Separate Opinion of Judges Ruda, Bedjaoui and Jiménez de Aréchaga

Document Number
068-19850603-JUD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
068-19850603-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF
JUDGES RUDA, BEDJAOUI AND JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA

1. We have voted in favour of the Court's Judgment because we agree
with many of itsfindings and conclusions. Among them wemay mention :
(i) the way the Court has conceived of the specificity of its task in the
present case,whichis toindicateadelimitation line,and not adelimitation
zone ;(ii) the Court's determination of the area relevant to the dispute,
which, under the terms of the SpecialAgreement, must be confined to that
area where there is direct opposition between the relevant coasts of Malta
and Libya ;(iii) the exposition theCourt makes of the principles and rules
of international law applicable to this continental shelf delimitation; (iv)
the rejection by the Court of the allegednatural boundary of the Rift Zone
invoked by Libya ;and, finally, (v) the reasoning leading to the establish-
ment of the delimitation line and the need to make a correction to the

median line in order to take account of the considerable disproportion in
the length of coasts of the Parties.
2. There are, however, certain aspects of the case, and of the Court's
decision, which compel us to make some observations in this separate
opinion. The first of them is inspired by the complete absence in the
Judgment of any reaction in respect of the most emphasized of Malta's
claims based on the principle of a radial projection of its coasts in al1
directions, which would have the shape of a trapezium extending towards
Benghazi on the Libyan Coastof Cyrenaica. The Court has avoided any
pronouncement on thisclaimon theground that itextends beyond the area
where the Court has found tohavejurisdiction. However,when confronted
with such an excessive claim, insistently advanced by Malta, the Court
should, in our view have found a way to state its opinion on that conten-
tion. Due to the wide differences between the Parties on this point, which
results in a substantial extension or reduction of the relevant area to be
delimited by the Court, it would have been of the utmost importance, not

only logicallyspeaking, but asapractical matter, to analysethispoint with
some care. This was,for us, one of the most important points which had to
be decided by the Court, because the area subject to delimitation would
have taken a completely different dimension accordingto whichof the two
viewpoints was adopted. The complete silence of the Judgment with res-
pect to this important issue could be interpreted as signifying that such a
claim, since it has been heard, but not rejected by the Court, might be
maintained in future negotiations concerning the area beyond the one
relevant in this case.Thus, the total silence of the Court with respect to
what seems to us to be an excessiveand unjustified claim might become a 77 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JOINT SEP. OP.)

source of future difficulties and disputes. There is even a phrase in the
Judgment that might beinterpreted as having the effect opposite to that of
rejection and asencouraging the insistence upon this claim. Werefer to the
passage where the Court states that itsJudgment does not signifythat "the
claims of either Party to expanses of continental shelf outside that area
have been found to be unjustified" (para. 21).

3. The second reason which has impelled us to file the present separate
opinion is the need to deal with an argument whichwasadvancedby Malta
towards the end of the oral proceedings. This argument made a strong
impression on several of Ourcolleagues, and it has been taken up by the
Court, thus influencing the somewhat limited effect assigned by the
Court's decision to the considerable disproportion in the length of coasts
of the Parties. The argument has been presented by the Agent of Malta in
the following terms :

"If Malta did not exist Libya could not reasonably claim a conti-
nental shelf extending beyond a line equidistant between its coasts
and those of Italy .. should the presence of Malta operate in such a
way as to give Libya the advantage of pushing its claim very sub-
stantially to the north of that line ?"

The same Agent added that

"if Malta wouldhave been givenhalf effect ...the lineof delimitation
would have been drawn practically at equal distance between the
Italy-Libya and the Malta-Libya equidistance lines" (sitting of
13February 1985).

