present
stream, Aowing into the Gulf north-west of the Islas Ramaditas in
the Bay of La Union. El Salvador however daims that it is a previ­

ous course fo11owed by the river which defines the boundary, and
that this course, since abandoned by the stream, can be traced, and
it reaches the Gulf at Estero La Cutu." (1992 Judgment, para. 306.)

6. This was the issue that the Chamber bad to resolve with respect to
the sixth sector of the land boundary and which it addressed in the para­
graphs of the Judgment dealing with that sector. ln its description of the
dispute, the Chamber made no reference to the incompatibility of El Sal­
vador's daim with the previous history of the dispute.

7. In its 1992 decision, the Chamber, having examined the evidence
presented by the Parties, rejected El Salvador's daim "[f]or the reasons
set out in the present Judgment, in particular paragraphs 306 to 322
thereof' (para. 430). And the reasons in question were set out clearly in

paragraphs 308 and 309. ln the fom1er it stated that:

"No record of such an abrupt change of course having occurred

bas been brought to the Chamber's attention, but were the Chamber
satisfied that the river's course was earlier so radically different from
its present one, then an avulsion might reasonably be inferred."

ln the latter, itindicated that "[t]here is no scientific evidence that the
previous course of the Goascoran was such that it debouched in the
Estero La Cutu ... ".
8. The ratio decidendi of the decision rendered by the Chamber in

1992 in respect of the sixth sector is in effect contained in paragraphs 308
and 309. The reasoning in the subsequent paragraphs is subject to the
conclusion reached by the Chamber in those two paragraphs regarding
the avulsion alleged by El Salvador. J am convinced that this was also the
Chamber' s perception of the mat ter in 1992, not only because this is what
emerges from its discussion of El Salvador's daim in paragraphs 307 to

321 of its decision but also because the Chamber itself express!y states as
much in paragraph 321. This last part of that paragraph reads as follows:

"Having been unable to accept the contrary submissions of El Sal­
vador as to the o1d course of the Goascoran, and in the absence of
any reasoned contention of El Salvador in favour of a line to the
south-east of the Ramaditas, the Chamber considers that it may

27416 DEMANDE EN REVISION (OP. DISS. PAOULLO)

conclusions du Honduras dans les termes où celles-ci ont étéprésen­
tées.» (Les italiques sont de moi.)
9. Toutes ces référencesmontrent qu'en 1992 Ja Chambre concentra

ses développements sur ce qui constituait l'objet central- et unique -
du différend entre les Parties en ce qui concerne le sixième secteur, à
savoir quel était le cours du Goascoran qui, par application de !'uti pos­
sidetis juris, déterminait le tracé de la frontière dans le sixième secteur.
El Salvador, n'ayant pas pu prouver son allégation dans l'instance origi­
nelle, la Chambre rejeta sa prétention.

1O. C'est seulement au paragraphe 312 de l'arrêt,après avoir analysé
de façon assez détaillée dans quelle mesure El Salvador avait établi le fait
de J'avulsion, que la Chambre déclara que la prétention d'El Salvador
était« nouvelle et incompatible avec l'historique du diffërend ».Cette décla­
ration, brève, isolée, confuse même (que signifie «être incompatible
avec l'historique du différend>;?), semble avoir étéfaiteà titre d'argumen­

tation additionnelle ou complémentaire à la suite des considérations sur la
preuve des allégations d'El Salvador, plutôt que comme conclusion déci­
soire de l'affaire.
Cependant la Chambre, au paragraphe 40 du présent arrêt, soutient
que,

«si la Chambre a éca.rtéen 1992 les prétentions d'El Salvador selon
lesquelles la frontière de 1821 ne suivait pas le cours de la rivière à
cette dernière date, elle l'a fait en se fondant sur le comportementde

cet Etat durant le XIXc siècle;;;
elle indique, en conséquence, que,

«[m]êmesi cette avulsion était aujourd'hui prouvée et mêmesi l'on
devait en tirer les conséquences de droit qu'en tire El Salvador, de
telles constatations ne permettraient pas de remettre en cause la déci­
sion prise par la Chambre en 1992 sur une tout autre base>>.

11. De mon point de vue, par cette affirmation, la Chambre ignore les
indications des paragraphes 308et 309 de l'arrêtde 1992, qui suggèrent
au contraire que si, au cours de la procédure originelle, El Salvador avait
fourni à la Chambre des preuves satisfaisantes démontrant que le Goas­

coran avait soudainement changé de cours par avulsion, la décision de la
Chambre aurait étédifférente en ce qui concerne le sixième secteur de la
frontière (voir paragraphe 17 ci-dessous).
12. Si c'est du fait que la prétention d'El Salvador concernant le
sixième secteur était nouvelle et «incompatible avec l'historique du diffé­
rend>>que la Chambre a en 1992 déboutéEl Salvador de ses prétentions,

on peut se demander pourquoi elle a procédé(pour reprendre les termes
utilisés au paragraphe 38 du présent arrêt) «à l'examen en droit de la
thèse>>de cet Etat sur l'avulsion du Goascorân. En effet, après avoir exa­
miné la revendication d'El Salvador et la preuve produite pour l'étayer, la
Chambre était arrivée à la conclusion qu'aucun document établissant un

changement brusque du cours de la rivière n'avait étéprésenté(arrêt de

28 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (DISS. OP. PAOULLO) 416

uphold the Honduran submissions in the terms in which they were
presented." (Emphasis added.)

9. AU these passages show that in 1992 the Chamber's reasoning
focused on what constîtuted the crucial - and sole- point of dispute
between the Parties with respect to the sixth sector, namely what was the
course of the Goascoran which, by application of the uti possidetis juris,

detlned the boundary in the sixth sector. As El Salvador was unable to
prove its allegation in the orig1nal proceedings, the Chamber rejected its
daim.
1O. It was only in paragra ph 312 of the Judgmen t, after a relatively
detailed analysis of the extent to which El Salvador had substantiated the

fact of the avulsion, that the Cham ber described El Salvador's daim as
"new ... and inconsistent with the previous history of the dispute". This
briel',isolated and indeed ambiguous statement (what is meant by "incon­
sistent with the previous history of the dispute"?) seems to have been
inserted after the Chamber's discussion of the evidence of El Salvador's
allegations as an additional or supplementary line of argument rather

than a decisive finding in the case.
Yet the Chamber, in paragraph 40 of the present Judgment, asserts
that

"while the Chamber in 1992 rejected El Salvador's daims that the
1821 boundary did not follow the course of the river at that date,
it did so on the basis of that State's conduct during the nineteenth
century'';

it accordingly condudes that
"[e]ven if avulsion were now proved, and even if its legal conse­

quences were those inferred by El Salvador, findings to that effect
would provide no basis for calling into question the decision taken
by the Cham ber in 1992 on wholly different grounds".

ll. As 1 see it, the Chamber, in so stating, overlooks what was said in
paragraphs 308 and 309 of the 1992 Judgment, which suggest, on the
contrary, that if El Salvador had provided the Chamber during the origi­
nal proceedings with satîsfactory evidence of the fact that the Goascoràn
had suddenly changed course by avulsion, the Chamber's decision regard­
ing the sixth sector of the boundary wou1d have been different (see para­

graph 17 be1ow).
12. Ifthe ground for the Chamber's dismissal of El Salvador's daims
in 1992 was that the daim concerning the sixth sector was new and
"incom.istent with the previous history of the dispute", one may weil ask
(to cite the language of paragraph 38 of the present Judgment) why it
proceeded to "consideration as a matter of law" of that State's proposi­

tion concerning the avulsion of the Goascoran. The fact is that, having
considered El Salvador's daim and the evidence adduced to substantiate
it, the Chamber concluded that no record of a sudden change in the
course of the river had been brough t to its att en tion (1992 Judgmen t,

28417 DEMANDE EN REVISION (OP. DISS. PAOLILLO)

1992,par. 308)et qu'il n'existait aucun élémentscientifique prouvant que
le cours antérieur du Goascoran était tel qu'il débouchait dans l'Estero

