Separate opinion of Judge Bastid (translation)

Document Number
071-19851210-JUD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
071-19851210-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE BASTID

[Translation]

1. Approval must be given to the finding of inadmissibility reached in
respect of the request submitted by the Republic of Tunisia, under Article
61of the Statute of the Court,for the revisionof theJudgment givenby the
Court on 24 February 1982.
This decision is based upon lengthy considerations (paras. 28 ff.). Fur-
thermore, as regards the subsidiary request for interpretation, the Court
has at certain points referred back to the reasoning concerning revision

(paras. 29 ff., 41, 45, 50 and 56). Certain observations are called for as
regardsnot only the Court's findings on the inadmissibility of the request
for revision but also the rejection of the subsidiary request for interpre-
tation and that of the request for the correction of an error.
2. There is a clear distinction to be made as between revision and
interpretation in respect of the circumstances in which the Court may in
accordance with the Statute beinduced to reconsider resjudicata. Sincethe
inception of the Court, requests for interpretation have given rise to a
practice enabling one to discern the requisite conditions and the reper-
cussions on the text to be construed. On the other hand, no request for
revision had ever been submitted until the Application of 27 July 1984.
Whether in certain circumstances this form of challenge to resjudicata had
ever been contemplated, and why, if it was, the idea was eventually
dropped, remain unknown.
The Statute of the Court, while laying down the conditions of admis-
sibility of an application for revision, is silent as to the effects of that
application if deemed admissible. What would it imply to reopen the
meritsof acase,and towhat extent should thecaseasa wholebe reviewed ?
Such a situation would cal1for an examination of the very concept of
revision in the light of any existing practice of international tribunals and
the, at times, conflicting practice of the various municipal judiciaries. But

this question would not ariseuntil after the delivery of ajudgment declar-
ing an application admissible.
Consideringthe difficulty of theproblems to which 1havejust alluded,it
willbe realized that the conditions of admissibility are veryimportant and
deserve particular scrutiny. The Rules of Court of 14April 1978set forth
the procedural requirements corresponding to the conditions the terms of
which, embodied in Article 61 of the Statute, are the same as have existed
ever since the Statute of the Permanent Court was drawn up.
3. Given the gravity of an application for revision, from the viewpointof the importance of its consequences, and having regard to the caution
exercised by international courts in the light of the parties' situation as
sovereign States,it appears essential at the outset to make sure whether it
satisfies each of the conditions in question. Should anyone of them not be
fulfilled, the application willbe inadmissible, whatever conclusion rnaybe
reached in regard to the others.
Strictness in weighing the question of admissibility is vital, othenvise,
under colour of an application for revision, the Court might in fact find
itselfinduced to rule upon considerations that would have belonged to the
merits and on modifications ofres judicata that might have been envisaged
at that stage.
4. In the present case, the importance of the foregoing is evident not so
much from the final rejection of admissibility as from the care taken to
accumulate the various grounds of rejection on the basis of the require-
mentslaiddown in Article 61,and from thelinkwiththesubsidiary request
for interpretation. It is to be feared that in future there rnay be an
increasing number of applications for revision, whether alone or in con-
junction with requests for interpretation, and that they rnay provide an

opportunity for detailed commentaries, which rnay or rnay not be com-
plicated by intervening changes in the composition of the Court called
upon to pronounce on the revision.
5. That said, attention rnay be drawn to what was decisive, having
regard to the terms of the Statute and of the Rules of Court. The submis-
sions of Tunisia on 14June 1985refer to "a newfact of such acharacter as
tolay theJudgment open to revision within themeaning ofArticle 6 1of the
Statute of the Court". The new fact (the text of the resolution of 28 March
1968of the Libyan Council of Ministers) is set forth in the Application, in
paragraph 50. In paragraph 51 the Application asserts that the new fact
was of such a nature as to be a decisivefactor in the decision of the Court.
Each of theseparagraphs contains acomplexcommentary on thesepoints.
But the text of the resolution of the Libyan Council of Ministers, men-
tioned in paragraph 50, is not itself made the subject of any clarifica-
tion.
The provisions of Article 99,paragraph 1,of the Rules of Court should
be carefully examined soas to ascertain whether the application satisfies
the requisite conditions. The report of the independent expert appointed
by Tunisia is not presented as a new fact, whatever arguments rnay have
been drawn from it. If one reaches the conclusion that the application for
revision does not directly invoke any new fact which is clearly relevant as

such, there is no need to go any farther and the application must be
dismissed.Any further considerations wouldlead to an examination of the
merits of the application for revision.
6. Irrespective of the actual wording of theresolution of the Council of
Ministers, the real "new fact" relied upon by Tunisia is to be found in
Annex II to the Application under the title "Description of Concession
No. 137 as defined in the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of
28 March 1968". Libya has not disputed this description. The Parties argued at lengthas to whether Libya ought spontaneously to
have suppliedTunisia with this description, or whetherTunisia could have
obtained it without difficulty. There is no point in going into the details of
this controversy, which rather concerns another condition laid down by
Article 61, for there can be no doubt that Tunisia could have had some
general idea of the Libyan concession, even if most of the CO-ordinates
were drawn to its attention only at the moment when the report of the
expertit had appointed came into its possession. On theotherhand, sofar
as the perimeter of the western part of the concession is concerned, it has
to be noted that the document presented as a "new fact" does not reveal
any fact of such a nature as to constitute a decisive factor. According
to this document, the concession is defined as "starting at the intersec-
tion of 12"00'longitude and 33" 55'latitude" and finishing at "33' 10'
latitude [and] 11" 35' longitude", "thence northeastward in a straight

line till the point of origin". But the Judgment of 1982, quoting para-
graph 36 of the Libyan Memorial, does in fact state (in para. 117)that in
1968 :

"Libya granted a concession (No. 137)'lyingto the eastward of a
line running south/southwest from the point 33" 55'N, ,12" E to a
point about one nautical mile offshore'the angle thereof viewedfrom
Ras Ajdir being 26" ; the western boundaries of subsequent Libyan
concessions followed the same line, which, Libya has explained, 'fol-
lowed the direction of the Tunisian concessions'."

