Dissenting Opinion of Vice-president Sette-Camara

Document Number
068-19840321-JUD-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
068-19840321-JUD-01-00-EN
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DISSENTING OPINION OF VICE-PRESIDENT SETTE-CAMARA

1. 1regret that 1am unable to concur with the Judgment of the Court
and, that being so, 1 set forth the grounds of my dissent below.
2. When thefounding fathers of the Statute of the old Court decided to
find a place in the draft prepared by the Hague Advisory Committee of
Jurists for the institution of intervention, they were not innovating in any
way. The did nothing but introduce in the basic document of the Court a
procedural remedy known and recognized by al1the legal systems of the
world as a legitimate means by which thrd parties, extraneous to a legal
dispute, have the right to come into the proceedingsto defend their legal
rights or interests whch might be impaired or threatened by the course of

the contentious proceedings.
3. In most systems of law - through different models - principal or
accessory intervention, assistance, or "aggressive" intervention, the legal
basis is always the same :the existence of a right or of an interest of a legal
nature of a third party that may be affected by the course of the proceed-
ings. The proof of the existence of this legal interest is by necessity not
definitive and beyond dispute. Already in Roman law the simple ap-
pearance of its existence was enough to justify intervention.

4. Since paragraph 35 in fine of the Judgment refers to the travaux
préparatoires for adoption of the Statute as evidence that Article 62 does
not derogate from the general rules on jurisdiction, 1 feel compelled to
recall some highlights of said travauxpréparatoires.
5. The Advisory Committee of Jurists of 1920could not ignore a pro-

cedural institution which is present in al1systems of law. As an indis-
pensableinstrument forthedefence of the legalinterestsand rights of third
parties in contentious proceedings it constitutes an important stage of
procedural law in interna1 legal orders and it could not be set aside in the
procedural structure which was being constructed as the first experiment
of a permanent judicial body in international law.

6. The first drafts of the Committeeembodiedonly the substance of the
present Article 63, namely the case of intervention by the parties to an
international convention in a contentious dispute dealing with the inter-
pretation of such a convention, to which States,other than those partici-
pating in the case, areparties. In such a situation, the Registrar,according to Article 63,should notify al1such Statesforthwith and everyone of them
would have the right to intervene, accepting thereby to be bound by the
judgment.
7. Already at the 28th private meeting of the Hague Committee of
Jurists on 20 July 1920,Lord Phillimore

"raised the question of the right of intervention. He thought that
Paragraph 4wouldbe uselessifthis rightwerenot conceded to awider
extent than had been done in Article 23, which only mentioned
general treaties." (SeeP.C.I.J., Advisory CommitteeofJurists :Procès-
verbaux of the Proceedingsof the Committee, p. 587.)

8. During the debates on the draft the question was raised that to
conform with the generality of systemsof national procedural law another
form of intervention should be contemplated. One that would not be
confined to the "construction" of an international convention, but would
embrace al1forms of contentious proceedings, sothat a third party would
have at its disposa1 a remedy capable of coping with possible injury or
damage toits interests of a legal nature that might be caused by a decision

in a casebetween other contending parties. That was at theroot of Article
62.Severalformulations werepresented by Mr. Fernandes, Mr.Loder and
other members of the Committee, but it was the President, Baron Des-
camps, who proposed the final wording adopted by the Committee. It ran
as follows :
"Should a State consider that is has an interest of a legal nature,
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may subrnit a

request to the Court to be permitted to intervene. It will be for the
Court to decide upon this request."
It coincidesalmost completelywith the textwhichhas survived until today
(ibid, p. 594).
9. The formula was embodied in the Draft Scheme, amended by the

Council of the League of Nations as Article 60.
10. The Léon Bourgeoisreport to the Council of the League stated in
relation to this Article :
"They [the Committee] have, indeed, given to non-litigant States
the right to intervene in a casewhere any interest of ajudicial nature

whichmayconcern them isinvolved." (P.C.I.J.,Documentsconcerning
theAction Taken by the Councilof the League ofNations underArticle
14 of the Covenant,p. 50.)
11. The work of the Committee was also discussed in the Preliminary

Sessionof the Court in 1922.During the preparation of the first Rules of
Court in 1922the opinions were divided on the question of the need of a
jurisdictional link :Judges Lord Finlay, Weiss,Oda, Loder and Moore for
the negative and Judges Anzilotti, Huber, Negulesco, Altamira and Yo-vanovitchfor the affirmative. On 24 February 1922,the President, Judge
Loder, went further in the interpretation of the text, ruling :

"The President stated that he couldnot take a voteupon aproposa1
the effect of which would be to limit the right of intervention (as
prescribed in Article 62) to such States as had accepted compulsory
jurisdiction. If a proposa1 in this sense were adopted, it would be
contrary to the Statute." (P.C.I.J., Series D, No. 2, p. 96.)

12. So,already in those early days the need of ajurisdictional link was
doubtful, to Saythe least.
13. At the same meeting there was a forceful statement by Lord Fin-
lay :
"Lord Finlay agreed with the President that it was impossible to
maintain that interventionshouldonlytakeplace in suitsbetween two
States which had accepted the compulsoryjurisdiction of the Court,
or that this right should only be exercised by a State which had

accepted the samejurisdiction. In his opinion, there was no founda-
tion for this view in the Statute." (Ibid., p. 90.)
14. The argument often used in the pleadings of Libya and Malta,
accordingto which Article 62is a leftoverfrom the time when the drafters
of the Statute were inspired by the ideal of the creation of a permanent
international tribunal endowed with compulsory jurisdiction, deserves
somecomments. Malta and Libya arguedthat when thisideal gaveplaceto
the more realistic approach of consensualjurisdiction, the drafters of the
Statute "forgot" to adapt Article 62 to the new reality, or to delete it

altogether.

15. Thistheory of the negligenceof the authors of the Statute goesback
to the position taken by Judge Altamira, who stated :
"the scheme of the Jurists of 1920was based on the principle of the
compulsoryjurisdiction of the Court. When this principle was mo-
dified by the Assembly, the text of certain articleshad unfortunately
not been brought into line with the new principle which had been

introduced." (Ibid., p. 89.)
16. The fact that the text of the article was carefully re-examined in
several instances, especially by the Committee of Jurists assigned the task
of drafting the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which met in
Washington from 9 to 19April 1945,and emerged practically unchanged
from thisCommittee (see UNCIO, Documents,Vol. 14,pp. 485-676)belies
completelythefar-fetchedargumentbasedon apresumption ofnegligence
in the course of the drafting of the very constitutional document of the
Court. 17. The context of Article 62, as it was embodied in the Statute and
preserved ever since, with the only modification, in 1945,of the suppres-
sion of the term "as a thrd party", to align it with the French text, is very
general and concise. According to the text any State is entitled to request
intervention if it considers that is has an interest of a legal nature which
maybe affected by adecisionof the Court. In thelight of thebest traditions
goingback to Roman law,it isenough that the State considersthat ishas an
interest of a legalnature. It isnot bound to produce proof, in apositive and
indisputable way, of the existence of this legal interest. Moreover, it suf-
fices that the legal interest rnay be affected. The simple possibility is

enough. A proof of pending effectiveand concreteharm isnot requiredfor
the decision of the Court under Article 62, paragraph 2. The only thing
necessary, accordingto the Statute, is that the interest be of a legalnature
and not of a merely factual or political nature.
18. Article 62 of the Statute encompassesthree main requirements :
(a) a State (besides those involved in a contentious casebefore the Court)
considers that it has an interest of a legal nature in the case ;
(b) this interest of a legal nature may be affected by the decision of the
Court ;

(c) the Court shall have the power to decide on the request for interven-
tion.

19. The practice of the Court in the matter of intervention has been
extremely meagre. The Permanent Court was confronted with an inter-
vention under Article 62 in only one case, the S.S. "Wimbledon"case. In
fact, Poland's request for intervention in that case was originally based on
Article 62, but, since the interpretation of Article 380 of the Treaty of
Versaillesinrelation to the accessto the Kiel Canal wasthecrucialpoint in

contention, the Court decided to uphold the application for intervention,
but on thebasis ofArticle 63(seeP.C.I.J., SeriesA, No.1,pp. 12-13).Sothe
Permanent Court had no experience whatsoever in dealing with Article
62.
20. The experience of the present Court in the question of intervention
is also far from rich. In the Haya de la Torrecase(I.C.J.Reports 1951,pp.
74-77)the Court acceded to therequest by Cubato intervene under Article
63, Colombia being in agreement and Peru objecting. The problem
involvedwas the interpretation of the Havana Convention of 1928on the
Right of Asylum.
21. In the Monetary GoldRemoved from Rome in 1943 case (I.C.J.
Reports1954),the Court dealt indirectly with the problem of intervention
in the light of the possibility to interveneopen to Albania, but which was
not made use of by the latter country.
22. In 1974Fiji requested to intervenein the NuclearTestscase, and on
20 December 1974an Order of the Court, unanimously adopted, decidedthat the Fiji Application had lapsed. Declarations of Judges Dillard and
Sir Humphrey Waldock (joint) and in a'more detailed way of Judge
Jiménezde Aréchagawere appended to this Order, spelling out the need
for the jurisdictional link had the intervention request been entertained

(seeI.C.J.Reports1974,pp. 532-533).LikewiseJudge Onyeama and Judge
ad hoc Sir Garfield Barwick indicated their position in favour of the
necessity of the jurisdictional link.
23. In viewof the obvious connections between the present proceedings
and the 1981 Judgment of the Court on the application of Malta for
permission to intervene in the Tunisia/Libya case, and the importance of
some aspects of this Judgment, 1 shall deal with it separately.

24. Since the early days of the Permanent Court, when the Preliminary
Sessionformulatedthefirst Rulesfortheapplication ofArticle62(Articles
58 and 59 of the Rules), the three requisites for the request for permission
tointervene wereverysimpleand clear-cut. Article59in its original French

version read :
"La requêtevisée à l'article précédentcontient :

1. la spécificationde l'affaire ;
2. l'exposé des raisons de droit et de fait justifiant l'interven-
tion ;
3. le bordereau des pièces à l'appui, qui sont annexées."
25. In the 1936revision the article remained the same, except for a few
drafting changes and changes in numbering. It became paragraphs 1and 2
of Article 64 of the Rules. Likewise,paragraph 2 of former Article 58 was

deleted (it gave the Court power to extend the time-limit for the presen-
tation of the request for intervention).
26. No changeswereintroduced in the Rules of 1946orin those of 1972,
the provision taking thenumber ofArticle 69of thelatter, but the contents
of the request were retained without change :
"2. The application shall contain :

a description of the case ;
a statement of law and of fact justifying intervention ;and
alistof the documents insupport of theapplication ;thesedocuments
shall be attached."

27. The provision was completely reshuffled in the revision of 1978.
Article 69 of the 1972Rules became Article 81 of the 1978 Rules. The
detailed specification of paragraph 3 of Article 38 of the Rules covering
institution of proceedings before the Court was extended to intervention.
The time-limit was shortened. Instead of "before the opening of the oral
proceedings" the request must now be presented before the closure of the writtenproceedings. But the most meaningful modifications were those of
paragraph 2 of Article 81,which establishesthe contents of therequest as

follows :
"2. The applicationshall state the name of an agent. It shallspecify
the case to which it relates, and shall set out :

(a) the interest of a legalnature which the State applying to intervene
considers may be affected by the decision in that case ;
(b) the precise object of the intervention ;
(c) any basis ofjurisdiction whch is claimed to exist as between the
State applying to intervene and the parties to the case."

28. This new formulation undoubtedly goes beyond the very terse and
concise wording of Article 62 of the Statute, according to which the only
requirementjustifying intervention is the existence of an interest of a legal
nature which may be affected by the decision on the principal case.
29. We seethat themore than 60years of controversyon theproblem of
whether the intemening State has, or has not, to prove the existence of a
jurisdictional link with the principal parties, was resurrected by the revi-
sion of the Rules.
30. 1 do not intend to plunge into the problem of the need of the
jurisdictional link for establishing the right of a third State to intervene.

But 1doubt whether such a substantial and sweepingrequirementcould be
introduced into the meaning of the text of Article 62 of the Statute by a
simple rule of procedure.
31. As far as concerns the specific problem of subparagraph (c) of
paragraph 2ofArticle 81of the Rules,its realmeaning isfar from clear. On
the contrary, perusal of the records concerning the drafting of the new
Rules showthat there were considerable doubts regardingthe real senseof
subparagraph (c) of paragraph 2 of Article 81, but that the prevailing
opinion was that the meaning of the proviso was merely to draw attention
to the point and to ensure that a State which couldindicate such a title of
jurisdiction should so inform the Court.
32. The new formulation of the Rules embodies a few far-reaching
novelties. 1 concede that the precise object of the intervention could pos-

siblybe included in the new text. It is an understandable requirement and
it could be adrnitted as implicit in the wording of Article 62. But sub-
paragraph (c) of paragraph 2 of Article 81 of the Rules, requiring that
the intervener specifies"any basis ofjurisdiction whch is clairned to exist
as between the State applying to intervene and the parties to the case",
constitutes the sweeping and surprisinginnovation of the provision. It is
couched in a nebulous language and one does not know if it is simply a
requirement for information of the Court or a real prerequisite, indis-
pensable for the adrnissibility of intervention in a given case. 33. On 30January 1981the Republic of Malta filed with the Registry of
the Court an Application for permission to intervene in the above-men-
tionedcase under Article 62ofthe Statute of the Court. It was thefirst time
that the Court had to entertain in full a request to intervene under Article
62, and at the same time apply the corresponding new provisions of the
1978Rules of Court.
34. Malta, in its Application, invoked its interest of alegalnature which
might be affected by a decision of the Court inthedispute between Tunisia

and Libya. Owingtoits geographicallocationit would be difficult to deny
the interest of a legal nature on the part of Malta in the Tunisia/Libya
case.
35. During the presentation of its case, both in the written and oral
proceedings, Malta argued that the requisite of thejurisdictional link was
not contemplated in the context of Article 62 of the Statute and that
therefore it was not bound to provide proof thereof.
36. 1shallnot deal in detail with themainaspects of theJudgment of 14
April 1981.The fact is that the Court, in the Tunisia/Libya case,discarded
the examination of the crucialpoint of the need of ajurisdictional link,in
the following terms :

"Having reached the conclusion, for the reasons set out in the
present Judgment, that Malta's request for permission to intervene is
in any event not one to which it can accede, the Court finds it
unnecessary to decide in the present case the question whether the
existence of avalid link ofjurisdiction with theparties to the caseisan
essentialcondition for the granting of permission to intervene under
Article 62 of the Statute." (I.C.J. Reports 1981,p. 20, para. 36.)

37. Therefore,after the Judgment of 14April 1981,the problem of the
need of ajurisdictional linkhas remainedopen in thejurisprudence of the
Court.
38. Malta lost its case for intervention because it failed to comply with
subparagraph (b) of paragraph 2 of Article 81 of the Rules, namely the
request to define the precise contours of the object of its intervention.
39. And as the Court in its reasoning pointed out in paragraph 32 :

"Malta, in short, seeks permission to enter into the proceedingsin
thecasebut to do sowithoutassuming the obligations of aparty to the

casewithin the meaning of the Statute, and in particular of Article 59
under which the decision in the case would hereafter be binding upon
Malta in its relations with Libya and Tunisia. If in the present Appli-
cation Malta were seekingpermission to submit its own legal interest
in the subject-matter of the case for decision by the Court, and to
become aparty to the case, another question would clearly cal1for the
Court's irnrnediate consideration." (I.C.J. Reports 1981, pp. 18-19.) 40. On 23 May 1976 the Republic of Malta and the Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya signed at La Valletta a Special Agreement to submit to the
International Court of Justice a case conceming the delimitation of their
respective continental shelves. After protracted "démarches" the Special

Agreement wasfiledwith the Registry by ajoint letter ofnotification dated
26 July 1982.
41. Within the deadline established by paragraph 1of Article 81of the
Rulesof Court, namely on 24October 1983,Italypresented itsApplication
for permission to intervene under Article 62 of the Statute. According to
Article 83, paragraph 1, of the Rules, certified copies of the Application
were transmitted to the Parties and the time-limit for their observations
was set as 5 December 1983. So,again the Court was called upon to take a
decision on the application of Article 62 of the Statute.

42. In its Application Italy invoked the existence of "an interest of a
legal nature" on its part, developing a series of arguments in this sense,
inter alia :

(a) the areas to be delimited between the Parties al1belong to the same
region of the central Mediterranean, of whch Italy is a coastal
State ;
(b) it is a narrow region, there being no point in this area which is more
than 400 nautical miles from the coasts of the other coastal States,
including, a fortiori, the island of Malta ;
(c) the definition of the Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 76,
which establishes as 200 nautical miles the minimum breadth of the
continental shelf, if applied to the region, results in effect that the
whole sea-bed is part of one and the samecontinental shelf, with large
areas of overlapping ;

(d) as far as natural prolongation is concerned, Malta is in the continental
shelf of Sicilywhch extends furtherto the south and east of the island
of Malta, in the direction of the submarine plateau of Melita and
Medina ;
(e) a "glance at the map" is sufficient to show that a considerablearea of
sea-bed of that region liesoff thecoasts ofItaly and soseaward of such
coasts ;
(f) if amedian line isdrawn, for the sake of argument, between the Italian
and Libyan landmasses, it would situate in the Italian side areas over
which rights are claimed by Malta.