La Cutu (arrêtde 1992, par. 309). La Chambre aurait certainement pu
faire l'économiede ses considérations sur la valeur des preuves présentées
si les raisons pour lesquelles elle a alors rejetéla prétention d'El Salvador
étaientla nouveauté de celle-ci et son incompatibilité avec les antécédents
historiques du ditTérend.
13. Je vois donc mal comment on peut aujourd'hui aftirmer qu'en

1992 «la Chambre n'a pris parti ni sur l'existence d'un cours antérieur du
Goascoran pouvant déboucher dans l'Estero La Cutu, ni sur l'avulsion
éventuelle de cette rivière))(par.8).Examinant les a!légations d'El Sal­
vador sur l'avulsion du Goascoràn et sur l'existence d'un lit ancien du
fleuve, et affirmant que ces allégations n'avaient pas étéprouvées, la
Chambre a indéniablement en 1992 fait davantage que de se borner «a

tracer le cadre dans lequel elle aurait pu éventuellement prendre parti sur
ces diverspoints» (ibid.). Certes, en1992,la Chambre« n'a pas pris parti
sur les conséquences d'une avulsion éventuelle, survenue avant ou après
1821, sur les limites provinciales ou sur les frontières interétatiques en
droit colonial espagnol ou en droit international» (par. 24). A quoi,

cependant, aurait-il pu servir à la Chambre de se prononcer sur les consé­
quences d'une avulsion après avoir constaté qu'une telle avulsion n'avait
pas étéprouvée?
14. S'appuyant exclusivement sur le paragraphe 312 de J'arrêtde 1992,
la présente Chambre conclut que les prétentions d'El Salvador, selon les­
quelles la frontière de1821 résultant de l'application du principe de I'uti

possidetis jurisne suivait pas le cours de la rivière à cette date, ont été
écartéespar la Chambre en 1992 sur la base du ;<comportement de cet
Etat durant le XIXe siècle>>(par. 40). Ce faü;ant, elle semble ne pas atta­
cher d'importance aux considérations contenues dans les paragraphes
précédents,en particulier les paragraphes 308 et 309, dans lesquels est
exposéce qu.i constitue, à mon avis, les véritables motifs du rejet par la

Chambre des revendications d'El Salvador dans le sixième secteur.
15. C'est sur le fondement de cette affirmation sur l'«incompatibilîté»
de la prétention d'El Salvador avec l'historique du différendqu'il est indi­
quédans le présent arrêtqu'en 1992 la Chambre,

~<appliq luaènge généralequ'elle avait posée au paragraphe 67
de son arrêt, a procédéau paragraphe 312 en ce qui concerne le
sixième secteur de la frontière terrestre en usant d'un raisonnement
analogue à celui qu'elle avait adopté au paragraphe 80 pour le pre­

mier secteur» (par. 40).
En d'autres termes, selon l'opinion de la majorité des membres de la pré­
sente Chambre, le tracé de la frontière terrestre entre El Salvador et le

Honduras dans Jesixièmesecteur, tel qu'il a étédéterminédans l'arrêtde
1992, serait un autre exemple de modification, par l'acquiescement ou la
reconnaissance des Parties, d'une situation résultant de l'1t1ipossidetis
juris.

29 APPLICATION fOR REVISION (DISS. OP. PAOLILLO) 4\7

para. 308) and that there was no scientific evidence that the previous
course of the Goasconin was such that it debouched into the Estero La
Cutu (1992 Jud.!,'1llent,para. 309). The Chamber could certainly have
spared itself the troubleof assessing the weight of the evidence presented
if the grounds on which itthen rejected El Salvador's daim were its new­

ness and its inconsistency with the previous history of the dispute.

13. 1therefore find little justification for today's assertion that in 1992
"the Chamber did not take any position on the existence of an earlier
course of the Goascorân which might have debouched iota the Estero La
Cutu, or on any avulsion of the river" (para. 38). lnasmuch as ît exam­

ined El Salvador's allegations concerning the avulsion of the Goascorân
and the existence of an old riverbed, and concluded that those allegations
had not been proved, the Chamber unquestionably did not confine itself
in 1992 "to defining the framework in which it could possibly have taken
a position on these various points" (ibid.). Granted that in 1992 the

Chamber "did not take a position on the consequences that any avulsion,
occurring before or after 1821, would have had on provincial boundaries,
or boundaries between States, under Spanish colonial law or interna­
tional law" (para. 24). But what purpose would it have served for the
Chamber to take a position on the consequences of an avulsion after
findi'ngthat no such avulsion bad been proved?

14.'Relying solely on paragraph 312 of the 1992Judgment, the present
Chamber concludes that El Salvador's daims that the 1821 boundary
defined by application of the uti possidetis juris principle did not follow
the course of the river at that date were rejected by the Cham ber in 1992
on the basis of "that State's conduct during the nineteenth century"
(para. 40). In so doing, it appears to attach no importance to the points

made in the preceding paragraphs, especially paragraphs 308 and 309,
which, to my mind, contain the real grounds for the Chamber's rejection
of El Salvador's daims in the sixth sector.

15. 1tis on the basis of this alleged "inconsistency" of El Salvador's
claim with the previous history of the dispute that the present Judgment

indicates that in 1992
"applying the general rule which it had enunciated in paragraph 67
of the Judgment, the Chamber proceeded, in paragraph 312, con­

cerning the sixth sector of the land boundary, by employing reason­
ing ana\ogous to that which it had adopted in paragraph 80 in
respect of the first sector" (para. 40).

ln other words, a majority of the Members of the present Chamber view
the course of the land boundary between El Salvador and Honduras in
the sixth sector, as dcfined in the1992 Judgment, as a further instance of
modification, by acquiescence or acknowled&,'lllentof the Parties, of a
situation resulting from uti possidetis juris.

29418 DEMANDE EN REVISION (OP. DISS. PAOLILLO)

16. Je ne vois toutefois rien dans le paragraphe 312 de l'a.rrêt e 1992,
ni dans aucun autre paragraphe de celui-ci, qui laisserait entendre que la
Chambre ait voulu appliquer au sixièmesecteur de la frontière le même
critère qu'elle a appliqué au premier. A mon avis, la présente Chambre
fait dire à celle de 1992 davantage que ce que celle-ci a voulu dire au

paragraphe 312 de sa décision.Dans ce passage, en effet, la Chambre ne
faisait rien de plus que de se référer certains antécédentshistoriques du
différend frontalier confirmant les conclusions auxquelles elle était arri­
vée aux paragraphes précédents,à savoir qu'El Salvador n'avait pas
apporté les preuves de ses prétentions sur la frontière terrestre dans le
sixièmesecteur.

17. En 1992, la Chambre n'a mêmepas laisséentendre que la preuve
de l'avulsion n'était pas pertinente du fait qu'El Salvador avait accepté
dans le sixièmesecteur de la frontière une modification de la situation ré­
sultant de l'application deI'uti possidetis juris. Au contraire, la Chambre
a procédé à l'examen des prétentions des deux Parties, pour conclure
qu'El Salvador n'avait pas pu corroborer sa thèse. Mieux encore, elle a

ajouté que, s'il avait étédémontréque le cours du fleuve avait si radica­
lement changé, «on pourrait alors raisonnablement en déduirequ'il y a eu
avulsion)} (arrêtde 1992, par. 308). La Chambre a donc laisséentendre
qu'elle aurait tiré de ce fait des conclusions juridiques différentes de
celles auxquelles elle est arrivée dans sa décision, parce que déterminer

purement et simplement la réalitédu phénomèned'avulsion ne relèvepas
de sa compétence naturelle: elle n'a pas pour fonction de se prononcer
sur l'intervention des phénomèneshydrologiques sans en tirer de consé­
quences juridiques.
18. D'autre part, mêmes'il existe des analogies entre les situations
résultant de l'application del'uti possidetis juris au premier et au sixième

secteur et que ces analogies invitent en principeà appliquer le mêmecri­
tèredans les deux cas, il est clair, selon moi, que la Chambre n'a pas pro­
cédéde la sorte. D'abord, parce que si, comme il est présumédans le
présent arrêt,en 1992 la Chambre avait appliqué au sixième secteur le
mêmecritèrequ'elle avait appliquéau premier, elle l'aurait fait de manière
explicite, comme elle l'a fait au paragraphe 80 de sa décision. En outre,
la reconnaissance d'une modification résultant de l'uti possidetis juris

ou l'acquiescement à cette modification est beaucoup plus difficile à
présumerdans le cas du sixièmesecteur que dans celui du premier. A cet
égard, il ne faut pas oublier que, selon ce que la Chambre a déclaréen
1992 au paragraphe 67 de son arrêt, une telle modification doit être
fondée sur «assez de preuves pour établir que les parties ont en fait

clairement accepté une variante, ou tout au moins une interprétation, de
la situation résultant de l'uu· possidetis juris» (les italiques sont de
moi).
19. Je n'ai pas trouvéde telles preuves en ce qui concerne l'application
du principe de l'uti possidetis juris au sixièmesecteur. L'absence de réfé­
rence explicite à l'ancien cours du Goasconin lors des négociations qui se

sont dérouléesavant 1972 ne constitue pas une preuve suffisante pour

30 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (DISS. OP. PAOLILLO) 418

16. Yet 1 see nothing in paragraph 312 of the 1992 Judgment, or in
any other paragraph thereof, from which it might be inferred that the

