Separate Opinion of Judge Mbaye (translation)

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068-19850603-JUD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
068-19850603-JUD-01-00-EN
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SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE MBAYE

[Translation]

1have voted in favour of the operative part of the Judgment because 1
endorse the Court's findings and, in general, the grounds advanced in
support of them. 1 firmly believe indeed that the indications which the
Court has given to the Parties in application of the principles and rules of
international law, viz. the drawing of the median line between Malta and
Libya and itstransposition northwards over 18'of latitude, to take account
of the circumstance of "the great disparity in the lengths of the relevant
coasts", enable an equitable delimitation to be achieved.
Nevertheless, there isonepoint overwhich,to myregret, 1part Company
with the Court. It relates to "the considerabledistance between the coasts''
of the Parties.
Beforedealing with thispoint ofdisagreement, 1havesomecommentsto
make on the Court's finding as to the two meanings attributed by cus-
tomary law at the present time to the concept of natural prolongation.

1. THETWOMEANINGS OF THE CONCEPT OF NATURAL
PROLONGATION

The Court has stated the following finding :
"the area of continental shelf to be found to appertain to either Party
not extending more than 200 miles from the Coastof the Party con-

cerned, nocriterion for delimitation of shelfareas can be derived from
the principle of natural prolongation in the physical sense" (Judg-
ment, para. 79 A. (2)).
1do not dispute this finding;quite the contrary. 1merely believe 1should
explain my own understanding of it. 1also think that there is such a firm
link between it and the present-day definition of the continental shelf that
this link should have been emphasized,bearing in rnind the significance of

the idea which underlies it and which, in my view,marks a crucial stage in
the development of international law.
The significance of the finding in question becomes fullyconspicuous if
weexamineit in the context of what has been the nub of the debatein the
present case. For, infinal analysis, the essenceof the disagreement between
the Parties is reducible to the fact that Libya maintains that delimitation
must rest on the principle of the natural prolongation of the land terri-
tory, whereas Malta considers that the "distance principle" should be
upheld.
If welook carefully atthesepositions, as the Court has done, weseethat Malta, in arguing in favour of the "distance principle", has sought to
justify the use of equidistance as the delimitation method which must
necessarily be employed in this case ; and that Libya, for its part, in
arguing for the principle of natural prolongation, has attempted to prove
that any delimitation line between itself and Malta should pass through
what the Parties have agreed to cal1the "Rift Zone", whichextends roughly
from 10' 30'E to 16" E, and which is formed by the troughs or grabens of
Pantelleria, Malta and Linosa and the Malta-Medina Channel ;and that it
should take account of the escarpment-fault zone to the east (particularly
the Sicily-Malta and Medina Escarpments) :the rift zone would accord-
ingly form a break between two continental shelves.

Both Parties concede that the delimitation of their respective conti-

nental shelvesmust be based on equitableprinciples in order to achievean
equitable result. But they have taken different positions regarding the
interpretation of the law applicable to the case.And since the Court had a
duty to indicate which principles and rules of international law were to
form the basis of the delimitation, it has had to try and bring these to light
from out the penumbra into which they had been cast by the learned,
ingenious but contradictory arguments of the Parties.
The development of the lawof the sea,especiallysince 1958,has shown a
tendency to extend the concept of the continental shelf and to attach it
increasingly to legal principles, and to detach it ever more surely from its
physical origins, whether geological or geomorphological. Moreover, the
indisputable connection between the continental shelf and the exclusive
economic zone argues in favour of a purely legal approach to the former,
which is henceforward to be primarily defined in terms of a certain dis-
tance rather than by the physiography of the sea-bed and its subsoil. This

does not mean that the concept of natural prolongation has no longer any
role to play. The development in question is to be interpreted simply as
meaning that, in contemporary customary law, natural prolongation is no
longer what Truman referred to as such in his 1945Proclamation. Every
coastal State is entitled to a continental shelf, which is the natural pro-
longation of its territory. This title may be limited in four different
ways :

(1) by 200nautical miles,when the outer edgeof the continental margin
is at a lesser distance than this ;
(2) by the outer edge of the continental margin, when this lies beyond
200 miles ;
(3) by a distance of 350 miles, when the outer edge of the continental
margin is situated at a limit in excess of that distance ;
(4) by the rights and titles of other States.
The respective Parties, in their pleadings and oral arguments, have

attempted to achieve supremacy for "natural prolongation" over the
"distance principle" or vice-versa. But are these two concepts incom-
patible ? The Courtstatesthatthe "concepts ofnatural prolongation and distance
are. .. not opposed, but complementary" (Judgment, para. 34).In its eyes,
"both remain essential elements in thejuridical concept of the continental
shelf" (ibid.).Yet a study of what the Court indicates in this paragraph

discloses that it is using the term "natural prolongation" in two different
senses, as will be seen from the following quotation :

"where the continental margin does not extend as far as 200 miles
from the shore, natural prolongation, which in spite of its physi-
cal origins has throughout its history become more and more a com-
plex and juridical concept, is in part defined by distance from the
shore ...".

1fully endorse this view. But 1should have preferred the Court to place
more emphasis on this point.
Such findings place accurately on record the development of the cus-
tomary law of the continental shelf.
This development reached its most recent stage in the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982.Title to conti-
nental shelf derives from the continuumformed by the territory of a State
with the submarine areas extending in front of its coasts. A fundamental
legalprinciple is involved here. The extent of the sovereignrights which it
confers is henceforward to be measured in two ways :by reference to the
continental margin, or by invoking a certain distance. In other words, this
fundamental principle now encompasses two rules which serve to im-
plement it, particularly in determining the expanse of continental shelf
covered by the sovereign rights of the coastal State.
Just as under the 1958Geneva Convention there is an "equidistance/
special-circumstances" rule for determining the extent of continental shelf
title in a given situation, soit may besaid that under the 1982Convention
there is the rule of "natural prolongation/outer edge of the continental

margin or distance".
The principle of natural prolongation, in the physical sense, is indivor-
ciblefromcontinental shelflaw.Butsurelydistance, on the otherhand,has
never been truly absent from the concept of natural prolongation. Has it
not accompanied that concept from the outset ? It used tobe latent in such
notions as "exploitability" or "bathymetry". However, when these con-
cepts proved far too relative, resort to an exact distance became necessary
in order to define the factors which determine rights to areas in or under
the sea.
It may of coursebe argued that Article 76 of the 1982Convention does
not deal with delimitation, and that the latter is covered rather by Article
83, which makes no reference to any distance principle.
Indeed, this argument is reinforced by the conclusions reached by the
Court in 1969,when it stated that :

"Articles 1and 2 of the Geneva Convention do not appear to have any direct connection with inter-State delimitation as such. Article 1
isconcerned only with the outer, seaward,limit of the shelfgenerally,
not with boundaries between the shelf areas of opposite or adjacent
States. Article 2 is equally not concerned with such boundaries. The
suggestionseemsto be that thenotion ofequidistance isimplicit in the
reference in paragraph 2 of Article 2 to the rights of the coastal State
overitscontinental shelfbeing 'exclusive'.Sofaras actual language is
concerned ths interpretation isclearlyincorrect. The true senseof the

passage is that in whatever areas of the continental shelf a coastal
State has rights, those rights are exclusive rights, not exercisable by
anyother State. But this saysnothing as to what in fact are the precise
areas in respect of whch each coastal State possesses these exclusive
rights. This question, whch can arise only as regards the fringes of a
coastal State's shelf area is, as explained at the end of paragraph 20
above, exactly what falls to be settled through the process of delimi-
tation, and this is the sphere of Article 6, not Article 2." (NorthSea
Continental SheK I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 40, para. 67.)

At first sight, it appears that this conclusion could be applied mutatis
mutandis to Articles 76 and 83 of the 1982Convention.
In fact, however,thesituation isno longer the same.Article 6of the 1958
Convention establishes a method of delirnitation by the "equidistance/
special-circumstances" rule. The clause covering delimitation is therefore
sufficient in itself to supply the solution in the event of negotiations or
judicial proceedings. This is no longer the case with the 1982Convention,
since Article 83 confines itself to indicating that the delimitation must
produce an "equitable solution". A delimitation problem arises when the
rights derived from Article 76conflict with oneanother, and the solution is
not given in the Convention. Thus it is through a comparison of the titles

which underlie the conflicting rights, and of the methods of evaluating
them, that the solution to this conflict may be found. The courseindicated
by the newprovisions is such that thiscomparison willalmost always lead
toa "solution" attributing rights. Article 83of the 1982Convention, unlike
Article 6of the 1958Convention, has no self-sufficient existence. In cases
of overlapping or mutually interfering continental shelf rights, it must be
read with Article 76 of the same Convention in order to produce a reso-
lution of the conflicting claims generated by such situations.

Delimitation, after all, is merely the means of resolving situations of
overlap or interference arising from the titles of the Parties to an area of
continental shelf. Thus it is not feasible artificially to separate the right to
an area of continental shelf from the rules for delimiting this shelf, as
honed by State practice and the decisions of courts. An assessment has to
be made of the bounds within which thecompeting rights can be exercised.
Whether this assessment ismade by reference to adistance, or by reference
to the edgeof the continental margin, in al1cases the starting-point willbeexisting titles based on the principle of natural prolongation ;to these we
have then to apply the legal rules (viz., distance, the outer edge of the

continental margin, the rights of third States).
Paragraph 1ofArticle 76of the 1982Convention founds a State's titleto
continental shelf on the principle of the natural prolongation of its land
territory. This isno mereinference, but - the rulesfor theinterpretation of
treaties set out in Article 31 of the Vienna Convention - clearly emerges
the "ordinary meaning" of the words used in that paragraph, which pro-
vides :

"The continentalshelfof a coastal State comprisesthe sea-bed and
subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea
throughoutthenaturalprolongation ofits land territory .. ."(Emphasis
added.)