True, no CO-ordinatesare given for the offshore point, but al1that the
new document contributes is in fact that element, and so it is very much
open toquestion whether knowledgeof it could have constituted a decisive
factor within the meaning of Article 61 of the Statute.

If the relationship with the Tunisian concession was erroneously pre-
sentedin the passageof the Libyan Memorialquoted by the Court, that was
due to the absence of any precise outline of that concession. Admittedly,
the CO-ordinatesof the stepped line had been indicated (Tunisian Me-
morial, Ann. 1 ;Tunisian Reply, Ann. 4 ; decree of 1January 1953,docu-
ment deposited with Tunisian Reply on 15July 1981,table referred to in
Art. 37 ;cf.documentNo. 9produced at the Sittingof 13June 1985).Butit
was only in the plates prepared in 1984by the Tunisian expert that the
respectivepositions of the concessionscould bemore clearlyobserved. For
the rest, the description of Concession No. 137did not constitute afact of
such a nature as to warrant the admission of the application for revi-
sion.
It is therefore apparent that the finding of non-admissibility of that
application could legitimately have been based upon the absence of a new
fact, without any consideration of the other elements stipulated by

Article 61 of the Statute of the Court in relation to the admissibility of an
application for revision. 7. As for the subsidiary request for interpretation, the Judgment has
pronounced upon the Libyan contention that an objection tojurisdiction
can be derived from Article 3of the SpecialAgreement. That Article pro-
videsfor the possibility of both Parties returning to the Court together in
order to "request any explanations or clarifications which would facili-
tate the task of the two delegations to arriveat the line separating the two
areas", while the Parties undertake to comply with the Judgment of the
Courtand with "its explanations and clarifications". The roleconferred on
the Court is very specific ;account is taken of the fact that its task is to
define the "principles and rules of international law" and then to clarify
the practical method for the application of these principles and rules
(Special Agreement, Art. 1).The terms used by Article 3 of the Special
Agreement have no definite legal scope,but, considering that very specific
role,what they obviously contemplate, for practical purposes, is assistance

from the Court in solving difficulties of application.
In contrast, it is in "the event of dispute as to the meaning and scope of
thejudgment" that the Courtmay be called upon to construe it, according
to Article 60 of the Statute and Articles 98 ff. of the Rules of Court. This
procedure must end in the delivery of ajudgment.
The request for interpretation submitted by the Republic of Tunisia
under Article 60of the Statute must be regarded as admissible sofar as the
first sector is concerned. The Court's dismissive findings regarding the
substantive meaning to be given to the interpretation are likewise to be
accepted. However itsgrounds therefor cannot be based on a link with the
application for revision (para. 29), and the "subsidiary" interpretation
cannot be understood according to paragraphs 32-39of the present Judg-
ment.
8. The problem of interpretation must be examined in directrelation to
the precise request bearing upon the terms of part of the operative pro-
visions of the 1982Judgment, namely paragraph 133C (2) :

"a bearing of approximately 26" east of north, corresponding to the
angle followed by the north-western boundary of Libyan petroleum
concessions numbers NC 76, 137, NC 41 and NC 53 which was
aligned on the south-eastern boundary of Tunisian petroleum con-
cession 'Permis complémentaire offshore du Golfe de Gabès'
(21October 1966)".

This follows the indications given as regards the delimitation line, this
being a straight line passing through two defined points.
In its Application, Tunisia seeks

"to obtain someclarifications, notably as regards the hierarchy to be
established between the criteria adopted by the Court, having regard
to the impossibility of simultaneouslyapplying thesecriteria to deter- mine the starting-point of the delimitation line as well as the bearing
of that line from due north" (para. 55).

The Tunisian request seeks to reconcile the drawing of a givenline and
its reference to the alignment between the Libyan and Tunisian conces-
sions. It winds up with an interpretation which in fact constitutes a new
text, conveyedin its submissions of 14June 1985,theonly logicalplacefor
which would be in submissions on the merits of a claim for revision.
Limited to interpretation, theproblem is to ascertain the meaning of the
reference to thenorth-western boundary of the Libyan concessions "which
was aligned on the south-eastern boundary of [the] Tunisian petroleum
concession7',and the logicof thiswording in theoperativeprovisions of the
1982Judgment.
9. By "aligned" the drafters of that Judgment presumably understood

the situation of which they in fact had knowledge, Le., "approximately
aligned" on the south-eastern boundary of the Tunisian permit and the
north-western boundarv of the Libvan concessions.
The boundaries of the concessions, as outlined in the reasoning of the
1982Judgment, do not indicate an "alignment" in the proper sense of the
term, i.e., an "identity of line". However, the Court doubtless considered
that it would be useful to refer in subparagraph 133C (2) to the concrete
practice of the Parties in the matter of concessions, for in subpara-
graphs 133A and B it had not referred to it except - see 133B (4) - in
conjunction with other factors (the perpendicular to the Coastand the de
facto maritime boundary). It is understandablethat in regard to the prac-
tical method for applying the principles and rules of international law the
Court, given the specificcircumstances of the case, should where the first

sector was concerned have found it necessary to mention, without going
into detail, the relationship between the Libyan concessions and the
Tunisian permit.
The attention of the Parties was bound to be drawn by the last-men-
tioned lines of the operative provisions, for they expressly mention the
petroleum concessionsthe "great relevance" ofwhich had been stressedby
the Court (para. 118).The operative provisions expressly refer again to
those the Judgment had already mentioned (para. 117).
But it is the bearing of "approximately" 26" that is associated with the
angle of the north-western boundary of the Libyan concessions, which is
aligned on the south-eastern boundary of the Tunisian permit. The oper-
ative part here makes use of the terms of paragraph 121,where the fol-

lowing reservation also appears : "On the information available to the
Court, that angle appears to be 26" ;it will,however, be for the experts of
the Parties to determine it with exactness."
Clearly the Court was justified in recalling in the operative part the
consideration which had been uppermost in its reasoning, without seeking
to introduce a hierarchy of criteria. It was out of the question to alter the
operative provisions in respect of thestarting-point of thedelimitationline
under colour of an interpretation. APPLICATION FOR REVISION (SEP.OP.BASTID)