Chamber wished to apply to the sixth sector of the boundary the same
criterion as it bad applied to the first sector. ln my opinion, the present
Chamber is attributing to the 1992 Chamber more than it wished to say
in paragra ph 312 of its decision. Ail the Cham ber did in that passage was
to draw attention to certain aspects of the previous history of the bound­
ary dispute in support of the conclusions it had reached in the preceding

paragraphs, namely that El Salvador had not substantiated its daims
concerning the land boundary in the sixth sector.

17. ln 1992 the Chamber did not even imp\y that evidence of an avul­
sion was irrelevant by virtue of the fact that El Salvador, in the sixth sec­

tor of the boundary, had accepted a change in the position resulting from
the application of uti possidetis juris. On the contrary, the Chamber pro­
ceeded to consider the daims of the two Parties and concluded that
El Salvador bad been unable to substantiate its argument. Moreover, it
added that if it had been satisfied that the river's course was earlier so
radicaUy different from its present one, "then an avulsion might reason­

ably be inferred" (1992 Judgment, para. 308). The Chamber thus implied
that this would have ledit to draw different legal conclusions from those
reached in its decision, for its function would not normally involve
simply determining whether the phenomenon of avulsion had in fact
occurred: its raie is not to take a position on the occurrence of hydro­

logical phenomena without drawing legal inferences from them.

18. Moreover, even if analogies may be drawn between the uti possi­
detis jurispositions in respect of the first and sixth sectors, and even if it
may be inferred in principle from these analogies that the same criterion
should be applied in the both cases, it is clear, in my view, that the Cham­

ber did not adopt that approach. First, because if, as assumed in the
present Judgment, the Chamber had in 1992 applied the same criterion to
the sixth sector as ît had applied to the fi.rst, it would have done so
expressly, as in paragraph 80 of its decision. Furthermore, acknowledg­
ment of a modification of the uti possidetis juris position or acquiescence
in such a modification is far more difficult to infer in the case of the sixth
sector than in that of the first. lt should be borne in mind in this regard

that, as the Chamber stated in 1992 in paragraph 67 of its Judgment,
such a modification must be based on "sufficient evidence to show that
the parties have in effect clearly accepted a variation, or at !east an inter­
pretation, of the uti possidetis juris position" (emphasis added).

19. 1 have not found such evidence in respect of the application of the
uti possidetis juris principle to the sixth sector. The Jack of an express
reference to the old course of the Goasconin ùuring the negotiations that
took place prior to 1972 does not constitute suffi.cient evidence to show

30419 DEMANDE EN REVISION (OP. DTSS. PAOL!LLO)

démontrer qu'El Salvador a «clairement accepté» une modification de la
situation résultant de l'uti possidetis juris. Interpréter cette absence de

référencecomme une renonciation d'El Salvador à sa prétention de tracer
la frontière suivant l'ancien lit du fleuve par application du principe de
l'uti possidetis juris revientà accorder un poids excessif et des consé­
quences juridiques trop lourdes au silence des Parties. Ce silence ne peut
pas signifier «l'acceptation claire» d'une modification de l'application

dudit principe.
20. Mêmesi l'on déduit du comportement d'El Salvador au cours des
négociations de Saco qu'il aurait accepté des formules de règlement fai­
sant du cours actuel du Goascoran la limite entre les territoires des deux
pays, on ne peut pas en conclure qu'El Salvador ait renoncé définitive­
ment à sa prétention de tracer la frontière en suivant J'ancien lit de la

rivière.On ne trouve aucun élémentdémontrant de façon incontestable
que l'intention d'El Salvador étaitde renoncer à l'application de l'uripos­
sidetis juris sans variante.
21. Aux négociations de Saco, les deux Etats ont essayéde trouver une
solution politique à leur différend frontalier, et il était naturel, et même

nécessairedans le contexte où ces négociations se sont déroulées,de faire
des concessions en renonçant sur le plan politique à des droits qu'ils
auraient pu faire valoir sur le plan juridique. D'autre part, les négocia­
tions de Saco <<nedébouchèrent sur rien» (observations écritesdu Hon­
duras, par. 3.54) et les actes de la conférence ne disent rien sur l'endroit
précisde la baie de La Uni6n où le Go asconin débouche, une question

sur laquelle les Parties ne se sont jamais mises d'accord.
22. L'assertion selon laquelle la «nouveauté>>de la prétention d'El Sal­
vador ne peut pas êtrela ratio decidendi de la décisionde la Chambre en
1992 se voit confirméepar le fait que la revendication par le Honduras de
la ligne frontière au nord-ouest des Islas Ramaditas a étéelle aussi faite
pour la première fois lors des négociations d'Antigua de 1972. En tout

étatde cause, ces négociations ne font-elles pas partie de «l'historique du
différend»? De quelle façon la prétention d'El Salvador est-elle «incom­
patible)) avec l'historique du différend? Tenant compte de ces négocia­
tions, peut-on dire en 1992 ou en 2003 que la prétention d'El Salvador est
une «prétention nouvelle))?
23. Le Honduras a sans doute abordé la question de la revision avec la

mêmeperception de la ratio decidendi de l'arrêtde 1992 exposéedans
cette opinion, au moins antérieurement à la dernière audience publique
de la Chambre tenue le 12 septembre 2003. L'opposition du Honduras
à la demande en revision d'El Salvador était fondée sur l'idéeque la
Chambre avait rejeté la prétention d'El Salvador parce que cet étatn'avait
pas fourni des preuves suffisantes de l'avulsion. Pour le Honduras, la ratio

decidendi de la décisionn'avait donc rien à voir avec la pertinence histo­
rique de la prétention. Cette idéeconstitue la substance des observations
écrites du Honduras et aussi des déclarations de ses agents et conseils,
qui, en quelques occasions, J'ont expriméede manière explicite (voir, par
exemple, les déclarations de l'agent, M. L6pez Contreras, le 9 septembre

31-- --------

APPLICATION FOR REVISION (DISS. OP. PAOLILLO) 419

that El Salvador "clearly accepted" a variation of the uli possidetis juris
position. Construing this lack of a reference as a waiver by El Salvador of
its claim to have the boundary follow the old riverbed by application of
the uti possidetis juris principle would be giving undue weight to, and
drawing unduly far-reaching legal consequences from, the silence of the

Parties. This silence cannot imply "clear acceptance" of a modification of
the application of the principle in question.

20. Even if one in/ers from El Salvador's conduct during the Saco

negotiations that it accepted settlement formulas establishing the present
course of the Goasconin as the boundary between the territories of the
two countries, it does not follow that El Salvador thus definitively waived
itsdaim to base the boundary line on the course of the old riverbed.
There is no evidence to demonstrate beyond doubt that El Salvador's

intention was to waive its right to application of the uti possidetis juris
without variation.
21. During the Saco negotiations, the two States tried to find a politi­
cal solution to their boundary dispute, and it was natural, indeed neces­
sary, in the circumstances in which the negotiations took place, to make

concessions by waiving rights at the political leve! that they could have
asserted at the judicial leve!. Moreover, the Saco negotiations "were
unsuccessful" (Written Observations of Honduras, para. 3.54) and the
conference records say nothing about the precise location of the point in
the Bay of La Union into which the Goascon'tn flows, a question on

which the Parties have never agreed.
22. The contention that the "newness" of El Salvador's daim cannat
be the ratio decidendi of the Chamber's 1992 decision is borne out by the
fact that Honduras's daim in respect of the boundary line to the north­
west of the Islas Ramaditas was also first asserted during the Antigua

negotiations of 1972. In any case, are these negotiations not part of the
"previous history of the dispute"? In what way is El Salvador's daim
"inconsistent" with the previous history of the dispute? ln the light of
these negotiations, can El Salvador's daim be described in 1992 or in
2003 as a "new claim"?