This principle of natural prolongation, according to Article 76, can be
applied in two ways :either by means of the rule of the "outer edge of the
continental margin", or by means of the "200-mile" rule. This is what is
meant by the rest of the sentence :

"to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200
nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the
territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the continental
margin does not extend up to that distance".

Thus the 200-mile rule (or the "distance principle"), far from contra-
dicting the principle of natural prolongation, in fact completes it, as it is
alsocompleted by the rule of the "outer edge of the continental margin".
To expressthe sameidea inanother way,wecan Saythat acoastal Statehas
a right to the continental shelfbecause it is the natural prolongation of its
land territory, and that this right ismeasured by reference to a geophysical
fact (the outer edge of the continental shelf) or an arithmetical fact (the
200-mile distance).

In the hypothetical case of two States with opposite coasts whose con-
tinental shelvescannot extend as far as their minimum legallimits, the rule
of the outer edge of the continental margin evidently has no part to play.
This is what the Court means by saying that "no criterion for delimitation
of shelf areas can be derived from the principle of natural prolongation in
the physical sense" (cf. the aforementioned finding) or that :

"at least in so far as those areas are situated at a distance of under
200miles from the coasts in question, title depends solely on the
distance from thecoasts of the claimant States of any areas of sea-bed
claimed by way of continental shelf, and the geological or geomor-
phological characteristics of those areas are completely immaterial"
(Judgment, para. 39). In the case of the ContinentalShelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jarnahiriyu),
the Court stated in no uncertain terms that :

"The conclusion that the physical structure of the sea-bed of the
Pelagian Block as the natural prolongation common to both Parties
does not contain any element which interrupts the continuity of the
continental shelf does not necessarily exclude the possibility that
certain geomorphological configurations of the sea-bed, which do not
amount to such an interruption of the natural prolongation of one
Party with regard to that of the other, may be taken into account for

thedelimitation, as relevant circumstances characterizingthe area, as
indicated in this case in Article 1,paragraph 1,of the Special Agree-
ment. In suchasituation, however,thephysicalfactor constituting the
natural prolongation is not taken as a legal title, but as one of several
circumstances considered to be the elements of an equitable solu-
tion." (I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 58, para. 68.)

In statingthat "the physicalfactor constituting the natural prolongation
is not taken as a legal title", the Court had already taken a stand on the
question of natural submarine boundaries, and, well in advance of the
present case, had settled the question of the basis of title, which in spite of
its name (natural prolongation) is entirely legal.
As for the distance rule, it is reinforced by the fact that the exclusive

economiczone confers rights overnot only the water column, but alsoover
thesea-bed andits subsoil,and thus overthecontinental shelf.Asfar asthe
limits which it shares with the continental shelf, the exclusive economic
zone confers upon coastalStatesthe samerights, and theseare exercisedin
the same conditions (Art. 56, para. 3, of the 1982Convention).
Now, "theorists consider that the exclusive economic zone is part of
generalinternational law l",and the Court has itselfheld that the exclusive
economic zone "may be regarded as part of modern international law"
(I.C.J. Reports1982,p. 74,para. 100)or that theinstitution of this zone has

"become a part of customary law" (this Judgment, para. 34).

The question iswhether this customary lawis binding on al1parties to a

' Raymond Goy, "Les sources du droit et la convention : droit conventionnel et
coutumier", Rapport généra dlu colloquede Rome sur "Perspectivesdu droit de la mer à
l'issuedela troisièmeconférencedesNations Unies'',2,3 and 4 June 1983,Pedone, Paris
1984,p. 53.On the same page, the author adds : "Thus the powers enjoyed within the
exclusiveeconomiczone are derived from customary law." Indeed, the Court holds the
same view(see para. 34 of the Judgment). The customary law now being fashioned on
the basis of the 1982Convention has hastened the transformation of the concept of
natural prolongation by detaching it from its physical connotations. Raymond Goy
comments in his report :
"Thus, contemporary lawmaking finds it possible for customary law to growout
of adraft convention inuch a way as to enable al1to take part in the formation of
law.It features a custom whichrapidly crystallizes through having a text to serveas
mtheRegistry.]t into application ahead of the convention itself." [Translationsbycase or whether each is free to pick only those rules which it finds con-
venient, contrary to President Koh's admonition, at the Conference on the
Law of the Sea, that States could not take what they pleased from the
Convention and leavewhatever they did not want. Even disregarding this
note of warning, the choice does not liebetween natural prolongation and
thedistance "criterion", for inreality these are two rules,paired though on
different levels, which are applied simultaneously, just as the rules of
"natural prolongation" and "natural prolongation in the physical sense"
(or outer edge of the continental margin), are paired. No option can be
presented in the context of these rules, which form a singlewhole. It has
simply to be decided in each case which pair applies. This involves con-
sidering the arguments for "distance" on the one hand and "continental
margin", or ''naturalprolongation inthe physical sense", on theother. Let
no onebe misledif theJudgment appears to usethe sameterm for ''natural
prolongation" (the legal principle) and "natural prolongation" (in the
physical sense).The Court itself is not somisled.This becomes plain if we

compare its statement that "no criterion for delimitation of shelf areas can
be derived from the principle of natural prolongation in the physical
sense" with the provisions of Article 76 of the 1982Convention, whereby
the continental shelf of a coastal State is "the natural prolongation of its
land territory", or again, if werefer to the sentence contained in paragraph
41 of the Judgment, where the Court says :

"The endeavour ...in the terms of the Libyan argument, was to

convince the Court of a discontinuity so scientifically 'fundamental',
that it must also be a discontinuity of a natural prolongation in the
legal sense"
and followswith the words "the Court, therefore, rejects the. ..argument
of Libya".
That is my understanding of the Court's finding cited above. The prin-
ciple of natural prolongation in Article 76 of the 1982 Convention is a
purely legal concept. As for natural prolongation in the physical sense, it

now finds concrete expression in the outer edge of the continental mar-
gin.

II. THECONSIDERABD LIESTANCE BETWEEN THE COASTS

The Court has found that the considerable distance between the coasts
of the two States is a relevant circumstance whch must be taken into

consideration in order to arrive at an equitable delimitation, for, having
considered anumber ofcircumstances and rejectedeach of them aslacking
in relevance, it State:
"there remains however the very marked difference in the lengths of
the relevant coasts of the Parties, and the element of the considerable
distance between those coasts" (Judgment, para. 66). Admittedly, in determining "the extent of the required northward shft
of the boundary line", the Court no longer considers "the considerable
distance between the coasts" as a relevant circumstance, but rather as a
"parameter" which is

"an obviously important consideration when deciding whether, and
by how much, a median lineboundary can be shifted without ceasing
to have an approximately median location, or approaching so near to
one Coastas to bring into play other factors such as security" (Judg-
ment, para. 73).

Nevertheless, it concludes that :

"The circumstances and factors to be taken into account in achiev-
ing an equitable delimitation in the present case are the follow-
ing :

(2) the disparity in the lengths of the relevant coasts of the Parties
and the distance between them" (Judgment, para. 79 B).

It must be recognized that no clear explanation emerges from the
Judgment of the reasons for taking into consideration as a relevant cir-
cumstance the considerable distance between the coasts of the Parties.
For mypart, 1confess,1cannotunderstand bywhat process thedistance
between the coasts of the two States can instigate orjustify the correction
of the median line initially drawn by the Court as a provisional step in the
delimitation.
Certainly, thefactthat thecontinental shelfabutting onthecoasts of the
two States has a breadth of less than 400 nautical miles has undeniable
importance. It could not be otherwise, since it is this fact whch brings
about the need for delimitation, leaving aside the case of the edge of the
continental margin of one or both of the shelves being located where it
would have to be taken into account. If the shelf separating the two States
had been more than 400 nautical miles wide, the solution to the problem
put to the Court would have been simple. But itis for the veryreason that
the two States involved are unable fully to exercise the rights imputed to

them by customary law, and to extend their continental shelves as far as
their "legal" limits, that a delimitation problem arises for them. The total
extent of thecontinental shelf between Malta and Libya is approximately
183nautical miles. It is this shelf which was to be divided so as to achieve
an equitable result.
It must also be pointed outthat if thedistance between the coasts of the
twoStateswereless than 24nautical miles,what would be at issuewould be
the territorial waters, and 1do not think it likely that any question would
arise of adjusting the territorial limit of the two States.
But this is not the question. The question is why the fact that a con-siderable distance separates the coasts of two opposite States should have
led the Court to adjust the preliminary median line which it had drawn
between their coasts. If Malta, instead of lying at 183 miles from the
Libyan Coast,wereseparated from it by a distance of only 50miles,would
that make any difference ?1 do not think so.At al1events, there is nothing
in the Judgment to point to the opposite conclusion. The problem which

arises is related to proportionality. It would arise in the same way in a
hypothetical situation of that kind. The difference in the lengths of the
coasts of two opposite States neither increases nor decreases with the
distance between them. This is an obvious fact which cannotbe altered by
the attempt tofind an equitable result, evenif,in somedegree, the room for
manŒuvre available for this purpose may vary with the distance between
the coasts of the States concerned, though to what extent or in what
direction it is impossible to determine. And it is this difference which is
decisivein thepresent instance, whereweare dealingwith an adjustment in
the light of the "general configuration of the coasts" which lie "opposite"
and the "general geographical context" in which the delimitation is being
carried out.
A few examples will illustrate even better the fact that the distance
between the coasts of the Parties, in the present instance, plays no role at
all. The Court's manner of taking the distance into consideration fails to
emergeclearlyfrom thepronouncements in theJudgment,for tworeasons.
In the first place, there is no indication whether the Court views the
distance between the coasts of the two States as a relevant circumstance
because it is considerable, or merely because it is what it happens to be in
the present case. Paragraph 78 of the Judgment States that :

"Having drawn the initial median line, the Court has found that
that line requires to be adjusted in viewof the relevant circumstances
of the area, namely theconsiderabledisparity between the lengths of
the coasts of the Parties here under consideration, the distance
between those coasts . . ."