III

10. It must unreservedly beaccepted that, asregards "the most westerly
point of the Gulf of Gabes", the request for interpretation submitted by
the Republic of Tunisia under Article 60 of the Statute of the Court is
admissible.
By way of construing the Judgment of 24 February 1982,it is right to
stress the importance of the words in paragraph 124, "approximately
34" 10'30" N", as well as of the role devolving upon the experts of the

Parties. It must alsobe accepted that the submission whereby theRepublic
of Tunisia would have the most westerly point of the Gulf of Gabes fixed
on the latitude of 34" 05'20" N (Carthage) cannot be upheld. The sub-
mission, presented at the hearing by the Republic of Tunisia, to the effect
that there is cause for the Court to order an expert survey with a view to
determining the precise CO-ordinatesof this point, must be rejected. How-
ever, it would in my opinion have been useful to specify the legal sig-
nificance of the formula "shoreline (low-water mark)" which appears
inparagraph 124and operative paragraph 133C(2)of the 1982Judgment.
The description of the task of the Parties' experts should have included a
definition of that expression. Paragraph 63of the present Judgment could
therefore have been drafted as follows :

"To sum up, the task of the experts of the Parties is, so far as
regards the determination of the latitude at which the bearing of the
delimitation line is to change, as follows. That latitude is, as made
clear in the 1982Judgment, to be that of themost westerlypoint of the
shoreline (low-water mark) of the Gulf of Gabes. It has however also
tobe borne in mind, first, that the working definition of thelatitude in
question, though stated 'approximately', was the basisfor the effect
given to the Kerkennah Islands in paragraph 133C (3) of the Judg-
ment ;and, second,that the low-water mark is normally to be under-
stood as the line of low tide 'alongthe Coastas marked on large-scale
charts officially recognized by the coastal State' (Convention on the
Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone of 29 April 1958,Art. 3 ;
Montego Bay Convention, Art. 5). Employingfor the purpose what-

ever charts and maps they may consider appropriate, the experts
should therefore seek to define, on the low-water mark the most
westerly point of the Gulf of Gabes."
11. Subject to the above observations concerning the method followed
by the Court in considering the Application of the Republic of Tunisia,
and, whileregretting that theoperative provisions, afterfinding admissible
the request for interpretation in regard to the first sector, should insub-
paragraph B (2) have made reference, "by way of interpretation", to

paragraphs 32-39of the present Judgment, 1concur in the findings of the
Court.
(Signed) Suzanne BASTID.

Bilingual Content

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE MME BASTID

1. Ladéclarationd'irrecevabilitéde la demande présentéepar la Répu-
blique tunisienne en vertu de l'article 61 du Statut de la Cour et tendant
àla revision de l'arrêtrendu par la Cour le 24 février1982doit êtreap-
prouvée.
Cette décisions'appuie sur de longues considérations(par. 28 et suiv.).

Par ailleurs, sur la demande subsidiaire en interprétation, la Cour a ren-
voyésur certains points àl'argumentation concernant la revision (par. 29
et suiv., 41,45, 50et 56). Certaines observations s'imposent tant en ce qui
concerne les conclusions de la Cour sur l'irrecevabilitéde la demande en
revision mais aussi sur lerejet de la demande subsidiaireen interprétation,
que le rejet de la demande en correction d'erreur matérielle.
2. Lescirconstances dans lesquellesla Cour peut êtreamenéesuivant le
Statut àreconsidérerlachosejugéesedistinguentclairement entre revision
etinterprétation.Lesdemandesen interprétationont, depuislacréationde
laCour, donnélieu àune pratique quipermet de discerner lesconditionset
les conséquencessur le texteà interpréter. Par contre, jusqu'à la requête
du 27juillet 1984,aucune demande en revisionn'aété présentéeO. n ne sait

pas si cette action contre la chose jugée a étéenvisagéedans certaines
circonstances, et pour quels motifs éventuels elle n'apas étémenée à
terme.

Le Statut de la Cour, tout en posant desconditions de recevabilitéde la
demande, ne contient rien sur les effets d'une demande jugée recevable.
Que signifierait la reprise au fond de l'affaire etdans quelle mesure l'en-
semble de l'affaire serait-il réexaminé? La notion mêmede revision
mériterait,dans cette hypothèse, d'êtreconsidéréeà la lumièrede la pra-
tique éventuelle des juridictions internationaleset de la pratique, parfois
contradictoire, des diversesjuridictions internes. La question ne se pose-
rait qu'une fois l'arrêtde recevabilité acquis.