23. Honduras's approach to the question of revision was clearly based
on the same understanding of the ratio decidendi of the 1992Judgment as
is set forth in this opinion, at !east prior to the final public sitting of the
Chamber on 12September 2003. Honduras's opposition to El Salvador's

Application for revision was based on the premise that the Chamber had
rejected El Salvador's daim on the ground that that State had not
provided sufficient evidence of the avulsion. It follows that, in the
view of Honduras, the ratio decidendi of the decision was unrelated
to the historical pertinence of the daim. This premise represents the

substance of Honduras's Written Observations and also of the statements
of its Agents and counsel, who occasionally express it in explicit terms
(see, for example, the statements by the Agent, Mr. L6pez Contreras,

31420 DEMANDE EN REVISION (OP. DISS. PAOLILLO)

(C6/CR 2003/3, p. 12, par. 1.20), et d'un conseil, M. Jiménez Piernas, le

mêmejour (C6/CR 2003/3, p. 35, par. 15)).
24. Comme l'a déclaréla Chambre en 1992, «[p]our le Honduras, la
norme de droit international applicable au différend est simplement J'uti
possidetis juris)(arrêtde 1992, par. 40). Dans la présente instance, non
seulement le Honduras a réitéré cette affirmation, mais il en a fait l'élé­
ment central de ses observations écrites en réponse à la demande en revi­

sion d'El Salvador. Le Honduras a déclaréque
«la caractéristique généraleque doit présenter un fait pour qu'il soit

de nature à exercer une influence décisiveaux fins d'une demande en
revision d'un arrêtdéfinitifet obligatoire, revêtude la sacra-sainte
res judicata,est la découverte d'un titre ou de nouvelles effectivités
coloniales, lorsque le titre est inexistant ou indéterminé>;(observa­
tions écrites,par. 3.9).

Il a ajoutéqu'«[o}nne saurait en aucun cas oublier que le différendtranché
par l'arrêtdu Il septembre 1992se réfèretrèsprécisémentà I'utipossidetis
de 1821>> (ibid., par.3.10)et que «le fait [nouveau] doit avoir une impor­
tance en lui-même... pour la preuve de l'uti possidetis>(ibid.,par. 3.11).

Le Honduras n'a pas abordéclairement le problèmede l'«incompatibilitb
de la prétention d'El Salvador avec l'historique du différend.
25. Ce n'est que tardivement, à la dernière audience publique du
12 septembre 2003, lors de son second tour de plaidoirie (El Salvador,
Etat demandeur, n'avait en conséquence pas la possibilité de répondre),

que le Honduras a soutenu que les brefs développements de la Chambre
figurant au paragraphe 312 de l'arrêtde 1992et relatifs à la pertinence his­
torique de la prétention d'El Salvador constituaient la ratio decidendi de
la décisionou, en d'autres termes, que c'est sur leur base que la Chambre
aurait tracé la limite du sixième secteur en suivant le cours actuel du
Goascoran. Ce n'est qu'à ce stade de ses plaidoiries que le Honduras a
pour la première fois alléguéque «les élémentsprésentéspar El Salvador

sur ce sujet sont sans rapport avec la détermination des faits sur laquelle
repose la décisiom) (M. Philippe Sands, C6/CR 2003/5, p. 9-10, par. 5).
Pour paraphraser ce qu'a indiquéla Chambre en 1992,je dirai que l'argu­
mentation de dernière minute du Honduras est indubitablement <<non­
velle et incompatible avec l'historique» de l'affaire.
26. Ce changement inattendu de stratégie du Honduras, qui est inter­

venu au dernier moment, a eu pour conséquence fâcheuse qu'El Salvador
n'a pu faire valoir son opinion sur les questions ainsi soulevées.
27. En l'espèce,cette présentation tardive d'un nouvel argument ne
semble pas avoir joué en faveur du respect de la régularitédes procédures
et de la garantie du principe de l'égalitédes Parties.

28. Les faits nouveaux sur lesquels El Salvador a fondé sa requêteen
revision consistent en un ensemble d'élémentsde preuve documentaires

32 AI'PLICATJON FOR REVISION (OISS. OP. PAOLILLO) 420

on 9 September (C6/CR2003/3, p. 12, para. 1.20) and by a counsel,
Mr. Jiménez Piernas, on the same day (C6/CR 2003/3, p. 35, para. 15)).
24. As the Cham ber stated in 1992, "[f]or Honduras the norm of inter­
national law applicable ta the dispute is simply the uti possidetis juris"
(1992 Judgment, para. 40). During the present proceedings, Honduras

not only reiterated this view but made it the cornerstone of its Wrîtten
Observations in response to El Salvador's Application for revision.
Honduras stated that

"in general a fact can ·beof such a nature as to be a decisive factor
for the purposes of an application for revision of a final, binding
judgment bearing the sacrosanct authority of resjudicata only ifthat
fact is the discovery of a title, orof additional colonial effectivités in
cases where title is either non-existent or indeterminate" (Written

Observations, para. 3.9).
It added that "[i]t must in ali events be kept in mind that the dispute

decided by the Judgment of 11 September 1992 very specifically concerns
the uti possidetis of 1821" (ibid., para. 3.10) and that "[t]he [new] fact
must be important per se ... in proving the uri possideris" (ibid.,
para. 3.11). Honduras did not explicitly address the issue of the "incon­
sistency" of El Salvador's daim with the previous history of the dispute.
25. lt was on1y at a late stage, at the last public sitting on 12 Septem­

ber 2003 during the second round of oral argument (El Salvador, the
applicant State, thus had no opportunity to respond), that Honduras
asserted that the Chamber's brief reasoning in paragraph 312 of the
1992 Judgmen t concerning the historical pertinence of El Salvador' s
daim constituted the ratio decidendi of the decision or, in other words,

that it was on the basis of that reasoning that the Cham ber had defined
the boundary of the sixth sector as following the present course of the
Goascoran. It was only at this stage in its oral argument that Honduras
alleged for the first time that "the material presented by El Salvador
to that subject is irrelevant to the operative factual determination"
(Mr. Philippe Sands, C6/CR 2003/5, pp. 9-10, para. 5). To paraphrase the
Chamber's words in 1992, I would say that Honduras's last-minute line

of argument is incontestably "new and inconsistent with the previous
history" of the case.
26. This unexpected last-minute change of strategy by Honduras had
the unfortunate consequence of preventing El Salvador from expressing
its opinion on the questions thus raised.
27. The late presentation of a new argument would not appear, under

the circumstances, to have been consistent with sound procedural prac­
tice or with the principle of equalîty of the Parties.