43. The conclusion of Italy is that some areas of the continental shelf
disputed by Malta and Libya are areas over whch Italy considers that it
has undeniable rights :

"Italy consequently has a legal interest which is indisputably en causein the case. Its position is even,inprocedural law, an absolutely
classiccaseforintervention,and one in which interventioninpractice
is always admitted : the situation in which the intervener relies on
rights as the true dominusof the object which is disputed, or a part

thereof." (Application for Permission to Intervene by the Govern-
ment of Italy, para. 11 .)

44. Trying to avoid the same fate reserved to Malta forits application
for intervention of 1981,Italy was very careful in being absolutely precise
in describing the object of the intervention.
45. The Italian Application,'in its paragraph 16,describesthe object of
its intervention as follows :

"The object of Italy's application to intervene is to ensure the
defencebeforethe Court of its interest of a legal nature, so that those
principles and niles and, in particular, thepractical method of apply-
ing them, are not determined by the Court without awareness of that
interest, and to its prejudice.
In other words, Italy seeks to participate in the proceedings to the
full extent necessary to enable it to defend the rights which it claims
over some of the areas claimed by the Parties, and to specify the
position of those areas, taking into account the claims of the two
principal Parties ..."

And further on (Italian Application, para. 17) :
"It goes without saying - but it is better that it should be stated

expressly to avoid any ambiguity - that the Government of Italy,
oncepermitted tointervene, willsubmit to such decision asthe Court
maymake with regard to therights claimedby Italy,infullconforrnity
with the terms of Article 59 of the Statute of the Court."

46. Regardingthe key question of the need of ajurisdictional link with
the principal Parties Italy did not fail to point out that the provision of
Article 62 does not require any proof of existence of a basis ofjurisdiction
and that :

"The Rules of Court thus could not make the adrnissibility of an
application for permission to intervenesubject to legalconditionsnot
laid down in the Statute." (Italian Application, para. 19.)
Italy subscribes to the interpretation according to which

"The expression any basis ofjurisdiction and the use[in theFrench
text] of the conditional tense imply, on the contrary, that that phrase
doesno more than laydown a mererequirementforinformation tobe supplied with a view to fuller knowledge of the circumstances of the
case." (Italian Application, para. 20.)

47. In spite of this forthright position denyingthe necessity of proof of
existence of a jurisdictional link, the Italian Application tried, in para-
graph 21,to complywith the requirement of Article 81,paragraph 2 (c),of
the Rules. Italycontended that its undeniablelegal rights and the object of
the intervention are automatically creative of jurisdiction by effect of
Article 62, to the extent necessary to justify the admission of Italy to
participate in the present proceedings as an intervener.

48. Another argument used by Italy to cope with the need of thejuris-
dictional link is the fact that Italy, like Libya and Malta, as a Member of
the United Nations, is a party to the Statute of the Court and therefore
belongs to the"judicialcommunity"created by theUnited Nations system
forjudicial settlement of disputes by wayof the Statute. Theimminentlink
ofjurisdiction derivingfrom the existence of the "judicial community" is
rather doubtful and disregards the specific rules ofjurisdiction contained
in Articles 36 and 37of the Statute, with the exception of paragraph 6 of
Article 36,which givesthe Court the power to rule on its own competence.

The existenceofarticleslikeArticles 41,60,6 1and 62,from whichemanate
direct "rules of jurisdiction" is a point that should be discussed.

49. The additional argument ofparagraph 22of the ItalianApplication,
according to which Italy has accepted the compulsoryjurisdiction of the
Court by becoming a party to the European Convention for the Peaceful
Settlement of Disputes of 29 April 1957 - Article 1 of which confers
jurisdiction upon the Court -, is also far from convincing, because the
jurisdictional link established by the Conventionappliesonly between the
parties to the same Convention. At least it is sure that one of the main
Parties,namely Libya,is not apartyto theConvention, whereas Malta has
been a party since 1958.
50. Inconclusion,Italy would be in abetter position by sirnplyrejecting
the need to prove the jurisdictional link under Article 62, rather than
resorting to unpersuasive attemptsto produce evidence of the existence of
this doubtful link.

51. Within the time-lirnit established by the Order of the President,
pursuant to Article 83of the Rules, both principal Partiesin the case filed
observations on the Italian application for permission to intervene on 5

December 1983. Theconclusions of both observations are in the negative,
and, as they are thoroughly summarizedin the relevant part of the Judg-
ment, 1shall refrain from describing them. 52. The Judgment, as it seems to establish a link between the object of
the intervention and the interest of a legal nature involved therein treats
the problem of the interest of a legalnature and the question of the object
of the intervention as if they were one and the same question. 1 beg to
disagreewith such an approach. The interest of a legalnature that a third
State considers that it has in the principal case, and the fact that it may be
affected by the decision of the Court are the only bases for intervention
according to Article 62 of the Statute. It is the main requirement to be
considered by the Court in entertaining an application for intervention

under Article 62.The provision of the Statute does not mention anything
about theobject of theintervention, which isestablished by theverynature
of the institution of intervention, as the protection of the intervener's
rights. It isnot thetatute, but Rule 81,paragraph 2(b),whichincludesthe
"precise object" of the intervention among the prerequisites to be ascer-
tained by the Court. The two problems are different and they diverge in
their meaning and in their importance regarding the Court's decision.
53. 1believe that the Court should examine the two questions separ-
ately, starting with the interest of a legal nature, which can hardly be
denied to Italy, and keeping apart theproblem of the object, which can in
no way be confused with the former.
54. The Judgment, in paragraph 28, describesas follows the method it
would follow in its reasoning :

"The Court willconfine itself to those considerations which are in
itsviewnecessaryto the decisionwhichit has to give.Onthat basis, in
order to deterrninewhether the Italian request isjustified, the Court
should consider the interest of alegalnature which,it isclaimed, may
be affected. However, it must do this by assessing the object of the
Application and the way in which that object corresponds to what is
contemplated by the Statute."

55. It is curious that in indicating the generalline of the reasoning, the
Court subordinates the consideration of the problem of the interest of a
legalnature on the part of the State applying to intervene, to the extent it
"corresponds" to the object of the intervention. The interest of a legal
nature is themain requirement of Article 62of the Statute which has to be
prima facie substantiated as has the possibility of the said interest being
affected by the future decision of the Court. The decision of the Court in
the first stage of the procedure of intervention, namelythe decision under
paragraph 2 of Article 62, should be on this specific point, more than
anything else.
56. It is therefore surprising that in spite of thenumerous pages devoted
to the subject of theinterest of a legalnature in the introduction aswellas
in the recount of the positions of the Parties, the Court, apart from some
shortreferences in passing,did not dwellat length on theproblem whether
Italyhas an interest of a legalnature whichrnightbe affected by the future
decision on the main case.
57. In the narrow waters of the central Mediterranean one can hardlydeny the interests of a legal nature on the part of any of the neighbouring
coastal States, namely, Italy, Libya, Malta, Tunisia and perhaps also
Algeria, in any delimitation of the continental shelf which appears to be
one and the same, whether one looks at it under the optics of the principle
of natural prolongation, or under the criteria of the new trends of the
Montego Bay Convention, with its minimumcontinental shelf breadth of
200 nautical miles. Of course the Convention is not in force yet, and
probably will not be in force for some time, but such are the trends of the
new law of the sea that the Court was asked to take into consideration in
the Tunisia/Libya case. Likewisethe principle of proportionality cannot
afford to ignore the interests of Italy with its large coasts, and especially
those of Sicily, Calabria and Apulia overlooking the central Mediterra-

nean.
58. When Malta filed its Application to intervenein 1981it had to face
more difficultiesin establishing its interests of a legalnature - although it
had alleged that it had

"a 'specific and unique interest' in the present proceedings which
arises out of its 'involvement in the facts' of the Tunisia/Libya
case. ... by virtue of its geographicallocation vis-à-visthe twoParties
to the case" (I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 9, para. 13).

59. But the conclusion of the Court, in paragraph 33 of the 1981 Judg-
ment, amounted to a denial of such interests :

"This being so, the very character of the intervention for which
Malta seeks permission shows, in the view of the Court, that the
interest of a legalnature invoked by Malta cannot be considered to be
one 'which may be affected by the decision in the case' within the
meaning of Article 62 of the Statute." (I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 19.)

60. Indeed - and 1think this is a point which has not been sufficiently
developed in the Judgment, as appears from the short reference in para-
graph 39 -, the Tunisia/Libya case concerned a delimitation between
adjacent States, starting at a predetermined point, namely the extreme
point of the territorial boundary line.On the other hand, the geographical
situation of Malta, whosecoasts confront thoseof Libya and Tunisia, could
hardly have any significance for the lateral delimitation, except as far as it
would concem the continuation of the future maritime boundary line, to
thepoint where it would intrudeon the Maltese continental shelf,and the
Court introduced in the 1981Judgment a "caveat" for this situation, in its

paragraph 35.
61. The present case is completely different. The coasts of Italy are
opposite to those of Malta and Libya and anydelimitation that willresult
from the decision of the Court on the principles and rules of international
law involved, will necessarily affect the interests of Italy, as this is an
imperative of the geography of the region.
62. Moreover, owing to the characteristics of the central Mediterra-83 CONTINENTAL SHELF (DISS.OP.SETTE-CAMARA)

nean, acertain degreeofoverlapping willbe unavoidable, andit isagainst a
delimitation that might ignore the Italian interests in the area of concern
that the Application for intervention was presented. Contrary to lateral
delimitation, where bilateralism prevails, the delimitation in the case of
opposite States may easily involve interests of other coastal States by the

very nature of things.

63. 1 find myself in disagreement with the reasoning of the Court
leading to the finding of paragraph 29 which runs :

"Whle formallyItaly requests the Court to safeguard its rights, it
appears to the Court that the unavoidable practical effect of its
request is that the Court willbe called upon to recognize those rights,
and hence, for the purpose of being ableto do so,to make afinding, at
least in part, on disputes between Italy and one or both of the Par-
ties."

In repeated statements during the pleadings, both written and oral, Italy
has consistentlyaffirmed that it does not seek anything but to "ensure the
defence before the Court of its interests of a legal nature", and more :

"In so doing,Italy is persuaded that it is confining itself strictly to
the limits of intervention procedure, which has no other object or
raisond'être than precisely to ensure the protection of theinterests of
third parties when they may be affected by the decision in a case
before a court." (Hearing of 25 January 1984,moming.)

64. TheJudgment quotes a seriesof statements wherereference ismade
to "rights" possessed by Italy, as evidence that it is seekingthe recognition
of suchrights. But,1submit,there isacertain amount ofconfusion over the
way the words "rights" and "claims" are used in the pleadings. Of course
parties coming before the Court claim the existence of rights. What is an
interest of a legalnaturebut a claim toa right ?The Partiesin the mainline
case also claim rights on areas that "appertain" to them accordingto their
respective contentions. But there is a considerabledifference between the
object of aprincipal case,asthe oneinstituted by Malta and Libya, and an
incidental procedure of intervention, whch is intended only to seek the
protection of interests of a legal nature. And to my mind, that is al1that

Italy's application isaiming at. Therefore, 1do not seehow theJudgmentin
paragraph 33 can reach the following conclusion : "it follows that it is
being asked to make a finding of the existence of such rights, and as to at
least the approximate extent of them".
65. In thefirststage of theprocedure ofintervention - and that isal1we
are concerned with here - the only thng that the Court is asked to do isto decide whether or not to grant the request to intervene. It is only if
intervention is granted that the intervener is bound to substantiate its
claims and its reasons to consider that its interests may be affected.
Therefore, how couldthe Court "make a finding of the existence" of rights
of Italy in this early stage of the proceedings, when not even the area of

concernhas been established ? Even the principal Parties, up to now, have
claims to certainrightsand that iswhy theybrought theirclaimsbeforethe
Court, and the decision of theCourt,in due time,willascertainthe existing
rights, if they exist.
66. Moreover, in paragraph 29 in fine the Judgment states that Italy is
requiringtheCourt "to make afinding, at least inpart ondisputes between
Italy and one or both of the Parties".
67. 1must respectfully remark that in the wholecourse of thepleadings,
Italy, to the best of my recollection,hasnever described to the Court any
dispute with the principal Parties. On the contrary, it is exactly the non-
existence of a previous dispute that was brandished against Italy as an
argument for the rejection of the application and even for the use of the
drastic remedy of estoppel. So1hardly seehowtheJudgment can refer toa
"dispute" described by Italy.

68. And such a non-existing dispute is at the heart of the Judgment
when it finds in paragraph 32 :
"The distinction which Italy hasendeavoured to make isbetween a
requestthat theCourt take account of,or safeguard, its legalinterests,
and a request that the Court recognize or define its legal interests,
which would amount to the introduction of a distinct dispute."

69. This finding is a crucial part of the Judgment and 1beg to submit
that the conclusion is a non sequitur.

70. 1do not seehow a genuine,and even classical, case of intervention
maybe assimilated to theintroduction of adistinctdispute.What dispute ?
Has either Libya or Malta any dispute with Italy ?Not according to their
counsels,who went asfar asinvoking the absence of adispute tojustify the

application to Italy of the principle of estoppel, as has been mentioned
before. In the proceedings of the application to intervene, the indications
givenby Italy to defineprima faciethecontours of the area where it claims
to have interests of a legalnature, and eventhe more detailedinformation
provided in response to a question put by one of the Judges, were not
contested by the Parties.Neithercould they endeavour todo sobecause the
Court did not reach the second stage of the intervention procedure, where
the merits of the application would be discussed. So 1do not see how the
Judgment can identify in the object of the Italian application a "distinct
dispute". As to the future presentation of the merits of the intervention, it
is premature to conclude that it would be tantamount to a distinct dis-
pute.
71. And the existenceof this futureand non-substantiated independent dispute provides the decisive argument of the Judgment to reject the
application, namely the need of a new and special jurisdictional link
between Italy and the Parties in the case. Indeed the Judgment in para-

graph 37 States :
"Such adispute may be the subject of negotiation, leading either to
its settlement - in the case of a maritime boundary dispute, to an
agreed delimitation - or to the conclusion of a special agreement for
its resolution by a judicial body ; it may not however be brought

before the Court by way of intervention."

72. Therefore, the conclusion of the Judgment is still based on the
absence of ajurisdictional link for that "distinct dispute" - the existence
of which is not proved -, although the Court, at the end of paragraph 38,
says that

"the Court. .. does not have to rule on the question whether, in
general, anyintervention based on Article 62must, as a condition for
its admission, show the existence of a valid jurisdictional link".

73. And again in paragraph 41, the Court insists :

"It has been emphasized above that the Italian Application to
intervene tends inevitably to produce a situation in which the Court
would be seisedof adispute between Italy on theonehand and Libya
and Malta on the other, or each of them separately, without the
consent of thelatter States ;Italy would thus become aparty to one or
severaldisputes which are not before theCourt at present. In this way
the character of the casewould betransformed. Theseconsiderations,
in the view of the Court, constitute reasons why the Application
cannot be granted."

74. That being so, the application is rejected while there is no dispute
whatsoever between the principal Parties and Italy - in the name of a
distinct dispute that the Court believes isinevitable in the future and for
which aspeciallink ofjurisdiction willbe necessary. 1respectfullydisagree
with this finding based on foretelling thefuture and previewingforthcom-
ing circumstances. For the time being, and for the purpose of Article 62,
thereisno dispute, thereis no need forthe consent of the Parties, and to my
mind, the incidentaljurisdiction would be quite sufficient for granting

permission to intervene.
75. In the arguments of the Parties, and in the Judgment itself, one
simple but important point has not been duly emphasized. And that is
related to the very nature of intervention as it has been known and prac-
tised in interna1 legal orders, which its inclusion in the Statute cannot
change. Intervention, within the framework of the Statute, is and will
always be an incidental procedure, like preliminary objections to admis-
sibility, indication of provisional measures of protection under Article 41,
and interpretation and revision under Articles 60 and 61. 76. The incidental procedures have in common the fact that they pre-
supposethe existence of principal contentious proceedingsestablished by

application or by special agreement between the mainparties.Theyare,so
tosay, "grafted" on the existingcase, and their existenceis ancillary to the
principal case.Therefore,there isno question of the necessity of a newand
specialjurisdictional link for the incidental procedure. Thejurisdictional
link is the sarneas alreadyestablished for the principal case, which covers
theincident of procedure,representedby the application for intervention.
Moreover, intervention under Article 62 is a preliminary procedure, the
fate of which is expresslysubject to the decision of the Court according to
paragraph 2 of the same Article. The discretionary (or "quasi-discretion-
ary" as SirGerald Fitzmaurice put it) decision of the Court closes thefirst
stageof theinterventionprocedure. Ifpermission isgranted, theintervener
isbound to fullyprovide the elements of fact and law that supportits case.

That willbe the second stage, of whch the Court has no experience, since
the few cases of intervention entertained so far never went beyond the
preliminary procedure.

77. That explains why Article 62 requiresonly prima facie evidence to
support the would-be intervener as it considers (no more than considers)
that it has an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the
decision of the Court in ongoing contentious proceedings between the
principal parties. The Court will entertain this preliminary procedure
within the framework of the principal case,jurisdiction being established
by the main litigants.

