Separate opinion of Judge Elias

Document Number
070-19860627-JUD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
070-19860627-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ELIAS

1have voted, without enthusiasm, for subparagraphs (2) to (16) of the
operative clause, but 1 consider that subparagraph (1) of the operative
clause isout of place in the present Judgment. It isinappropriatebecause it
is contradictory to the Judgment already given in 1984,which, from the

standpoint of the Court. is difficult to attempt to amend now. It has no
organic or even symbolic relation to the remaining operative subpara-
graphs. 1 hesitate to cal1it a mere concession to expediency. but find it
linguistically colourless and procedurally out of place.

By the Court's Judgment of 26 November 1984 the question of the
Vandenberg Reservation was definitely left in abeyance, pending any
intervention by El Salvador, Honduras or Costa Rica in thecurrent phase
of the proceedings, on merits and reparation ;since none of the three
countries has sought to intervene, the reservation is of no further rele-
vance.
1cannot accept what appears to me to be the employment by the Court
of Article 53 of the Statute to endow itself with the power to interpret and
revise its own previous Judgment on jurisdiction and admissibility, by an
extended interpretation of Articles 60 and 61 of the Statute. Such a power
could not be exercised even if the non-appearing Respondent itself had
requested it ut this stage.It is thus even more remarkable that the Court
should attempt to invoke such a power for the benefit of non-parties to the
present case (like El Salvador. Honduras and Costa Rica).

1do not intend to make general remarks either on the Judgment itself or
on Judge Schwebel'sdissenting opinion because 1 believe that the reader
himself willread andjudge. 1would however liketo Sayafewwords on two
attacks launched against me personally in two separate paragraphs. 109
and 115 of Judge Schwebel's dissenting opinion. together with their
accompanying remarks.

As for the reference to the Press Release, 1wish to Sayvery briefly as
follows :
Byits Order of 4 October 1984the Court after deliberation, decided not
to hold ahearing on the Declaration of Intervention of ElSalvador filedon
15August 1984and that the Declaration was inadmissible inasmuch as itrelated to the then current phase of the proceedings. These decisions were
taken after consideration by the Court of the Declaration of El Salvador
and of the written observations thereon submitted by Nicaragua and the
United States pursuant to Article 83 of the Rules of Court, the time-limit
for which had been setat adate, 14September 1984,prior totheopening of
theoralproceedings onthe questions ofjurisdiction and admissibility. The
opening of those oral proceedings having been fixed for the afternoon of
8 October 1984,this date was made public in advance, after consultations,
in accordance with standard practice, by means of a press communique
issued on 27 September 1984, which indicated also that the Court was
seised of a Declaration of Intervention of El Salvador. There is nothing
inherent in the Statute and Rules of Court that would have prevented the
Court, had it so decided on 4 October 1984,from holdinga hearing on the
Declaration before or during the oral proceedings on the questions of

jurisdiction and admissibility to open on 8 October 1984.or El Salvador
from submitting during those proceedings its observations with respect to
the subject-matter of theintervention pursuant to Article 86of the Rules of
Court. Under Article 82of the Rulesof Court, a State whichdesires toavail
itself of the right of intervention conferred upon it by Article 63 of the
Statute shall file its declaration to that effect assoon as possible and "not
later than the date fixed for the openingof the oral proceedings". It is thus
evident that only after such a date is announced can other States know
whether or not a declaration is filed within the time-limits prescribed by
the Rules of Court. It is significant that Judge Oda, who is cited by Judge
Schwebel, did vote with the majority of the Court to reject El Salvador's
Declaration of Intervention.