*

28. The new facts on which El Salvador based its Application for
revision consist of a series of items of documentary evidence (scientific

32421 DEMANDE EN REVISION (OP. DISS. PAOLILLO)

(études scientifiques, rapports techniques, matériel cartographique, pu­

blications), découverts ou produits après 1992, qui, selon El Salvador,
étaient inconnus tant de lui-mêmeque de la Chambre et seraient de
nature à exercer une influence décisive.
29. La Chambre ne s'est pas demandé si ces élémentsde preuve docu­

mentaires pouvaient ou non êtreconsidéréscomme des «faits nouveaux»
au sens de l'article 61 du Statut de la Cour. Elle est arrivéeà la conclusion
qu'ils ne remplissaient pas une des conditions fixées par cette disposition
(êtrede nature à exercer une influence décisive), ce qui revient à recon­
naître implicitement leur qualité de «faits nouveaux». De cette manière,

la Chambre confirme que la présentation de ces documents peut justifier
une demande en revision à la condition que ces derniers répondent aux
critères posés par l'article 61 du Statut.
30. L'idéeque des documents puissent êtreinvoqués comme <<faits

nouveaux» n'a pas ététoujours acceptée. Un courant doctrinal minori­
ta.ire, cherchant à limiter l'utilisation du recours en revision, fait une
interprétation restrictive de l'article1 et soutient que le terme «fait» ne
recouvre pas les documents ou d'autres élémentsde preuve 1•Cette posi­

tion dérived'une perception négativede l'institution de la revision perçue
comme un moyen destiné à briser le sacra-saint principe de la res judi­
cata. Selon ce courant doctrinal, la revision serait un succédanéde l'appel
et, comme tel, constituerait une menace contre la sécuritéjuridique. Cette

appréhension semble êtrepartagée par le Honduras qui a mis la Chambre
en garde dans les termes suivants:

«[s]i cette demande en revision étaitdéclaréerecevable, le précédent
fâcheux qui serait ainsi crééapparaîtrait dans l'avenir comme un
encouragement donné à tout Etat mécontent d'un arrêtde la Cour
de demander sa revision... >>(observations écrites,par. 1.19)1.

31. Le Honduras a également fait une interprétation restrictive des

termes de l'article61 du Statut de la Cour. Il a soutenu qu'il fallait dis­
tinguer« la réalitéobjective d'un fait de l'interprétation ... [qu'on] en don­
nerait, ou des déductions ou autre «construction intellectuelle)))) (ibid.,
par. 2. 17). D'après le Honduras, il existe «une distinction de nature entre

les faits alléguéset les preuves avancées pour vérifierleur réalitéet que
seule la découverte des premiers ouvre droit à revision du procès)) (ibid.,

1 Voir Daniel Bardonnet : «De l'équivoque des catégories juridiques: la revision des
sentences arbitrales pour «erreur de fait>>ou «fait nouveau» dans la pratique latino­
ami:ricaine>>, in Liber Amicorum «In Memoriam11 of Judge Jo.~ M aria Ruda,'
C. A. Armas Barea el al. (dir. pub!.), p. 199; Simpson et Fox, International Arbiumion
-Law and Praclice, 1959, p. 245.
2Le temps a cependant démontréque cette,crainte n'étaitpas justifiée.Aucune demande
en revision n'a étéprésentéeen vertu des conventions de la Haye ou devant la Cour per­
manente de Justice internationale, et au cours de ses soixante ans d'existence, la présente
Cour n'a étésaisie que de trois requêtesen revision (y compris celle déposéepar El Sal­
vador) et les a déclaréesirrecevables toutes les trois.

33 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (mSS. OP. PAOLILLO) 421

studies, technical reports, cartographie material, publications) discovered
or produced after 1992 which, according to El Salvador, were unknown

both to itself and to the Chamber and are alleged to be of such a nature
as to be a decisive factor.
29. The Chamber did not ask itself whether or not this documentary
evidence could be regarded as "new facts" within the meanîng of
Article 61 of the Statu te of the Court. 1 t concluded tha t i tfailed to satisfy

one of the conditions laid down by that Article (being of such a nature
asto be a decisive factor), which is tantamount to an implicit acknowledg­
ment of its status as "new facts". The Chamber thus confirms that the pro­

duction of such documents may substantiate an application for revision
provided that they meet the criteria laid down by Article 61 of the
Statu te.
30. The proposition that documents may be put forward as "new

tacts" has not always been accepted. A minority view in the literature,
seeking to restrict recourse to revision proceedings, has opted for a
narrow interpretation of Article 61, arguîng that the term "facts" does not
caver documents or other evidence 1•This position stems from a negative

perception of the institution of revision, which is vîewed as a means of
breaching the sacrosanct principle of resjudicata. According to this view,
revision is a substitute for appeal and as such represents a threat to legal
certainty. This fear seems to be shared by Honduras, which cautioned the

Cham ber in the following terms:

"[i]f this Application for revision were to be held admissible, the
unfortunate precedent which this would create would come to be
seen in future as an encouragement to any State dissatisfied with

a judgment of the Court to ap2ly for its revision ... " (Written
Observa tians, para. 1.19) .

31. Honduras also put forward a narrow interpretation of the terms of
Article 61 of the Statute of the Court. lt argued that "the objective reality
of a fact must be distinguished from the interpretation which ... [one]
seeks to place upon it,and from inferences or other new 'intellectual con­

structs' " (ibid., para. 2.17). According to Honduras, there is "a distinc­
tion in kind between the facts alleged and the evidence relied upon
to prove them, and only the discovery of the former opens a right to

1 See Daniel Bardonnet. "De l'équivoquedes catégoriesjuridiques: la revision des sen­
tences arbitrales pour 'erreur de fait' '!àinouveau' dans la pratique latina-améri­

caine"',n Liher Amicorum '"ln Memoriam"" of Judge José Maria Ruda, C. A. Armas
rice,1959, p. 245. p. 199; Simpson and FoxInternational Arbitrarion -Law and Prac­
2
Time has shown, however, thal this fear is unfounded. No application for revision ha.>
been filed under the Hague Convention:;, none was filcd before the Permanent Court or
lnternational Justice, and this Court hus dealt with on!y three applications for revision
(including that filed by El Salvador) during the 60 years of its existence and has declared
ail thrcc inadmissible.

33422 DEMANDE EN REVISION (OP. DISS. PAOLILLO)

par. 2.20). Le Honduras a affirmé s'appuyer sur <<Une jurisprudence bien

établie» alors qu'il a citéuniquement l'avis consultatif de la Cour perma­
nente de Justice internationale relatif à la délimitation de la frontière
entre la Serbie et l'Albanie au monastère de Saint-Naoum, dans lequel il

est dit que <<desdocuments nouvellemen3 produits ne constituent pas par
eux-mêmesdes faits nouveaux>> .
32. Il est vrai que le recours en revision est, de par sa nature et son
objet, exceptionnel et que, partant, «il est ... nécessairement limité dans
4
ses conditions d'exercice» et recevable seulement quand toutes les condi­
tions, au demeurant très strictes, de l'article 61 du Statut sont remplies.
Le caractère restrictif des conditions d'exercice ne peut toutefois pas

s'étendre à l'interprétation des tem1es mêmesdans lesquels ces conditions
sont posées. Dire que la recevabilité d'un recours en revision est soumise
à des conditions étroites est en effet une chose, soutenir que les disposi­

tions régissant l'utilisation de ce recours doivent par conséquent être
interprétées et appliquées de manière restrictive en est une autre tout à
fait différente. Il n'existe aucune raison qui justifierait l'application aux
termes de l'article 61 du Statut de la Cour d'un critère restrictif d'inter­

prétation et qui amènerait à ne pas considérer des documents comme des
«faits» au sens de 1a '.rticle 61.Cette disposition doit êtreinterprétéeselon
les règles générales d'interprétation, qui veulent qu'on attribue aux

termes leur sens ordinaire. Et sans aucun doute possible, le sens ordinaire
du terme «fait» recouvre les documen ts 5.
33. Les discussions qui ont précédé l'adoption de l'article 59 du Statut

de la Cour pem1anente de Justice internationale (devenu plus tard l'ar­
ticle 61du Statut de la présente Cour) révèlentque, dans l'esprit des rédac­
teurs de cette disposition, les documents constituaient des «faits» 6 .C'est
également là l'opinion dominante dans la doctrine 7, ainsi que dans la

3 Avis consultatif, 1924C P.J.!. sérieB n" 9p. 22.
4 Michel Dubisson, La Cour internationale de Justice, 1964,p. 250.
5 Ce qui est vrai, réel;cc qui existe réellement(Larousse); ce qui constitue !a matière de
!a connaissance (Lalande, Vocabulaire technique et critique de la philosophie). Voir égale­
ment, Jean Salmon, «Le fait dans l'application du droit international», Recueil des cours
de l'Académiede droil international de La Haye (RCADl), voL 175 (1982), p. 273.