It is an argument entirely based on two hypotheses or, to be more precise,
on twohazardous conjectures, namely, that Malta did not exist,and that in
such a case the delimitation line between Italy and Libya in the relevant
area would necessarily be a median line. It is then postulated that such a

line represents a nec plus ultrafor Libya, which it cannot reach if some
effect is to be recognized to Malta. This whole construction is based on a
premise which cannot be proved :to consider as rigorously unavoidable a
median line between Libya and Italy, in an area where there is no oppo-
sition nor adjacency between those two States and where Italy has offi-
cially communicated to the Court that it has no claims. According to this
reasoning, a notional median line is to be assumed without having heard
the interested Parties, namely, Italy and Libya ;without knowing if they
would invoke or accept equidistance, and, above al1ignoring the great
disproportion between the opposite coasts of Sicilyand Libya - the only
pertinent ones - which have a ratio in Libya's favour roughly of 3.5 to 1.
This compels us, in Part II, to deal with this argument, and in Part III, to

examine the criterion, partially accepted by the Court, which takes
account, as a relevant circumstance, of the considerable disproportion in
the length of coasts. Finally, in this connection, we will add, in Part IV,
someobservations as to thecorrect wayto apply theproportionality test inorder to conform to the basic rule requiring the comparison of like with
like, so as to ensure an equitable result.

1. THEREASONIN OF THE TRAPEZIUM

4. Malta has argued that the maritime projections of a coastal State
stretch out radially in al1directions and that, in particular, al1thecoasts of
Malta can and should be projected seawards in al1directions, including
one towards Cyrenaica on the Libyan eastern coast.

5. Sucharadialprojection may,undoubtedly, existin the caseofislands
intheopen ocean not facingother States' coasts,butit does not correspond
tothepractice of Statesin enclosed or serni-enclosedseas,wheremore than
two States may advance conflicting claims in respect of a given maritime
area.
6. Furthermore, if radial projection is valid for one State, it must
obviously be valid for any other, given the principle of equality between
States. In the present instance, if it is to be applied for Malta's benefit, it
mustalsobeappliedfor that of Libya,not to mention thethird States of the
region (Italy and Greece). Malta is not entitled to assert its multi-direc-
tional maritime projection to the exclusion and detriment of that of any
other State equally concerned. In that connection the Agent of Malta
stated that his countryhad no delimitation problem with Greece, whereas,
manifestly, theapplication of radialprojection would be bound to giverise

to such a problem not only with Greece but also, surely, with Italy (Malta
having unilaterally giventhe median linebetween it and Sicilyan eastward
extension) and even Albania.
7. In the case of opposite coasts in closed or semi-enclosed seas,such as
the Caribbean, the Gulf or the North Sea (al1of which present a situation
comparable to that of the present case, of a series of States opposite one
State or several),there is aconsiderable State practice which demonstrates
that States, in their bilateral agreements, end their agreed lines of delimi-
tation exactly at the point in which the opposition ceases to exist between
the directly facing coasts of the parties, and a different opposition com-
mencesvis-à-visthecoasts ofathird State.And such arespect for therights
of other opposite States occurs regardless of the greater distance oroser
proximity of thecoasts of that third State.In geographcal situations of this
nature a lateral "cut-off" of the adjacent opposite coast by allowing an
equidistanceline to swingout laterally across another State's coastal front
is carefully avoided. Counsel for Malta has recognized that

"in areas where the claims of several States meet and converge, the79 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JOINTSEP.OP.)

legal approach is to reflect that convergence and toreject a method of
delimitation whichleads to an occlusionofcoastal fronts" (sitting of 8
February 1985).

8. To takeupfirst the examplesin theCaribbean, itisinstructive,first of
all, to examine the maps furnished by the Parties. According to them, the
delimitation line between Venezuela and the Netherlands (on account of
Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire) narrows and converges in order not to
"cut-off" the oppositeness between Venezuelaand the Dominican Repub-
lic. A radial projection from these islands, on the basis of proximity, as
claimed by Malta, would cut off entirely any oppositeness between Vene-
zuela and the Dominican Republic. Yet onefinds in this case,so similar to
the present one, something completely different from the Maltese trape-
zium exercise.The agreed lines, instead of spreadingtowards the Westand
the east, converge so as to make roorn for the oppositeness between
Venezuelaand theDominican Republic both towards theeast and the West
of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire.