78. During theoralargument,it wasmaintained by theprincipal Parties
that Article 62, being embodied in Chapter III of the Statute which deals
with Procedure, cannot disregard the general provisionson jurisdiction
contained in Articles 36 and 37.To that one should observe that Chapter
III - Procedure - contains also Article 53, a very important article - in
some aspects a remnant of the old ideals of establishing a permanent
international tribunal endowed with compulsoryjurisdiction -, which
empowers the Court to entertain a case even against the will of one of the
parties, by the procedure of default. And the Court has had considerable
experiencein this sort of cases in which one party does not appear before
the Court, or fails to defend its case (FisheriesJurisdiction, Nuclear Tests,
Trialof Pakistani Prisonersof War,Aegean Sea ContinentalShelf, United

States Diplomaticand ConsularStaff in Tehran).But in the case of Article
53,in which ajurisdictional link must be established afortiori, what does
the Statute provide for ? 1sit silent on the problem of jurisdiction like
Article 62 ? No, it spells out in paragraph 2, in very clear-cut terms, that
the Court must satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction in accordance with
' Articles 36 and 37. Should not the Statute, if the jurisdictional link
were indispensable for the application of Article 62, contain a similar
proviso ?
79. To my mind, the issue of the need of a specialjurisdictional link for
theprocedure ofintervention isveryclear.Both inArticle 62and Article 63there isno such requirement. Even those who proclaimthe necessity of the
linkin thecase ofArticle 62, concede that itisnot required for Article 63.If
that is so, it would only be normal for Article 62 to contain somewording
similar to paragraph 2 of Article 53, to establish the difference of proce-
dure in entertaining the two types of incidental issue of intervention. A
well-known writer,devotedtoproblemsrelated to the International Court
of Justice, maintains :

"The characteristic feature of the incidentaljurisdiction is that it
depends not upon the specific consent of the parties but upon some
objective fact, such as the existence of 'proceedings' before the
Court. ..
The fact that the incidental jurisdiction of the Court rests only
indirectly upon the consent of the parties, that is to Say, has an
objectivecharacteristic, also enables it to be regarded as an inherent
jurisdiction." (Rosenne, The Law and Practice of the International
Court, Vol. 1,pp. 422-423.)

80. Those who insist on the need of thejurisdictional link do not seethe
salient difference of treatment givenby the Statute to normal and principal
cases and to cases of incidental jurisdiction. Intervention is one of the
latter, together with theinterim measures of protection, interpretation and
revision of judgments.

81. In paragraph 42 the Judgment discusses the relationship between

Articles 59and62 of the Statute, aproblemon whichthere wasmuch to Say
during the pleadings. 1believe that Article 59 is intended to preserve the
relativecharacter of the resjudicata in a general way. If it would provide
sufficientprotection for third Statesinthecircumstances under which they
are compelled to apply for permission to intervene,Article 62would have
no place in the Statute. If Italy resorted to Article 62 it was not by mere
choice,asissaidinparagraph 42of theJudgment, but becauseit considered
that the decision to be givenby the Court in theprincipal case might affect
its interests of a legal nature. This is a form of direct protection provided
for by Article 62,different from the generalprinciple of Article 59,which
confines itself to enunciate the principle thatjudgments are resinteralios
acta for third States.
82. As regardsparagraph 43 of theJudgment, which stilldeals with the
problem of therightsandinterests of third States, 1would liketo recall that
rightsrelatingtothecontinental shelfare recognizedas inherent, ipsofacto
and abinitio,and arenot dependingonproclamation,occupation or title of
any kind. Article 77,paragraph 3, of the Montego Bay Convention States
very clearly : "The rights of the coastal State-over the continental shelf do not
depend on occupation, effective or notional, or on any express pro-
clamation."

The use of the word "title" referring to the principal Parties and third
States may be rnisleading, and runs against the doctrine behind the very
nature of continental shelf rights.
83. Moreover, 1do not agree with the fina1part of thatparagraph, which
gives too much meaning to the "preferences" of the parties regarding an
application tointervene. The choiceof thepartiescannot be ignoredby the
Court,but none of thempossess the power of "veto". Theiropinioncannot
conditionthe decision of theCourt or influence and determinewhetherthe

Judgment willbe of more or lessassistanceto them. That is thebusiness of
the Court. As the Judgment itself recognizes in paragraph 46 :

" 'itshall be for the Court to decide'upon a request for permission to
intervene, and the opposition of the parties to a case is, though very
important, no more than oneelement to be taken into account by the

Court".

84. In the present proceedingsit is more than the subject-matter of the
Italian application that is at stake.What is at stake is the usefulness of the
institution of intervention within the framework of the Statute.

85. As has been said before, intervention is an important device of
procedural lawin al1legalsystemsof the world without exception ;it is the
appropriate remedy to protect the interests of third parties in pending
contentious proceedings. It is an instrument indispensable for good
administration of justice, its expediencyand efficacy.
86. The drafters of the Statute knew what they were doing, and the
importance as well as the necessity of retaining the institution of inter-

vention in the structure of permanent judicial bodies is still recognized
today.
87. An eloquent proof of that fact may be found in the elaboration of
the Statute of the International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea,Annex VI
tothe Convention on the Law of the Sea,of 7October 1982 (A/CONF.62/
122,pp. 173ff.).Articles 31and 32ofthe Statute ofthe Tribunal are closely
aligned with Articles 62 and 63 of OurStatute. So, 62years later the same
formulations havebeen embodiedinthe most recent attempt to establish a
permanent internationaljudicial body for matters concerned with the law
of the sea.
88. If the wording of Articles 62and 63were vague, ambiguous, impre-
cise, and incomplete, should it not be modified, amended, and corrected
during the longand careful exerciseleading to thedrafting of the Statute ofthe new tribunal ? If theprerequisites of thejurisdictional link and precise
object, novelties of OurRules of Court, really deserved recognition by the
international legalcommunity,should they not be incorporated in the text
of the new articles?

89. Nothing of that kind happened, and the old Articles 62 and 63 are
again enshrined in an important international document constituting the
framework of the new tribunal.

90. IfaState inthesituation ofItalycannot intervene under Article62,1
would like to know when and in what circumstances intervention could
take place. Could a State that considers that it has aninterest of a legal
nature which may be affected by the decision of the Court in ongoing
proceedings between other parties negotiate a Special Agreement with
those parties, thereby gaining locusstandi for intervention ? Generally
negotiations of that kind take a long time. It took more than six years for
Libya and Malta to present to the Court the Special Agreement signed as
early as 1976.And oncethe principalproceedings are instituted, couldthe
would-be intervener have such a specialagreementnegotiated, signed and
ratifiedbefore theclosure of thewrittenproceedingsin theprincipal case ?

Thiscourse would obviouslybe unfeasible.On the other hand, in the heat
of contentious proceedingscouldthewould-beintervenermakethe decla-
ration of Article 36,paragraph 2, of the Statute, securing at the same time
from the principal parties the necessasr reciprocity before it enters its
application? This solution would also be contrary to good sense and
impossible to achievein viewof the timerequired for these démarches,and
for the fact that the principal parties would not normally welcome the
incidentalprocedure ofintervention, whichmight disrupt thecourse of the
incumbent proceedings. So,the only casefor intervention would bethat in
which there would be the CO-incidenceof the existence of ajurisdictional
link previously established with both parties in the proceedings. If that
were to ever happen, there would be no need for intervention since the
State benefiting from this jurisdictional link would be in a position to
institute normal proceedingsagainstthe other parties. So 1fail to seehow
the requirement of the jurisdictional link could be worked out in the
incidental procedure of intervention. 1 do not hesitate to Say that the
Italian application for permission to intervene in theibyan Arab Jama-
hiriya/Malta case was undoubtedly admissible. 1believe that the Italian
application fulfilled al1 the required conditions for intervention under

Article 62 of the Statute.

(Signed) JoséSETTE-CAMARA.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF VICE-PRESIDENT SETTE-CAMARA

1. 1regret that 1am unable to concur with the Judgment of the Court
and, that being so, 1 set forth the grounds of my dissent below.
2. When thefounding fathers of the Statute of the old Court decided to
find a place in the draft prepared by the Hague Advisory Committee of
Jurists for the institution of intervention, they were not innovating in any
way. The did nothing but introduce in the basic document of the Court a
procedural remedy known and recognized by al1the legal systems of the
world as a legitimate means by which thrd parties, extraneous to a legal
dispute, have the right to come into the proceedingsto defend their legal
rights or interests whch might be impaired or threatened by the course of

the contentious proceedings.
3. In most systems of law - through different models - principal or
accessory intervention, assistance, or "aggressive" intervention, the legal
basis is always the same :the existence of a right or of an interest of a legal
nature of a third party that may be affected by the course of the proceed-
ings. The proof of the existence of this legal interest is by necessity not
definitive and beyond dispute. Already in Roman law the simple ap-
pearance of its existence was enough to justify intervention.

4. Since paragraph 35 in fine of the Judgment refers to the travaux
préparatoires for adoption of the Statute as evidence that Article 62 does
not derogate from the general rules on jurisdiction, 1 feel compelled to
recall some highlights of said travauxpréparatoires.
5. The Advisory Committee of Jurists of 1920could not ignore a pro-

cedural institution which is present in al1systems of law. As an indis-
pensableinstrument forthedefence of the legalinterestsand rights of third
parties in contentious proceedings it constitutes an important stage of
procedural law in interna1 legal orders and it could not be set aside in the
procedural structure which was being constructed as the first experiment
of a permanent judicial body in international law.

6. The first drafts of the Committeeembodiedonly the substance of the
present Article 63, namely the case of intervention by the parties to an
international convention in a contentious dispute dealing with the inter-
pretation of such a convention, to which States,other than those partici-
pating in the case, areparties. In such a situation, the Registrar,according OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. SETTE-CAMARA,
VICE-PRÉSIDENT

[Traduction]

1. Regrettant de ne pouvoir m'associer à l'arrêtde la Cour,je tiensà
exposer ci-dessous les motifs de mon désaccord.
2. Quand les pèresfondateurs du Statut de l'ancienne Cour décidèrent
de faire placeà l'institution de l'intervention dans le projet rédigépar le
comité consultatif de juristes de La Haye, ils n'innovaient d'aucune
manière.Ilsnefaisaient qu'inscriredans l'actefondamental de la Courune
procédure reconnue par tous les systèmesjuridiques du monde, comme
moyen légitimed'attribuer aux Etats tiers, étrangersà un différendjuri-

dique donné,ledroit de participer au procèspour défendreleurs droits ou
intérêtsjuridiquessusceptibles d'être compromisoumenacéspar ledérou-
lement de la procédure contentieuse.
3. Dans la plupart des systèmesjuridiques, et quoique sous des formes
diverses(interventionprincipale ou accessoire,àtitre de soutien od'< a<-
taque O), il s'agit fondamentalement d'une mêmechose : l'existence du
droit ou de l'intérjtridique d'une tiercepartiequi peut êtreaffectépar le
déroulementdu procès.Par nécessitél,apreuve de cet intérêtjuridiquen'a
pas à êtredéfinitiveet sans conteste : en droit romain déjà, la simple
apparence de son existence suffisaità justifier l'intervention.

4. Puisque l'arrêt,dans son paragraphe 35, se réfèreaux travaux pré-
paratoires de l'adoption du Statut pour prouver que l'article 62 ne cons-

titue pas une dérogation aux règles généralessur la compétence, je crois
devoir rappeler certains aspects essentiels desdits travaux préparatoires.
5. Le comitéconsultatif de juristes de 1920 ne pouvait négligerune
institution qui fait partie intégrantede tous les systèmesde droit et qui,
instrument indispensable de la défensedesintérêts edtroitsjuridiques des
tiers dans les procédures contentieuses, constitue l'un des principaux élé-
ments du droit procéduraldans les systèmesjuridiques internes. Une telle
institution ne pouvait êtrelaisséede côtédans l'organisation procédurale
que l'on était en train d'édifiercomme premier essai de création d'un
organejudiciaire permanent en droit international.
6. Lespremiersprojets du comitéenvisageaient seulement cequi fait la
teneur de l'article 63 actuel, c'est-à-dire le cas de l'intervention d'Etats
signataires d'une convention internationale dans une affaire contentieuse
relativeà l'interprétation de ladite convention,à laquelle sont parties
d'autres Etats, en plus de ceux qui participeàtl'instance. En ce cas, aux to Article 63,should notify al1such Statesforthwith and everyone of them
would have the right to intervene, accepting thereby to be bound by the
judgment.
7. Already at the 28th private meeting of the Hague Committee of
Jurists on 20 July 1920,Lord Phillimore

"raised the question of the right of intervention. He thought that
Paragraph 4wouldbe uselessifthis rightwerenot conceded to awider
extent than had been done in Article 23, which only mentioned
general treaties." (SeeP.C.I.J., Advisory CommitteeofJurists :Procès-
verbaux of the Proceedingsof the Committee, p. 587.)

8. During the debates on the draft the question was raised that to
conform with the generality of systemsof national procedural law another
form of intervention should be contemplated. One that would not be
confined to the "construction" of an international convention, but would
embrace al1forms of contentious proceedings, sothat a third party would
have at its disposa1 a remedy capable of coping with possible injury or
damage toits interests of a legal nature that might be caused by a decision

in a casebetween other contending parties. That was at theroot of Article
62.Severalformulations werepresented by Mr. Fernandes, Mr.Loder and
other members of the Committee, but it was the President, Baron Des-
camps, who proposed the final wording adopted by the Committee. It ran
as follows :
"Should a State consider that is has an interest of a legal nature,
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may subrnit a

request to the Court to be permitted to intervene. It will be for the
Court to decide upon this request."
It coincidesalmost completelywith the textwhichhas survived until today
(ibid, p. 594).
9. The formula was embodied in the Draft Scheme, amended by the

Council of the League of Nations as Article 60.
10. The Léon Bourgeoisreport to the Council of the League stated in
relation to this Article :
"They [the Committee] have, indeed, given to non-litigant States
the right to intervene in a casewhere any interest of ajudicial nature

whichmayconcern them isinvolved." (P.C.I.J.,Documentsconcerning
theAction Taken by the Councilof the League ofNations underArticle
14 of the Covenant,p. 50.)
11. The work of the Committee was also discussed in the Preliminary

Sessionof the Court in 1922.During the preparation of the first Rules of
Court in 1922the opinions were divided on the question of the need of a
jurisdictional link :Judges Lord Finlay, Weiss,Oda, Loder and Moore for
the negative and Judges Anzilotti, Huber, Negulesco, Altamira and Yo- termes de l'article 63, le Greffier doit avertir tous ces Etats sans délai,et
chacun d'eux a le droit d'intervenir, acceptant par là d'êtreliépar la
décision.
7. Déjà,dans lecompterendu de la vingt-huitième séancede travail du
comitéde juristes de La Haye, tenue le 20 juillet 1920, on lit que lord
Phillimore :

soulèvela questiondu droit d'intervention. Il croit que l'alinéa4 est
inutile si cedroit n'estpas admis dans une mesure plus large que cela
n'a étéfait dans l'article 23, qui parle seulement de traités géné-

raux. )(VoirC.P.J.I., Comitéconsultatifde juristes, Procès-verbaux des
séancesdu comité,p. 587.)

8. Au cours des débats sur le projet, et en vue de se conformer à la
généralité des système nsationaux de droit judiciaire, il fut proposéd'en-
visager une autre forme d'intervention - non pas limitée à1'6interpréta-
tion ))des conventions internationales, mais s'étendant àtoutes lesformes
de procédure contentieuse, pour que les tierces parties disposent d'un
recours leur permettant de remédier au préjudice ou dommage qu'une
décisionrendue dans uneaffaireopposantd'autres parties causerait à leurs
intérêts juridiques.Telle est l'origine de l'article 62. Diverses formules
furent présentéespar M. Fernandes, M. Loder et d'autres membres du

comité, maisc'est le président,le baron Descamps, qui suggérale libeI1é
que le comitédevait adopter pour finir :

<(Lorsqu'un Etat estime que dans un différend unintérêt d'ordre
juridique le concernant est en cause, il peut adresser à la Cour une
requête à fin d'intervention. La Cour décide. ))

Ce texte coïncide presque mot pour mot avec celui qui a survécujusqu'à
aujourd'hui (ibid., p. 594).
9. La mêmeformule fut reprise dans l'avant-projet qui, modifiépar le
Conseil de la Société desNations, devint l'article 60.
10. Le rapport de Léon Bourgeoisau Conseil déclare à propos de cet
article :

Ils [lecomité]ont, en effet, donnéaux Etats non parties au litige
un droitd'intervention dans lescasoùun intérêd t'ordrejuridique qui
leur est propre se trouve en jeu. ))(C.P.J.I., Documents relatifsaux

mesures prisespar le Conseilde la Société deN sations aux termes de
l'article14 du Pacte, p. 50.)

11. Lestravaux du comitéfurent aussi discutés à la sessionpréliminaire
de la Cour de 1922.Lors de la rédactiondu premier Règlementde la Cour
en 1922,les avis furent partagés surla nécessité d'un lien juridictionnel :
lord Finlay et MM. Weiss,Oda, Loder et Moore répondirentpar la néga-
tive et MM. Anzilotti, Huber, Negulesco, Altamira et Yovanovitch parvanovitchfor the affirmative. On 24 February 1922,the President, Judge
Loder, went further in the interpretation of the text, ruling :

"The President stated that he couldnot take a voteupon aproposa1
the effect of which would be to limit the right of intervention (as
prescribed in Article 62) to such States as had accepted compulsory
jurisdiction. If a proposa1 in this sense were adopted, it would be
contrary to the Statute." (P.C.I.J., Series D, No. 2, p. 96.)