In the operative part of the Judgment, the Court employs virtually iden-
tical language, quoting among the

"circumstances and factors to be taken into account in achieving an
equitable delimitation in the present case . .." "the disparity in the
lengths of the relevant coasts of the Parties and thedistance between
them" (para. 79 B. (2)).

It willbeseenthat the Court does not qualify thedistance. It does not state
that it is considerable. But apparently, no particular significance is to be
attached to this omission, since where the disparity in the length of the
coasts isconcerned theword "considerable" doesnot recur in the operative
part of theJudgment. Moreover, in the reasoning, paragraph 66refers to :
"the very marked difference in the lengths of the relevant coasts of the
Parties. and the element of the considerable distance between thosecoasts". It must therefore be concluded from the foregoing that the dis-
tance between thecoasts of theParties isarelevant circumstance because it
is considerable. Besides, the Court can surely not have found that trans-

position of the median line was called for simply because the coasts of the
Parties were separated by the actual distance found to lie between
them.
In the second place, it is not veryclear if the Court has used the distance
between the coasts as an independent "element" which contributes to the
adjustment of the initial median line, or as a "circumstance", a "para-
meter" or a "factor" which isinseparable from the disparity in the lengths
of the coasts and must play an integral role with it.
In my opinion, the former hypothesis should be rejected, because it
would lead to absurd conclusions. To accept that theconsiderabledistance
between the coast lengths of two States is in itself sufficient to justify an
adjustment of the median line would mean that, whenever such a distance
isconsiderable, the median line must be adjusted, even in cases where the
disparity in the lengths of the coast is negligible or non-existent. That
would be an unacceptable position.
As for the second hypothesis, it is incompatible with the terms of the
Judgment, despite the two provisions quoted above which mention both
these circumstances at the same time. But let us suppose that this hypo-
thesisisvalid.Would that mean eitherthat the twocircumstances can only
have an effect when theyarefound in conjunction, or that the disparity in
thelengths of thecoasts isonly taken into account to any significant degree
because the distance between the coasts is considerable ? 1do not believe

that the Court can have intended the first proposition. This may confi-
dently be asserted in the light of the significance which it has always
ascribed, and which it continues to ascribe in the present case, to dif-
ferences in the lengths of coastline.
Where the second proposition is concerned, it would be a simple matter
to demonstratethat the considerabledistance between the coasts of States
cannot influence, or at any rate increase, the effect to be attributed to
disparity in lengths of coast. Let us suppose that two States'coasts are 399
miles apart, such that they are only one mile short of escaping any delimi-
tation problems. Let us alsosuppose that the same disparity in the lengths
of the coasts is present. It is obvious that the role played by this disparity
would dwindle precisely because of the considerable distance between the
coasts, soit would be rash to state,astheCourt does in paragraph 73of the
Judgment, that :

"the considerable distance between the coasts . .. is an obviously
important consideration when deciding whether, and by how much, a
median line boundary can be shifted . . .".
This is because the margin of transposition in such a hypothetical case
would be reduced to half a mile, sincebeyond that margin the State which
benefited from the transposition would otherwise be allotted acontinental

shelfof more than 200miles'breadth. Considering that in thepresent caseequity calls for a margin of 24 miles, it should immediately be apparent
that there is no direct relationship between the distance separating the
coasts of the two States and the amount by which the median linedividing
thecontinental shelvesappertaining to those States is to be shifted in order
to achieve an equitable result.

(SigneK d)baMBAYE.

Bilingual Content

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. MBAYE

J'ai voté enfaveur du dispositif de l'arrêtparce que j'approuve les

conclusions auxquelles la Cour est arrivéeet, d'une façon générale, les
motifs qui leur servent de supports. Je crois fermement, en effet, que les
indications qu'elle a données aux Parties en application des principes et
règlesdu droit international, à savoir le tracéde la ligne médianeentre
Malte etla Libyeetsatranslation verslenordsur 18'de latitude, pour tenir
compte de la circonstance de <<la disparitédes longueurs des côtes j)des
Parties, permettent d'aboutir à une délimitation équitable.
Cependant il y a un point sur lequelje regrette de ne pouvoir suivre la
Cour. Il a traità la <<grande distance qui sépare j)les côtes des Parties.

Et avant de m'expliquer sur cette divergence,je voudrais dire quelques

mots de la conclusion de la Cour relative aux deux sens que le droit
coutumier actuel donne à la notion de prolongement naturel.

La Cour a énoncé laconclusion suivante :

<<du faitque la zone de plateau continentalqui se trouvera relever de
chaque Partie ne s'étendpas àplus de 200millesde lacôte de la Partie
concernée, aucun critère de délimitation des zones de plateau ne
saurait êtretirédu principe du prolongement naturel au sens phy-
sique ))(arrêt,par. 79 A 2).

Je ne conteste pas cette conclusion. C'est mêmetout le contraire. Je crois
seulement devoir en donner ma propre compréhensionetje pense en outre
qu'entre cette conclusion et la définition actuelledu plateau continental
existe un lien si solide qu'il fallait y insister, eu égàrl'importance de
l'idée qu'ilous-tend, laquelle,à mon avis,marque une étapecapitale dans
l'évolutiondu droit international.
La conclusion précitée de laCour s'illumine avecéclatsion larapproche

de ce qui a constitué le nŒud du débat dans la présente affaire. Car
finalement l'essentieldu désaccordentre lesParties seramèneaufaitque la
Libye soutient que la délimitationdoit reposer sur le principe du prolon-
gement naturel du territoire terrestre, alors que Malte estime que c'est le
<<principe de distance j)qui doit êtreretenu.

A bien observer ces positions, comme l'a fait la Cour avec soin, on se SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE MBAYE

[Translation]

1have voted in favour of the operative part of the Judgment because 1
endorse the Court's findings and, in general, the grounds advanced in
support of them. 1 firmly believe indeed that the indications which the
Court has given to the Parties in application of the principles and rules of
international law, viz. the drawing of the median line between Malta and
Libya and itstransposition northwards over 18'of latitude, to take account
of the circumstance of "the great disparity in the lengths of the relevant
coasts", enable an equitable delimitation to be achieved.
Nevertheless, there isonepoint overwhich,to myregret, 1part Company
with the Court. It relates to "the considerabledistance between the coasts''
of the Parties.
Beforedealing with thispoint ofdisagreement, 1havesomecommentsto
make on the Court's finding as to the two meanings attributed by cus-
tomary law at the present time to the concept of natural prolongation.

1. THETWOMEANINGS OF THE CONCEPT OF NATURAL
PROLONGATION

The Court has stated the following finding :
"the area of continental shelf to be found to appertain to either Party
not extending more than 200 miles from the Coastof the Party con-

cerned, nocriterion for delimitation of shelfareas can be derived from
the principle of natural prolongation in the physical sense" (Judg-
ment, para. 79 A. (2)).
1do not dispute this finding;quite the contrary. 1merely believe 1should
explain my own understanding of it. 1also think that there is such a firm
link between it and the present-day definition of the continental shelf that
this link should have been emphasized,bearing in rnind the significance of

the idea which underlies it and which, in my view,marks a crucial stage in
the development of international law.
The significance of the finding in question becomes fullyconspicuous if
weexamineit in the context of what has been the nub of the debatein the
present case. For, infinal analysis, the essenceof the disagreement between
the Parties is reducible to the fact that Libya maintains that delimitation
must rest on the principle of the natural prolongation of the land terri-
tory, whereas Malta considers that the "distance principle" should be
upheld.
If welook carefully atthesepositions, as the Court has done, weseethatrend compteque Malte, en défendant <<le principe de distance)),a voulu
justifier l'utilisation de l'équidistance commeméthode de délimitation
devant s'imposer en l'espèce,et que de son côté laLibye, en défendantle
principe du prolongement naturel, a tenté deprouver que toute ligne de
délimitationentre Malte et elle devrait passer par ce que les Parties sont

convenues d'appeler la zone d'effondrement ))ou <<Rift Zone )),qui
s'étendengros de 10' 30'E à 16' E,constituéepar lesfosses ougrabens de
Pantelleria, de Malte, de Linosa, du chenal de Malte-Medina, et tenir
compte de la zone d'escarpements et de failles à l'est (notamment les
escarpements de Sicile-Malte et de Medina) : la zone d'effondrement
constituerait une solution de continuité entre deux plateaux continen-
taux.
Les deux Parties admettent que la délimitation des plateaux continen-
taux relevant respectivement d'ellesdoit reposer sur desprincipes équita-

bles,afin d'aboutir àun résultat équitable.Mais ellessesont diviséesquant
à la façon d'interpréter ledroit applicable à l'affaire. Etpuisque la Cour
avait l'obligation d'indiquer les principes et règlesdu droit international
devant servirdebase àladélimitation,illuifallait essayerde lesdégagerdu
clair-obscur où les arguments savants et talentueux mais contradictoires
des Parties avaient fini par les plonger.
L'évolutiondu droit de la mer, en particulier depuis 1958, a eu pour
tendance d'élargir etde fixer davantage la notion de plateau continental à

des principesjuridiques, et à la détacher de plus en plus de ses origines
physiques, qu'ellessoient géologiquesou géomorphologiques.Par ailleurs,
la relation indéniable entre le plateau continental et la zone économique
exclusivemilite pour une conception purementjuridique du premier, dont
la détermination se fait désormais à titre principal par référence à une
distance plutôt qu'à la contexture de son sol et de son sous-sol. Cela ne
signifiepasque lanotion de prolongement naturelne joue plus aucun rôle.
Il faut simplement interprétercette évolutioncomme voulant dire que le
prolongement naturel, dans ledroit coutumier actuel, n'estplus celuidont
parlait Trumandans sa déclarationde 1945.Tout Etat côtier a droit à un

plateau continental, prolongement naturel deson territoire. Ce droit peut
êtrelimitéde quatre façons :