9. Likewise, the line between Haiti and Colombia stops at the point
where the opposition begins between Colombia and the Dominican

Republic ; the line between the latter two States stops at the point where
opposition arises between the Dominican Republic and Venezuela ;the
line between these two States stops precisely at the point where the oppo-
sition exists between Curaçao,Aruba and Bonaire and Venezuela (Sector
A). This latter line stops at the point where opposition begins again
between the Dominican Republicand Venezuela(Sector B).This linestops
at the point where opposition arises between Venezuela and the United
States on account of Puerto Rico. And this line stops at the point where
there isa second delimitation line between Venezuelaand the Netherlands
on account of their islands in the area. Always in the Caribbean Sea, the
delimitation line between Cuba and the United States stops towards the
east at the point where opposition appears between the coasts of the
United States and Mexico and towards the Westat the point where the
opposition of coasts is established between the Bahamas Islands vis-à-vis
the United States and Cuba, respectively. Another rnap shows that the
delimitation line between Mexicoand the United States commences at the

point where the oppositeness between the United States and Cuba is
replaced by that of Mexicoand theUnited States.Also.it may be seenthat
the line of delimitation between Haiti and Cuba stops at the point where
the opposite coasts are those of Jamaica vis-à-vis the two contracting
States.
10. In theArab Persian Gulf, a geographical situation similar to that of
the Central Mediterranean is to be found. Counsel for Malta stated that ,
"the presence of other States on the southern side of the Gulf to sonle
extent mirrors the fact that Malta also has other States in her vicinity"
(sitting of 8February 1985).The maps showclearlythat in the delimitation agreements between Iran, on one side, and Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar
and Abu-Dhabi on theother side,thelinesofdelimitation in eachcasestop
at the point where opposition is established between Iran and the Coastof
each one of the other parties. Thereis no lateral projection nor "cut-off"
effect. Thus, the line of delimitation between Iran and Qatar stops at the
point where opposition is established between the coasts of Iran and those
of the United Arab Emirates.
11. In the North Sea,thedelimitationline between the United Kingdom

and Nonvay stops at the precise point where opposition begins between
the coasts of the United Kingdom and Denmark ; then with the Federal
Republic of Germanyand theNetherlands successively.Likewise,the line
between Norway and Denmark (on account of the Faroes) begins at the
point where the opposition between Nonvay and the United Kingdom
ceases to exist, and there is no question of a radial projection from the
Faroes.
12. And this same self-restraint shown by States in their bilateral
agreements, and occasionally in fixing tripoints, may be seen in other
delimitation treaties in different parts of the world where more than two
States are involved. For instance, the line between India (Nicobar) and
Indonesia (Sumatra) stops at the point where opposition of coasts is
established between Nicobar and Thailand on one side, and on the other
between Indonesiaand Thailand. The delimitation line between Australia
and Indonesia shows a significant gap at the points where opposition is
established,not between the coasts of the contracting parties but between
those of Timor and Australia.
13. In the light of this State practice, it seemspossible to conclude that
States, in their bilateral agreements, have shown amarked self-restraint in
order not to invade the opposition which existsbetween other States. It is
remarkable that this general attitude has been adopted regardless of the
proxirnity or remoteness of the third State opposite coasts or islands and
despite the fact that bilateral agreements can never prejudice the rights of

third States.In viewof this widespread State practice, it would have been
appropriate for the Court to declare unacceptable the Maltese trapezium
claim, since it manifestly invades the opposition which exists in this case
between the coasts of Libya and those of third States, such as Italy and
Greece. If that claim is accepted a most serious "cut-off effect" would be
produced with respect to the geographical natural prolongation of the
extensive Italian coastline.
14. In other terms, theopposition between thecoasts of twoStates isnot
defined by a visual test nor by a geometrical one, expressed in angle
degrees. It depends on the presence or not of an intermediate third State.
The oppositeness between the coasts of States A and B disappears when
that oppositeness isreplaced by that of a third StateC, adjacent to A :then
and there the oppositeness between the coasts of C and B begins. This is
what happens in this case between Libya and Sicily and the Italian
boot.
15. In Ourview,the limitation of the relevant area where the Court has jurisdiction, as far as the meridian 15" IO',results, notjust from the fact
thatin such an area there are no claimsof third States, but chieflyfrom the
fact that at this point the oppositeness between Malta and Libya has
ceased to exist and has been replaced, in accordance with the extensive
practice of States in enclosed or semi-enclosed seas, by the oppositeness
between the coasts of Sicily and Libya, and those between Calabria and
Apulia and Libya. The disappearance of that opposition is final, and
cannot be artificially resurrected, by an alleged opposition between the

coast of Benghazi in Cyrenaica and Malta's eastern coast. That alleged
opposition cannot cut off the one which had already been established
between Italy and Libya. As the Court of Arbitration between the United
Kingdom and France stated :

"It cannot be open to two States, by ignoring the existence of the
continental shelf claims of an intermediate third State, to divide up
areas appertaining to the thrd State." (Para. 92.)