12. So,already in those early days the need of ajurisdictional link was
doubtful, to Saythe least.
13. At the same meeting there was a forceful statement by Lord Fin-
lay :
"Lord Finlay agreed with the President that it was impossible to
maintain that interventionshouldonlytakeplace in suitsbetween two
States which had accepted the compulsoryjurisdiction of the Court,
or that this right should only be exercised by a State which had

accepted the samejurisdiction. In his opinion, there was no founda-
tion for this view in the Statute." (Ibid., p. 90.)
14. The argument often used in the pleadings of Libya and Malta,
accordingto which Article 62is a leftoverfrom the time when the drafters
of the Statute were inspired by the ideal of the creation of a permanent
international tribunal endowed with compulsory jurisdiction, deserves
somecomments. Malta and Libya arguedthat when thisideal gaveplaceto
the more realistic approach of consensualjurisdiction, the drafters of the
Statute "forgot" to adapt Article 62 to the new reality, or to delete it

altogether.

15. Thistheory of the negligenceof the authors of the Statute goesback
to the position taken by Judge Altamira, who stated :
"the scheme of the Jurists of 1920was based on the principle of the
compulsoryjurisdiction of the Court. When this principle was mo-
dified by the Assembly, the text of certain articleshad unfortunately
not been brought into line with the new principle which had been

introduced." (Ibid., p. 89.)
16. The fact that the text of the article was carefully re-examined in
several instances, especially by the Committee of Jurists assigned the task
of drafting the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which met in
Washington from 9 to 19April 1945,and emerged practically unchanged
from thisCommittee (see UNCIO, Documents,Vol. 14,pp. 485-676)belies
completelythefar-fetchedargumentbasedon apresumption ofnegligence
in the course of the drafting of the very constitutional document of the
Court.l'affirmative. Le24février1922le Président,M. Loder, allaplus loin dans
l'interprétation du texte en décidant :

<Le Président déclarequ'il ne pourrait pas mettre aux voix une
proposition tendant à limiter le droit d'intervention, aux termes de
l'article 62, aux seuls Etats ayant acceptéla juridiction obligatoire.
Cetteproposition, si elleétaitacceptée,irait, en effet, à l'encontre du
Statut. ))(C.P.J.I. série Dno2, p. 96.)

12. Ainsi, dèscettepériodeinitiale, la necéssité d'un lienjuridictionnel
étaitdouteuse, pour dire le moins.
13. La même séancfeut marquéepar une déclarationénergiquede lord
Finlay :

Lord Finlay s'associeau Présidentpour juger inadmissible l'idée
que l'intervention puisse avoir lieu seulement dans un procès entre
deux Etats ayant accepté la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour, et
seulement de la part d'un Etat ayant accepté la mêmjeuridiction. A

son avis, cette idéen'est fondée sur aucune disposition du Statut. ))
(Ibid., p. 90.)
14. Je ferai ici quelques observations au sujet de l'argument souvent
utilisépar la Libyeet par Malte, quece soit dans leurs observations écrites

ou dans les plaidoiries de leurs conseils, selon lequel l'article 62 serait un
vestige de l'époqueoù les auteurs du Statut s'inspiraient de l'idéalde la
créationd'un tribunal international permanent àcompétence obligatoire.
Malte et la Libye soutiennent en effet que, quand cet idéalfit place à la
notion plus réalistede la juridiction consensuelle, les auteurs du Statut
<(oublièrent ))d'adapter l'article 62àla réalité nouvelleoude lesupprimer
purement et simplement.
15. Cette théoriede la négligencedes auteurs du Statut remonte aux

déclarationsde M. Altamira :
(<le projet desjuristes de 1920étaitfondésur le principe de la juri-
diction obligatoire de la Cour. Lorsque ce principe fut modifiépar

l'Assemblée,on a malheureusement omis de faire concorder le texte
decertains articlesaveclenouveau principe qu'on aintroduit. >)(Ibid.,
p. 89.)

16. Le fait que le texte de l'article ait été soigneusement réexamin é
plusieurs reprises, en particulier par le comitédejuristes chargéde rédiger
le Statut de la Cour actuelle, réunià Washington du 9 au 19avril 1945,et
que ledit texte soit ressorti du comité à peu prèsinchangé(voir UNCIO,
Documents,vol. 14,p. 485-676)dément tout àfait l'argument artificiel tiré
d'uneprésomptiondenégligencedans larédactiondel'instrument qui est à
la base mêmede l'existence de la Cour. 17. The context of Article 62, as it was embodied in the Statute and
preserved ever since, with the only modification, in 1945,of the suppres-
sion of the term "as a thrd party", to align it with the French text, is very
general and concise. According to the text any State is entitled to request
intervention if it considers that is has an interest of a legal nature which
maybe affected by adecisionof the Court. In thelight of thebest traditions
goingback to Roman law,it isenough that the State considersthat ishas an
interest of a legalnature. It isnot bound to produce proof, in apositive and
indisputable way, of the existence of this legal interest. Moreover, it suf-
fices that the legal interest rnay be affected. The simple possibility is

enough. A proof of pending effectiveand concreteharm isnot requiredfor
the decision of the Court under Article 62, paragraph 2. The only thing
necessary, accordingto the Statute, is that the interest be of a legalnature
and not of a merely factual or political nature.
18. Article 62 of the Statute encompassesthree main requirements :
(a) a State (besides those involved in a contentious casebefore the Court)
considers that it has an interest of a legal nature in the case ;
(b) this interest of a legal nature may be affected by the decision of the
Court ;

(c) the Court shall have the power to decide on the request for interven-
tion.

19. The practice of the Court in the matter of intervention has been
extremely meagre. The Permanent Court was confronted with an inter-
vention under Article 62 in only one case, the S.S. "Wimbledon"case. In
fact, Poland's request for intervention in that case was originally based on
Article 62, but, since the interpretation of Article 380 of the Treaty of
Versaillesinrelation to the accessto the Kiel Canal wasthecrucialpoint in

contention, the Court decided to uphold the application for intervention,
but on thebasis ofArticle 63(seeP.C.I.J., SeriesA, No.1,pp. 12-13).Sothe
Permanent Court had no experience whatsoever in dealing with Article
62.
20. The experience of the present Court in the question of intervention
is also far from rich. In the Haya de la Torrecase(I.C.J.Reports 1951,pp.
74-77)the Court acceded to therequest by Cubato intervene under Article
63, Colombia being in agreement and Peru objecting. The problem
involvedwas the interpretation of the Havana Convention of 1928on the
Right of Asylum.
21. In the Monetary GoldRemoved from Rome in 1943 case (I.C.J.
Reports1954),the Court dealt indirectly with the problem of intervention
in the light of the possibility to interveneopen to Albania, but which was
not made use of by the latter country.
22. In 1974Fiji requested to intervenein the NuclearTestscase, and on
20 December 1974an Order of the Court, unanimously adopted, decided 17. L'article 62, tel qu'inscrit au Statut et toujours conservédepuislors
- sous réservede la seule suppression, en 1945,de l'expression as a third
Party, afin d'aligner le texte anglais sur le frança-s est rédigéen termes
générauxettrèsconcis. Seloncetexte tout Etat est en droit de demander à
intervenir si un intérêtd'ordre juridique est pour lui en cause dans une
affaire soumise à la Cour.Conformément auxmeilleures traditions remon-
tant au droit romain, il suffit que l'Etat estme avoir un intérêtd'ordre
juridique : il n'est pas tenu de rapporter la preuve positive et indiscutable
de l'existence de cet intérêtD. e plus, c'est assezque cet intérêtjuridique
soit en cause :la simple éventualitésuffit,et la preuve d'un préjudiceréel,
concret etimminent n'estpasnécessaire àladécisiondela Cour envertu de

l'article 62,paragraphe 2.Laseule exigence,auxtermes du Statut, c'estque
l'intérêt soit d'ordre juridiqueet non pas politique ou de pur fait.

18. L'article 62 du Statut pose trois exigences principales :
a) un Etat (outre ceux qui participent à un procèscontentieux devant la

Cour) estime qu'un intérêt d'ordre juridiqueest pour lui en cause ;
b) cet intérêt d'ordre juridique peut être affecté parla décision de la
Cour ;
c) la Cour a le pouvoir discrétionnaire de statuer sur la requête à fin
d'intervention.

19. La pratique de la Cour en matièred'intervention est des plus mai-
gres. La Cour permanente n'a eu à connaître qu'une seule fois d'une
interventionfondée sur l'article 62,dans l'affaire du VapeurWimbledon.
Ouplutôt,larequêtedela Pologneavaitbien étéfaite àl'origineenvertu de
l'article 62; mais, comme l'interprétation de l'article 380 du traité de
Versailles dans son application à l'accèsau canal de Kiel constituait le
point essentiel en litige,la Cour décidad'autoriser l'intervention, mais sur
la base de l'article 63 (voir C.P.J.I. sérieA no1,p. 12-13).Jamais donc la
Cour permanente n'a eu à s'occuper de la mise en Œuvre de l'article 62.

20. L'expériencede la Couractuelle n'estpas abondante non plus, tant
s'enfaut. Dans l'affaireHaya de la Torre(C.I.J. Recueil 1951,p. 74-77),la

Cour a accueilli la requête à fin d'intervention de Cuba, fondée sur l'ar-
ticle 63, avecl'accord de la Colombieet malgrél'opposition du Pérou. Il
s'agissaiten l'espèced'interpréterlaconvention de La Havanesur l'asilede
1928.
21. Dans l'affaire de l'Ormonétairepris à Rome en 1943(C.I.J. Recueil
1954),la Cour s'occupa directement du problème de l'intervention, vu la
possibilité d'intervenir qu'avait l'Albanie, mais que ce pays n'utilisa
pas.
22. En 1974, Fidji demanda à intervenir dans l'affaire des Essais
nucléaires.Le 20 décembre 1974, une ordonnance de la Cour adoptée àthat the Fiji Application had lapsed. Declarations of Judges Dillard and
Sir Humphrey Waldock (joint) and in a'more detailed way of Judge
Jiménezde Aréchagawere appended to this Order, spelling out the need
for the jurisdictional link had the intervention request been entertained

(seeI.C.J.Reports1974,pp. 532-533).LikewiseJudge Onyeama and Judge
ad hoc Sir Garfield Barwick indicated their position in favour of the
necessity of the jurisdictional link.
23. In viewof the obvious connections between the present proceedings
and the 1981 Judgment of the Court on the application of Malta for
permission to intervene in the Tunisia/Libya case, and the importance of
some aspects of this Judgment, 1 shall deal with it separately.

24. Since the early days of the Permanent Court, when the Preliminary
Sessionformulatedthefirst Rulesfortheapplication ofArticle62(Articles
58 and 59 of the Rules), the three requisites for the request for permission
tointervene wereverysimpleand clear-cut. Article59in its original French

version read :
"La requêtevisée à l'article précédentcontient :

1. la spécificationde l'affaire ;
2. l'exposé des raisons de droit et de fait justifiant l'interven-
tion ;
3. le bordereau des pièces à l'appui, qui sont annexées."
25. In the 1936revision the article remained the same, except for a few
drafting changes and changes in numbering. It became paragraphs 1and 2
of Article 64 of the Rules. Likewise,paragraph 2 of former Article 58 was

deleted (it gave the Court power to extend the time-limit for the presen-
tation of the request for intervention).
26. No changeswereintroduced in the Rules of 1946orin those of 1972,
the provision taking thenumber ofArticle 69of thelatter, but the contents
of the request were retained without change :
"2. The application shall contain :

a description of the case ;
a statement of law and of fact justifying intervention ;and
alistof the documents insupport of theapplication ;thesedocuments
shall be attached."

27. The provision was completely reshuffled in the revision of 1978.
Article 69 of the 1972Rules became Article 81 of the 1978 Rules. The
detailed specification of paragraph 3 of Article 38 of the Rules covering
institution of proceedings before the Court was extended to intervention.
The time-limit was shortened. Instead of "before the opening of the oral
proceedings" the request must now be presented before the closure of thel'unanimitédéclaraque la requêtede Fidji tombait. La déclaration com-
mune de M. Dillard et de sir Humphrey Waldock et, de façon plus
détailléel,a déclarationde M. Jiménezde Aréchaga,jointes à cette ordon-
nance, affirment qu'un lienjuridictionnel eût éténécessairesi la requête à
fin d'intervention avaitété accueillie(voir C.I.J. Recueil 1974,p. 532-533).
De même, M. Onyeama et sir Garfield Banvick,juge ad hoc,sedéclaraient
favorables à la nécessitédu lienjuridictionnel.
23. Compte tenu des liens évidentsentrela présenteinstance et l'arrêt

rendu par la Cour en 1981sur la requêtede Malte à find'intervention dans
l'affaireTunisie/Libye, ainsi que de l'importance de cet arrêt sur certains
points,je me de l'examiner séparément.

24. Aux débutsde la Cour permanente, quand la session préliminaire
rédigeales premières dispositions du Règlementconcernant l'application
de l'article 62 (articles 58 et 59 du Règlement),les trois conditions exigées

en cas de requête à fin d'intervention étaient très simples et tranchées.
L'article 59, dans sa version française initiale, disposait :
(<La requêtevisée à l'article précédentcontient :

1. La spécificationde I'affaire ;
2. L'exposé des raisonsde droit et de fait justifiant l'interven-
tion ;
3. Le bordereau des pièces à l'appui, qui sont annexées.

25. Cet article resta inchangélors de la revision de 1936,sousréservede
quelques modifications de rédaction et denumérotage : il devint les para-
graphes 1 et 2 de l'article 64du Règlement.De même,le paragraphe 2 de
l'ancienarticle 58(quidonnait à laCour lepouvoir deproroger lesdélaisde
présentation de la requête)fut abrogé.
26. Aucun changement ne fut introduit dans le Règlementde 1946,ni

dans celuide 1972,oùla disposition enquestion prit lenuméro69,maisles
prescriptions relatives à la teneur de la requête étaientinchangées :
<2. La requête contient :

- l'indication de I'affaire;
- l'exposé des raisonsde droit et de faitjustifiant l'intervention ;
- le bordereau des pièces à l'appui, qui sont annexées.

27. Ce texte fut complètement remanié lorsde la revision de 1978.
L'article 69 devint l'article81.La disposition détailléedu paragraphe 3 de
l'article 38, relative aux requêtes introductives d'instance,fut étendue à
l'intervention. Le délaifut abrégé. Aulieu d'êtreprésentée (<avant l'ou-
verture de la procédureorale ))la requêtedoitdésormais l'êtra evant la fin
de la procédureécrite. Maisles changements les plus significatifs furent writtenproceedings. But the most meaningful modifications were those of
paragraph 2 of Article 81,which establishesthe contents of therequest as

follows :
"2. The applicationshall state the name of an agent. It shallspecify
the case to which it relates, and shall set out :

(a) the interest of a legalnature which the State applying to intervene
considers may be affected by the decision in that case ;
(b) the precise object of the intervention ;
(c) any basis ofjurisdiction whch is claimed to exist as between the
State applying to intervene and the parties to the case."

28. This new formulation undoubtedly goes beyond the very terse and
concise wording of Article 62 of the Statute, according to which the only
requirementjustifying intervention is the existence of an interest of a legal
nature which may be affected by the decision on the principal case.
29. We seethat themore than 60years of controversyon theproblem of
whether the intemening State has, or has not, to prove the existence of a
jurisdictional link with the principal parties, was resurrected by the revi-
sion of the Rules.
30. 1 do not intend to plunge into the problem of the need of the
jurisdictional link for establishing the right of a third State to intervene.

But 1doubt whether such a substantial and sweepingrequirementcould be
introduced into the meaning of the text of Article 62 of the Statute by a
simple rule of procedure.
31. As far as concerns the specific problem of subparagraph (c) of
paragraph 2ofArticle 81of the Rules,its realmeaning isfar from clear. On
the contrary, perusal of the records concerning the drafting of the new
Rules showthat there were considerable doubts regardingthe real senseof
subparagraph (c) of paragraph 2 of Article 81, but that the prevailing
opinion was that the meaning of the proviso was merely to draw attention
to the point and to ensure that a State which couldindicate such a title of
jurisdiction should so inform the Court.
32. The new formulation of the Rules embodies a few far-reaching
novelties. 1 concede that the precise object of the intervention could pos-

siblybe included in the new text. It is an understandable requirement and
it could be adrnitted as implicit in the wording of Article 62. But sub-
paragraph (c) of paragraph 2 of Article 81 of the Rules, requiring that
the intervener specifies"any basis ofjurisdiction whch is clairned to exist
as between the State applying to intervene and the parties to the case",
constitutes the sweeping and surprisinginnovation of the provision. It is
couched in a nebulous language and one does not know if it is simply a
requirement for information of the Court or a real prerequisite, indis-
pensable for the adrnissibility of intervention in a given case.apportés au paragraphe 2 del'article 81,qui définit la teneur dela requête
dans les termes suivants :

(2. La requête indiquele nom de l'agent. Elle précise l'affaire
qu'elle concerne et spécifie :

a) l'intérêdt'ordrejuridique qui,selon l'Etat demandant à intervenir,
est pour lui en cause ;
b) l'objet précisde l'intervention ;
c) toutebase de compétencequi,selonl'Etat demandant à intervenir,
existerait entre lui et les parties.