With regard to the interview referred to by Judge Schwebel, he should
recall that it took place in the Court on 12December 1984,after repeated

requests by the Associated Press to the First Secretary in charge of infor-
mation matters, to persuade me to grant an interview on the Judgment
which we delivered on 26 November 1984. holding that the Court had
jurisdiction to hear thecasebrought by Nicaragua. The First Secretary was
present throughout thequestion and answer interviewand demandedfrom
the interviewer a promise that he would let us see the transcript from the
tape recording which he had made before any publication. Judge Schwe-
bel'saccount in his written dissenting opinion was the first that the First
Secretary and 1 had ever seen of the account narrated in the opinion
together with the comments of outsiders. who are not Members of the
Court, also cited by Judge Schwebel. Apart from the slants given to my
alleged remarks, 1confirm that the gist of what 1am supposed to have said
isquite correct and 1verymuch regret the usemade of it ina Member of the180 MILITARY AND PARAMILITARY ACTIVITIES (SEP.OP. ELIAS)

Court's dissenting opinion to a Judgment which still confirms that the
United States of America was found wrong by the Court even under a new
President, on al1 the essential points madeby Nicaragua against it.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ELIAS

1have voted, without enthusiasm, for subparagraphs (2) to (16) of the
operative clause, but 1 consider that subparagraph (1) of the operative
clause isout of place in the present Judgment. It isinappropriatebecause it
is contradictory to the Judgment already given in 1984,which, from the

standpoint of the Court. is difficult to attempt to amend now. It has no
organic or even symbolic relation to the remaining operative subpara-
graphs. 1 hesitate to cal1it a mere concession to expediency. but find it
linguistically colourless and procedurally out of place.

By the Court's Judgment of 26 November 1984 the question of the
Vandenberg Reservation was definitely left in abeyance, pending any
intervention by El Salvador, Honduras or Costa Rica in thecurrent phase
of the proceedings, on merits and reparation ;since none of the three
countries has sought to intervene, the reservation is of no further rele-
vance.
1cannot accept what appears to me to be the employment by the Court
of Article 53 of the Statute to endow itself with the power to interpret and
revise its own previous Judgment on jurisdiction and admissibility, by an
extended interpretation of Articles 60 and 61 of the Statute. Such a power
could not be exercised even if the non-appearing Respondent itself had
requested it ut this stage.It is thus even more remarkable that the Court
should attempt to invoke such a power for the benefit of non-parties to the
present case (like El Salvador. Honduras and Costa Rica).

1do not intend to make general remarks either on the Judgment itself or
on Judge Schwebel'sdissenting opinion because 1 believe that the reader
himself willread andjudge. 1would however liketo Sayafewwords on two
attacks launched against me personally in two separate paragraphs. 109
and 115 of Judge Schwebel's dissenting opinion. together with their
accompanying remarks.

As for the reference to the Press Release, 1wish to Sayvery briefly as
follows :
Byits Order of 4 October 1984the Court after deliberation, decided not
to hold ahearing on the Declaration of Intervention of ElSalvador filedon
15August 1984and that the Declaration was inadmissible inasmuch as it OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. ELIAS

[Traduction]

J'ai voté,sans grand enthousiasme, en faveur des sous-paragraphes 2 à
16du dispositif maisje considèreque le sous-paragraphe 1n'apas sa place
dans le présent arrêt.Ce sous-paragraphe est inapproprié car il est en
contradiction avec 'l'arrêdte 1984.arrêtsur lequel la Cour pouvait diffi-
cilement essayer de revenir maintenant. Le sous-paragraphe 1 n'a aucun
lien organique ni mêmesymbolique avec les autres sous-paragraphes du
dispositif. J'hésitelequalifier de simpleconcession deconvenance maisje
le trouve terne du point de vuelinguistique et déplacédu point de vuede la
procédure.
Dans son arrêtdi126 novembre 1984,la Cour a formellement laisséen