II. THE FICTITIOUS LINE BETWEEN ITALY AND LIBYA
16. The argument whichderivescertain consequences fromthe drawing

of an imaginary line between Italy and Libya is not based on a correct
premise. It ishazardous to assert that the claimsof Libya shouldnot extend
northwards beyond a notional median line between Italy and Libya, but
rather, should be limited below that imaginary line, in order to recognize
some effect to the existence of Malta.

17. This premise fails to take into account that the only coast of Italy
whichisreallyopposite to that of Libya in therelevant area(and supposing
Malta did not exist)is a short segment of the Siciliancoast.This is the one
going from Gela to Cape Passero, or more appropriately a limited stretch
between Marina di Ragusa and Cape Passero. The Sicilian coast Westof
these points is opposite to Tunisia, as it results not only from the Italian-
Tunisian delimitation agreement, but also from the 1982Judgment of the
Court which established the delimitation line between Tunisia and Libya.
To prolong the arrow indicated by the Court in this case shows conclu-

sivelythat the Sicilian coast Westof Gela or even of Marina di Ragusa is
opposite to Tunisia and consequently cannot be opposite to Libya ;this is
what results fromthe practice of States in enclosed and semi-enclosedseas,
which we have described in Part 1of this opinion.
18. The stretch of Sicilian coast between Marina di Ragusa and Cape
Passero has an extent which is roughly in the ratio 1to 3.5to the length of
coast between Ras Ajdir and Ras Zarruq. If one takes Gela instead of
Marina di Ragusa the ratio is 1to 1.55.Thus a strict median line between
the two relevant coasts of Libya and Sicily,ignoring entirely the disparity
in their length, would not have been equitable. While the rest of the Italian coast is a long one, the coast of the Italian boot to the east of meridian
15" 10'is not opposite to the Libyan coast between Ras Ajdir and Ras
Zarruq and besides it has a marked northeast inclination, so that the
notional equidistant line would have to go northwards, unless it were
entirelycontrolled by the salient coastal point of the promontory at Cape

Passero. Since this method would also be inequitable, it is clear that the
fictitious median line between Sicilyand Libya on whch this argument is
based would have in turn tobe corrected on several grounds, particularly
to takeproperly into account the disparity in the breadth of contact of the
relevant segments of coast with the sea, which is, after all, the source of
continental shelf rights.

19. Thedifficultproblem the Court had to solvewas todetermine howa
median line between Malta and Libya could be corrected for the purposes
of achieving an equitable result. To that end, the Court has thought fit to
imagine a hypothetical median line (between Italy and Libya) which itself
necessarily requirescorrection on account of thedisparityin thelengths of
the relevant coastlines. As will be apparent, this line of reasoning implies
that, in tackling the problem or correctingthe median linebetween Malta
and Libya, one is inevitablyfaced with exactly the same type of problem
where the correction of the imaginary line between Italy and Libya is
concerned. But to solve one unknown with another unknown is, mathe-

maticallyspeaking, a formidable, not to Sayimpossible, exercise.A prob-
lem cannot be solved by creating another one of a wholly identical char-
acter.

III. THECOMPARISON IN THE LENGTH OF COASTS

20. Counsel for Malta have contended that "proportionality" should
not be applied as an equitable criterion, because it is only a test to be
applied aposteriori. It is true that proportionality is a test to be applied a
posterioriin order to appreciate the equity of the final result. But the
comparison in the length of the pertinent coasts of the Parties has always
been apart of the intellectual process leadingto an equitable delimitation,
and not something which comes into play after a line is established. When
that comparison shows, as in this case, a considerable difference in the
extent of coasts of the Parties (and also between the relevant Sicilian

stretch of coast and that of Libya), then such a disparity constitutes, by
itself,amost relevantgeographicalcircumstance, whichmust be taken into
account,amongtheother relevantcircumstances,in effectingan equitable
delimitation. To assert, as Malta has done, that the equidistance method
should be applied, even if it produces a delirnitation which is grossly
disproportionate to the length of the relevant coasts, is an attempt to
subordinate the equitable resu3t to+e achieved, to the method adopted.
This is precisely the opposite of the fundamental rule of delimitation,
namely, that themethod to be adopted should bejustified by the equity of the result. We do not think that in the present case, one should take the
method ofequidistance to bethemajor, decisiveand absolute element, and
proportionality to be a secondary test, no more than a means of checking
the result obtained by the equidistance method. To Ourway of thinking,
both elements are equally important in the present case, and both should
have been fully applied ; thefirst,equidistance, to giveaprecise indication

of the contours and characteristics of the delimitation line ; the second,
proportionality, in order tocorrect theline by shiftingit northwards to the
requisite latitude, so as to achieve a reasonable relationship between the
areas with a view to an equitable result.