1) par 200 milles marins quand le rebord externe de la marge conti-

nentale est inférieur à cette distance;
2) par lerebord externe de la marge continentale quand celui-cidépasse
200 milles ;
3) par une distance de 350milles quand le rebord externe de la marge
continentale est à une limite supérieure à cette distance ;
4) par les droits et titres des autres Etats.

Les Parties ont essayé,dans leurs piècesécrites et au cours des plai-
doiries, de faire prévaloirle (prolongement naturel ))sur le (principe
de distance D,et vice versa. Mais les deux notions sont-elles incompa-
tibles? Malta, in arguing in favour of the "distance principle", has sought to
justify the use of equidistance as the delimitation method which must
necessarily be employed in this case ; and that Libya, for its part, in
arguing for the principle of natural prolongation, has attempted to prove
that any delimitation line between itself and Malta should pass through
what the Parties have agreed to cal1the "Rift Zone", whichextends roughly
from 10' 30'E to 16" E, and which is formed by the troughs or grabens of
Pantelleria, Malta and Linosa and the Malta-Medina Channel ;and that it
should take account of the escarpment-fault zone to the east (particularly
the Sicily-Malta and Medina Escarpments) :the rift zone would accord-
ingly form a break between two continental shelves.

Both Parties concede that the delimitation of their respective conti-

nental shelvesmust be based on equitableprinciples in order to achievean
equitable result. But they have taken different positions regarding the
interpretation of the law applicable to the case.And since the Court had a
duty to indicate which principles and rules of international law were to
form the basis of the delimitation, it has had to try and bring these to light
from out the penumbra into which they had been cast by the learned,
ingenious but contradictory arguments of the Parties.
The development of the lawof the sea,especiallysince 1958,has shown a
tendency to extend the concept of the continental shelf and to attach it
increasingly to legal principles, and to detach it ever more surely from its
physical origins, whether geological or geomorphological. Moreover, the
indisputable connection between the continental shelf and the exclusive
economic zone argues in favour of a purely legal approach to the former,
which is henceforward to be primarily defined in terms of a certain dis-
tance rather than by the physiography of the sea-bed and its subsoil. This

does not mean that the concept of natural prolongation has no longer any
role to play. The development in question is to be interpreted simply as
meaning that, in contemporary customary law, natural prolongation is no
longer what Truman referred to as such in his 1945Proclamation. Every
coastal State is entitled to a continental shelf, which is the natural pro-
longation of its territory. This title may be limited in four different
ways :

(1) by 200nautical miles,when the outer edgeof the continental margin
is at a lesser distance than this ;
(2) by the outer edge of the continental margin, when this lies beyond
200 miles ;
(3) by a distance of 350 miles, when the outer edge of the continental
margin is situated at a limit in excess of that distance ;
(4) by the rights and titles of other States.
The respective Parties, in their pleadings and oral arguments, have

attempted to achieve supremacy for "natural prolongation" over the
"distance principle" or vice-versa. But are these two concepts incom-
patible ? La Cour déclareque les << notions de prolongement naturel et de dis-
tance ne sont pas des notions opposéesmais complémentaires ...))(arrêt,
par. 34). Pour la Cour, elles <demeurent l'une et l'autre des éléments
essentielsde laconceptionjuridique du plateau continental ))(ibid.).Ilfaut
sereporter àcequela Courindiquedans cemêmeparagraphe 34pour bien
se rendre compte qu'elle emploie la notion de <<prolongement naturel 1)
dans deux sens différents. C'est en effet ce qui ressort du membre de
phrase :

(<lorsquela marge continentale elle-mêmen'atteint pas les200 milles,
le prolongement naturel qui, malgré sonorigine physique, a acquis
tout au long de son évolution lecaractère d'une notion juridique
de plus en plus complexe, se définit en partie par la distance du
rivage o.
Je partage entièrement cette opinion. Mais j'aurais aiméque la Cour

insistât davantage dans ce domaine.
De tellesconstatations rendent compte avecexactitude del'évolutiondu
droit coutumier relatif au plateau continental.
Cette évolution a connu une dernière étape dans la convention des
Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer du 10 décembre 1982. Le titre au
plateau continental résultede ce continuum que forme le territoire d'un
Etat avecleszonessous-marines qui s'étendentdevant sescôtes. Ilya làun
principe juridique fondamental. L'étendue des droits souverains qu'il
confèreest désormaismesuréede deux façons : par référence à la marge
continentale, ou par appel àune distance. C'est dire que c'est ce principe

fondamental qui, désormais,englobe deux règlesqui servent à son appli-
cation. notamment à la déterminationde l'étenduedu ~lateau continental
sur lequel portent les droits souverains de 1'Etatcôtiér.
De mêmequ'ilexiste sous l'égidede la convention de Genèvede 1958la
règle <<équidistance-circonstances spéciales pour déterminer dans une
situation donnéel'étendued'un droit au plateau continental, de mêmeon
pourrait dire qu'ily a dans la convention de 1982la règle<< prolongement
naturel-rebord externe de la marge continentale ou distance )).
Le principe du prolongement naturel au sens physique n'est pas déta-
chable du droit relatif au plateau continental. Mais, d'un autre côté,la
distance a-t-ellevraimentjamais étéabsentede lanotion de prolongement

naturel ? Ne l'a-t-ellepas accompagnéedèsl'origine ? Elle se dissimulait
derrière des notions telles que l'aexploitabilité ou la <<bathymétrie o.
Mais dèsque celles-cise sont révéléebseaucoup trop relatives, il a fallu,
pour l'évaluationdes éléments desdroits sur l'eauou sous l'eau, recourirà
une distance précisepour les déterminer.
Certes, on peut soutenir que l'article 76 de la convention de 1982 ne
concerne pas la délimitation dont le siègeest l'article 83, lequel ne fait
aucune allusion à un quelconque principe de distance.
Cet argument est mêmeconfortépar lesconclusions auxquelles la Cour
étaitarrivéeen 1969,quand elle déclarait :

<<il ne semble pas que les articles 1et 2 de la convention de Genève The Courtstatesthatthe "concepts ofnatural prolongation and distance
are. .. not opposed, but complementary" (Judgment, para. 34).In its eyes,
"both remain essential elements in thejuridical concept of the continental
shelf" (ibid.).Yet a study of what the Court indicates in this paragraph

discloses that it is using the term "natural prolongation" in two different
senses, as will be seen from the following quotation :

"where the continental margin does not extend as far as 200 miles
from the shore, natural prolongation, which in spite of its physi-
cal origins has throughout its history become more and more a com-
plex and juridical concept, is in part defined by distance from the
shore ...".

1fully endorse this view. But 1should have preferred the Court to place
more emphasis on this point.
Such findings place accurately on record the development of the cus-
tomary law of the continental shelf.
This development reached its most recent stage in the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982.Title to conti-
nental shelf derives from the continuumformed by the territory of a State
with the submarine areas extending in front of its coasts. A fundamental
legalprinciple is involved here. The extent of the sovereignrights which it
confers is henceforward to be measured in two ways :by reference to the
continental margin, or by invoking a certain distance. In other words, this
fundamental principle now encompasses two rules which serve to im-
plement it, particularly in determining the expanse of continental shelf
covered by the sovereign rights of the coastal State.
Just as under the 1958Geneva Convention there is an "equidistance/
special-circumstances" rule for determining the extent of continental shelf
title in a given situation, soit may besaid that under the 1982Convention
there is the rule of "natural prolongation/outer edge of the continental

margin or distance".
The principle of natural prolongation, in the physical sense, is indivor-
ciblefromcontinental shelflaw.Butsurelydistance, on the otherhand,has
never been truly absent from the concept of natural prolongation. Has it
not accompanied that concept from the outset ? It used tobe latent in such
notions as "exploitability" or "bathymetry". However, when these con-
cepts proved far too relative, resort to an exact distance became necessary
in order to define the factors which determine rights to areas in or under
the sea.
It may of coursebe argued that Article 76 of the 1982Convention does
not deal with delimitation, and that the latter is covered rather by Article
83, which makes no reference to any distance principle.
Indeed, this argument is reinforced by the conclusions reached by the
Court in 1969,when it stated that :

"Articles 1and 2 of the Geneva Convention do not appear to have aient un rapport direct avec une délimitationentre Etats en tant que
telle.L'article 1ne viseque lalimite extérieuredu plateau continental
du côtédu large et non pas sa délimitationentre Etats se faisant face
ou entre Etats limitrophes. L'article 2 ne concerne pas davantage ce
dernier point. Or il a étésuggéré, semble-t-il,que la notion d'équi-
distance résulte implicitementdu caractère <exclusif attribuépar
l'article 2, paragraphe 2, aux droits de 1'Etatriverain sur le plateau

continental. A s'en tenir au texte, cette interprétation est manifeste-
ment inexacte. Levéritablesensde cepassage est que, dans toute zone
de plateau continental où un Etat riverain a desdroits, cesdroitssont
exclusifs et aucun autre Etat ne peut les exercer. Mais aucune préci-
sionn'yest donnéequant auxzones mêmessur lesquelleschaque Etat
riverain possède des droits exclusifs. Cette question, qui ne peut se
poser qu'en ce qui concerne les confins du plateau continental d'un
Etat, est exactement, comme on l'avu au paragraphe 20 ci-dessus in
fine, celleque leprocessus de délimitationdoit permettre de résoudre
etellerelèvedel'article6,non del'article 2. (Plateaucontinentaldela
mer du Nord, C.I.J. Recueil 1969, p. 40, par. 67.)