28. Cette nouvelle rédaction dépasse sans aucun doute le libellé très
sobre et concis de l'article 62 du Statut, aux termes duquel la seule con-
dition de l'intervention est l'existence d'un intérêt d'ordre juridique en
cause.
29. Comme on le voit, la controverse vieille de soixante ans sur la
question de savoirsi l'Etat intervenant doit ou non prouverl'existence d'un
lienjuridictionnel avecles parties principales s'esttrouvéeressuscitéepar
la revision du Règlement.
30. Je n'ai pas l'intention d'examiner en détail leproblèmede la néces-
sitéde l'existenced'un lienjuridictionnel pour établir le droit d'intervenir
des Etats tiers. Mais il me paraît douteux qu'une condition aussi impor-

tante et généralepuisse êtregrefféesur letextedel'article 62du Statut par
une simple disposition du Règlement.
31. En ce qui concerne le problème particulier de l'alinéa c) de l'ar-
ticle81,paragraphe 2,du Règlement,sonsensvéritablen'estpas clair,tant
s'enfaut. Et mêmel,a lecturedesprocès-verbauxrelatifs à la rédaction du
nouveau Règlement montre que des incertitudes considérablesplanaient
sur le sens véritablede cet alinéa,mais que, selon l'opinion dominante, il
s'agissait seulement d'attirer l'attention sur ce point et de veillàrce que
tout Etat qui peut indiquerun tel titre de compétencelefasseconnaître à la
Cour.
32. Cette nouvelle rédaction du Règlement comportait de profondes
innovations. Il était peut-êtreopportun d'inclure dans le nouveau texte

l'objet précisde l'intervention. Cette exigenceest compréhensible,et peut
être considéréc eomme sous-entendue dans le texte de l'article 62. Mais
c'estl'alinéac) du paragraphe 2 de l'article 81 qui, en obligeant l'interve-
nant à préciser<< toute base de compétencequi, selon 1'Etatdemandant à
intervenir, existerait entre lui et les parti>>constitue l'innovation radi-
cale et surprenante de cette disposition. Cette disposition est en effet
formuléeen termes nébuleux, et elle n'indique pas s'il s'agit seulement
d'une obligation d'informer la Cour ou d'une condition préalable à pro-
prement parler, nécessaire à la recevabilité de l'intervention dans une
affaire donnée. 33. On 30January 1981the Republic of Malta filed with the Registry of
the Court an Application for permission to intervene in the above-men-
tionedcase under Article 62ofthe Statute of the Court. It was thefirst time
that the Court had to entertain in full a request to intervene under Article
62, and at the same time apply the corresponding new provisions of the
1978Rules of Court.
34. Malta, in its Application, invoked its interest of alegalnature which
might be affected by a decision of the Court inthedispute between Tunisia

and Libya. Owingtoits geographicallocationit would be difficult to deny
the interest of a legal nature on the part of Malta in the Tunisia/Libya
case.
35. During the presentation of its case, both in the written and oral
proceedings, Malta argued that the requisite of thejurisdictional link was
not contemplated in the context of Article 62 of the Statute and that
therefore it was not bound to provide proof thereof.
36. 1shallnot deal in detail with themainaspects of theJudgment of 14
April 1981.The fact is that the Court, in the Tunisia/Libya case,discarded
the examination of the crucialpoint of the need of ajurisdictional link,in
the following terms :

"Having reached the conclusion, for the reasons set out in the
present Judgment, that Malta's request for permission to intervene is
in any event not one to which it can accede, the Court finds it
unnecessary to decide in the present case the question whether the
existence of avalid link ofjurisdiction with theparties to the caseisan
essentialcondition for the granting of permission to intervene under
Article 62 of the Statute." (I.C.J. Reports 1981,p. 20, para. 36.)

37. Therefore,after the Judgment of 14April 1981,the problem of the
need of ajurisdictional linkhas remainedopen in thejurisprudence of the
Court.
38. Malta lost its case for intervention because it failed to comply with
subparagraph (b) of paragraph 2 of Article 81 of the Rules, namely the
request to define the precise contours of the object of its intervention.
39. And as the Court in its reasoning pointed out in paragraph 32 :

"Malta, in short, seeks permission to enter into the proceedingsin
thecasebut to do sowithoutassuming the obligations of aparty to the

casewithin the meaning of the Statute, and in particular of Article 59
under which the decision in the case would hereafter be binding upon
Malta in its relations with Libya and Tunisia. If in the present Appli-
cation Malta were seekingpermission to submit its own legal interest
in the subject-matter of the case for decision by the Court, and to
become aparty to the case, another question would clearly cal1for the
Court's irnrnediate consideration." (I.C.J. Reports 1981, pp. 18-19.) 33. Le 30janvier 1981,la Républiquede Maltea déposé au Greffe dela
Cour une requête à fin d'intervention en vertu de l'article 62 du Statut.
Pour lapremièrefois,laCour avait àconnaîtred'une véritablerequête à fin
d'intervention fondée sur cet article et, en même temps, à appliquer les
nouvelles dispositions du Règlement de 1978.

34. Dans sa requête,Malte affirmait l'existence d'un intérêtd'ordre
juridique qui risquait d'êtremis en cause par la décisionde la Cour dans le
différendentre la Tunisie et la Libye. Compte tenu de la situation géo-

graphique, ilétaitdifficile de contester l'intérêdt'ordrejuridique de Malte
dans l'affaire Tunisie/Libye.
35. En exposant ses arguments, tant par écrit qu'oralement, Malte a
soutenu que la condition du lienjuridictionnel n'étaitpas prévuedans le
texte de l'article 62du Statut, et qu'elle n'avaitdoncpas àen apporter la
preuve.
36. Je n'entrerai pas en détaildans les aspects principaux de l'arrêtdu
14 avril 1981.De fait la Cour, dans l'affaire Tunisie/Libye, s'est débar-
rasséedu problème essentieldelanécessité d'unlienjuridictionnel dans les
termes suivants :

(Etant parvenue, pour lesmotifs énoncésdans leprésentarrêt, à la
conclusion que, de toute manière, la requêtede Malte à fin d'inter-
vention n'est pas de celles auxquelles elle puisse accéder, la Cour
n'estime pas nécessairede décider en l'espècesi l'existenced'un lien
juridictionnel valable avec les partieà l'instance constitue une con-

dition essentielle pour qu'un Etat puisse êtreadmis à intervenir en
vertu de l'article 62du Statut. (C.I.J. Recueil 1981, p. 20, par. 36.)
37. Ainsi, aprèsl'arrêtdu 14avril 1981,leproblèmede la nécessitéd'un
lien juridictionnel demeurait en suspens dans la jurisprudence de la
Cour.

38. Malte a été déboutéd ee sa requête pourne s'êtrepas conformée à
l'alinéab)du paragraphe 2 de l'article 81du Règlement,qui lui demandait
de définirles contours précisde l'objet de son intervention.
39. Comme la Cour l'a fait observer dans l'exposéde ses motifs au
paragraphe 32 :

(<En un mot, Malte demande à entrer dans le procès mais sans
assumerlesobligations d'une partieau sensdu Statut, et enparticulier
del'article59,envertu duquel la décisionrendue en l'espèceserait par
la suite obligatoire pour Malte dans ses relations avec la Libye et la
Tunisie. Si,par laprésenterequête,Maltedemandait àsoumettre à la
décisiondela Cour sonpropre intérêtjuridique parrapport à l'objet
de l'affaire. eà devenir ~artie àcelle-ci. la Cour aurait sans aucun
doute àexaminerimmédiatementune autre question. )(C.I.J. Recueil
1981, p. 18-19.) 40. On 23 May 1976 the Republic of Malta and the Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya signed at La Valletta a Special Agreement to submit to the
International Court of Justice a case conceming the delimitation of their
respective continental shelves. After protracted "démarches" the Special

Agreement wasfiledwith the Registry by ajoint letter ofnotification dated
26 July 1982.
41. Within the deadline established by paragraph 1of Article 81of the
Rulesof Court, namely on 24October 1983,Italypresented itsApplication
for permission to intervene under Article 62 of the Statute. According to
Article 83, paragraph 1, of the Rules, certified copies of the Application
were transmitted to the Parties and the time-limit for their observations
was set as 5 December 1983. So,again the Court was called upon to take a
decision on the application of Article 62 of the Statute.

42. In its Application Italy invoked the existence of "an interest of a
legal nature" on its part, developing a series of arguments in this sense,
inter alia :

(a) the areas to be delimited between the Parties al1belong to the same
region of the central Mediterranean, of whch Italy is a coastal
State ;
(b) it is a narrow region, there being no point in this area which is more
than 400 nautical miles from the coasts of the other coastal States,
including, a fortiori, the island of Malta ;
(c) the definition of the Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 76,
which establishes as 200 nautical miles the minimum breadth of the
continental shelf, if applied to the region, results in effect that the
whole sea-bed is part of one and the samecontinental shelf, with large
areas of overlapping ;

(d) as far as natural prolongation is concerned, Malta is in the continental
shelf of Sicilywhch extends furtherto the south and east of the island
of Malta, in the direction of the submarine plateau of Melita and
Medina ;
(e) a "glance at the map" is sufficient to show that a considerablearea of
sea-bed of that region liesoff thecoasts ofItaly and soseaward of such
coasts ;
(f) if amedian line isdrawn, for the sake of argument, between the Italian
and Libyan landmasses, it would situate in the Italian side areas over
which rights are claimed by Malta.

43. The conclusion of Italy is that some areas of the continental shelf
disputed by Malta and Libya are areas over whch Italy considers that it
has undeniable rights :

"Italy consequently has a legal interest which is indisputably en 40. LaRépubliquede Malte etla Jamahiriya arabe libyenne ont signéle
23 mai 1976, à La Valette, un compromis en vue de soumettre à la Cour
internationale de Justice une affaire concernant la délimitation de leurs
plateaux continentaux respectifs. Aprèsde longuesdémarches,lecompro-
mis a été déposé au Greffe sous couvert d'une lettre conjointe de notifi-
cation en date du 26juillet 1982.
41. Dans ledélaiprévuauparagraphe 1de l'article 81du Règlementde
la Cour, l'Italie a présentéle 24 octobre 1983une requête à fin d'inter-
vention sur la base de l'article 62du Statut. Conformément aux disposi-
tions de l'article 83, paragraphe 1, du Règlement, des copies certifiées
conformes de la requêteont ététransmises aux Parties, et la date limite

pour la réceptionde leurs observations a étéfixéeau 5 décembre 1983.
Ainsi la Cour se trouve de nouveau appelée à prendre une décisionconcer-
nant l'application de l'article 62du Statut.

42. Dans sa requête, l'Italie invoque l'existenced'un <(intérêtd'ordre
juridique >)qui serait pour elle en cause, en développantdans ce sens une
séried'arguments :

a) Leszones àdélimiterentre les Parties appartiennent toutes àune même
régionde la Méditerranéecentrale, dont l'Italie est riveraine.

6) Il s'agit d'une régionétroite,dont aucun point ne se trouve à plus de
400millesmarins des côtesdes autres Etats riverains, et notamment de
l'île de Malte.
c) Si l'on applique à cette région la définitionde l'article 76 de la con-
vention sur le droit de la mer, qui dispose que la largeur minimum du
plateau continental est de 200millesmarins, il en résulteque la totalité
desfonds en question fait partie d'un seulet mêmeplateau continental,

avec de vastes zones de chevauchement.
d) En ce qui concerne le prolongement naturel, Malte se trouve sur le
plateau continental de la Sicile,qui se prolonge encore au sud et àl'est
de l'île de Malte, en direction du plateau sous-marin de Melita et
Medina.
e) Il suffit de jeter un(<coup d'Œilsur la carte )>pour constater qu'une
grande partie des fonds de ladite régionse trouve devant les côtes
italiennes et au large de ces côtes.

fl Une lignemédianetracée, à titred'hypothèse,entre lesmassesterrestres
de l'Italie et de la Libyeplacerait du côtéitalien certaines deszones sur
lesquelles Malte revendique des droits.
43. L'Italie conclut que certaines zones de plateau continental en litige
entre Malte et la Libye sont des zones sur lesquelles l'Italie a des droits
indéniables :

<<l'Italie a par conséquentun intérêtjuridique incontestableen cause causein the case. Its position is even,inprocedural law, an absolutely
classiccaseforintervention,and one in which interventioninpractice
is always admitted : the situation in which the intervener relies on
rights as the true dominusof the object which is disputed, or a part

thereof." (Application for Permission to Intervene by the Govern-
ment of Italy, para. 11 .)

44. Trying to avoid the same fate reserved to Malta forits application
for intervention of 1981,Italy was very careful in being absolutely precise
in describing the object of the intervention.
45. The Italian Application,'in its paragraph 16,describesthe object of
its intervention as follows :

"The object of Italy's application to intervene is to ensure the
defencebeforethe Court of its interest of a legal nature, so that those
principles and niles and, in particular, thepractical method of apply-
ing them, are not determined by the Court without awareness of that
interest, and to its prejudice.
In other words, Italy seeks to participate in the proceedings to the
full extent necessary to enable it to defend the rights which it claims
over some of the areas claimed by the Parties, and to specify the
position of those areas, taking into account the claims of the two
principal Parties ..."

And further on (Italian Application, para. 17) :
"It goes without saying - but it is better that it should be stated

expressly to avoid any ambiguity - that the Government of Italy,
oncepermitted tointervene, willsubmit to such decision asthe Court
maymake with regard to therights claimedby Italy,infullconforrnity
with the terms of Article 59 of the Statute of the Court."

46. Regardingthe key question of the need of ajurisdictional link with
the principal Parties Italy did not fail to point out that the provision of
Article 62 does not require any proof of existence of a basis ofjurisdiction
and that :

"The Rules of Court thus could not make the adrnissibility of an
application for permission to intervenesubject to legalconditionsnot
laid down in the Statute." (Italian Application, para. 19.)
Italy subscribes to the interpretation according to which

"The expression any basis ofjurisdiction and the use[in theFrench
text] of the conditional tense imply, on the contrary, that that phrase
doesno more than laydown a mererequirementforinformation tobe en l'espèce.Elle se trouve mêmedans un cas tout à fait classique
d'intervention en droit judiciaire et où l'intervention, en pratique, est
toujours admise :celle où l'intervenant excipe des droits de véritable
dominus de la chose en litige, ou d'une partie de cette chose. ))(Re-
quête à fin d'intervention du Gouvernement de l'Italie, par. 11.)

44. Soucieuse d'échapper au sortréservé à Malte lors de sa demande
d'intervention de 1981,l'Italiea veilléà êtreaussipréciseque possible dans
la description de l'objet de son intervention.
45. La requête de l'Italie, au paragraphe 16, définitcet objet en ces
termes :

(<L'objet de la demande d'intervention de l'Italie est d'assurer
devantla Courladéfense de sonintérêt d'ordrejuridiquede sorteque
cesprincipeset règleset,surtout, la méthodepratique de lesappliquer

ne soientpas déterminéspar la Cour dans l'ignorance et au détriment
de cet intérêt.
En d'autres termes, l'Italie demande à participer àl'instance dans
toute la mesure nécessairepour lui permettre de défendreles droits
qu'elle revendiquesurcertainesdes zonesrevendiquéespar lesParties
et de préciserla localisation de ces zones, compte tenu des revendi-
cations des deux Parties principales ...

Et plus loin (par. 17) :

(Il va sans dire - mais il vaut mieux que ce soit dit expressément
afin d'évitertoute ambiguïté - que le Gouvernement italien se sou-
mettra, une foisadmis à intemenir, à la décisionquela Cour voudra
prendre au sujet des droits revendiquéspar l'Italie, en pleine confor-
mitéavec les termes de l'article 59 du Statut de la Cour.

46. Concernant la question fondamentale de la nécessité d'un lienjuri-
dictionnel avec les Parties principales, l'Italie n'a pas manqué de relever
que les dispositions de l'article 62 ne requièrent aucune preuve de l'exis-
tence d'une base de compétence, et que :

(Le Règlement de la Cour ne pouvait donc pas subordonner la
recevabilité d'une demande à fin d'intervention à des conditions
juridiques non prévuespar le Statut. ))(Requête del'Italie, par. 19.)

L'Italie souscrit à l'interprétation selon laquelle :
(<L'expression <<toute base de compétence et l'emploi du condi-

tionnel laissent entendre, au contraire, qu'elle se borne àétablir une
simple exigence de fourniture d'information aux fins d'une connais- supplied with a view to fuller knowledge of the circumstances of the
case." (Italian Application, para. 20.)

47. In spite of this forthright position denyingthe necessity of proof of
existence of a jurisdictional link, the Italian Application tried, in para-
graph 21,to complywith the requirement of Article 81,paragraph 2 (c),of
the Rules. Italycontended that its undeniablelegal rights and the object of
the intervention are automatically creative of jurisdiction by effect of
Article 62, to the extent necessary to justify the admission of Italy to
participate in the present proceedings as an intervener.