21. To provide an additional vindication of the need to take account of
the length of coast, one should begin with the straightforward idea - not
contested by eitherParty - that aseach coastal Statehas equalentitlement
to continental shelf,its coasts are presumed to possess an equal capacityto
generate an area of maritimejurisdiction. It isin this sense(and onlyin this
sgse) that one can effectivelyspeak of equality of States. But thecapacity
of generating continental shelf, which every State possesses to an equal

degreeof "intensity", depends inconcret0upon physical factors with which
Statesare not equally endowed. As the Courthas said, it is the coast which
"is the decisive factor for title to submarine areas adjacent to it" (I.C.J.
Reports 1982, p. 61, para. 73). It is certainly not the physical fact of
adjacency which givesrise to the legal entitlement to the continental shelf
(GulfofMaine case, 1.C.J. Reports1984,p. 296, para. 103).It is rather the
existenceof arule oflaw,establishinga link between territorial sovereignty
and continental shelf rights, which givesrise to the legal entitlement. It is
therefore correct that, as Malta's counsel have said, thecontinental shelfis
not the extension of a physical coast, but of territorial sovereignty - or in
other words, thatit isan emanation of statehood. However,one shouldnot
spend too much timejuggling with abstractions, merely so asto be able to
refuse to recognize the part played by length of coast. Territorial sover-

eigntyenables continental shelfrights tobegenerated,but it can in no way
suffice to "give concrete expression" to these rights, to quantify the areas
affected or to arrive at a delimitation. It merely confers "eligibility" to
possess continental shelf. The extent and limits of that shelf are given
concrete form by the coastal front, and as a function of its geography,
which comprises al1its physical characteristics,length included. The sea-
board is a parameter which enables use to be made of the sea ; it is a more
or less important, more or less extensive, means of access to the sea. For
that purpose it is expressed in units of measurement. Territorial sover-
eignty generates continental shelf rights by way of the coastal front (as is
proved by the fact that it cannot engender them in the case of landlocked
States). This coastal front generates a certain area of continental shelf,
because of its length, among other things ;this seems a statement of the

obvious.Given that sovereignty creates the legal entitlement but can only
give it effect by way of the coast as "medium", it is this medium which becomes decisiveforthe concretization of the area of shelfattributed. The
medium is defined by al1its component elements, including length.

22. No delimitation process between twoopposite States can be carried
out without taking account of the "coastal geography" and the "coastal
relationship". Every coast has an individual appearance derived from its
specific characteristics, and every "coastal relationship" between the
coasts of two opposite States has its own individual character. In order to
establish the "coastal geography" and the "coastal relationship" applying
in a given case, account must be taken of al1the factors which may lend
their particular stamp to these coasts. In practice, what we look at is their
configuration, their curvature, their general direction, their projection
(whether radial or frontal) any change in direction in particular sections.
their indentations, projections and irregularities,their "ordinary" or "spe-
cial" or "unusual" features, their "non-essential" characteristics, and the
"coastal relationship" which they create, depending on whether adjacent
or opposite States are involved.Thus al1the physical data relating to these
coasts must be taken into consideration. Consequently, it would appear
striking and unusual, unjustifiable and unwarranted, not to deal likewise
with the length of the coasts. It is incomprehensible that a characteristic

which might prove essential should be ignored, while al1the other char-
acteristics are treated as identification marks of a particular coast.