De prime abord, il semble que cette conclusion puisse s'appliquer aux
articles 76 et 83 de la convention de 1982mutatis mutandis.
En réalitéla situation n'estplus la même.L'article 6de laconvention de
1958établitune méthodede délimitationpar la règledite <<équidistance-
circonstances spéciales>>L.a disposition relatiàela délimitationest donc

suffisanteen elle-mêmepour donner la solution en cas de négociations ou
de procès.Or ce n'est pas le cas en ce qui concerne la convention de 1982
puisque l'article 83 se contente de dire que la délimitation doit aboutir
une <<solution équitableD.Le problèmed'une délimitationse pose quand
les droits résultant de l'article 76 sont en conflit, et la solution n'est pas
indiquéepar la convention. C'est donc par comparaison des titres qui
fondent les droits en conflit et des modes de leur évaluationque l'onpeut
trouver la solutionà ce conflit. La voie qu'indiquent les nouvelles dispo-
sitions est telle que cette comparaison aboutit presque toujours à une
(<solution attributive de droits. L'article83de la convention de 1982n'a
pas une vieautonomecomparable àcellede l'article6 de la convention de
1958. Il doit êtrelu avec l'article 76 de la mêmeconvention, en cas de
chevauchementsou d'interférencesde droitsau plateau continental, pour
pouvoir engendrer une solution aux revendications contradictoires que
créentces situations.
La délimitation n'est après tout que la façon de régler les chevauche-

ments ou interférencesrésultant destitresdesPartiesàunezone deplateau
continental. On ne peut donc pas artificiellement séparer ledroit à une
zone de plateau continental des règlesde délimitation de ce plateau qui
s'affinent par la pratique des Etats et par les décisionsdes tribunaux. Il
s'agit d'apprécier jusqu'oùles droits concurrentiels peuvent êtreexercés.
Quecetteappréciation sefassepar référence àune distance,ou parrapport
au rebord de la marge continentale, il s'agitdans tous les cas de partir de any direct connection with inter-State delimitation as such. Article 1
isconcerned only with the outer, seaward,limit of the shelfgenerally,
not with boundaries between the shelf areas of opposite or adjacent
States. Article 2 is equally not concerned with such boundaries. The
suggestionseemsto be that thenotion ofequidistance isimplicit in the
reference in paragraph 2 of Article 2 to the rights of the coastal State
overitscontinental shelfbeing 'exclusive'.Sofaras actual language is
concerned ths interpretation isclearlyincorrect. The true senseof the

passage is that in whatever areas of the continental shelf a coastal
State has rights, those rights are exclusive rights, not exercisable by
anyother State. But this saysnothing as to what in fact are the precise
areas in respect of whch each coastal State possesses these exclusive
rights. This question, whch can arise only as regards the fringes of a
coastal State's shelf area is, as explained at the end of paragraph 20
above, exactly what falls to be settled through the process of delimi-
tation, and this is the sphere of Article 6, not Article 2." (NorthSea
Continental SheK I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 40, para. 67.)

At first sight, it appears that this conclusion could be applied mutatis
mutandis to Articles 76 and 83 of the 1982Convention.
In fact, however,thesituation isno longer the same.Article 6of the 1958
Convention establishes a method of delirnitation by the "equidistance/
special-circumstances" rule. The clause covering delimitation is therefore
sufficient in itself to supply the solution in the event of negotiations or
judicial proceedings. This is no longer the case with the 1982Convention,
since Article 83 confines itself to indicating that the delimitation must
produce an "equitable solution". A delimitation problem arises when the
rights derived from Article 76conflict with oneanother, and the solution is
not given in the Convention. Thus it is through a comparison of the titles

which underlie the conflicting rights, and of the methods of evaluating
them, that the solution to this conflict may be found. The courseindicated
by the newprovisions is such that thiscomparison willalmost always lead
toa "solution" attributing rights. Article 83of the 1982Convention, unlike
Article 6of the 1958Convention, has no self-sufficient existence. In cases
of overlapping or mutually interfering continental shelf rights, it must be
read with Article 76 of the same Convention in order to produce a reso-
lution of the conflicting claims generated by such situations.

Delimitation, after all, is merely the means of resolving situations of
overlap or interference arising from the titles of the Parties to an area of
continental shelf. Thus it is not feasible artificially to separate the right to
an area of continental shelf from the rules for delimiting this shelf, as
honed by State practice and the decisions of courts. An assessment has to
be made of the bounds within which thecompeting rights can be exercised.
Whether this assessment ismade by reference to adistance, or by reference
to the edgeof the continental margin, in al1cases the starting-point willbe titresexistants et quisont fondés surleprincipe du prolongement naturel,
et ensuite de leur appliquer des règlesjuridiques (distance, rebord externe
de la marge continentale, droits d'Etats tiers).
Le paragraphe 1de l'article 76 de la convention de 1982fait reposer le

titre d'un Etat au plateau continental sur le principe du prolongement
naturel du territoire terrestre de cet Etat. En disant cela,je n'inventerien.
Cette affirmation résulteclairement du <(sens ordinaire O des termes de la
disposition précitéec ,onformémentaux prescriptions de l'article 31de la
convention deViennerelatives à l'interprétationdes traités. En effet, selon
l'article76 de la convention de 1982 :

<(Leplateau continentald'unEtat côtier comprendlesfonds marins

et leur sous-sol au-delà de sa mer territoriale, sur toute l'étendue du
prolongementnaturelduterritoireterrestredecetEtat ...)>(Lesitaliques
sont de moi.)

Ceprincipe du prolongement naturel, selon le même article76,s'appli-
que de deux façons : soit par la règledu (<rebord externe de la marge
continentale )),soit par celle des <(200 milles )). C'est ce qu'exprime le

membre de phrase :

<jusqu'au rebord externe de la marge continentale, ou jusqu'à
200millesmarins des lignesdebase à partir desquelles est mesurée la
largeur de la mer territoriale, lorsque le rebord externe de la marge
continentale se trouve à une distance inférieure )).

Ainsi la règledes 200 milles (ou (principe de distance )))loin de s'op-
poser au principe du prolongement naturel, le complète comme le com-

plèteaussi la règledu <(rebord externe de la marge continentale )).Pour
reprendre la même idée souu sne autre forme, on dirait que 1'Etatcôtier a
droitau plateau continental parce que celui-ciest leprolongement naturel
de son territoire terrestre, et que ce droit s'évaluepar référence à une
donnéegéophysique (lerebord externe de la marge continentale) ou à une
donnéearithmétique (la distance de 200 milles).

Dans l'hypothèsede deux Etats dont les côtes se font face et dont les
plateaux continentaux ne peuvent pas s'étendrejusqu'à leurslimitesjuri-
diques minimales, la règledu rebord externe de la marge continentale ne
joue manifestement aucun rôle. C'estceque la Cour exprimepar :((aucun
critèrede délimitationdes zones de plateau nesauraitêtretirédu principe
duprolongementnaturel au sensphysique ))(voirconclusionprécitée) ;ou

encore par :

<(lavaliditédu titre ...nedépendquedeladistance à laquelle lesfonds
marins revendiquéscomme plateau continental se trouvent par rap-
port aux côtes des Etats qui les revendiquent, sans que les caracté-
ristiques géologiques ou géomorphologiques de ces fondsjouent le
moindre rôle, du moins tant que ces fonds sont situés a moins de
200milles des côtes en cause ))(arrêt, par.39).existing titles based on the principle of natural prolongation ;to these we
have then to apply the legal rules (viz., distance, the outer edge of the

continental margin, the rights of third States).
Paragraph 1ofArticle 76of the 1982Convention founds a State's titleto
continental shelf on the principle of the natural prolongation of its land
territory. This isno mereinference, but - the rulesfor theinterpretation of
treaties set out in Article 31 of the Vienna Convention - clearly emerges
the "ordinary meaning" of the words used in that paragraph, which pro-
vides :

"The continentalshelfof a coastal State comprisesthe sea-bed and
subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea
throughoutthenaturalprolongation ofits land territory .. ."(Emphasis
added.)

This principle of natural prolongation, according to Article 76, can be
applied in two ways :either by means of the rule of the "outer edge of the
continental margin", or by means of the "200-mile" rule. This is what is
meant by the rest of the sentence :

"to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200
nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the
territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the continental
margin does not extend up to that distance".