6 Une proposition de !'Italie d'ajouter le mot« document» dans le texte de l'article fut

retiréeaprès que M. Polilis eut déclaréque <dadécouverted'un document est incluse dans
celled'un fait» (Sociétédes Nations, Prod!s-verboux 1-VIII de la TroisiémeCommission,
pr7mière Assemblée,documents, p. 375).
Voir, par exemple, M_Sccrni, «La procédurede !a Cour permanente de Justice inter­
nationale», RCADI, vol. 65 (1938), p. 672; Paul Reuter,<<La motivationet la revision des
sentences arbitralesà la conférence de !a paix de La Haye (1899) el le conflit frontalier
entre le Royaume-Uni et le Venezuela», Mélangesoj)àts à Juraj Andrassy, p. 243 et 245;
P. Lalive, Questions actuelles concernant l'arbitrage international.H.E.l, cours 1959-
1960, p. 100 ct 101; W. M. Reisman, Nullily and Revision. The Review ond Enforcement
of International Judgments ami Awards, p. 38 et210; E.Zoller, «Observations sur la revi­
sion et !'interprélation des sentencesrbitrales», Annuaire français de droit européen,
voL XXIV (1978), p. 331 et 351;D. V. Sandifer, Evidence before International Tribunats,
1975, P- 453-

34 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (mss. OP. PAOULLO) 422

revision" (Written Observations, para. 2.20). Honduras claimed to be

relying on "well-established case law", although ît merely cited the Advî­
sory Opinion of the Permanent Court of International Justice on the
delimitation of the boundary between Serbia and Albania at the Monas­

tery of Saint Naoum, which states that "fresh documents do not in them­
selves amount to fresh facts" 3.
32. While it is true that an application for revision is by its very nature

and abject exceptional and bence that "the conditions in which it îs exer­
cised are ... necessarily limîted" 4 and that it is admissible only when aH

the- very strict- conditions of Article 61 of the Statute are satisfied,
the restrictive nature of the conditions governing its exercise cannot be
extended to the manner in which the language of those conditions is

interpreted. To say that the admissibility of an application for revision is
subject to strict conditions is one thing; to argue that the provisions gov­
erning the use of such an application must therefore be narrowly inter­

preted and applied is quite a different matter. There is no justification for
applying a narrow interpretative criterion to the terms of Article 61 of the
Statute of the Court, by virtue of which documents are not to be

regarded as "facts" within the meaning of Article 61. The Article should
be interpreted in accordance with general rules of interpretation, which

require that terms should be given their ordinary meaning. And there can
be no doubt whatsoever that the ordinary meaning of the term "facts"
indudes documents 5•

33. The discussions that preceded the adoption of Article 59 of the
Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice (which subse­
quently became Article 61 of the Statute of this Court) show that, in the
6
minds of the drafters of the Article, documents constîtuted "facts" .This
opinion also prevails in the literature 7 and in that, albeit seant, corpus of

3 Advisory Opinion, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series 8. No.9, p. 22.
4 Miche! Dubisson, Lu Cour inremmionule de Justice, !964, p. 250.
5 What is true, real; what really exists (Larousse); what constitutcs the SLlbstance of
something known (Lalande, Vocabulaire technique et critique de la philosophie) [trans­
lotions by the Registry}Sec aIso Jean Salmon, "Le fait dans l'application du droit inter­
national", Recueil des cours de l'Académiede droit international dLa Haye (RCADI),

Vo6. 175 (1982),P- 273.
A proposai by 1taly to insert the word "document" in the text of the Article was with­
dra wn alterMr. Polilis poimed om that "the discovery of a documenl was included in the
discovery of a fact" (League of Nations, Minutes 1-V1ll of the Third Commiltee, Fir.1·1
Assembly, Records, p.375).
7 See, for example,M. Scerni, "La procédure de la Cour permanente de Justice inter­
nationale",RCAD1, Vol. 65 (1938), p. 672; Paul Remer, "La motivationet larevision des
sentences arbitrales à la conférence de la paixe La Haye (1899) ct le conflit frontalier
entre Je Royaume-Uni et le Vénézuela", Mélangesoffens à Jumj Andrassy, pp. 243, 245;
P_ Lalive,Questions acwelles concermmt l'arbitrage international, I.H.E.!.Cours 1959-
1960, pp. 100, 101; W. M. Reisman, Nu/lity and Revision. The Review and Enforcement of

lmernational Judgments and Awards, pp. 38, 210; E.Zoller, "Observations sur la revision
et l'interprétation des sentences arbitrales",Annuaire français de droit européen,
Vol. XXIV (1978), pp. 331, 351; O. V. Sandifer,Evidence before !ntemutional Tribunats,
1975, p.453.

34423 DEMANDE EN REVISION (OP. DlSS. PAOULLO)

jurisprudence internationale, peu abondante, il est vrai. C'est, en effet, de
cette manière que la Cour a interprétédans le passé l'exigence de la
découverte d'un «fait nouveau» pour fonder une requêteen revision 8.
Dans son arrêtdu 10 décembre 1985 (Demande en revision et en inter­

prétation de l'arrêtdu 24 février 1982 en l'affaire du Plateau continen­
tal (Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne) (Tunisie c. Jamahiriya arabe
libyenne)), la Cour, bien qu'elle ne se soit pas prononcée de manière

explicite sur ce point spécifique, a considérécomme «faits>) les docu­
ments présentéspar la Tunisie à l'appui de sa requêteen revision. La
Cour a déclarél'irrecevabilitéde la requêteparce que ces faits ne rem­
plissaient pas deux des conditions de recevabilitéexigéespar l'article 61:

celle de l'ignorance non fautive du fait nouveau par le demandeur et celle
selon laquelle le fait nouveau doit êtrede nature à exercer une influence
décisive Cette conclusion implique la reconnaissance par la Cour que

des documents constituent des «faits)) au sens de l'article 61.
34. En n'abordant pas explicitement la question de l'admissibilitéde
documents ou d'autres élémentsde preuve présentés à l'appui d'une
demande en revision, la présenteChambre semble également faire sienne

une interprétation large de ce qui peut constituer un «faih> au sens de l'ar­
ticle 61 du Statut de la Cour. De ce point de vue, l'arrêtde la Chambre,
auquel je regrette toutefois de ne pas pouvoir m'associer, constitue

selon moi un développement jurisprudentiel positif que je me réjouis de
noter.

*

35. Je suis arrivé à la conclusion que le matériel et l'information
qu'El Salvador a présentésdans cette instance comme étant des «faits
nouveaux)) satisfont, dans leur ensemble, aux conditions fixéespar l'ar­

ticle 61 du Statut de la Cour. Etant donnéque !a ratio decidendi de l'arrêt
de 1992 en ce qui concerne le sixièmesecteur de la frontière terrestre est,
selon mon opinion, expliquéeaux paragraphes 308, 309 et 321 de ladite dé­
cision (inexistence de preuves sur la survenance d'un changement brusque

du cours de !a rivière; absence d'élémentsscientifiques prouvant que

8 On peut citer d'autres décisions de tribunaux internatiallant dans le mêmesens.
Voir, par exemple, l'affaire lleim er Chaman/ e. Ewt allemand. Recueil des décisions des
tribunaux arbilraux mixtes,t. 3, p. 54-55; plus récemment, Cour interaméricaine des
droits de l'homme, l'affaire Genie Lacayo, décision du 13septembre 1997, par. 12. Dans
son arrêtrelatif à la Demande en revision de /'arrèt du 1! juil/er 1996 en l"a_ffairerefarive
à !"Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Bo>nie-Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie), exceptions préliminaires (Yougoslavie c. Bosnie­
Herzégovine), la Cour ne s'est pas prononcée sur ce point, mais les juges qui se sont
exprimés dans des opinions individuelles ou dissidentes ont abordé la question et ont
considéré comme allant de soi que des preuves nouvellement produites,y compris les
pre1.1vesdocumentaires, pouvaient constituer des faits nouveaux au sens de l'article 61 du
Statut; voir, par exemple, l'opinion individuelle du juge Koroma (C. l.J. Recued 2003,

p. 34, par. 2); opinion dissidente du juge Dimitrijevié (ibid., p. 54 et 55, par. 6 ct 9).
9 C.l.J.Recueil 1985, p. 206 et 213, par. 28 et 39.