23. It is out of the question to dissimulate the concept of proportion-
ality, and publicists have taken care not to do so. Thus Professor Paul
Reuter has correctly stated :
"from ancient times it has been consistently taught by philosophers,
moralists and, subsequently, theologians that justice does not mean
arithmetical equality but equality in ratios and proportions, and the
distinction between commutative and distributivejustice has accen-
tuated that aspect" ("Quelques réflexionssur l'équité en droit inter-

national", Revue belgede droit international,1980,p. 173[trunslution
by the Registry]).
In the writer's eyes,there can be no equity without proportionality. The
principle of proportionality, with that of equivalence and finality, isone of
the three principles on which equity isbuilt. Professor D. P. O'Connel1has
likewise written :

"Although there isno referenceinArticle 6totheproportions of the
continental shelf to be attributed respectively to neighbours, the
notion ofproportionulity is inherent inthut of equitubledelimitution."
(The International Luw of the Seu, Vol. II, Oxford, 1984, p. 724 ;
emphasis added.) Writers on law have not found the Court's 1982 Judgment in the Con-
tinentalSheif (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) case very satisfying. One

of the grounds for their dissatisfaction lay, precisely, in the way the Court
had handled the proportionality question (cf. Monique Chernillier-Gen-
dreau, "Le droit de la mer, mythes et réalités",Hérodote,1984/1,NO.32,
p. 51,and Elisabeth Zoller, "Recherche sur les méthodesde délimitation
du plateau continental : àpropos de l'affaire Tunisie/Libye (arrêt du24
février1982)",Revuegénérale de droit internationalpublic, 1982,pp. 645-
678,passim). In the present case it was al1the more desirable that special
care be devoted to this question, the importance of which was greatly
enhanced by the wholly unusual disparity in the lengths of the Parties'
coastlines.
24. At the Third Conference on the Law of the Sea, the Moroccan
delegation had proposed making an actual rule out of proportionality :

" (c)The reasonable relationship which, after consideration of the
criteria indicated under sub-paragraph (a), should result from a
delimitation effected in accordance with principles of equitable pro-
portionality between the extent of the zones to be delirnited and the
respective length of the coastlines measured following the general
direction thereof." (Doc. NG 7/3, 21 April 1978.)

The fact that theThird Conferenceneither adopted nor evendiscussed this
proposa1 does not mean that it was against taking the proportionality
factor into consideration. At thatjuncture, however,its preoccupation was
simply to devisea general formula likelyto achievea broad consensus and
bridgethe gap between thepartisans ofequidistance and those ofequitable
principles. In confining itself to enunciating the "fundamental rule" of
maritime delimitation law, namely that of striving towards an "equitable

result", theThird Conference, for the sake of the general consensus, had to
abandon the idea of spellingout the "means" of achievingthat result, since
no agreement upon them could have been reached. Thus no equitable
principle was specifically mentioned, any more than equidistance, so it is
not surprising that proportionality was not mentioned either.

25. In this case, the considerable difference in the length of the respec-
tive coasts represents a striking physical fact which is a particularly
"relevant circumstance". The Court has been given some noteworthy
comparative figures regarding the respective lengths of the coasts of the
twoStates. The disparity between the respectivelengths of thecoasts of the
two States, in the ratio 1 to 8, is particularly striking : it is completely

"unusual" and unique in delimitation processes. This is surely a particu-
larly relevant factor in this case.
26. Acomparison in the length ofcoasts of theparties, of their "breadth
of contact with the sea" has invariably been made in the process of
reaching judicial decisions concerning maritime delimitation and such a
comparison has always determined the final result. In the 1969Judgment the Court made such acomparison ;it foundthat the extent of coast of the

three Parties was similar and, in consequence, declared that equidistance
would not be equitable in that case.In the 1977award between France and
the United Kingdom the comparison in the length of coast of the parties
was made by the Court of Arbitration in the process of reaching its
decision, and not expost facto. The Court ofArbitration's mainconclusion
was that there was no appreciable differencein the extent of the coasts of
both parties. This was the only, the decisive,and the explicit ground upon
which the Court based its correction of the median line by disregarding
the Channel Islands and by assigning half effect to the Isles of Scilly
(paras. 181, 195, 199,202, 234, 244,of the decision).
27. A reading of the above-referred paragraphs of the award demon-
strates that the Court of Arbitration began the process of reaching its
decisionsby acomparison in thelength of thecoasts of theparties. It found
that they were comparable in their extent and therefore it concluded that