Thus the 200-mile rule (or the "distance principle"), far from contra-
dicting the principle of natural prolongation, in fact completes it, as it is
alsocompleted by the rule of the "outer edge of the continental margin".
To expressthe sameidea inanother way,wecan Saythat acoastal Statehas
a right to the continental shelfbecause it is the natural prolongation of its
land territory, and that this right ismeasured by reference to a geophysical
fact (the outer edge of the continental shelf) or an arithmetical fact (the
200-mile distance).

In the hypothetical case of two States with opposite coasts whose con-
tinental shelvescannot extend as far as their minimum legallimits, the rule
of the outer edge of the continental margin evidently has no part to play.
This is what the Court means by saying that "no criterion for delimitation
of shelf areas can be derived from the principle of natural prolongation in
the physical sense" (cf. the aforementioned finding) or that :

"at least in so far as those areas are situated at a distance of under
200miles from the coasts in question, title depends solely on the
distance from thecoasts of the claimant States of any areas of sea-bed
claimed by way of continental shelf, and the geological or geomor-
phological characteristics of those areas are completely immaterial"
(Judgment, para. 39). La Cour a eu à dire avec netteté dans l'affaire du Plateau continental
(Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne)que :

(<la Cour n'exclut pas forcément que certaines configurations géo-
morphologiques du fond de la mer, ne constituant pas vraiment des

interruptions du prolongement naturel d'une Partie par rapport au
prolongement de l'autre,puissent néanmoinsêtreretenues auxfins de
la délimitation, commecirconstances pertinentes propres à la région
au sens de l'article 1, premier alinéa,du compromis en la présente
espèce.En pareil cas,cependant, l'élémenp thysique du prolongement

naturel n'est pas considéré comme la based'un titre juridique mais
comme l'une-des circonstances à retenir en tant qu'élémentd'une
solution équitable. ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1982, p. 58,par. 68.)

En déclarant que <(l'élémentphysique du prolongement naturel n'est
pas considérécommela base d'un titrejuridique O,la Cour avait déjà pris

position sur la question des frontières naturelles sous-marineset tranché,
~ienavant la présente affaire,le problème de la base du titre qui, malgré
son appellation (prolongement naturel), est purement juridique.
Quant à la règlede la distance, elle est confortéepar le fait que la zone
économiqueexclusive confère des droits non seulement sur la colonne

d'eau mais aussi sur le sol et le sous-sol, donc sur le plateau continental.
Jusqu'aux limites qui lui sont communes avec le plateau continental, la
zone économiqueexclusiveconfère aux Etats côtiers les mêmesdroits qui
s'exercentdans les mêmesconditions (convention de 1982,art. 56, par. 3).
Or (<la doctrineinternationale considèreque lazoneéconomiqueexclu-

sivefait partie du droit international général ' )>Et la Cour elle-mêmea
estiméque la zone économique exclusive peut êtreconsidérée (<comme
faisantpartie du droit international maritime )>(C.I.J. Recueil 1982,p. 74,
par. 100) et que << l'institution de cette zone )>s'est ((intégréeau droit
coutumier u (arrêt,par. 34).

Le problème est de savoir si ce droit coutumier s'imposeen l'espèce à

'Raymond Goy, «Les sources du droit et la convention:droit conventionnel et
coutumier >>R,apport généradlu colloquedeRome sur (Perspectivesdu droit dela meà
l'issuede la troisièmeconférencedesNations Uniess, 2, 3 4juin 1983,Pedone, Paris
1984,p. 53.Et l'auteurajoute àlamêmepage: <Ainsi,s'agissantde lazoneéconomique
exclusive, lescompétencess'yexerçant sont puiséesdans le droit coutumierLa Cour
estd'ailleursdu mêmeavis(voirarrêt,par. 34).Cedroit coutumier, qui s'élaborertir
de la convention de 1982, a fait évoluerla notion de prolongement naturel en la
détachantde sa contexture physique. Et, dans son rapport, Raymond Goy écrit:

((Aussi le droit récent peut-il fairesortir d'un projet de convention un droit
coutumier d'unemanièrequipermet àchacunde participer àlaformation du droit.
Il connaît une coutume à formation rapide puisqu'elle utilise un texte comme
modèleet à application anticipant celle de la conventi)). In the case of the ContinentalShelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jarnahiriyu),
the Court stated in no uncertain terms that :

"The conclusion that the physical structure of the sea-bed of the
Pelagian Block as the natural prolongation common to both Parties
does not contain any element which interrupts the continuity of the
continental shelf does not necessarily exclude the possibility that
certain geomorphological configurations of the sea-bed, which do not
amount to such an interruption of the natural prolongation of one
Party with regard to that of the other, may be taken into account for

thedelimitation, as relevant circumstances characterizingthe area, as
indicated in this case in Article 1,paragraph 1,of the Special Agree-
ment. In suchasituation, however,thephysicalfactor constituting the
natural prolongation is not taken as a legal title, but as one of several
circumstances considered to be the elements of an equitable solu-
tion." (I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 58, para. 68.)

In statingthat "the physicalfactor constituting the natural prolongation
is not taken as a legal title", the Court had already taken a stand on the
question of natural submarine boundaries, and, well in advance of the
present case, had settled the question of the basis of title, which in spite of
its name (natural prolongation) is entirely legal.
As for the distance rule, it is reinforced by the fact that the exclusive

economiczone confers rights overnot only the water column, but alsoover
thesea-bed andits subsoil,and thus overthecontinental shelf.Asfar asthe
limits which it shares with the continental shelf, the exclusive economic
zone confers upon coastalStatesthe samerights, and theseare exercisedin
the same conditions (Art. 56, para. 3, of the 1982Convention).
Now, "theorists consider that the exclusive economic zone is part of
generalinternational law l",and the Court has itselfheld that the exclusive
economic zone "may be regarded as part of modern international law"
(I.C.J. Reports1982,p. 74,para. 100)or that theinstitution of this zone has

"become a part of customary law" (this Judgment, para. 34).

The question iswhether this customary lawis binding on al1parties to a

' Raymond Goy, "Les sources du droit et la convention : droit conventionnel et
coutumier", Rapport généra dlu colloquede Rome sur "Perspectivesdu droit de la mer à
l'issuedela troisièmeconférencedesNations Unies'',2,3 and 4 June 1983,Pedone, Paris
1984,p. 53.On the same page, the author adds : "Thus the powers enjoyed within the
exclusiveeconomiczone are derived from customary law." Indeed, the Court holds the
same view(see para. 34 of the Judgment). The customary law now being fashioned on
the basis of the 1982Convention has hastened the transformation of the concept of
natural prolongation by detaching it from its physical connotations. Raymond Goy
comments in his report :
"Thus, contemporary lawmaking finds it possible for customary law to growout
of adraft convention inuch a way as to enable al1to take part in the formation of
law.It features a custom whichrapidly crystallizes through having a text to serveas
mtheRegistry.]t into application ahead of the convention itself." [Translationsby toutes lesparties ou sichacuned'entre ellesa lapossibilitéd'opter pour les

seules règlesqui lui conviennent, contrairement à ce que prescrivait le
président Koh à la conférencesur le droit de la mer quand il disait : (<les
Etats ne pouvaient pas prendre ce qui leur plaisait dans la convention et
laissercequi neleur plaisait pas D.Même endehors de cet avertissement, le
choix n'est pas entre le prolongement naturel et le <(critère de distance,

car il s'agiten réalité de deux règlescouplées,mais qui ne sesituent pas au
mêmeplan et qui s'appliquent simultanément comme sont coupléesles
règles<< prolongement naturel ))et (prolongement naturel au sens physi-
que ))(ou rebord externe de la marge continentale). Aucun choix ne peut
êtreoffert dans le cadre de ces règlesqui forment un tout. 11s'agit de

déterminerdans chaquecas lecouple qui s'applique. Ledébats'ouvredonc
icientre (<distance ))et (margecontinentale ))ou ((prolongement naturel
au sens physique )>.L'homonymie apparente entre <<prolongement natu-
rel )>(principejuridique) et prolongement naturel ))(au sens physique),
qui peut apparaître à la lecture de l'arrêt,ne doit pas tromper. La Cour,

quant àelle,ne s'ytrompe pas. Il suffitpour s'enpersuader de rapprocher
l'énonciation <(aucun critère de délimitation des zones de plateau ne
saurait êtretiré du principe du prolongement naturel au sens physique ))
desdispositions de l'article76de la convention de 1982,selon lesquellesle
plateau continental d'un Etat côtier est ((le prolongement naturel du
territoire de cet Etat ))ou encore de se reporter à la phrase figurant au

paragraphe 41 de l'arrêt où laCour dit :
((la thèselibyenne visait à convaincre la Cour de l'existence d'une

discontinuité si <<fondamentale d'un point de vue scientifique
qu'elle devaitconstituer aussi une rupture du prolongement naturel
au sensjuridique )>,

suivie des mots : la Cour rejette donc l'argument libyen ...))

Voilà commentj'ai compris la conclusion précitée à laquellela Cour est
arrivée. Leprincipe du prolongement naturel figurant à l'article 76 de la

convention de 1982est une notion purement juridique. Quant au prolon-
gement naturel au sens physique, il se concrétisedésormaispar le rebord
externe de la marge continentale.