Eu égard àla difficulté des problèmesqui viennent d'êtreévoquéso, n
conçoit que les conditions de recevabilité soient trèsimportantes et méri-
tent une considérationparticulière. Les termes du Règlementdu 14avril
1978marquent les exigencesprocéduralesrépondant aux conditions dont
les termes sont énoncésà l'article 61 du Statut et existaient déjàdans le
Statut de la Cour permanente.
3. Etant donnéla gravitéd'une demande en revision quant à I'impor- SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE BASTID

[Translation]

1. Approval must be given to the finding of inadmissibility reached in
respect of the request submitted by the Republic of Tunisia, under Article
61of the Statute of the Court,for the revisionof theJudgment givenby the
Court on 24 February 1982.
This decision is based upon lengthy considerations (paras. 28 ff.). Fur-
thermore, as regards the subsidiary request for interpretation, the Court
has at certain points referred back to the reasoning concerning revision

(paras. 29 ff., 41, 45, 50 and 56). Certain observations are called for as
regardsnot only the Court's findings on the inadmissibility of the request
for revision but also the rejection of the subsidiary request for interpre-
tation and that of the request for the correction of an error.
2. There is a clear distinction to be made as between revision and
interpretation in respect of the circumstances in which the Court may in
accordance with the Statute beinduced to reconsider resjudicata. Sincethe
inception of the Court, requests for interpretation have given rise to a
practice enabling one to discern the requisite conditions and the reper-
cussions on the text to be construed. On the other hand, no request for
revision had ever been submitted until the Application of 27 July 1984.
Whether in certain circumstances this form of challenge to resjudicata had
ever been contemplated, and why, if it was, the idea was eventually
dropped, remain unknown.
The Statute of the Court, while laying down the conditions of admis-
sibility of an application for revision, is silent as to the effects of that
application if deemed admissible. What would it imply to reopen the
meritsof acase,and towhat extent should thecaseasa wholebe reviewed ?
Such a situation would cal1for an examination of the very concept of
revision in the light of any existing practice of international tribunals and
the, at times, conflicting practice of the various municipal judiciaries. But

this question would not ariseuntil after the delivery of ajudgment declar-
ing an application admissible.
Consideringthe difficulty of theproblems to which 1havejust alluded,it
willbe realized that the conditions of admissibility are veryimportant and
deserve particular scrutiny. The Rules of Court of 14April 1978set forth
the procedural requirements corresponding to the conditions the terms of
which, embodied in Article 61 of the Statute, are the same as have existed
ever since the Statute of the Permanent Court was drawn up.
3. Given the gravity of an application for revision, from the viewpoint 248 DEMANDE EN REVISION (OP.IND.BASTID)

tance de ses conséquences,eu égard aux précautionsde la justice inter-
nationale touchant la situation des parties en tant qu'Etats souverains,
il paraît indispensable de s'assurer, dès la requête,que chacune de ces
conditions se trouvent satisfaites. Le défautde l'une d'entre elles rend la
requêteirrecevable, quelle que puisse êtrel'appréciation portée surles
autres.
La rigueur del'appréciationdelarecevabilité estindispensable,sinon on
risquerait que, sous le prétexte de la requête enrevision, la Cour soit

appelée à se prononcer en fait sur ce que seraient les considérationsdans
l'instance au fond et les modifications que I'onenvisagerait a cette occa-
sion dans la chose jugée.
4. Dans la présente affaire l'importance du précédentapparaît, moins
dans le rejet final sur la recevabilité,que dans le soin donnéà l'accumu-
lation des divers motifs de rejet des exigences prévues à l'article 61, et
que dans le lien avec la demande subsidiaire en interprétation. On peut
craindre que dans l'avenir les demandes en revision ne se multiplient,
seules ou en liaison avec les demandes en interprétation, et fournissent
l'occasion de commentaires détaillés, éventuellement compliqué psar les
changementsintervenus dans la composition de la Cour appelée à se pro-

noncer sur la revision.

5. Cela dit, on peut relever ce qui étaitdécisif euégard auxtermes du
Statut et du Règlement. Les conclusions de la Tunisie du 14juin 1985
mentionnent << un fait nouveau présentant les caractères qui donnent
ouverture àla revision aux termes de l'article61 du Statut de la Cou)).Le
fait nouveau (texte de la résolutiondu conseil desministres libyen en date
du 28 mars 1968) est énoncédans la requête,paragraphe 50. Au para-
graphe 51 la requête déclare qu'il étaitde nature à exercer une influence
décisivesur ladécisionde la Cour. Chacunde cesparagraphes contient sur
ces points un commentaire complexe. Mais le texte de la résolution du

conseil des ministres libyen, mentionné au paragraphe 50, n'est par lui-
même l'objetd'aucun éclaircissement.

Les dispositions de l'article 99, paragraphe 1, du Règlement méritent
d'êtreexaminées avec soinpour déterminersi la requêteest conforme aux
exigences requises. Le rapport de l'expert indépendant désignépar la
Tunisie n'est pas présenté commeun fait nouveau, quels que soient les
arguments que I'onprétend entirer. Si on parvient à la conclusion que la
demande en revisionn'invoquepasdirectement de fait nouveau clairement
pertinent comme tel, point n'est besoin d'allerplus loin et la requêtedoit

êtrerejetée.Toutes autres considérations conduiraient à un examen au
fond de la demande en revision.
6. Sanss'attacher au libellémêmedestermes de la résolutiondu conseil
desministres, levéritable (fait nouveau )invoquéparla Tunisiese trouve
dans l'annexe IIà la requête sousle titre ((Description de la concession
no137 telle que définie par la résolution du conseil des ministres du
28 mars 1968 )).Cette description n'a pas été contestée par la Libye.of the importance of its consequences, and having regard to the caution
exercised by international courts in the light of the parties' situation as
sovereign States,it appears essential at the outset to make sure whether it
satisfies each of the conditions in question. Should anyone of them not be
fulfilled, the application willbe inadmissible, whatever conclusion rnaybe
reached in regard to the others.
Strictness in weighing the question of admissibility is vital, othenvise,
under colour of an application for revision, the Court might in fact find
itselfinduced to rule upon considerations that would have belonged to the
merits and on modifications ofres judicata that might have been envisaged
at that stage.
4. In the present case, the importance of the foregoing is evident not so
much from the final rejection of admissibility as from the care taken to
accumulate the various grounds of rejection on the basis of the require-
mentslaiddown in Article 61,and from thelinkwiththesubsidiary request
for interpretation. It is to be feared that in future there rnay be an
increasing number of applications for revision, whether alone or in con-
junction with requests for interpretation, and that they rnay provide an