equityrequired to recognizebroadlycomparable areas to eachParty. It did ,
not have to apply the test of proportionality aposteriori.Afterfinding that
the ratio of coasts was 1to 1,it decided to avoid disproportion by adju-
dicatingbroadly comparable areas, and this was achieved by appropriate
corrections of the median line. Soit isunjustified to invoke the authority of
this tribunalin order torninirnizethefactor consisting in thecomparison of
thelength ofcoasts of theparties. On thecontrary, it wastheleitmotiv ofits
reasoning and itsconclusions.If,in order to achievean equitableresult,the
Court ofArbitration correctedthestrict median linefor thereasonthat the
length of coasts of the parties was 1 to 1, it is difficult to avoid the
conclusionthat a median line should afortiori be corrected when the ratio
is 1 to 8, as in this case, or 1 to 3.5, as between the Sicilian and Libyan
relevant coasts.

28; In the TunisialLibya case the Court, in paragraph 131of the Judg-
ment, made a detailed study of the proportion of the relevant adjacent
coasts, which had a ratio of 1for Libya and 1.63for Tunisia, and reached
theconclusionthat the result "taking into account al1the relevant circum-
stances, seems to the Court to meet the requirements of the test of pro-
portionality as an aspect of equity" (I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 91). And
paragraph 133B. (5) mentioned among the relevant circumstances to be
taken into account to achieve an equitable result :

"the element of a reasonable degree of proportionality, which a
delimitationcarried out in accordance with equitableprinciplesought
to bring about between the extent of the continental shelf areas
appertaining to the coastal Stateand the length of the relevant part of

its coast, measured in the generaldirection of the coastlines,account
being taken for this purpose of the effects, actual or prospective, of
any other continental shelf delimitation between States in the same
region" (ibid., p. 93).In that case a more limited area was adjudicated to Libya. It would have
been obviously unfair not to makehere a similar comparison in the length
of coasts, when it operates to the advantage of Libya in the ratio of 1
to 8.
29. In the recent caseof the DelimitationoftheMaritime Boundaryin the
Gulf of Maine Area, the Chamber was faced with the problem of coasts
having different lengths, and it said in various passages of its Judg-
ment :

"This difference in length is a special circumstance of someweight,
which,in theChamber's view,justifies acorrection of theequidistance
line,or ofanyother line.In severalspecificcasesthe respectivelengths
of the coasts of the two Parties in the delimitation area have been
taken into consideration as a ground for correcting a line basically
derived from the application of a given method. Somecases involved
settlement by agreement (e.g., that of the shelf boundary between
France and Spain in the Bayof Biscay)whileothers weresubmitted to
judicial decision (e.g.,that of the delimitation of the continental shelf
between Tunisia and Libya). Yet, in comparison with these various

cases, in the present case the difference in the length of the coasts of
the two States within the delimitation area is particularly notable."
(I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 322-323, para. 184.)

It is to be remarked that in this case the rather modest ratio of 1to 1.34was
deemed "particularly notable". Then the Judgment added :

"a fair measure of weight should be given to a by no means negli-
gible difference within the delimitation area between the lengths
of the respective coastlines of the countries concerned(ibi d..,28,
para. 196).

And later the Chamber stated

"it is in the Chamber's viewimpossible to disregard thecircumstance,
which is of undeniable importance in the present case, that there is a
difference in length between the respective coastlines of the two
neighbouring States which border on the delimitation area. Not to
recognize this fact would be a denial of the obvious. The Chamber
therefore reaffirms the necessity of applying to the median line as
initially drawn a correction which, though limited, will pay due heed
totheactual situation. In SectionVI,paragraph 157.the Chamber has
recognized in principle the equitable character of the criterionre-
by appropriate consequences may be deduced from any inequalities
in the lengths of the two States respective coastlines abutting on the
delimitation area. As the Chamber has expressly emphasized it in no
way intends to make an autonomous criterion or method of delimi-
tation out of the concept of 'proportionality'. even if it be lirnited to 88 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JOINT SEP. OP.)

the aspect of lengths of coastline. However,this does not preclude the
justified use of an auxiliary criterion servingonly to meet the need to
correct appropriately, on the basis of the inequalities noted, the
untoward consequences of applying a different main criterion."

(I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 334-335, para. 218.)