48. Another argument used by Italy to cope with the need of thejuris-
dictional link is the fact that Italy, like Libya and Malta, as a Member of
the United Nations, is a party to the Statute of the Court and therefore
belongs to the"judicialcommunity"created by theUnited Nations system
forjudicial settlement of disputes by wayof the Statute. Theimminentlink
ofjurisdiction derivingfrom the existence of the "judicial community" is
rather doubtful and disregards the specific rules ofjurisdiction contained
in Articles 36 and 37of the Statute, with the exception of paragraph 6 of
Article 36,which givesthe Court the power to rule on its own competence.

The existenceofarticleslikeArticles 41,60,6 1and 62,from whichemanate
direct "rules of jurisdiction" is a point that should be discussed.

49. The additional argument ofparagraph 22of the ItalianApplication,
according to which Italy has accepted the compulsoryjurisdiction of the
Court by becoming a party to the European Convention for the Peaceful
Settlement of Disputes of 29 April 1957 - Article 1 of which confers
jurisdiction upon the Court -, is also far from convincing, because the
jurisdictional link established by the Conventionappliesonly between the
parties to the same Convention. At least it is sure that one of the main
Parties,namely Libya,is not apartyto theConvention, whereas Malta has
been a party since 1958.
50. Inconclusion,Italy would be in abetter position by sirnplyrejecting
the need to prove the jurisdictional link under Article 62, rather than
resorting to unpersuasive attemptsto produce evidence of the existence of
this doubtful link.

51. Within the time-lirnit established by the Order of the President,
pursuant to Article 83of the Rules, both principal Partiesin the case filed
observations on the Italian application for permission to intervene on 5

December 1983. Theconclusions of both observations are in the negative,
and, as they are thoroughly summarizedin the relevant part of the Judg-
ment, 1shall refrain from describing them. sance plus complète des circonstances de l'affaire. >> (Requêtede
l'Italie, par. 20.)

47. Malgrécette nette prise de position contre la nécessitéde prouver
l'existence d'un lien juridictionnel, la requête italienne essaie au para-
graphe21 de seconformer auxstipulations de l'article81,paragraphe 2 c),
du Règlementdela Cour, enaffirmant quelesdroitsjuridiques indéniables
de l'Italie et l'objet de l'intervention créent automatiquement, sur la base
de l'article 62,la compétencede la Cour, dans une mesure suffisantepour

justifier l'admission de l'Italià participer à la présente procédureen
qualitéd'intervenant.
48. Un autre argument invoquépar l'Italie pour démontrer l'existence
d'un lienjuridictionnel est le fait qu'en tant que Membre des Nations
Unies, l'Italie, de mêmeque la Libye et Malte, est partie au Statut de la
Cour et appartient donc à la <communautéjudiciaire )>crééepar le sys-
tème desNations Unies pour le règlement des différends.Le lienjuridic-
tionnel immanent résultant de l'existence de cette communauté judi-
ciaire))est assez douteux, et ne tient pas compte des règlesspécialesde
compétence énoncéea sux articles 36 et 37 du Statut, exception faite du
paragraphe 6 de l'article 36, qui habilite la Courà déciderde sa propre
compétence. L'existencede textes tels que les articles 41, 60,61 et 62, qui
créent des<< règlesde compétence directes, est un point qui mérite exa-

men.
49. L'argument additionnel du paragraphe 22de la requêtede l'Italie, à
savoir que ce pays a accepté lajuridiction obligatoire de la Cour en
devenant partie àla convention européenne pour le règlement pacifique
des différendsdu 29 avril 1957,dont l'article1prévoit la compétencede la
Cour, n'est pas plus convaincant, le lien juridictionnel créépar cette
convention n'ayant d'effetqu'entre lespartiesà cetinstrument. Or l'uneau
moins des Parties au principal, la Libye,n'est paspartià la convention, si
par contre Malte y est partie depuis 1958.

50. En conclusion, l'Italie se trouverait en meilleure posture en rejetant
tout simplement la nécessitéde démontrerlelienjuridictionnel aux termes

de l'article 62, au lieu de se livreà des efforts peu convaincants pour
démontrer l'existence d'un lien aussi douteux.

51. Avant l'expiration du délai fixépar ordonnance du Présidentde la
Cour en application de l'article 83du Règlement,les deux Parties à l'ins-
tance principale ont présentéle 5décembre1983desobservations au sujet
dela requête à fin d'intervention introduite par l'Italie. Lesconclusionsde
ces deux séries d'observations sont négativeset, comme la partie corres-
pondante de l'arrêt endonne un résumé completj,e m'abstiendrai de les
exposer. 52. The Judgment, as it seems to establish a link between the object of
the intervention and the interest of a legal nature involved therein treats
the problem of the interest of a legalnature and the question of the object
of the intervention as if they were one and the same question. 1 beg to
disagreewith such an approach. The interest of a legalnature that a third
State considers that it has in the principal case, and the fact that it may be
affected by the decision of the Court are the only bases for intervention
according to Article 62 of the Statute. It is the main requirement to be
considered by the Court in entertaining an application for intervention

under Article 62.The provision of the Statute does not mention anything
about theobject of theintervention, which isestablished by theverynature
of the institution of intervention, as the protection of the intervener's
rights. It isnot thetatute, but Rule 81,paragraph 2(b),whichincludesthe
"precise object" of the intervention among the prerequisites to be ascer-
tained by the Court. The two problems are different and they diverge in
their meaning and in their importance regarding the Court's decision.
53. 1believe that the Court should examine the two questions separ-
ately, starting with the interest of a legal nature, which can hardly be
denied to Italy, and keeping apart theproblem of the object, which can in
no way be confused with the former.
54. The Judgment, in paragraph 28, describesas follows the method it
would follow in its reasoning :

"The Court willconfine itself to those considerations which are in
itsviewnecessaryto the decisionwhichit has to give.Onthat basis, in
order to deterrninewhether the Italian request isjustified, the Court
should consider the interest of alegalnature which,it isclaimed, may
be affected. However, it must do this by assessing the object of the
Application and the way in which that object corresponds to what is
contemplated by the Statute."

55. It is curious that in indicating the generalline of the reasoning, the
Court subordinates the consideration of the problem of the interest of a
legalnature on the part of the State applying to intervene, to the extent it
"corresponds" to the object of the intervention. The interest of a legal
nature is themain requirement of Article 62of the Statute which has to be
prima facie substantiated as has the possibility of the said interest being
affected by the future decision of the Court. The decision of the Court in
the first stage of the procedure of intervention, namelythe decision under
paragraph 2 of Article 62, should be on this specific point, more than
anything else.
56. It is therefore surprising that in spite of thenumerous pages devoted
to the subject of theinterest of a legalnature in the introduction aswellas
in the recount of the positions of the Parties, the Court, apart from some
shortreferences in passing,did not dwellat length on theproblem whether
Italyhas an interest of a legalnature whichrnightbe affected by the future
decision on the main case.
57. In the narrow waters of the central Mediterranean one can hardly 52. Du fait qu'il semble établirun lien entre l'objet de l'intervention et
l'intérêt d'ordre juridiqueen jeu, l'arrêt traitele problème de l'intérêt
d'ordre juridique et celui de l'objet de l'intervention comme s'ils'agissait
d'uneseuleet mêmequestion.Je mepermets de nepaspartager cettefaçon

de voir. L'intérêt d'ordre juridique qu'unEtat tiers estime avoir dans le
procès principal et le fait qu'il esten causesont les seuls fondements de
l'intervention selon l'article 62 du Statut. Telle est l'exigence principale
quant à ce que la Cour doit examinerpour connaître d'une requête à fin
d'intervention fondée sur l'article 62. La disposition du Statut ne men-
tionne d'aucune manièrel'objet de l'intervention, qui se trouve définipar
lanature mêmede l'institution de l'intervention comme étantlaprotection
des droits de l'intervenant. Ce n'est pas le Statut, mais l'article 81,para-
graphe 2 b), du Règlementqui mentionne ]'(objet précis))de l'interven-
tion parmi les conditionspréalables dont la Cour doit vérifier l'existence.

Les deux problèmes sont différents et ne coïncident ni dans leur signifi-
cation, ni dans leur importance pour la décisionde la Cour.
53. A mon sens la Cour devrait examiner les deux questions séparé-
ment, c'est-à-dire commencer par l'intérêt d'ordrejuridique, difficilement
contestable dans lecasde l'Italie, etenvisagerà part leproblèmede l'objet,
qui ne peut aucunement être confondu avec le premier.
54. L'arrêt, au paragraphe 28, décrit comme suit la démarche qu'il
entend suivre dans ses motifs :

(La Cour s'en tiendra aux considérations qui sont, selon elle,
indispensables à la décision qu'elledoit rendre. Surcettebase,afin de
déterminersi la requête italienneestjustifiée, la Cour doit examiner
l'intérêdt'ordrejuridique qui serait susceptibled'être en cause. Pour
cela, il lui faut évaluer l'objetde la requêteetla manièredont celui-ci
correspond à ce qu'envisage le Statut.

55. Il est étrange qu'en indiquant le déroulement généralde son rai-
sonnementla Cour subordonne l'examendu problème del'intérêt d'ordre
juridique de l'Etat qui demande à intervenirà la mesure dans laquelle cet
intérêt (correspond à l'objet de l'intervention. L'intérêt'ordrejuridi-
que est l'exigenceprincipaledel'article 62du Statutdont ilfaut àpremière

vuejustifier, tout comme du fait queledit intérêtest en cause. La décision
de la Cour dans la première phase de la procédure d'intervention, c'est-
à-direla décisionprévueau paragraphe 2 de l'article 62,doit porter sur ce
point précisplus que sur tout autre.

56. 11estdonc surprenant quemalgrélesnombreuses pagesconsacrées à
la question de l'intérêt d'ordrejuridiquedans l'introduction, comme dans
l'exposédes positions des Parties, la Cour, à part quelques brèves réfé-
rences occasionnelles, ne se soit pas demandé plus àloisir si l'Italie a un
intérêd t 'ordre juridique qui serait en cause.

57. Dans les espaces maritimes restreints de la Méditerranée centrale,deny the interests of a legal nature on the part of any of the neighbouring
coastal States, namely, Italy, Libya, Malta, Tunisia and perhaps also
Algeria, in any delimitation of the continental shelf which appears to be
one and the same, whether one looks at it under the optics of the principle
of natural prolongation, or under the criteria of the new trends of the
Montego Bay Convention, with its minimumcontinental shelf breadth of
200 nautical miles. Of course the Convention is not in force yet, and
probably will not be in force for some time, but such are the trends of the
new law of the sea that the Court was asked to take into consideration in
the Tunisia/Libya case. Likewisethe principle of proportionality cannot
afford to ignore the interests of Italy with its large coasts, and especially
those of Sicily, Calabria and Apulia overlooking the central Mediterra-

nean.
58. When Malta filed its Application to intervenein 1981it had to face
more difficultiesin establishing its interests of a legalnature - although it
had alleged that it had

"a 'specific and unique interest' in the present proceedings which
arises out of its 'involvement in the facts' of the Tunisia/Libya
case. ... by virtue of its geographicallocation vis-à-visthe twoParties
to the case" (I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 9, para. 13).

59. But the conclusion of the Court, in paragraph 33 of the 1981 Judg-
ment, amounted to a denial of such interests :

"This being so, the very character of the intervention for which
Malta seeks permission shows, in the view of the Court, that the
interest of a legalnature invoked by Malta cannot be considered to be
one 'which may be affected by the decision in the case' within the
meaning of Article 62 of the Statute." (I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 19.)

60. Indeed - and 1think this is a point which has not been sufficiently
developed in the Judgment, as appears from the short reference in para-
graph 39 -, the Tunisia/Libya case concerned a delimitation between
adjacent States, starting at a predetermined point, namely the extreme
point of the territorial boundary line.On the other hand, the geographical
situation of Malta, whosecoasts confront thoseof Libya and Tunisia, could
hardly have any significance for the lateral delimitation, except as far as it
would concem the continuation of the future maritime boundary line, to
thepoint where it would intrudeon the Maltese continental shelf,and the
Court introduced in the 1981Judgment a "caveat" for this situation, in its

paragraph 35.
61. The present case is completely different. The coasts of Italy are
opposite to those of Malta and Libya and anydelimitation that willresult
from the decision of the Court on the principles and rules of international
law involved, will necessarily affect the interests of Italy, as this is an
imperative of the geography of the region.
62. Moreover, owing to the characteristics of the central Mediterra-on ne saurait guère nier que des intérêtsd'ordre juridique peuvent être
invoquéspar chacundes Etats riverains, àsavoirl'Italie, la Libye, Malte,la
Tunisie et peut-être aussil'Algérie,dans toute délimitation d'un plateau
continental qui semble former un tout, qu'on l'envisagesous l'angle du
prolongement naturel ou d'aprèsles critères des <(nouvelles tendances
de la convention de Montego Bay, oùle plateau continental a une largeur
minimale de 200 milles marins. Certes, la convention n'est pas encore en

vigueuretne leseraprobablement pasd'iciquelque temps, mais tellessont
les tendancesdu nouveau droit de la mer qu'il a été demandé à la Cour de
prendre en considération dans l'affaire Tunisie/Libye. De même, leprin-
cipedeproportionnalité ne saurait faire abstraction des intérêtsde l'Italie
avec ses longues côtes, surtout celles de la Sicile, de la Calabre et de
l'Apulie, donnant sur la Méditerranée centrale.
58. Quand Malte adéposé sarequête à find'intervention en 1981,ellese
heurtait à des difficultés plus grandes pour établir un intérêt d'ordre
juridique. Pourtant elle a soutenu qu'elle avait :

(<un <<intérês tpécialet unique ))en l'instance en cours, parce qu'elle
serait <concernéepar lesfaits de l'affaire Tunisie/Libye ..en raison

de sa situation géographique par rapport aux deux Parties à l'ins-
tance ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1981,p. 9, par. 13).

59. Cependant la conclusionde la Cour, au paragraphe 33de l'arrêtde
1981,revient à nier l'existence d'un tel intérê:

<(Cela étant, le caractère mêmede l'intervention demandée par
Malte montre, de l'avis de la Cour, que l'intérêtd'ordre juridique
invoquépar elle ne peut êtreconsidérécomme susceptibled'être en
cause en l'espèceau sens de l'article 62 du Statut. ))(C.I.J. Recueil
1981,p. 19.)

60. Defait, et cepoint, selon moi, n'a pas été approfondi suffisamment
dans l'arrêtc,ommel'atteste labrèveréférence qui figureauparagraphe 39,
l'affaireTunisie/Libye concernait unedélimitationentreEtats limitrophes,
à partir d'un point prédéterminél,e point extrêmede la frontière territo-

riale. D'autre part, la situation géographique de Malte, dont lescôtes font
face à celles de la Libye et de la Tunisie,pouvait difficilement avoir une
incidence sur la délimitation latérale,sauf dans Iamesure où il s'agirait de
prolonger lafuture ligne de délimitation maritimejusqu'à l'endroit où elle
pénétrerait surle plateau continental maltais ;or la Cour a introduit, au
paragraphe 35 de l'arrêtde 1981,une réserve à ce sujet.

61. La situation actuelle est totalement différente. Les côtes de l'Italie

font face àcellesde Malteet de la Libye, et toute délimitationrésultantde
ce que la Cour décidera au sujet des principes et règlesdu droit interna-
tional applicables ne pourra manquer de se répercuter surles intérêts de
l'Italie, car la géographiede la région leveut ainsi.
62. De plus, par suite descaractéristiques de la Méditerranée centrale,83 CONTINENTAL SHELF (DISS.OP.SETTE-CAMARA)

nean, acertain degreeofoverlapping willbe unavoidable, andit isagainst a
delimitation that might ignore the Italian interests in the area of concern
that the Application for intervention was presented. Contrary to lateral
delimitation, where bilateralism prevails, the delimitation in the case of
opposite States may easily involve interests of other coastal States by the

very nature of things.

63. 1 find myself in disagreement with the reasoning of the Court
leading to the finding of paragraph 29 which runs :

"Whle formallyItaly requests the Court to safeguard its rights, it
appears to the Court that the unavoidable practical effect of its
request is that the Court willbe called upon to recognize those rights,
and hence, for the purpose of being ableto do so,to make afinding, at
least in part, on disputes between Italy and one or both of the Par-
ties."

In repeated statements during the pleadings, both written and oral, Italy
has consistentlyaffirmed that it does not seek anything but to "ensure the
defence before the Court of its interests of a legal nature", and more :

"In so doing,Italy is persuaded that it is confining itself strictly to
the limits of intervention procedure, which has no other object or
raisond'être than precisely to ensure the protection of theinterests of
third parties when they may be affected by the decision in a case
before a court." (Hearing of 25 January 1984,moming.)

64. TheJudgment quotes a seriesof statements wherereference ismade
to "rights" possessed by Italy, as evidence that it is seekingthe recognition
of suchrights. But,1submit,there isacertain amount ofconfusion over the
way the words "rights" and "claims" are used in the pleadings. Of course
parties coming before the Court claim the existence of rights. What is an
interest of a legalnaturebut a claim toa right ?The Partiesin the mainline
case also claim rights on areas that "appertain" to them accordingto their
respective contentions. But there is a considerabledifference between the
object of aprincipal case,asthe oneinstituted by Malta and Libya, and an
incidental procedure of intervention, whch is intended only to seek the
protection of interests of a legal nature. And to my mind, that is al1that

Italy's application isaiming at. Therefore, 1do not seehow theJudgmentin
paragraph 33 can reach the following conclusion : "it follows that it is
being asked to make a finding of the existence of such rights, and as to at
least the approximate extent of them".
65. In thefirststage of theprocedure ofintervention - and that isal1we
are concerned with here - the only thng that the Court is asked to do isun certain chevauchement sera inévitable, et c'est afin de prévenir une
délimitation qui méconnaîtraitlesintérêts italiens dans la régionconsidé-
réequela requête à fin d'intervention a été présentéeC . ontrairement àune
délimitation latérale,où les relations bilatérales l'emportent, la délimita-

tion entre Etats qui sefont facepeut aisémentmettre en cause les intérêts
d'autres Etats riverains par la nature mêmedes choses.