opportunity for detailed commentaries, which rnay or rnay not be com-
plicated by intervening changes in the composition of the Court called
upon to pronounce on the revision.
5. That said, attention rnay be drawn to what was decisive, having
regard to the terms of the Statute and of the Rules of Court. The submis-
sions of Tunisia on 14June 1985refer to "a newfact of such acharacter as
tolay theJudgment open to revision within themeaning ofArticle 6 1of the
Statute of the Court". The new fact (the text of the resolution of 28 March
1968of the Libyan Council of Ministers) is set forth in the Application, in
paragraph 50. In paragraph 51 the Application asserts that the new fact
was of such a nature as to be a decisivefactor in the decision of the Court.
Each of theseparagraphs contains acomplexcommentary on thesepoints.
But the text of the resolution of the Libyan Council of Ministers, men-
tioned in paragraph 50, is not itself made the subject of any clarifica-
tion.
The provisions of Article 99,paragraph 1,of the Rules of Court should
be carefully examined soas to ascertain whether the application satisfies
the requisite conditions. The report of the independent expert appointed
by Tunisia is not presented as a new fact, whatever arguments rnay have
been drawn from it. If one reaches the conclusion that the application for
revision does not directly invoke any new fact which is clearly relevant as

such, there is no need to go any farther and the application must be
dismissed.Any further considerations wouldlead to an examination of the
merits of the application for revision.
6. Irrespective of the actual wording of theresolution of the Council of
Ministers, the real "new fact" relied upon by Tunisia is to be found in
Annex II to the Application under the title "Description of Concession
No. 137 as defined in the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of
28 March 1968". Libya has not disputed this description. 249 DEMANDE EN REVISION (OP. IND.BASTID)

Les Parties ont longuement débattu la question de savoir si la Libye
aurait dû fournir s~ontanément cette descri~tion à la Tunisie. ou si la

Tunisiepouvait sela procurer sans difficulté.Il est sans utilité d'examiner
le détailde cette controverse, qui se rattacherait à une autre condition
requise par l'article 61. Il est en effet certain que la Tunisie pouvait avoir
une idée d'ensemblede la concession libyenne, mêmesi la plupart des
coordonnées n'ontétéportées à sa connaissance qu'au moment où elle a
disposédu mémoirede l'expert désigné par elle. Par contre, pour ce qui
concernele tracéintéressant la partie occidentalede la concession, on doit
constater que le document présenté comme un (<fait nouveau >ne révèle

pas de fait de nature àexercer une influence décisive. En effet,suivant ce
document,la concessionest définie <(àpartirde l'intersection de 12"00'de
longitude et de 33" 55'de latitude et aboutit à (33" 10'de latitude [et]
11" 35'delongitude )>(<delàverslenord-esten lignedroitejusqu'au point
d'origine )).Or dans l'arrêtde 1982, reproduisant le mémoire libyen
(par. 36), il est dit (par. 117)qu'en 1968

((la Libye a accordé une concession (no 137) <(à l'est d'une ligne
sud-sud-ouest entre 33" 55'N 12" E et un point en mer se trouvant à
une distance d'environ un mille marin de la côte D, dont l'angle par
rapport au méridiende Ras Ajdir étaitde 26", et les limites occiden-
tales des concessions libyennes ultérieures sesont appuyées sur cette
même lignequi, d'aprèsles explications donnéespar la Libye, << sui-

vait la direction des concessions tunisiennes )).

Sans doute, le point en mer n'est-il pas accompagnéde coordonnées,
mais l'apport du document nouveau selimiteen fait à cet élémene tt, dans
ces conditions, il est trèscontestable que sa connaissance soit susceptible
d'exercer une influence décisive, ausens de l'article 61 du Statut.
Si,dans letextedu mémoirelibyenreproduit par laCour, lerapport avec

la concession tunisienne était présentéde façon erronée, cela résultaitde
l'absence d'un tracéprécisde celle-ci. Sans doute les coordonnéesde la
ligne en escalier avaient-elles été indiquées(voir mémoire tunisien,
annexe 1 ;réplique tunisienne, annexe 4 ; décret du lerjanvier 1953,
document déposéavec la réplique tunisienne le 15juillet 1981, tableau
visé àl'article37 ;cf.pièceno9fournie àl'audiencedu 13juin 1985).Mais
ce n'est que dans lesplanches établiesen 1984par l'expert tunisienquela

position respective des concessions a pu êtreplus clairement observée.
Pour le reste, la description de la concession no 137ne constituait pas un
fait de nature à justifier la recevabilitéde la demande en revision.

Il paraît donc que le rejet de la recevabilitéde la demande en revision
pouvait se fonder légitimement sur l'absencede fait nouveau, sans exa-
miner les autres élémentsstipuléspar l'article 61 du Statut de la Cour aux

fins de recevabilitéde la demande en revision. The Parties argued at lengthas to whether Libya ought spontaneously to
have suppliedTunisia with this description, or whetherTunisia could have
obtained it without difficulty. There is no point in going into the details of
this controversy, which rather concerns another condition laid down by
Article 61, for there can be no doubt that Tunisia could have had some
general idea of the Libyan concession, even if most of the CO-ordinates
were drawn to its attention only at the moment when the report of the
expertit had appointed came into its possession. On theotherhand, sofar
as the perimeter of the western part of the concession is concerned, it has
to be noted that the document presented as a "new fact" does not reveal
any fact of such a nature as to constitute a decisive factor. According
to this document, the concession is defined as "starting at the intersec-
tion of 12"00'longitude and 33" 55'latitude" and finishing at "33' 10'
latitude [and] 11" 35' longitude", "thence northeastward in a straight

line till the point of origin". But the Judgment of 1982, quoting para-
graph 36 of the Libyan Memorial, does in fact state (in para. 117)that in
1968 :

"Libya granted a concession (No. 137)'lyingto the eastward of a
line running south/southwest from the point 33" 55'N, ,12" E to a
point about one nautical mile offshore'the angle thereof viewedfrom
Ras Ajdir being 26" ; the western boundaries of subsequent Libyan
concessions followed the same line, which, Libya has explained, 'fol-
lowed the direction of the Tunisian concessions'."