II. LA GRANDE DISTANCE ENTRE LES CÔTES

Pour la Cour, la grande distance qui sépare les côtes des deux Etats est

une circonstance pertinente qui doit êtreprise en considération pour
parvenir à une délimitation équitable.En effet, après avoir examinécer-
tainescirconstancespour ensuite lesrejeter l'une aprèsl'autrepour défaut
de pertinence, la Cour déclare :

<restent cependant la très grande différencede longueur des côtes
pertinentes des Parties et le facteur que constitue la grande distance
qui les sépare (arrêt,par. 66).case or whether each is free to pick only those rules which it finds con-
venient, contrary to President Koh's admonition, at the Conference on the
Law of the Sea, that States could not take what they pleased from the
Convention and leavewhatever they did not want. Even disregarding this
note of warning, the choice does not liebetween natural prolongation and
thedistance "criterion", for inreality these are two rules,paired though on
different levels, which are applied simultaneously, just as the rules of
"natural prolongation" and "natural prolongation in the physical sense"
(or outer edge of the continental margin), are paired. No option can be
presented in the context of these rules, which form a singlewhole. It has
simply to be decided in each case which pair applies. This involves con-
sidering the arguments for "distance" on the one hand and "continental
margin", or ''naturalprolongation inthe physical sense", on theother. Let
no onebe misledif theJudgment appears to usethe sameterm for ''natural
prolongation" (the legal principle) and "natural prolongation" (in the
physical sense).The Court itself is not somisled.This becomes plain if we

compare its statement that "no criterion for delimitation of shelf areas can
be derived from the principle of natural prolongation in the physical
sense" with the provisions of Article 76 of the 1982Convention, whereby
the continental shelf of a coastal State is "the natural prolongation of its
land territory", or again, if werefer to the sentence contained in paragraph
41 of the Judgment, where the Court says :

"The endeavour ...in the terms of the Libyan argument, was to

convince the Court of a discontinuity so scientifically 'fundamental',
that it must also be a discontinuity of a natural prolongation in the
legal sense"
and followswith the words "the Court, therefore, rejects the. ..argument
of Libya".
That is my understanding of the Court's finding cited above. The prin-
ciple of natural prolongation in Article 76 of the 1982 Convention is a
purely legal concept. As for natural prolongation in the physical sense, it

now finds concrete expression in the outer edge of the continental mar-
gin.

II. THECONSIDERABD LIESTANCE BETWEEN THE COASTS

The Court has found that the considerable distance between the coasts
of the two States is a relevant circumstance whch must be taken into

consideration in order to arrive at an equitable delimitation, for, having
considered anumber ofcircumstances and rejectedeach of them aslacking
in relevance, it State:
"there remains however the very marked difference in the lengths of
the relevant coasts of the Parties, and the element of the considerable
distance between those coasts" (Judgment, para. 66). Il est vrai qu'au moment de <(déterminer l'étenduedu déplacement
nécessairede lalimiteverslenord O,laCour neconsidèreplus <(ladistance
considérable qui sépareles côtes comme une circonstance pertinente
mais comme un <paramètre ))dont elle dit qu'il est d'une

<importance manifeste quand il s'agitde décidersi une limite tracée
selon la médianedoit êtredéplacéee ,t de combien, sans qu'elle cesse
pour autant deconserver uneposition approximativement médianeet
sans qu'elle se rapproche d'une côte au point de faire intervenir
d'autres facteurs tels que la sécurité ))(arrêt,par. 73).

Elle n'en conclut pas moins que :

((Les circonstances et facteurs à prendre en considération pour
parvenir à une délimitation équitableen la présenteespècesont les
suivants :

2) la disparitédes longueurs des côtes pertinentes des Parties et la

distance qui les sépare ))(arrêt,par. 79 B).

Ilfaut reconnaître qu'une explication clairedes raisons qui militent pour
la prise en considération de la grande distance qui sépareles côtes des
Parties en tant que circonstance pertinente ne ressort pas de l'arrêt.
Pour ma part, j'avoue ne pas comprendre par quel processus la distance
entre les côtes des deux Etats peut susciter etjustifier la correction de la
ligne médianeinitialement tracéepar la Cour au titre d'une étapeprovi-

soire dans le processus de délimitation.
Certes, il est indéniableque le fait que leplateau continental quijouxte
les côtes des deux Etats est inférieur à 400 milles marins a forcémentune
grande importance, puisque c'est luiqui crée lanécessitéde délimiter,si
l'on excepte le cas où le rebord de la marge continentale de l'un des pla-
teaux (ou des deux) existerait dans une situation où il devrait êtrepris en
compte. En effet, si le plateau séparant les deux Etats était supérieur à

400 millesmarins, la solution du problème posé à la Couraurait été facile.
Mais c'est précisémentparce que les deux Etats en cause n'ont pas la
possibilité d'exercer pleinement lesdroits que leur reconnaît le droit cou-
tumier, et d'étendreleur plateau continentaljusqu'à seslimites <(légales )),
que se pose à eux le problème de la délimitation. La longueur totale du
plateau continental entre Malteet la Libye estd'environ 183millesmarins.
C'est ce plateau qu'il convient de diviser en aboutissant à un résultat

équitable.
Il faut aussi remarquer que si la distance entre les côtes des deux Etats
était inférieurea 24millesmarins, cesont leseaux territoriales qui seraient
concernées, etje ne pensepas que seposerait une question de l'ajustement
de la limite des territoires des deux Etats.
Mais la question n'est pas là. Il s'agit de savoir en quoi le fait que la Admittedly, in determining "the extent of the required northward shft
of the boundary line", the Court no longer considers "the considerable
distance between the coasts" as a relevant circumstance, but rather as a
"parameter" which is

"an obviously important consideration when deciding whether, and
by how much, a median lineboundary can be shifted without ceasing
to have an approximately median location, or approaching so near to
one Coastas to bring into play other factors such as security" (Judg-
ment, para. 73).

Nevertheless, it concludes that :

"The circumstances and factors to be taken into account in achiev-
ing an equitable delimitation in the present case are the follow-
ing :

(2) the disparity in the lengths of the relevant coasts of the Parties
and the distance between them" (Judgment, para. 79 B).

It must be recognized that no clear explanation emerges from the
Judgment of the reasons for taking into consideration as a relevant cir-
cumstance the considerable distance between the coasts of the Parties.
For mypart, 1confess,1cannotunderstand bywhat process thedistance
between the coasts of the two States can instigate orjustify the correction
of the median line initially drawn by the Court as a provisional step in the
delimitation.
Certainly, thefactthat thecontinental shelfabutting onthecoasts of the
two States has a breadth of less than 400 nautical miles has undeniable
importance. It could not be otherwise, since it is this fact whch brings
about the need for delimitation, leaving aside the case of the edge of the
continental margin of one or both of the shelves being located where it
would have to be taken into account. If the shelf separating the two States
had been more than 400 nautical miles wide, the solution to the problem
put to the Court would have been simple. But itis for the veryreason that
the two States involved are unable fully to exercise the rights imputed to

them by customary law, and to extend their continental shelves as far as
their "legal" limits, that a delimitation problem arises for them. The total
extent of thecontinental shelf between Malta and Libya is approximately
183nautical miles. It is this shelf which was to be divided so as to achieve
an equitable result.
It must also be pointed outthat if thedistance between the coasts of the
twoStateswereless than 24nautical miles,what would be at issuewould be
the territorial waters, and 1do not think it likely that any question would
arise of adjusting the territorial limit of the two States.
But this is not the question. The question is why the fact that a con-distance qui sépareles côtes de deux Etats se faisant face soit grandedoit
amener la CouFà ajuster la ligne médianequ'elle a préalablement tracée
entre les côtes de ces Etats. Si Malte, au lieu d'être à 183milles des côtes
libyennes, n'en était séparéeque de 50 milles, cela devrait-il changer
quelque chose ? Je ne le crois pas. En tout cas, rien dans l'arrêtne peut

amener à se persuader du contraire. Le problème qui se pose concerne la
proportionnalité. Or il se poserait de la mêmefaçon dans une hypothèse
comme celle-là. La différencedes longueurs de côtes de deux Etats se
faisant face n'augmente, nine diminue avecladistance quilessépare. C'est
une évidence à laquelle la recherche d'un résultat équitablene peut rien
changer, même sidans une certaine mesure la marge d'action qui s'offre

à cette fin peut varier avec la distance qui sépare les côtes des Etats
concernés, sans d'ailleurs qu'il soit possible de déterminer son ampleur
ou sa direction. Or c'estcette différencequi est déterminante, enl'espèce,
s'agissant de l'ajustement avec la <(configuration générale des côtes ))
qui se font face )>et le(cadre géographiquegénéral ))dans lequel s'opère
la délimitation.

Quelques exemples montreraient encore mieux que la distance qui
sépareles côtes des Parties, dans le cas de la présente affaire, ne joue
vraiment aucun rôle. La façon dont la Cour prend en considération la
distance ne ressort pas clairement des énonciations de l'arrêt,pour deux
raisons. Enpremier lieu,on ne saitpas silaCour considèreladistance entre
les côtes des deux Etats comme une circonstance pertinenteparce qu'elle

est grande ou simplement parce qu'elle est ce qu'elle est dans le cas
d'espèce.Au paragraphe 78 de l'arrêt,il est spécifiéque :

Ayant tracéla ligne médianeinitiale, la Cour a conclu que cette
lignedoitêtreajustéepourtenir comptedes circonstancespertinentes
de la région, à savoir la disparité considérabledes longueurs des côtes
des Parties actuellement à l'examen et la distance entre ces côtes. ))

Dans le dispositif de l'arrêt,la Cour reprend une formule à peu près
identique à la précédentepuisqu'elle citeparmi les

((circonstances etfacteurs àprendre enconsidérationpour parvenir à

une délimitation équitable enla présenteespèce ...la disparité des
longueurs des côtes pertinentes des Parties et la distance qui les
sépare ))(par. 79 B 2).