suspens la question dela réserveVandenberg en attendant qu'El Salvador,
le Honduras ou le Costa Rica présentent une requête à fin d'intervention
au stade actuel de liprocédure surle fond et la réparation ; aucun de ces
trois Etats n'ayant présentéde requête à fin d'intervention, cette réservea
perdu toute pertinence.
Je ne puis accepter l'usageque la Cour me semble faire de l'article 53du
Statut pour s'arroger le pouvoir d'interpréteret de reviser l'arrêtqu'elle a
rendu précédemmeiltsur la compétenceet la recevabilité,en interprétant
extensivement les airticles60et 61du Statut. Mêmesi le défendeur quin'a
pas comparu le lui avait lui-mêmedemandé au stade actuel, la Cour
n'aurait pas pu exercer un tel pouvoir. Il est donc d'autant plus singulier
que la Cour tente d',invoquerce pouvoir en faveur d'Etats qui ne sont pas
parties A l'affaire actuelle (comme El Salvador, le Honduras et le Costa
Rica).

Il n'est pas dans mon intention de commenter d'une manière générale
l'arrêt lui-même ou l'opiniod nissidente deM. Schwebel. Je pense en effet
que le lecteur jugera par lui-même.Je souhaiterais néanmoins dire quel-
ques mots des deux attaques dont je suis personnellement l'objet dans
deux passages différents de l'opinion de M. Schwebel,les paragraphes 109
et 115,et sur les remarques dont elles s'accompagnent.

En ce qui concerne le communiquéde presse,je dirai brièvement cequi
suit.
Dans son ordonnance du 4 octobre 1984, la Cour, après délibéré, a
décidéqu'ellene tiendrait pas d'audience sur la déclaration d'intervention
d'El Salvador enregistréele 15août 1984et que celle-ciétaitirrecevable enrelated to the then current phase of the proceedings. These decisions were
taken after consideration by the Court of the Declaration of El Salvador
and of the written observations thereon submitted by Nicaragua and the
United States pursuant to Article 83 of the Rules of Court, the time-limit
for which had been setat adate, 14September 1984,prior totheopening of
theoralproceedings onthe questions ofjurisdiction and admissibility. The
opening of those oral proceedings having been fixed for the afternoon of
8 October 1984,this date was made public in advance, after consultations,
in accordance with standard practice, by means of a press communique
issued on 27 September 1984, which indicated also that the Court was
seised of a Declaration of Intervention of El Salvador. There is nothing
inherent in the Statute and Rules of Court that would have prevented the
Court, had it so decided on 4 October 1984,from holdinga hearing on the
Declaration before or during the oral proceedings on the questions of

jurisdiction and admissibility to open on 8 October 1984.or El Salvador
from submitting during those proceedings its observations with respect to
the subject-matter of theintervention pursuant to Article 86of the Rules of
Court. Under Article 82of the Rulesof Court, a State whichdesires toavail
itself of the right of intervention conferred upon it by Article 63 of the
Statute shall file its declaration to that effect assoon as possible and "not
later than the date fixed for the openingof the oral proceedings". It is thus
evident that only after such a date is announced can other States know
whether or not a declaration is filed within the time-limits prescribed by
the Rules of Court. It is significant that Judge Oda, who is cited by Judge
Schwebel, did vote with the majority of the Court to reject El Salvador's
Declaration of Intervention.

With regard to the interview referred to by Judge Schwebel, he should
recall that it took place in the Court on 12December 1984,after repeated

requests by the Associated Press to the First Secretary in charge of infor-
mation matters, to persuade me to grant an interview on the Judgment
which we delivered on 26 November 1984. holding that the Court had
jurisdiction to hear thecasebrought by Nicaragua. The First Secretary was
present throughout thequestion and answer interviewand demandedfrom
the interviewer a promise that he would let us see the transcript from the
tape recording which he had made before any publication. Judge Schwe-
bel'saccount in his written dissenting opinion was the first that the First
Secretary and 1 had ever seen of the account narrated in the opinion
together with the comments of outsiders. who are not Members of the
Court, also cited by Judge Schwebel. Apart from the slants given to my
alleged remarks, 1confirm that the gist of what 1am supposed to have said
isquite correct and 1verymuch regret the usemade of it ina Member of thecequ'elle se rapportaità la phase encours. Ces décisionsont été prises par
la Cour après examen de la déclaration d'intervention présentéepar El
Salvador et des observations écritesque le Nicaragua et les Etats-Unis
avaient ensuite sounuses en vertu de I'article83du Règlementde la Cour ;
le délai pour la présentation de ces observations avait été fixé au
14 septembre 1984, c'est-à-dire à une date antérieure à celle fixéepour
l'ouverture de la procédure orale sur les questions de la compétence
et de la recevabiliti:. L'ouverture de la procédure orale ayant étéfixée
à l'après-midi du 8 octobre 1984, cette date a étérendue publique à
l'avance après consiiltations - et conformément à la pratique habituelle
- dans un communiqué de presse paru le 27 septembre 1984, lequel
indiquait aussi que la Cour était saisie d'une déclaration d'intervention