True, no CO-ordinatesare given for the offshore point, but al1that the
new document contributes is in fact that element, and so it is very much
open toquestion whether knowledgeof it could have constituted a decisive
factor within the meaning of Article 61 of the Statute.

If the relationship with the Tunisian concession was erroneously pre-
sentedin the passageof the Libyan Memorialquoted by the Court, that was
due to the absence of any precise outline of that concession. Admittedly,
the CO-ordinatesof the stepped line had been indicated (Tunisian Me-
morial, Ann. 1 ;Tunisian Reply, Ann. 4 ; decree of 1January 1953,docu-
ment deposited with Tunisian Reply on 15July 1981,table referred to in
Art. 37 ;cf.documentNo. 9produced at the Sittingof 13June 1985).Butit
was only in the plates prepared in 1984by the Tunisian expert that the
respectivepositions of the concessionscould bemore clearlyobserved. For
the rest, the description of Concession No. 137did not constitute afact of
such a nature as to warrant the admission of the application for revi-
sion.
It is therefore apparent that the finding of non-admissibility of that
application could legitimately have been based upon the absence of a new
fact, without any consideration of the other elements stipulated by

Article 61 of the Statute of the Court in relation to the admissibility of an
application for revision. 7. Quant à la demande subsidiaire en interprétation, l'arrêt s'estro-
noncé sur la position libyenne tendant à se prévaloir d'uneexception
d'incompétence tirée de l'article 3 du compromis. Celui-ci prévoit la
facultédes deux Parties de revenir ensemble devant la Cour et de lui
demander <<tous éclaircissementsou explications facilitant la tâche des
deux délégationspour parvenir à la ligne séparant les deux zones)),les

Parties s'engageantà se conformer à l'arrêtde la Cour et à <ses explica-
tions et éclaircissement))Lerôle dévolu à la Cour est trèsparticulie;on
tient compte du fait que sa mission est de définir d<<principes et règles
du droit international ))puis de clarifier la méthode pratique pour l'ap-
plication de ces principes et de ces règles(compromis, art. 1).Les termes
utiliséspar l'article3du compromis n'ont pas une portéejuridique définie,
mais il est évident qu'il s'agisst ratiquement d'une aideappropriée aux
difficultésde mise en Œuvre,eu égardau rôle très particulier dévolu à la
Cour.

Par contre c'est ((en cas de contestation sur le sens et la portée de
l'arrêt))que la Cour peut êtreappelée à l'interpréter conformément à
l'article 60du Statut et aux articles 98 et suivants du Règlement.Un arrêt
doit intervenir en conclusion de cette procédure.
La recevabilitédelademande présentée par laRépublique tunisienneen
vertu de l'article 60du Statut de la Cour aux finsd'interprétation doitêtre
acceptéeen tant qu'elleconcerne lepremier secteur. 11en est de mêmedes
conclusions de la Cour touchant au fond le sens de l'interprétation.Tou-
tefois sesmotifs de rejet ne peuvent s'appuyer sur un lien avecla demande

en revision (par. 29), et l'interprétat<<à titre subsidiairene peut être
comprise conformément aux paragraphes 32 à 39 du présent arrêt.

8. Le problème d'interprétation doit êtredirectement examiné sur la
demande préciseportant sur lestermes d'unepartie du dispositif de l'arrêt
de 1982,paragraphe 133C 2 :

<un angle de 26" environ à l'est du méridien, correspondant à
l'angle de la limite nord-ouest des concessions pétrolières libyennes
nosNC 76, 137,NC 41 et NC 53, laquelle est alignée surla limite

sud-est du permis tunisien dit<<Permis complémentaire offshore du
golfe de Gabès ))(21 octobre 1966)o.

Cela fait suite aux indications qui concernent la ligne de délimitation,
ligne droite passant par deux points définis.
Dans la requête, la Tunisiedemande à

obtenirdes précisions,notamment ence qui concerne lahiérarchie à

établir entre les critères, retenus par la Cour, compte tenu de l'im-
possibilitéd'appliquer simultanémentces critèrespour déterminer le 7. As for the subsidiary request for interpretation, the Judgment has
pronounced upon the Libyan contention that an objection tojurisdiction
can be derived from Article 3of the SpecialAgreement. That Article pro-
videsfor the possibility of both Parties returning to the Court together in
order to "request any explanations or clarifications which would facili-
tate the task of the two delegations to arriveat the line separating the two
areas", while the Parties undertake to comply with the Judgment of the
Courtand with "its explanations and clarifications". The roleconferred on
the Court is very specific ;account is taken of the fact that its task is to
define the "principles and rules of international law" and then to clarify
the practical method for the application of these principles and rules
(Special Agreement, Art. 1).The terms used by Article 3 of the Special
Agreement have no definite legal scope,but, considering that very specific
role,what they obviously contemplate, for practical purposes, is assistance

from the Court in solving difficulties of application.
In contrast, it is in "the event of dispute as to the meaning and scope of
thejudgment" that the Courtmay be called upon to construe it, according
to Article 60 of the Statute and Articles 98 ff. of the Rules of Court. This
procedure must end in the delivery of ajudgment.
The request for interpretation submitted by the Republic of Tunisia
under Article 60of the Statute must be regarded as admissible sofar as the
first sector is concerned. The Court's dismissive findings regarding the
substantive meaning to be given to the interpretation are likewise to be
accepted. However itsgrounds therefor cannot be based on a link with the
application for revision (para. 29), and the "subsidiary" interpretation
cannot be understood according to paragraphs 32-39of the present Judg-
ment.
8. The problem of interpretation must be examined in directrelation to
the precise request bearing upon the terms of part of the operative pro-
visions of the 1982Judgment, namely paragraph 133C (2) :

"a bearing of approximately 26" east of north, corresponding to the
angle followed by the north-western boundary of Libyan petroleum
concessions numbers NC 76, 137, NC 41 and NC 53 which was
aligned on the south-eastern boundary of Tunisian petroleum con-
cession 'Permis complémentaire offshore du Golfe de Gabès'
(21October 1966)".