63. Jene peux suivreleraisonnement de la Cour quil'amène à conclure
ce qui suit, au paragraphe 29 :

<si,surleplan formel,l'Italie demande [àlaCour]desauvegarder ses
droits, sa requêtea pour effet pratique inéluctable d'inviter la Cour à
reconnaître ceux-ci et, pour cefaire, àstatuer au moinspartiellement
sur les différendsentre l'Italie et l'une des Parties ou les deux )).

Dans des déclarations réitérées tout au longde la procédure tant écrite
qu'orale, l'Italie n'a cesséd'affirmer qu'elle voulait seulement <(assurer
davant la Cour la défensede son intérêt d'ordrejuridique ));et, en outre :

<<Ce faisant, elle est persuadée qu'elle reste strictement dans les
limites de la procédurede l'intervention, qui n'a pas d'autre objet ni
d'autre raison d'être qued'assurer précisément la protection des

intérêts destiers lorsqu'ils sont en cause dans une affaire portée
devant une instance judiciaire. >) (Audience du 25 janvier 1984,
matin.)

64. L'arrêt citeune sériede déclarationsoù il est question de ((droits ))
appartenant à l'Italie, afin de prouver qu'elle cherche à faire reconnaître
cesdroits. Cependant, selon moi, une certaine confusionplane sur l'usage
desmots <(droits et<<prétentions dans la procédure. Certes,lesparties
quiseprésentent devant la Courinvoquent l'existencede droits. Qu'est-ce

qu'un intérêd t'ordrejuridique, sinon l'allégation d'un droit ? Les Parties
auprincipalinvoquentaussidesdroitssurdes zones qui <relèvent )d'elles
selon leurs thèses respectives.Il y a toutefois une différenceconsidérable
entre l'objet d'une affaire principale, comme l'instance introduite par
Malte et la Libye, et une procédure incidente d'intervention, qui a pour
seule fin d'obtenir la protection d'intérêtsd'ordre juridique. Dans mon
esprit, tel est le seul but de la requête de l'Italie. Je nevois donc pas

commentl'arrêt,au paragraphe 33,peut aboutir à la conclusionsuivante :
a il s'ensuit qu'il lui estdemandéde statuer sur l'existencede tels droits et
au moins sur leur étendue approximative )).
65. Au cours de la première phase de la procédure d'intervention - la
seule qui nous préoccupeici - la tâche de la Cour consisteuniquement àto decide whether or not to grant the request to intervene. It is only if
intervention is granted that the intervener is bound to substantiate its
claims and its reasons to consider that its interests may be affected.
Therefore, how couldthe Court "make a finding of the existence" of rights
of Italy in this early stage of the proceedings, when not even the area of

concernhas been established ? Even the principal Parties, up to now, have
claims to certainrightsand that iswhy theybrought theirclaimsbeforethe
Court, and the decision of theCourt,in due time,willascertainthe existing
rights, if they exist.
66. Moreover, in paragraph 29 in fine the Judgment states that Italy is
requiringtheCourt "to make afinding, at least inpart ondisputes between
Italy and one or both of the Parties".
67. 1must respectfully remark that in the wholecourse of thepleadings,
Italy, to the best of my recollection,hasnever described to the Court any
dispute with the principal Parties. On the contrary, it is exactly the non-
existence of a previous dispute that was brandished against Italy as an
argument for the rejection of the application and even for the use of the
drastic remedy of estoppel. So1hardly seehowtheJudgment can refer toa
"dispute" described by Italy.

68. And such a non-existing dispute is at the heart of the Judgment
when it finds in paragraph 32 :
"The distinction which Italy hasendeavoured to make isbetween a
requestthat theCourt take account of,or safeguard, its legalinterests,
and a request that the Court recognize or define its legal interests,
which would amount to the introduction of a distinct dispute."

69. This finding is a crucial part of the Judgment and 1beg to submit
that the conclusion is a non sequitur.

70. 1do not seehow a genuine,and even classical, case of intervention
maybe assimilated to theintroduction of adistinctdispute.What dispute ?
Has either Libya or Malta any dispute with Italy ?Not according to their
counsels,who went asfar asinvoking the absence of adispute tojustify the

application to Italy of the principle of estoppel, as has been mentioned
before. In the proceedings of the application to intervene, the indications
givenby Italy to defineprima faciethecontours of the area where it claims
to have interests of a legalnature, and eventhe more detailedinformation
provided in response to a question put by one of the Judges, were not
contested by the Parties.Neithercould they endeavour todo sobecause the
Court did not reach the second stage of the intervention procedure, where
the merits of the application would be discussed. So 1do not see how the
Judgment can identify in the object of the Italian application a "distinct
dispute". As to the future presentation of the merits of the intervention, it
is premature to conclude that it would be tantamount to a distinct dis-
pute.
71. And the existenceof this futureand non-substantiated independent décidersi elle entend ou non faire droit à la requête.Ce n'est que si elle
admet l'intervention que l'intervenant esttenu d'exposer sur lefond l'objet
de sa demande et les raisons pour lesquellesil estime que sesintérêtssont
en cause. Comment donc la Cour pourrait-elle << statuer sur l'existence)>
des droits de l'Italie aussitôt dans la procédure,avant mêmeque la région
considérée soit définie? Les Parties principales elles-mêmesne font jus-
qu'à présent qu'invoquer certainsdroits et c'estpourquoi ellesont saisila
Cour de leurs prétentions ; la décision de la Cour, le moment venu,
déterminerales droits qui existent, s'ily en a.

66. De plus, à la fin du paragraphe 29, l'arrêt déclare que l'Italie
demande à la Cour <<de statuer au moins partiellement sur les différends
entre l'Italie et l'une des Parties ou les de)>.
67. Je ferai respectueusementobserverque tout au long de la procédure
l'Italie, queje sache, n'ajamais exposéàla Cour aucun différend avec les
Parties principales. Au contraire, c'estprécisément l'inexistence d'un dif-
férendantérieurqui a été brandie contre l'Italiecommeun argument pour
justifier le rejet dela requête etmêmela mise en Œuvre du remède radical
de l'estoppel.Je vois donc mal comment l'arrêt peut parler d'un<< diffé-
rend )>exposépar l'Italie.

68. Or, cedifférend inexistant tient uneplacecentrale dans l'arrêt,dont
le paragraphe 32 est ainsi conçu :
<L'Italie s'est efforcéeen effet de distinguer entre une demande
faiteà la Cour de tenir compte de sesintérêts d'ordrejuridique ou de

les sauvegarderet une demandetendant àce quela Cour reconnaisse
ou définissesesintérêtjsuridiques, ce qui reviendrait àlui soumettre
un autre litige.
69. Cette déclaration constitue un élément crucialde l'arrêtet je me
permettrai de qualifier de non sequiturla conclusion à laquelle elle abou-

tit.
70. Je ne vois pas comment un cas d'intervention authentique et même
classique peut êtreassimilé à l'introduction d'un différend distinct. Quel
différend ? La Libye ou Malte ont-elles un différend quelconque avec
l'Itali? Non, selonleursavocats,qui sont allésjusqu'à invoquerl'absence
de différend comme une raison d'appliquer àl'Italie le principe de l'es-
toppel, ainsi que je l'ai déjà souligné. Au coursde la procédure sur la
demande en intervention, les indications donnéespar l'Italie à titre de
première définitiondu domaine où elle estime avoir des intérêts d'ordre
juridique, et mêmeles renseignementsplus détaillésfournis enréponse à la

question de l'un desjuges, n'ont pasété contestéspar les Parties. Celles-ci
n'auraier.t d'ailleurs pas pu les contester, car la Cour n'a pas atteint la
deuxième phase de la procédure d'intervention, celle de l'examen de la
requêteaufond.Je ne voisdonc pas commentl'arrêt peut apercevoir,dans
l'objet de la requête italienne,un <<différend distinct)>.Quant à la pré-
sentation future de l'intervention sur le fond, il est prématuré deconclure
qu'elle équivaudrait à un autre litige.
71. Or, l'existence de cet autre litige futur et indéterminéfournit l'ar- dispute provides the decisive argument of the Judgment to reject the
application, namely the need of a new and special jurisdictional link
between Italy and the Parties in the case. Indeed the Judgment in para-

graph 37 States :
"Such adispute may be the subject of negotiation, leading either to
its settlement - in the case of a maritime boundary dispute, to an
agreed delimitation - or to the conclusion of a special agreement for
its resolution by a judicial body ; it may not however be brought

before the Court by way of intervention."

72. Therefore, the conclusion of the Judgment is still based on the
absence of ajurisdictional link for that "distinct dispute" - the existence
of which is not proved -, although the Court, at the end of paragraph 38,
says that

"the Court. .. does not have to rule on the question whether, in
general, anyintervention based on Article 62must, as a condition for
its admission, show the existence of a valid jurisdictional link".

73. And again in paragraph 41, the Court insists :

"It has been emphasized above that the Italian Application to
intervene tends inevitably to produce a situation in which the Court
would be seisedof adispute between Italy on theonehand and Libya
and Malta on the other, or each of them separately, without the
consent of thelatter States ;Italy would thus become aparty to one or
severaldisputes which are not before theCourt at present. In this way
the character of the casewould betransformed. Theseconsiderations,
in the view of the Court, constitute reasons why the Application
cannot be granted."

74. That being so, the application is rejected while there is no dispute
whatsoever between the principal Parties and Italy - in the name of a
distinct dispute that the Court believes isinevitable in the future and for
which aspeciallink ofjurisdiction willbe necessary. 1respectfullydisagree
with this finding based on foretelling thefuture and previewingforthcom-
ing circumstances. For the time being, and for the purpose of Article 62,
thereisno dispute, thereis no need forthe consent of the Parties, and to my
mind, the incidentaljurisdiction would be quite sufficient for granting

permission to intervene.
75. In the arguments of the Parties, and in the Judgment itself, one
simple but important point has not been duly emphasized. And that is
related to the very nature of intervention as it has been known and prac-
tised in interna1 legal orders, which its inclusion in the Statute cannot
change. Intervention, within the framework of the Statute, is and will
always be an incidental procedure, like preliminary objections to admis-
sibility, indication of provisional measures of protection under Article 41,
and interpretation and revision under Articles 60 and 61. PLATEAU CONTINENTAL (OP. DISS. SETTE-CAMARA) 85

gument décisifpar lequel l'arrêt rejettela requête,celuide la nécessitd'un
lienjuridictionnel nouveau et spécialentre l'Italie et les Partieàl'affaire.
En effet, l'arrêt déclare au paragraphe37 :

<<Un tellitigepourrait faire l'objetde négociationsaboutissant soit
à son règlement - c'est-à-dire, dans lecasd'un litige concernant une
frontièremaritime, à unedélimitation acceptéeparlesparties -soit à
la conclusion d'un compromis en vue de sa résolutionpar un organe
judiciaire ;ilne pourrait cependant pas êtreportédevant la Cour par

voie d'intervention. ))
72. La conclusion de l'arrêt restedonc fondée sur l'absence de lien
juridictionnel pour ce <<litige supplémentaire ))dont l'existence n'estpas

prouvée, bienque la Cour déclare, à la fin du paragraphe 38 :

<(la Cour n'a pas à décidersi, en règlegénérale,pour toute interven-
tion fondée sur l'article 62, et comme condition de son admission,

l'existence d'un lienjuridictionnel valable doit être démontrée o.
73. Plus loin, au paragraphe 41, la Cour affirme

<<Il aétésoulignéplus haut quelademanded'intervention italienne
tend inévitablement à créerune situation dans laquelle la Cour serait
saisie d'un différendentre l'Italie, d'unepart, et la Libyeet Malte ou
chacun de ces Etats pris séparément,d'autre part, sans le consente-
ment de ces derniers ;l'Italie deviendrait donc partie à un ou à

plusieurs différends dont la Cour n'est pas actuellement saisie. La
nature de la présente affaire serait ainsi transformée. Ces considéra-
tions,de l'avisdelaCour,constituent desmotifsde nepasfairedroit à
la demande d'intervention. ))

74. Dans cesconditions,la requêteest rejetéealors qu'il n'existeaucun
différend,quel qu'il soit,entre les Partiesprincipales et l'Italie, et cela au
nom d'un autre litige que la Cour croit inévitable à l'avenir et pour lequel
un lienjuridictionnel spécialserait nécessaire.Je me permets d'exprimer
mon désaccord avec cette conclusion fondée sur des prédictions et des
pronostics portant sur des événements futurs. Actuellementet aux fins de
l'article 62 il n'y a pas de différend,le consentement des Parties n'est pas

nécessaireet, selon moi, il suffisaitlargement de la compétenceincidente
pour accueillir la requête à fin d'intervention.
75. Dans l'argumentation des Partieset l'arrêtlui-même,un point sim-
ple mais important n'a pas assez retenu l'attention. Il concernela nature
mêmede l'intervention, connue et pratiquée dans les systèmesjuridiques
internes, et que son inclusion dans le Statut ne saurait modifier. Dans le
cadredu Statut, l'intervention est etseratoujoursuneprocédureincidente,
comme les exceptionspréliminaires à la recevabilité,l'indication de me-

suresconservatoires en vertu de l'article 41, ou l'interprétation etla revi-
sion en vertu des articles 60 et 61. 76. The incidental procedures have in common the fact that they pre-
supposethe existence of principal contentious proceedingsestablished by

application or by special agreement between the mainparties.Theyare,so
tosay, "grafted" on the existingcase, and their existenceis ancillary to the
principal case.Therefore,there isno question of the necessity of a newand
specialjurisdictional link for the incidental procedure. Thejurisdictional
link is the sarneas alreadyestablished for the principal case, which covers
theincident of procedure,representedby the application for intervention.
Moreover, intervention under Article 62 is a preliminary procedure, the
fate of which is expresslysubject to the decision of the Court according to
paragraph 2 of the same Article. The discretionary (or "quasi-discretion-
ary" as SirGerald Fitzmaurice put it) decision of the Court closes thefirst
stageof theinterventionprocedure. Ifpermission isgranted, theintervener
isbound to fullyprovide the elements of fact and law that supportits case.

That willbe the second stage, of whch the Court has no experience, since
the few cases of intervention entertained so far never went beyond the
preliminary procedure.

77. That explains why Article 62 requiresonly prima facie evidence to
support the would-be intervener as it considers (no more than considers)
that it has an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the
decision of the Court in ongoing contentious proceedings between the
principal parties. The Court will entertain this preliminary procedure
within the framework of the principal case,jurisdiction being established
by the main litigants.