d'El Salvador. Rien dans le Statut ni dans le Règlement n'aurait empê-
ché la Cour, si elle en avait ainsi décidéle 4 octobre 1984, de tenir
une audience sur Ila déclaration d'intervention avant ou pendant la
procédure orale relative aux questions de compétence et de recevabilité
prévuepour le 8 octobre 1984. Rien non plus n'aurait empêchéEl Sal-
vador de soumettre, pendant cette phase de la procédure, des observa-
tions sur l'objet de l'intervention conformément à I'article 86du Règle-
ment. Selon l'article 82 du Règlement, 1'Etat qui désire se prévaloirdu
droit d'intervention que lui confère I'article 63 du Statut dépose à cet
effet une déclaration le plus tôt possible et (avant la date fixéepour
l'ouverture de la procédure orale o.Il est donc clair que ce n'est qu'après

l'annonce de cette date que les autres Etats peuvent savoir si une déclara-
tion est enregistrée dans le délaiprévupar le Règlement. Il est intéres-
sant de constater que M. Oda, qui est citépar M. Schwebel, a voté avec
la majorité de la Cour pour rejeter la déclaration d'intervention d'El
Salvador.

En ce qui concerne l'interview à laquelle il fait allusion, M. Schwebel
devrait se souvenir qu'elle a eu lieu à la Cour le 12 décembre 1984.

Auparavant I'Associated Press avait demandé à maintes reprises au pre-
mier secrétairechargéde l'information de me persuader d'accorder une
interview sur l'arrêtque la Cour avait rendu le 26 novembre 1984et par
lequel elle s'était déclaréecompétente pour connaître de la requêtedu
Nicaragua. Le premier secrétaireaétéprésenttout au long de l'échangede
questions et de réponses quia constituél'interview et, sur sa demande, le
journaliste s'est engagéà nous communiquer la transcription de la bande
enregistréepar ses soins, avant toute publication. Le compte rendu qu'en
donne M. Schwebel dans son opinion dissidente est le premier dont le
premier secrétaireet moi-mêmeayons eu connaissance. 11en va de même
pour lescommentaires faitspar despersonnes qui ne sont pas membres de

la Cour et que cite: M. Schwebel. Les propos qu'on m'attribue ont été
présentésde façon tendancieuse maisje n'en confirme pas moins que ce180 MILITARY AND PARAMILITARY ACTIVITIES (SEP.OP. ELIAS)

Court's dissenting opinion to a Judgment which still confirms that the
United States of America was found wrong by the Court even under a new
President, on al1 the essential points madeby Nicaragua against it. ACTIVITES IMILITAIRES ET PARAMILITAI(OP.IND. ELIAS) 180

que je suis censé avoir dit est parfaitement juste, pour l'essentiel, et je
déploreprofondémr:ntl'usagequien a étéfait dans uneopiniondissidente
d'un membre de la Cour jointeà un arrêt quidémontrenéanmoinsque la

Cour, mêmesous une nouvelle présidence, à donnétort aux Etats-Unis
d'Amérique surtous les griefs essentiels du Nicaragua.

(Signé T. O. ELIAS.

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Separate opinion of Judge Elias

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