This follows the indications given as regards the delimitation line, this
being a straight line passing through two defined points.
In its Application, Tunisia seeks

"to obtain someclarifications, notably as regards the hierarchy to be
established between the criteria adopted by the Court, having regard
to the impossibility of simultaneouslyapplying thesecriteria to deter- point de départdela lignede délimitation, ainsique l'angleformépar
cette ligne et le méridien (par. 55).

La requête tunisiennecherche à concilier le tracé d'une ligne et sa
référence à l'alignemententre lesconcessionslibyennes et tunisiennes. Elle
finit par une interprétationqui constitue, en fait, un texte nouveau énoncé

dans sesconclusions du 14juin 1985,et qui ne serait logique quedans des
conclusions de revision au fond.
Le problème limité àl'interprétation conduit àrechercher ce que peut
signifier la référence à la limite nord-ouest des concessions libyennes,
<laquelle est alignéesur lalimite sud-est du permis tunisien O,et quelle est
la logique de cette rédaction dans le dispositif de l'arrêtde 1982.

9. Les rédacteurs de l'arrêtentendaient vraisemblablement par <(ali-

gnée ))ce dont en fait ils avaient connaissance, c'est-à-dire << alignée
approximativement ))sur la limite sud-est du permis tunisien et la limite
nord-ouest des concessions libyennes.
Le tracédes limites des concessions, tel que les motifs de l'arrête 1982
l'esquissent, n'indique pas un << alignement ))au sens propre du terme,
c'est-à-dire une<<identitédeligne ))Cependant, la Cour ajugésans doute
utile de se référerdans le paragraphe 133C 2 à la pratique effective des
Etats parties enmatière de concession. En effet, dans leparagraphe 133A

et B elle n'y fait référence(par. 133 B 4) qu'en liaison avec d'autres
éléments (ligneperpendiculaire àla côte et limite maritime de facto). On
comprend que dans la méthode pratique pour appliquer les principes et
règlesdu droit international susmentionnés,dans la situation précisede
l'espèce,la Cour, s'agissant du premier secteur, après avoir déterminé la
ligne de délimitation, ait cru nécessairede mentionner, sans autre préci-
sion, le rapport existant entre les concessions libyennes et le permis tuni-
---n.

Ces dernières lignes dans le dispositif doivent nécessairementretenir
l'attention des Parties. Elles mentionnent expressément les concessions
pétrolièresdont la Cour a marquéla <<grandeimportance >)(par. 118). Le
dispositif reprend expressémentcellesqui ont été mentionnéesdans l'arrêt
(par. 117).
Or c'est l'anglede 26" <<environ ))qui est rattaché à l'angle de la limite
nord-ouest des concessions libyennes, laquelle est alignéesur la limite
sud-est du permis tunisien. Le dispositif reprend les termes du para-

graphe 121avec la réserve <d'aprèsles élémentsdont la Cour dispose cet
angleparaît êtrede 26" ; il appartiendracependant auxexpertsdesParties
de le calculer exactement o.

Il paraît clair que la Cour étaitjustifiéeà rappeler dans le dispositif la
considération qui dominait son raisonnement sans prétendre introduire
une hiérarchiede critères. Souscouleur d'interprétation, ne pouvait être
changé ledispositif concernant le point de départ de la ligne de délirni-

tation. mine the starting-point of the delimitation line as well as the bearing
of that line from due north" (para. 55).

The Tunisian request seeks to reconcile the drawing of a givenline and
its reference to the alignment between the Libyan and Tunisian conces-
sions. It winds up with an interpretation which in fact constitutes a new
text, conveyedin its submissions of 14June 1985,theonly logicalplacefor
which would be in submissions on the merits of a claim for revision.
Limited to interpretation, theproblem is to ascertain the meaning of the
reference to thenorth-western boundary of the Libyan concessions "which
was aligned on the south-eastern boundary of [the] Tunisian petroleum
concession7',and the logicof thiswording in theoperativeprovisions of the
1982Judgment.
9. By "aligned" the drafters of that Judgment presumably understood

the situation of which they in fact had knowledge, Le., "approximately
aligned" on the south-eastern boundary of the Tunisian permit and the
north-western boundarv of the Libvan concessions.
The boundaries of the concessions, as outlined in the reasoning of the
1982Judgment, do not indicate an "alignment" in the proper sense of the
term, i.e., an "identity of line". However, the Court doubtless considered
that it would be useful to refer in subparagraph 133C (2) to the concrete
practice of the Parties in the matter of concessions, for in subpara-
graphs 133A and B it had not referred to it except - see 133B (4) - in
conjunction with other factors (the perpendicular to the Coastand the de
facto maritime boundary). It is understandablethat in regard to the prac-
tical method for applying the principles and rules of international law the
Court, given the specificcircumstances of the case, should where the first

sector was concerned have found it necessary to mention, without going
into detail, the relationship between the Libyan concessions and the
Tunisian permit.
The attention of the Parties was bound to be drawn by the last-men-
tioned lines of the operative provisions, for they expressly mention the
petroleum concessionsthe "great relevance" ofwhich had been stressedby
the Court (para. 118).The operative provisions expressly refer again to
those the Judgment had already mentioned (para. 117).
But it is the bearing of "approximately" 26" that is associated with the
angle of the north-western boundary of the Libyan concessions, which is
aligned on the south-eastern boundary of the Tunisian permit. The oper-
ative part here makes use of the terms of paragraph 121,where the fol-

lowing reservation also appears : "On the information available to the
Court, that angle appears to be 26" ;it will,however, be for the experts of
the Parties to determine it with exactness."
Clearly the Court was justified in recalling in the operative part the
consideration which had been uppermost in its reasoning, without seeking
to introduce a hierarchy of criteria. It was out of the question to alter the
operative provisions in respect of thestarting-point of thedelimitationline
under colour of an interpretation. III

10. La recevabilitéde la demande présentéepar la République tuni-
sienneenvertu de I'article60du Statut de laCour auxfins d'interprétation,
en tant qu'elleconcerne le (<point le plus occidental du golfe de Gabès D,
doit êtreacceptée sansréserve.