35 AJ>PUCATION FOR REVISION (mss. OP. PAOULLO) 423

international jurisprudence. lt is the approach that the Court adopted in
the past in interpreting the requirement of discovery of a "new fact" as
grounds for an application for revision 8. ln its Judgment of 10 Decem­

ber 1985 (Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of
24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)), the

Court, while refraining from taking an explicit position on this point,
nevertheless treated the documents presented by Tunisia in support of its
Application for revision as "facts". The Court declared the Application
inadmissible because those facts did not satisfy two of the conditions for

admissibility laid down in Article 61: that ignorance of the new fact by
the Applicant must not be due to negligence and that the new fact must
be of such a nature as to be a decisive factor 9. This conclusion implies

that the Court acknowledged that the documents constituted "facts"
within the meaning of Article 61.
34. By refraining from expressly addressing the issue of the admissi­

bility of documents or other evidence presented in support of an applica­
tion for revision, the present Chamber also seems ta endorse a broad
interpretation of what may constitute a "fact" within the meaning
of Article 61 of the Statute of the Court. On this point 1 find the

Chamber's Judgment, with which 1 am regrettably unable to associate
myself, a positive development in jurisprudence of which 1 am pleased
to take note.

>1<

35. 1 have come to the conclusion that, taken overall, the material and

information that El Salvador presented in these proceedings as "new
facts" large!y satisfy the conditions laid down by Article 61 of the Statute
of the Court. Given that the ratio decidendi of the 1992 Judgment in

respect of the sixth sector of the land boundary is, in my opinion,
explained in paragraphs 308, 309 and 321 of that decision (no evidence of
an abrupt change of course of the river; Jack of scientific evidence that
the previous course of the river was such that it debouched in the Estero

" Othcr similar decisionby international tribunals may be citcd. See, for example, the
Heim el Chaman/ c. Etat allemand case.Recueil des décisions des tribunaux arbitraux
mixtes, Vol. 3, pp. 54-55; more recently lnter-American Court of Hllman RightsGenie
Lacayo case, decision of 13 Septcmbcr 1997,para. 12. In its Judgmcnt onApp!icmion
for Rerision of the Judgmem of il July 1996 in the Case concerningApplication of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and
Herzegovina ,. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslaviav. Bosnia and Herze­
govina),the Court look no position on this point, but the judges who produccd separate
or dissenting opinions addrcssed the issue and look it as self-evident thal newly produccd
evidence, including documcntary evidence, could constitute new facts within the meaning
of Article 61 of the Statutc; see, for example, the separatc opinion of Judge Koroma
(! C J Reports 2003, p. 34, para. 2); dissenting opinion o1udge Dimitrijevié (ibid.,
pp. 54 and 55, paras. 6 and 9).
9 lC. J. Reports 1985,pp. 206 and 213, paras. 28 and 39.

35424 DEMANDE EN REVISION (OP. DISS. PAOLILLO)

le cours antérieur de la rivière débouchait dans l'Estero La Cutu), tout
élémentde preuve tendant à démontrer le fait de l'avulsion du Goasconin
est susceptible d'avoir une influence décisive.
36. Au cours de la présente instance, El Salvador a produit des
preuves techniques qui, selon lui, montrent d'une manière irréfutable
l'existence de l'ancien lit que le Goascorân aurait abandonné par l'effet
d'une avulsion et qui débouchaitdans lebras du Cu.tu. ElSalvador a égale­
ment produit des preuves scientifiquescontenues dans un rapport d'experts
qui soutiennent catégoriquement qu'un changement brusque du cours du

fleuve est survenu après que les autorités coloniales espagnoles eurent
tracé la limite entrel'Alcaldia Mayor de Tegucigalpa et la municipalité
de San Miguel suivant le lit de la rivière, et que le bras du Cutu et ses
chenaux de distribution étaient lesémissairesprincipaux du Goasconin à
l'époqueoù eut lieu l'abandon de l'ancien cours.
37. A ces nouveaux élémentsde preuve, il convient d'ajouter lescopies
de la «Carta Esférica)>et du compte rendu de l'expéditiondu brigantin
El Activo récemmentdécouvertes dans I'Ayer Collection de la Newberry
Library de Chicago au moyen desquelles El Salvador vise à affaiblir la
force probante du seul élémentde preuve sur lequel la Chambre a en 1992
décidé Jetracéde la frontière dans le sixièmesecteur, à savoir les copies
des mêmesdocuments conservéesau Muséenaval de Madrid et produites

par le Honduras lors de l'instance originelle. En l'absence d'autres élé­
ments de preuve, c'est exclusivement sur la base de ces copies que la
Chambre a décidéque la ligne frontière devait suivre le cours actuel du
Goasconin jusqu'à son embouchure dans le golfe de Fonseca, au nord­
ouest des lslas Ramaditas.
38. Les copies produites par El Salvador présentent en l'espèce de
nombreuses différences avec celles du Musée naval de Madrid (diffé­
rences de dates, informations contradictoires- surtout en ce qui concerne
la configuration généralede la côte-, différencesdans la présentation, le
type de caractères, la calligraphie et lessymboles utilisés).La majoritédes
membres de la Chambre soutient que ces différences«ne permettent pas
de remettre en cause la fiabilitédes cartes produites devant la Chambre
en 1992H (arrêt,par. 52). Il est possible que, considéréesisolément, cha­
cune de ces différencesne paraisse pas très importante. JI est toutefois
permis de douter de la fiabilitéde ces documents et de l'exactitude des

informations qu'ils contiennent quand on considère les différencesdans
leur ensemble. Si on ajoute à cette considération le fait qu'au cours de
cette instance El Salvador a présentéd'autres élémentsde preuve visant à
démontrerqu'un phénomèned'avulsion a effectivement déplacél'embou­
chure du Goascoran de l'Estero La Cutu à l'Estero Ramaditas, on peut
se demander si, en 1992, la Chambre n'a pas utilisécomme base de sa
décisionun document sans aucune valeur probante. Si la soliditéde cette
preuve est maintenant mise en cause par la découverte d'un nouveau
document, il est alors permis de penser qu'en1992 la Chambre n'a peut­
êtrepas adopté la décisionla plus juste qui soit quant au sixièmesecteur
de la frontière terrestre entre El Salvador et le Honduras.

36 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (mss. OP. PAOULLO) 424

La Cutu), any evidence demonstrating the fact of the Goascoràn avulsion
may be of such a nature as to be a decisive factor.

36. During the present proceedîngs, El Salvador produced technical
evidence that irrefutably demonstrates, in its view, the existence of the
old bed, which the Goascoràn allegedly left following an avulsion and
which debouched into the Cutu inlet. El Salvador also produced scientîfic

evidence contained in an expert report which states categorically that an
abrupt change in the course of the river occurred after the Spanish colo­
nial authorities had defined the boundary between the Aicaldia Mayor de
Tegucigalpa and the municipality of San Miguel as following the rîver­
bed, and that the Cutu inlet and its distributory channels were the pri­

mary outlets of the Goascorân at the time when the old course was
abandoned.
37. To this new evidence should be added the copies of the "Carta
Esférica" and of the report of the expedition of the brigantine El Aclivo
recently discovered in the Ayer Collection of the Newberry Library in

Chicago, by means of which El Salvador seeks to weaken the probative
force of the only evidence on which the Chamber based its determination
of the course of the boundary in the sixth sector in 1992, namely copies of
the same documents held at the Madrid Naval Museum and produced by
Honduras in the original proceedings. ln the absence of other evidence, it

was exclusively on the basis of thcsc copies that the Chambcr decided
that the boundary line should follow the present course of the Goascorân
as far as its mou th in the Gulf of Fonseca, north-west of the lslas Rama­
ditas.
38. The copies produced by El Salvador in these proceedings differ in
many respects from those of the Madrid Naval Muscum (different dates,

conflicting data - especially as regards the general configuration of the
coast, differences in presentation, type of cha.racters, calligraphy and
symbols used). A majority of the Members of the Chamber hold that
these discrepancies "afford no basis for questioning the reliability of the
charts that were produced to the Chamber in 1992" (Judgment, para. 52).

lt is possible that, considering in isolation, each such discrepancy would
not appear to be of great importance. However, one is justified in ques­
tioning the reliability of the documents and the accuracy of the informa­
tion they contain when the dîscrepancics are viewed as a whole. If we add
to this the fact that during the present proceedings El Salvador presented
other evidence designed to show that an avulsion phenomenon effectivcly

shifted the mouth of the Goascoràn from the Estero La Cutû to the
Estero Ramaditas, the question arises whether the Chamber may not in
1992 have relied as the basis for its decision on a document having no
evidential value. If the reliability of this evidence is now brought into
question by the discovery of a new document, there are then grounds to

believe that the decision taken by the Chamber in 1992 in respect of the
sixth sector of the land boundary between El Salvador and Honduras
was perhaps not entirely correct.