On remarque que la Cour ne qualifie pas la distance. Il n'estpasdit qu'elle
est grande. Mais il ne semble pas qu'il faille attacher une quelconque
importance à cette omission puisque, s'agissant de la disparité des lon-

gueurs de côtes, le mot (<considérable n'estpas repris dans le dispositif.
D'ailleurs, dans les motifs de l'arrêtau paragraphe 66,il est bien indiqué :
<(la trèsgrande différencede longueur des côtes pertinentes des Parties et
le facteur que constitue la grande distance qui les sépare )).Il faut doncsiderable distance separates the coasts of two opposite States should have
led the Court to adjust the preliminary median line which it had drawn
between their coasts. If Malta, instead of lying at 183 miles from the
Libyan Coast,wereseparated from it by a distance of only 50miles,would
that make any difference ?1 do not think so.At al1events, there is nothing
in the Judgment to point to the opposite conclusion. The problem which

arises is related to proportionality. It would arise in the same way in a
hypothetical situation of that kind. The difference in the lengths of the
coasts of two opposite States neither increases nor decreases with the
distance between them. This is an obvious fact which cannotbe altered by
the attempt tofind an equitable result, evenif,in somedegree, the room for
manŒuvre available for this purpose may vary with the distance between
the coasts of the States concerned, though to what extent or in what
direction it is impossible to determine. And it is this difference which is
decisivein thepresent instance, whereweare dealingwith an adjustment in
the light of the "general configuration of the coasts" which lie "opposite"
and the "general geographical context" in which the delimitation is being
carried out.
A few examples will illustrate even better the fact that the distance
between the coasts of the Parties, in the present instance, plays no role at
all. The Court's manner of taking the distance into consideration fails to
emergeclearlyfrom thepronouncements in theJudgment,for tworeasons.
In the first place, there is no indication whether the Court views the
distance between the coasts of the two States as a relevant circumstance
because it is considerable, or merely because it is what it happens to be in
the present case. Paragraph 78 of the Judgment States that :

"Having drawn the initial median line, the Court has found that
that line requires to be adjusted in viewof the relevant circumstances
of the area, namely theconsiderabledisparity between the lengths of
the coasts of the Parties here under consideration, the distance
between those coasts . . ."

In the operative part of the Judgment, the Court employs virtually iden-
tical language, quoting among the

"circumstances and factors to be taken into account in achieving an
equitable delimitation in the present case . .." "the disparity in the
lengths of the relevant coasts of the Parties and thedistance between
them" (para. 79 B. (2)).

It willbeseenthat the Court does not qualify thedistance. It does not state
that it is considerable. But apparently, no particular significance is to be
attached to this omission, since where the disparity in the length of the
coasts isconcerned theword "considerable" doesnot recur in the operative
part of theJudgment. Moreover, in the reasoning, paragraph 66refers to :
"the very marked difference in the lengths of the relevant coasts of the
Parties. and the element of the considerable distance between those conclure de ce qui précèdeque la distance entre les côtes des Parties
intervient comme circonstance pertinente parce qu'elle estgrande. D'ail-
leurs,comment pourrait-on croire que laCour aitpu penser que c'estparce
que cette distance dans la présente affaire est ce qu'elle est, qu'elle doit
avoir pour effet la translation de la ligne médiane ?

En second lieu, on ne sait pas très bien sila Cour a fait intervenir la
distance entre les côtes comme un <(élément ))autonome contribuant à

l'ajustement de la ligne médiane initiale, ou comme une <circonstance O,
un paramètre ))ou un <(facteur ))inséparable de la disparité des lon-
gueurs de côtes et devant jouer avec elle.
Amon avis,lapremièrehypothèseest à rejeter parce qu'elleconduirait à
des conclusions absurdes. Admettre que la grande distance entre les lon-
gueurs de côtes de deux Etats suffit à elleseule àjustifier un ajustement de
la ligne médiane voudrait dire que, chaque fois que cette distance est
considérable,ilfaut ajuster la ligne médianejusques et y compris dans les

cas où la disparitédes longueurs de côtes est infime ou même nulle.Une
telle position est inacceptable.
Quant à la secondehypothèse, elle est incompatible avec les termes de
l'arrêt,malgré les deuxdispositions de l'arrêtci-dessus rappelées et qui
mentionnent les deux circonstancesen mêmetemps. Mais admettons que
cette hypothèse soit la bonne. Cela voudrait-il dire soit que les deux
circonstances ne peuvent avoir d'effet quequand elles sont couplées, soit
que la disparité des longueurs de côtes n'est prise en compte, dans une

mesure significative, que parce que la distance entre lescôtes est grande ?
Je ne crois pas que la Cour ait pu vouloir la premièreproposition. L'im-
portance qu'ellea toujours donnéeet qu'elledonne dans laprésenteespèce
à la différence des longueurs de côtes autorise à l'affirmer.

S'agissant de la deuxièmeproposition, il serait aiséde montrer par un
exempleque lagrande distance qui séparelescôtesdes Etats n'influenceen
rien, dans le sens de la hausse, l'effet que doit avoir la disparité des lon-

gueurs des côtes.Supposons que lescôtes des deuxEtats soient à 399milles
l'une de l'autre, c'est-à-dire qu'illeur manque un mille pour que le pro-
blèmede la délimitation ne se pose pas. Supposons aussi que demeure la
mêmedisparitéde longueur de côtes. Il est manifeste que le rôle de cette
disparité s'amenuiserait précisémentdu fait de la grande distance qui
sépareles côtes et il serait téméraire d'affirmerc,omme le fait la Cour au
paragraphe 73 de l'arrêt,que

«la distance considérablequi sépareles côtes ..qui est d'une impor-
tance manifeste quand il s'agitde décidersi une limite tracée selonla
médiane doit êtredéplacée, etde combien ..))

En effet, lamargede translation dans une tellehypothèseserait réduite à
un demi-mille puisque, au-delà de cette marge, 1'Etatqui bénéficiede la
translation severrait attribuer unplateau continental de plus de 200milles.
Si l'on sait que dans la présente affairel'équité veuq tue la marge soit decoasts". It must therefore be concluded from the foregoing that the dis-
tance between thecoasts of theParties isarelevant circumstance because it
is considerable. Besides, the Court can surely not have found that trans-

position of the median line was called for simply because the coasts of the
Parties were separated by the actual distance found to lie between
them.
In the second place, it is not veryclear if the Court has used the distance
between the coasts as an independent "element" which contributes to the
adjustment of the initial median line, or as a "circumstance", a "para-
meter" or a "factor" which isinseparable from the disparity in the lengths
of the coasts and must play an integral role with it.
In my opinion, the former hypothesis should be rejected, because it
would lead to absurd conclusions. To accept that theconsiderabledistance
between the coast lengths of two States is in itself sufficient to justify an
adjustment of the median line would mean that, whenever such a distance
isconsiderable, the median line must be adjusted, even in cases where the
disparity in the lengths of the coast is negligible or non-existent. That
would be an unacceptable position.
As for the second hypothesis, it is incompatible with the terms of the
Judgment, despite the two provisions quoted above which mention both
these circumstances at the same time. But let us suppose that this hypo-
thesisisvalid.Would that mean eitherthat the twocircumstances can only
have an effect when theyarefound in conjunction, or that the disparity in
thelengths of thecoasts isonly taken into account to any significant degree
because the distance between the coasts is considerable ? 1do not believe

that the Court can have intended the first proposition. This may confi-
dently be asserted in the light of the significance which it has always
ascribed, and which it continues to ascribe in the present case, to dif-
ferences in the lengths of coastline.
Where the second proposition is concerned, it would be a simple matter
to demonstratethat the considerabledistance between the coasts of States
cannot influence, or at any rate increase, the effect to be attributed to
disparity in lengths of coast. Let us suppose that two States'coasts are 399
miles apart, such that they are only one mile short of escaping any delimi-
tation problems. Let us alsosuppose that the same disparity in the lengths
of the coasts is present. It is obvious that the role played by this disparity
would dwindle precisely because of the considerable distance between the
coasts, soit would be rash to state,astheCourt does in paragraph 73of the
Judgment, that :

"the considerable distance between the coasts . .. is an obviously
important consideration when deciding whether, and by how much, a
median line boundary can be shifted . . .".
This is because the margin of transposition in such a hypothetical case
would be reduced to half a mile, sincebeyond that margin the State which
benefited from the transposition would otherwise be allotted acontinental

shelfof more than 200miles'breadth. Considering that in thepresent case24 milles, on voit tout de suite clairement qu'iln'y a pas de rapport direct
entre la distance qui sépare les côtes des deux Etats et l'importance de
la translatioà faire subià la ligne médiane, qui sépare les plateaux

continentaux qui relèvent d'eux,afin d'abouàiun résultat équitable.

(Signé KébaMBAYE.equity calls for a margin of 24 miles, it should immediately be apparent
that there is no direct relationship between the distance separating the
coasts of the two States and the amount by which the median linedividing
thecontinental shelvesappertaining to those States is to be shifted in order
to achieve an equitable result.

(SigneK d)baMBAYE.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Mbaye (translation)

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