Au titre d'interprétation de l'arrêtdu 24février1982ondoitadmettre la
portéedonnée au paragraphe 124 à la mention <environ 34" 10'30" N )>
ainsi quelerôlereconnu auxexpertsdes Parties. On doit admettre en outre
quela conclusion de la Républiquetunisienne tendant à fixerà la latitude
de 34" 05' 20"N (Carthage) le point le plus occidental du golfe de Gabès
ne peut êtreretenue. La conclusion formulée à l'audience par la Répu-
blique tunisienne, selon laquelle il y aurait lieu pour la Cour d'ordonner

une expertise en vue de déterminerles coordonnéesexactes de ce point,
doit êtrerejetée.Cependant, ilauraitété à mon avisutile depréciserlapor-
téejuridique de la formule <(ligne de rivage (laisse de basse mer) ))qui est
dans l'arrêtde 1982 au paragraphe 124 et dans le dispositif au para-
graphe 133C 2. Une définition de cette expression aurait dû se trouver
dansla description de latâche des expertsdes Parties. Leparagraphe 63du

présentarrêtaurait donc pu êtrerédigécomme suit :

((En résumé,la tâche des experts des Parties est, pour ce qui
concernela détermination de la latitude à laquelle l'azimut de la ligne

de délimitationdoit changer,la suivante. Cettelatitude est, comme le
précisel'arrêtde 1982,celle du point leplus occidental de la ligne de
rivage (laisse de basse mer) du golfe de Gabès. Cependant, il faut
garder présent à l'esprit d'une part que c'estde la définitionpratique
de la latitude en question, assortie il est vrai du mot environ )),que
procèdel'effetattribuéaux îles Kerkennahau paragraphe 133C 3 de
l'arrêt; et d'autre part que la laisse de basse mer doit êtrenormale-

ment entendue comme la lignede maréebasse <(longeant la côte, telle
qu'elle estindiquéesur les cartes marines à grande échelle reconnues
officiellement par 1'Etatriverain )>(convention sur la mer territoriale
et la zone contiguë du 29 avril 1958,art. 3 ; convention de Montego
Bay, art. 5). A l'aidedescartes qu'ilsjugeront appropriéd'employer,
les experts devront donc s'efforcerde localiser, sur la laisse de basse

mer, le point le plus occidental du golfe de Gabès. ))
11. Sous réservedes observations ci-dessus concernant la méthodesui-
viedans l'examenpar laCourde larequêtedela République tunisienne,et,
bien que regrettant que le dispositif, après avoir déclarérecevable la

demande en interprétation relative au premier secteur, renvoie, en son
alinéaB2, ((à titre d'interprétation)),aux paragraphes 32 à 39 du présent
arrêt,je me rallie aux conclusions de la Cour.

(Signé Suzanne BASTID. APPLICATION FOR REVISION (SEP.OP.BASTID)

III

10. It must unreservedly beaccepted that, asregards "the most westerly
point of the Gulf of Gabes", the request for interpretation submitted by
the Republic of Tunisia under Article 60 of the Statute of the Court is
admissible.
By way of construing the Judgment of 24 February 1982,it is right to
stress the importance of the words in paragraph 124, "approximately
34" 10'30" N", as well as of the role devolving upon the experts of the

Parties. It must alsobe accepted that the submission whereby theRepublic
of Tunisia would have the most westerly point of the Gulf of Gabes fixed
on the latitude of 34" 05'20" N (Carthage) cannot be upheld. The sub-
mission, presented at the hearing by the Republic of Tunisia, to the effect
that there is cause for the Court to order an expert survey with a view to
determining the precise CO-ordinatesof this point, must be rejected. How-
ever, it would in my opinion have been useful to specify the legal sig-
nificance of the formula "shoreline (low-water mark)" which appears
inparagraph 124and operative paragraph 133C(2)of the 1982Judgment.
The description of the task of the Parties' experts should have included a
definition of that expression. Paragraph 63of the present Judgment could
therefore have been drafted as follows :

"To sum up, the task of the experts of the Parties is, so far as
regards the determination of the latitude at which the bearing of the
delimitation line is to change, as follows. That latitude is, as made
clear in the 1982Judgment, to be that of themost westerlypoint of the
shoreline (low-water mark) of the Gulf of Gabes. It has however also
tobe borne in mind, first, that the working definition of thelatitude in
question, though stated 'approximately', was the basisfor the effect
given to the Kerkennah Islands in paragraph 133C (3) of the Judg-
ment ;and, second,that the low-water mark is normally to be under-
stood as the line of low tide 'alongthe Coastas marked on large-scale
charts officially recognized by the coastal State' (Convention on the
Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone of 29 April 1958,Art. 3 ;
Montego Bay Convention, Art. 5). Employingfor the purpose what-

ever charts and maps they may consider appropriate, the experts
should therefore seek to define, on the low-water mark the most
westerly point of the Gulf of Gabes."
11. Subject to the above observations concerning the method followed
by the Court in considering the Application of the Republic of Tunisia,
and, whileregretting that theoperative provisions, afterfinding admissible
the request for interpretation in regard to the first sector, should insub-
paragraph B (2) have made reference, "by way of interpretation", to

paragraphs 32-39of the present Judgment, 1concur in the findings of the
Court.
(Signed) Suzanne BASTID.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Bastid (translation)

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