36425 DEMANDE EN REVISION (OP. DISS. PAOLILLO)

39. Les termes ((diligence» et «négligence>> possèdent un contenu
abstrait dont l'appréciation comporte un élémentfortement subjectif. Il

n'est dès lors pas possible de déterminer de manière généraleet à priori
quel comportement a étédiligent ou négligent. La détermination du
dégréde diligence ou de négligence doit se faire au cas par cas en tenant
compte du contexte. Dans l'examen d'une requête en revision, il faut
considérer chaque situation particulière, en tenant compte, notamment,
de la nature des faits présentéscomme des <<faits.nouveauxH, des moyens

d'accès à ces <<faitsHpar la partie qui demande la revision, et du com­
portement des parties.
40. Les explications données par El Salvador pour démontrer sa dili­
gence, ou tout au moins son manque de négligence dans la présentation
des nouveaux élémentsde preuve qu'il a produits pour fonder sa requête
en revision, m'ont en tout état de cause parues convaincantes (à l'excep­

tion des explications relatives aux élémentsqu'il qualifie de <<preuveshis­
toriquesH et qui consistent en réalitéen deux ouvrages de géographie
d'auteurs honduriens et publiés au Honduras). La situation d'instabilité
sociale et politiquequ'a connue El Salvador du fait de la violente guerre
civile faisant ragesur son territoire durant l'instruction de l'affaire par la

Cour, l'indisponibilité des moyens techniques qui auraient permis à cet
Etat de se procurer certaines preuves importantes pour corroborer ses
allégations, les difficultés d'accès à quelques-uns des nouveaux éléments
et,pour ce qui est de la «Carta Esférica» et du journal de bord de l'expé­
dition d'El Activo, l'impossibilité de consulter toutes les sources d'infor­
mation cartographique existantes expliquent largement, à mon avis, pour­

quoi les élémentsde preuve sur la base desquels El Salvador a tenté
d'obtenir la revision de l'arrêtde 1992 n'ont pas étéprésentésplus tôt.
41. J'ignore si, dans l'hypothèse où l'information produite par El Sal­
vador au cours de cette instance avait étéconnue de la Chambre en 1992,
celle-ciaurait nécessairement étéamenée à adopter une décision diflë­
rente de celle qu'elle a adoptée. A ce stade, la présente Chambre devait

seulement statuer sur la recevabilité de la requêteen revision sans se pro­
noncer sur le fond. En conséquence, je me suis simplement borné à véri­
fier si les éléments qu'El Salvador a présentéscomme des (<faits nou­
veaux» remplissaient les conditions fixéespar l'article 61 du Statut de
la Cour. Sur ce point, je suis arrivé à une conclusion affirmative: ces
conditions ont étéremplies et la requêteen revision était par conséquent

recevable.
42. Ayant conclu, de manière erronée à mon point de vue, que la ratio
decidendi de l'arrêtde 1992 concernant le sixième secteur de la frontière
terrestre'n'était pas liéeau fond du différend mais à son historique, et
que, par conséquent, les faits nouveaux présentésà l'instance n'étaient
pas de nature à exercer une influence décisive,la Chambre a décidéque la

requêteen revision déposéepar El Salvador était irrecevable. Il s'ensuit
que ne pourra pas s'ouvrir la seconde phase de la procédure en revision,
au cours de laquelle la Chambre aurait eu à statuer sur le fond de la
demande. Cela est regrettable, car un nouvel examen au fond du diffé-

37 APPLICATION FOR REVISION (D!SS. OP. PAOLILLO) 425

39. Any assessment of the terms "diligence'' and "negligence" is likely

ta be highly subjective owing to their abstract content. 1t is thus generally
not possible to determine a priori whether conduct has been diligent or
negligent. The degree of diligence or negligence involved must be assessed
on a case-by-case basis, having regard to the context. ln examining an
application for revision, each individual situation must be considered,

taking into account, in particu!ar, the nature of the facts presented as
"new facts", the means of access to these "facts" by the party applying
for revision, and the conduct of the parties.

40. The arguments employed by El Salvador to demonstrate its dili­

gence, or at !east its Jack of negligence, in presenting the new evidence
that it produced in support of its Application for revision seemed to me,
in any event, to be persuasive (except for the arguments concerning the
material that it characterizes as "historical evidence", which in reality
consists of two geographical works by Honduran authors published in
Honduras). The unstable social and politica! situation in El Salvador

resulting from the violent civil war raging on its territory during the
Court's examination of the case, the unavailability of technical facilities
that would have enabled that State to obtain certain important evidence
to substantiate its allegations, difficulties in gaining access to sornethe
new material and, in the case of the "Carta Esférica" and the logbook of

the El Activo expedition, the impossibility of consulting ali existing
sources of cartographie information, go a long way towards explaining,
in my opinion, why the evidence on the basis of which El Salvador
sought to have the 1992 Judgment revised was not presented sooner.

41. 1do not know whether the Chamber, bad it been aware in 1992 of
the information produced by El Salvador during these proceedings, would
necessarily have taken a different decision from that actually taken. At
this stage, the present Chamber is merely rcquired to rule on the admis­
sibility of the Application for revision without taking a position on
the merits. 1 have therefore confined myself to ascertaining whether the

material that El Salvador presented as "new facts" satisfied the condi­
tions laid down by Article 61 of the Statute of the Court. On this point,
1 reached an affirmative conclusion: the conditions were satisfied and
the Applicalion for revision was therefore admissible.

42. Having concluded, erroneously in my view, that the ratio decidendi

of the 1992 Judgment in respect of the sixth sector of the land boundary
was not related to the substance of the dispute but toits previous history,
and that the new tacts presented during the proceedings were therefore
not of such a nature asto be a decisive factor, the Chamber decided that
the Application for revision liled by El Salvador was inadmissible. It fol­

lows that the second stage of the revision proceedings, during which the
Cham ber would have had to rule on the mcrits of the Application, can­
nat commence. This is regrettable, since a fresh examination of the merits

37426 DEMANDE EN REVISION (OP. DISS. PAOLILLO)

rend·- limité,naturellement, au sixièmesecteur de la frontière terrestre
-aurait permis à la Chambre de confirmer ou de reviser l'arrêtde 1992

sur la base d'une information sensiblement plus abondante et plus fiable
que celle dont la Chambre disposait lors de l'instance originelle. Une
nouvelle décisionau fond, relativement au sixièmesecteur, aurait pu ser­
vir l'intérête la justice mieux que ne l'a servie l'arrêtde 1992,dans la me­
sure où plus une juridiction est informée, plus grandes sont ses chances

d'adopter des décisionsjustes. A mon grand regret, ct pour les raisons
mentionnées dans cette opinion, je n'ai pas d'autre choix que d'exprimer
mon désaccord avec la présentedécisiond'irrecevabilitéde la requêteen
revision déposéepar El Salvador.

(Signé) Felipe H. PAOLILLO.

38 l

APPLICATION FOR REVISION (DISS. OP. PAOLILLO) 426

of the dispute - limited, of course, to the sixth sector of the land bound­
ary- would have allowed the Court to confirm or revise the 1992 Judg­
ment on the basis of considerably more abundant and relîable infor­
mation than had been available to the Chamber during the original
proceedings. A new decision on the merits, relating to the sixth sector,
might have better served the cause of justice than the !992 Judgment,

inasmuch as the better informed a court is, the greater are its chances of
adopting correct decisions. To my great regret, and for the reasons men­
tioned in this opinion,I have no choice but to express my disagreement
with the present decision holding inadmissible the Application for revi­
sion filed by El Salvador.

(Signed) Felipe H. PAOLTLLO.

38

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Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Judge ad hoc Paolillo

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