78. During theoralargument,it wasmaintained by theprincipal Parties
that Article 62, being embodied in Chapter III of the Statute which deals
with Procedure, cannot disregard the general provisionson jurisdiction
contained in Articles 36 and 37.To that one should observe that Chapter
III - Procedure - contains also Article 53, a very important article - in
some aspects a remnant of the old ideals of establishing a permanent
international tribunal endowed with compulsoryjurisdiction -, which
empowers the Court to entertain a case even against the will of one of the
parties, by the procedure of default. And the Court has had considerable
experiencein this sort of cases in which one party does not appear before
the Court, or fails to defend its case (FisheriesJurisdiction, Nuclear Tests,
Trialof Pakistani Prisonersof War,Aegean Sea ContinentalShelf, United

States Diplomaticand ConsularStaff in Tehran).But in the case of Article
53,in which ajurisdictional link must be established afortiori, what does
the Statute provide for ? 1sit silent on the problem of jurisdiction like
Article 62 ? No, it spells out in paragraph 2, in very clear-cut terms, that
the Court must satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction in accordance with
' Articles 36 and 37. Should not the Statute, if the jurisdictional link
were indispensable for the application of Article 62, contain a similar
proviso ?
79. To my mind, the issue of the need of a specialjurisdictional link for
theprocedure ofintervention isveryclear.Both inArticle 62and Article 63 76. Les procédures incidentes ont en commun de présupposer l'exis-
tence d'une procédure contentieuse principale, introduite par voie de
requêteou decompromis entre lespartiesprincipales. Elles <(segreffent O,
pour ainsidire,surl'affaire en coursetleur existenceprésenteun caractère
ancillaire par rapport au procèsprincipal. 11n'est doncpas question de la
nécessitéd'un lien juridictionnel nouveau et spécialpour la procédure
incidente. Le lien juridictionnel est celui mêmequi, établi pour l'affaire
principale, s'étendà l'incident de procédure constituépar la requête à fin
d'intervention. De plus, l'intervention en vertu de l'article 62 est une
procédure préliminaire,dont le sort dépend de la décision de la Cour

comme le paragraphe 2 du mêmearticle le prévoit expressément. La
décisiondiscrétionnaire ou, selon l'expression de sir Gerald Fitzmaurice,
quasi discrétionnaire >>de la Cour achèvela première phase de la pro-
cédured'intervention.Silarequêteest accueillie,l'intervenant doitfournir
tous les éléments de fait etde droit à l'appui de sa cause. Ce serait la
deuxièmephase, dont la Cour n'a pas l'expérience,car aucun des rares
cas d'intervention dont elle a connujusqu'ici n'a dépassélestade prélimi-
naire.
77. Voilà pourquoi l'article 62 demande seulement au candidat àI'in-
tervention de fournir un commencement de preuve à l'appui de ce qu'il

estime (ilstimeet rien de plus) êtreun intérêt d'ordrejuridique pour luein
cause dans la procédure contentieuse entre les parties principales. Cette
procédure préliminaire se déroulera devant la Cour dans le cadre de
l'affaire principale, la compétenceétantétabliepar les plaideurs princi-
paux.
78. Pendant laprocédure orale, les Partiesprincipales ont soutenu que,
du fait qu'il figure au chapitreIII du Statut relatifà la procédure, l'ar-
ticle62nesauraitdérogerauxdispositionsgénéralesdesarticles36et 37en
matièrede compétence. Il convientderépondre à cela que lechapitre III-
(Procédure >)- contient aussi l'article 53, disposition très important-

vestige à certains égardsde l'ancien idéal d'établir un tribunal internatio-
nalpermanent à compétenceobligatoire - quihabilite la Cour à connaître
d'une affaire, mêmecontre la volontéde l'une des parties, dans la procé-
dure par défaut.La Cour aunegrande expériencede cegenred'affaires, où
l'une desparties ne comparaît pas ou ne fait pas valoir ses moyens (Com-
pétence enmatière depêcheries, Essais nucléaires, Prisonniers g dueerre
pakistanais, Plateau continental dela mer Egée, Personnel diplomatique et
consulaire desEtats-Unis à Téhéran)O . r dans le cas de l'article 53, où un
lienjuridictionnel doit êtreétablià fortiori, que prévoitle Statu? Garde-
t-il le silence sur la question de compétencecomme l'article 62 ? Non, il

déclare catégoriquement, au paragraphe 2, que la Cour doit s'assurer
qu'elle a compétence aux termes des articles 36 et 37. Si le lien juridic-
tionnel étaitnécessaire à l'application de l'article 62,le Statut ne contien-
drait-il pas dans ce cas une disposition semblable ?

79. Selon moi, au sujet de la nécessitéd'un lien juridictionnel spécial
pour laprocédure d'intervention, la situation est toutà fait claire. Aucunethere isno such requirement. Even those who proclaimthe necessity of the
linkin thecase ofArticle 62, concede that itisnot required for Article 63.If
that is so, it would only be normal for Article 62 to contain somewording
similar to paragraph 2 of Article 53, to establish the difference of proce-
dure in entertaining the two types of incidental issue of intervention. A
well-known writer,devotedtoproblemsrelated to the International Court
of Justice, maintains :

"The characteristic feature of the incidentaljurisdiction is that it
depends not upon the specific consent of the parties but upon some
objective fact, such as the existence of 'proceedings' before the
Court. ..
The fact that the incidental jurisdiction of the Court rests only
indirectly upon the consent of the parties, that is to Say, has an
objectivecharacteristic, also enables it to be regarded as an inherent
jurisdiction." (Rosenne, The Law and Practice of the International
Court, Vol. 1,pp. 422-423.)

80. Those who insist on the need of thejurisdictional link do not seethe
salient difference of treatment givenby the Statute to normal and principal
cases and to cases of incidental jurisdiction. Intervention is one of the
latter, together with theinterim measures of protection, interpretation and
revision of judgments.

81. In paragraph 42 the Judgment discusses the relationship between

Articles 59and62 of the Statute, aproblemon whichthere wasmuch to Say
during the pleadings. 1believe that Article 59 is intended to preserve the
relativecharacter of the resjudicata in a general way. If it would provide
sufficientprotection for third Statesinthecircumstances under which they
are compelled to apply for permission to intervene,Article 62would have
no place in the Statute. If Italy resorted to Article 62 it was not by mere
choice,asissaidinparagraph 42of theJudgment, but becauseit considered
that the decision to be givenby the Court in theprincipal case might affect
its interests of a legal nature. This is a form of direct protection provided
for by Article 62,different from the generalprinciple of Article 59,which
confines itself to enunciate the principle thatjudgments are resinteralios
acta for third States.
82. As regardsparagraph 43 of theJudgment, which stilldeals with the
problem of therightsandinterests of third States, 1would liketo recall that
rightsrelatingtothecontinental shelfare recognizedas inherent, ipsofacto
and abinitio,and arenot dependingonproclamation,occupation or title of
any kind. Article 77,paragraph 3, of the Montego Bay Convention States
very clearly : PLATEAU CONTINENTAL (OP. DISS.SETTE-CAMARA) 87

exigencede cegenrene figure ni àl'article62,nia l'article63.Même ceux

qui proclament le caractère indispensable d'un tel lien dans le cas de
l'article 62 reconnaissent qu'il n'estpas requis pour l'article 63.Dans ces
conditions, il semblerait bien normal que l'article 62contienne une for-
mule semblableauparagraphe 2 del'article53,pour marquer la différence
entre lesprocédures à suivre selon qu'ils'agitde l'un oude l'autre type de
saisine incidenteà fin d'intervention. Un auteur bien connu, fort au cou-
rant des problèmes de la Cour internationale de Justice, affirme :

<(La compétenceincidente a pour caractère particulier de ne pas
dépendredu consentement spécialdesparties mais d'unfait objectif,

tel que l'existence d'une procédure ))devant la Cour...

Le fait que la compétenceincidente de la Cour sefonde seulement
de façon indirecte sur le consentement des parties, autrement dit
présenteun caractère objectif, permet aussi de la qualifier de com-
pétence intrinsèque. (Rosenne, The Law and Practiceof the Inter-
national Court,vol. 1,p. 422-423.)

80. Ceux qui insistent sur la nécessitédu lienjuridictionnel ne voient
pas les grandes différencesentre les régimesqu'applique le Statut aux
affaires normales et principales et aux affaires de compétenceincidente

respectivement. L'intervention appartient à cette dernière catégorie, avec
les mesures conservatoires, l'interprétationet la revision des arrêts.

81. Au paragraphe 42,l'arrêt examine la relation entre les articles 59et
62 du Statut, problème longuement débattu en plaidoirie. Je pense que
l'article 59est destiné à sauvegarder l'effet relatif de la chose jugéede
manière généraleS .'ilsuffisaitàprotégerles Etats tiers quand ceux-ci se
voient contraints de présenterune requête à fin d'intervention, l'article62

n'aurait pas sa place dans le Statut. Sil'Italiea eu recouàsl'article62, ce
n'estpas par l'effetd'unesimplepréférence,comme ledit leparagraphe 42
de l'arrêt; c'est parce qu'elle estimait que ses intérêts d'ordre juridique
étaientpour elleen cause dans l'affaire principale.11s'agitlà d'une forme
de protection directe prévue par l'article 62 et différente du principe
générad l e l'article 59,qui se contente d'énoncerle principe que les déci-
sions sont res interaliosacta pour les Etats tiers.

82. En ce qui concerne le paragraphe 43 de l'arrêt,qui traite aussi du
problèmedes droits et intérêtd ses Etats tiers,je voudrais rappeler que les
droits relatifs au plateau continental sont reconnus comme intrinsèques,

ipsofacto et ab initio, et ne dépendent d'aucune sortede proclamation,
d'occupation, ni de titre. L'article 77, paragraphe 3, de la convention de
Montego Bay dispose très clairement : "The rights of the coastal State-over the continental shelf do not
depend on occupation, effective or notional, or on any express pro-
clamation."

The use of the word "title" referring to the principal Parties and third
States may be rnisleading, and runs against the doctrine behind the very
nature of continental shelf rights.
83. Moreover, 1do not agree with the fina1part of thatparagraph, which
gives too much meaning to the "preferences" of the parties regarding an
application tointervene. The choiceof thepartiescannot be ignoredby the
Court,but none of thempossess the power of "veto". Theiropinioncannot
conditionthe decision of theCourt or influence and determinewhetherthe

Judgment willbe of more or lessassistanceto them. That is thebusiness of
the Court. As the Judgment itself recognizes in paragraph 46 :

" 'itshall be for the Court to decide'upon a request for permission to
intervene, and the opposition of the parties to a case is, though very
important, no more than oneelement to be taken into account by the

Court".

84. In the present proceedingsit is more than the subject-matter of the
Italian application that is at stake.What is at stake is the usefulness of the
institution of intervention within the framework of the Statute.

85. As has been said before, intervention is an important device of
procedural lawin al1legalsystemsof the world without exception ;it is the
appropriate remedy to protect the interests of third parties in pending
contentious proceedings. It is an instrument indispensable for good
administration of justice, its expediencyand efficacy.
86. The drafters of the Statute knew what they were doing, and the
importance as well as the necessity of retaining the institution of inter-

vention in the structure of permanent judicial bodies is still recognized
today.
87. An eloquent proof of that fact may be found in the elaboration of
the Statute of the International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea,Annex VI
tothe Convention on the Law of the Sea,of 7October 1982 (A/CONF.62/
122,pp. 173ff.).Articles 31and 32ofthe Statute ofthe Tribunal are closely
aligned with Articles 62 and 63 of OurStatute. So, 62years later the same
formulations havebeen embodiedinthe most recent attempt to establish a
permanent internationaljudicial body for matters concerned with the law
of the sea.
88. If the wording of Articles 62and 63were vague, ambiguous, impre-
cise, and incomplete, should it not be modified, amended, and corrected
during the longand careful exerciseleading to thedrafting of the Statute of <<Les droits de l'Etat côtier sur le plateau continental sont indé-
pendants de l'occupation effective ou fictive, aussibien que de toute

proclamation expresse. ))
L'emploidu mot ((titre1à propos desPartiesprincipaleset des Etats tiers '
risque d'induire en erreur et méconnaît les idéesdont s'inspire la nature
mêmedes droits sur le plateau continental.

83. De plus,je ne suispas d'accord aveclafin de ceparagraphe, quifait
la part trop belle aux <préférences )>des parties vis-à-vis d'une requête à
fin d'intervention. La Cour ne saurait éviterde tenir compte du choixdes
parties, mais aucune de celles-ci ne possède un droit de <<veto 1).Leur
opinionnesauraitdevenirlacondition dont dépendla décisionde la Cour,
ni influenceret déterminer le serviceplus ou moins grand que leur rendra
l'arrêt.Ces questions relèvent de la Cour. Comme l'arrêt lui-même le
reconnaît au paragraphe 46 :

<<La Courdécide d'une requête à fin d'intervention, et...l'oppo-
sition des Parties en cause,quoique trèsimportante, n'est qu'unélé-
ment d'appréciation parmi d'autres. ))

84. La présente affaire met en question bien autre chose que les élé-
mentsqui font l'objetde la requêteitalienne.Elle met en questionl'utilité,
l'aveniretla surviedel'institution del'intervention dans lecadre du Statut
de la Cour internationale de Justice.

85. On l'a déjà dit, l'intervention est un important procédé du droit
judiciaire dans tous.les systèmesjuridiques du monde, sans exception ;
c'estla voie de recoursappropriée pour protégerles intérêts des tiers dans
uneaffairecontentieusependante. C'estun instrument indispensablepour
la bonne administration de la justice, son opportunité et son efficacité.
86. Les auteurs du Statut savaient ce qu'ils faisaient, et l'on continue
à reconnaître aujourd'hui qu'il est important, et mêmenécessaire, de
conserver l'institution de l'intervention dans la structure desorganesjudi-

ciaires internationaux permanents.
87. Une preuve éloquentede ce fait se trouve dans l'élaboration du
statut du Tribunal international du droit de la mer, à l'annexe VI à la
convention sur le droit de la mer du 7 octobre 1982(A/CONF.62/122,
p. 193 et suiv.). Les articles 31 et 32 du statut du Tribunal sont en effet
étroitementcalquéssurlesarticles 62et 63denotre Statut. Ainsi, soixante-
deuxansplus tard, les mêmes principes ont étéénoncé dansla tentativela
plus récentede création d'un organejudiciaire international permanent

pour les questions concernant le droit de la mer.
88. Si le libellé desarticles 62 et 63 étaitvague, ambigu, imprécis et
incomplet, n'aurait-il pasétémodifié,amendéetcorrigéaucoursdeslongs
et minutieux travauxpréparatoires qui ont abouti àla rédactiondu statutthe new tribunal ? If theprerequisites of thejurisdictional link and precise
object, novelties of OurRules of Court, really deserved recognition by the
international legalcommunity,should they not be incorporated in the text
of the new articles?

89. Nothing of that kind happened, and the old Articles 62 and 63 are
again enshrined in an important international document constituting the
framework of the new tribunal.

90. IfaState inthesituation ofItalycannot intervene under Article62,1
would like to know when and in what circumstances intervention could
take place. Could a State that considers that it has aninterest of a legal
nature which may be affected by the decision of the Court in ongoing
proceedings between other parties negotiate a Special Agreement with
those parties, thereby gaining locusstandi for intervention ? Generally
negotiations of that kind take a long time. It took more than six years for
Libya and Malta to present to the Court the Special Agreement signed as
early as 1976.And oncethe principalproceedings are instituted, couldthe
would-be intervener have such a specialagreementnegotiated, signed and
ratifiedbefore theclosure of thewrittenproceedingsin theprincipal case ?

Thiscourse would obviouslybe unfeasible.On the other hand, in the heat
of contentious proceedingscouldthewould-beintervenermakethe decla-
ration of Article 36,paragraph 2, of the Statute, securing at the same time
from the principal parties the necessasr reciprocity before it enters its
application? This solution would also be contrary to good sense and
impossible to achievein viewof the timerequired for these démarches,and
for the fact that the principal parties would not normally welcome the
incidentalprocedure ofintervention, whichmight disrupt thecourse of the
incumbent proceedings. So,the only casefor intervention would bethat in
which there would be the CO-incidenceof the existence of ajurisdictional
link previously established with both parties in the proceedings. If that
were to ever happen, there would be no need for intervention since the
State benefiting from this jurisdictional link would be in a position to
institute normal proceedingsagainstthe other parties. So 1fail to seehow
the requirement of the jurisdictional link could be worked out in the
incidental procedure of intervention. 1 do not hesitate to Say that the
Italian application for permission to intervene in theibyan Arab Jama-
hiriya/Malta case was undoubtedly admissible. 1believe that the Italian
application fulfilled al1 the required conditions for intervention under

Article 62 of the Statute.

(Signed) JoséSETTE-CAMARA.du nouveau tribunal ? Si les conditions préalablesdu lienjuridique et de
l'objet précis,ces innovations introduites dans notre Règlement, méri-
taient vraiment d'êtrereconnues par la communautéjuridique interna-

tionale, n'auraient-elles pas étéincorporéesdans le texte des nouveaux
articles?
89. Rien de semblable ne s'est produit, et nos articles 62 et 63 se
trouvent repris dans un document international important, qui définit la
structure du nouveau tribunal.

90. Si un Etat qui se trouve dans la situation de l'Italie ne peut pas
intervenir sur la base de l'article 62,je me demandequand et dans quelles
circonstancesuneintervention serapossible. Un Etat qui estime que,dans
un différendentred'autresparties, un intérêt d'ordrejuridiqueest pour lui
en cause, peut-il négocierun compromis avec ces parties, acquérant ainsi
qualitépour intervenir ?Les négociationsde ce genre prennent générale-
ment beaucoup de temps. Ilafalluplus de sixans à la Libyeetà Maltepour
notifierà la Cour le compromis signé dès1976. Une fois que l'instance

principale est introduite, comment l'intervenant éventuelpourrait-ilobte-
nir qu'un tel compromis soit négociés,ignéetra~ifiéavant la clôture de la
procédure écriteau principal ?Cette voie serait manifestement imprati-
cable. D'autre part, le candidat à l'intervention pourrait-il, dans le feu
d'une procédure contentieuse, faire la déclaration prévue à l'article 36,
paragraphe 2, du Statut, imposant de la sorte aux parties principales la
réciprociténécessaireavant de présentersa requête ?Cette solution serait
égalementcontraire au bon sens, et impossible à mettre en Œuvre, étant
donnéle temps requis pour cette démarche et le fait que les parties au
principal n'envisageraient pas sans méfiance une procédure incidente
d'intervention, avec ses risques de perturbation dans la conduite de leur
affaire. Ainsi le seul cas d'intervention serait celui dans lequel, par coïn-
cidence, il existerait un lienjuridictionnel antérieurement établi avec les
deux parties en cause. Si cela devait jamais se produire, l'intervention ne
serviraità rien, car l'Etat bénéficiantde ce lien juridictionnel serait en

mesure d'introduire une instance normale contre les autres parties. Je ne
vois donc pas comment l'exigencedu lienjuridictionnel pourrait prendre
place danslaprocédureincidented'intervention.Je n'hésitepas à direque
la requête italienneà fin d'intervention dans l'affaire Jamahiriya arabe
libvenne/Malte était sans aucun doute recevable. Je Denseaue la reauête
italienne remplissait toutes les conditions de l'intervention imposéespar
l'article 62 du Statut.

(Signé)JoséSETTE-CAMARA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Vice-president Sette-Camara

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