Thus the Chamber did not applythe comparison in the length ofcoasts asa
testaposteriori but as an auxiliary criterion, a special circumstance which
led to a correction of equidistance. The description of this factor as an
"auxiliary" criterion should be interpreted, in Ourview,as signifying that
the comparison of the length of coastsis a criterion like any other,but it is
notan autonomous one,in the sensethat thedelimitationoperation should
not be guided by it as a criterion independent of any other, whereas it
should in fact be combined with other criteria.
30. The arbitral award delivered on 14 February 1985 by a tribunal
composed of three Members of the Court also compared the length of the
coasts of the Parties, and foundthat they had the same length and on that
ground concluded that none of the Parties could claim a supplementary
advantage. The arbitral tribunal stated that proportionality "between the
length of coast and the extent of areas attributedto each State" (para. 120)
is "another circumstance which the Tribunal has to consider" (para. 118).

It added that : "Proportionality must intervene in the evaluation of factors
which are to be taken into account in order to reach an equitable result"
(ibid.).The equallength of the coastlines was suchadeterminativefactor in
that case (along with the general direction of those coastlines) that the
Tribunal introduced the notions of the "short coast" (confined to the
coastal fronts of the two States) and the "longcoast"(alsoincluding part of
the coastal fronts of the neighbouring States, Senegal to the north and
Sierra Leone to the south, the delimitation with which remained to be
effected and could thus be facilitated).
31. What is deduced from thejurisprudence is that the proportionality
of the lengths of coasts is a factor most relevant in testing the equity of a
givenlineof delimitation ;but the proportionality of thecoasts should not
be considered as a strict mathematical exercise ;what has to be taken into
account isjust a general comparison of the length of coast. These are two
related but different concepts, which also play a different role in estab-
lishingthe line.One isamathematicalcomparison, the other isan auxiliary
criterion or a specialcircumstance to be balanced with othercriteria. If the

difference in the length of coasts is to be encapsulated in an "equitable
principle", care must be taken not to express it blindly as a mechanical
arithmeticalratio. Theattempttofind an equitable result requires account
to be taken of the difference in lengths within a flexible,readily applicable
formula, which expresses a reasonable degree of correspondence between
the ratio of these lengths and that of the areas adjudicated to each
Party. 32. In thepresent case,it isundeniable that there is anotable difference
between the relevant coasts of the Parties. It is clear that the equidistance
lineproposed by Malta iscompletely out ofproportionto thelengths of the
respectivecoasts ;it really disregardsthedifference of thelengths of coasts
as a factor to be taken into account.This does not mean that the Court has
to apply the strict proportionality proposed by Libya as a line of delimi-
tation in 1973 ;this approach is alsounreasonable in the circumstances of
the case. This rigorousmathematical calculation would lead to an inequi-
table result since it would have caused an undue encroachment on the
Maltese coast. In conclusion,the differencein the coasts of the two States

is a factor, a most important circumstance that had to be taken into
account in this case, not just in the decision of the case, but also in
postulating that fictional line between Sicily and Libya.

33. An attempt has been made to distinguish the above-referred juris-
prudence on the ground that it did not refer to delimitations between
opposite coasts. But this is not exact. The Court of Arbitration between
France and the United Kingdom compared the length of coasts of the
parties, in theChannelarea, where theyare clearlyopposite,and alsoin the
Atlantic region where,in thefinal analysis,the Court found that thecoasts
were also opposite (para. 242). In the light of these findings, it is not
entirely correct to assert that the present is the first case where a delirni-
tation is to be made betweeen exclusivelyoppositecoasts. Also in 1982the
Court extended the comparison to a sector which was "very close to a
directly opposite relationship". The Bay of Biscay agreement between
France and Spain,wherethe ratio was 1to 1.541infavour of France, isalso
an example of applying the correlation based on the extent of coasts
preciselyin the outer area of the Bay,where opposition between the coasts
begins. Finally,the Chamber in the Delimitationof theMaritime Boundary
inthe Gulfof MaineArea case appliedthiscriterioninrelation to the sector
where the coastlines of Massachusetts and Nova Scotia presented an
opposite relationship.

34. It has also been stated that the comparison of length of coast has
only been taken into account as a means to counteract or avoid a cut-off
effect. This may have been the case in the 1969Judgment, although the
Court compared then the extent of coasts of Denmark and the Nether-
lands, in respect of whch no such cut-off effect existed. And no such
cut-off effect was present, also in the Bay of Biscay agreement, or in the
Atlantic region in the 1977award. The avoidance of the cut-off effect is an
independent equitablecriterion which standsonits own feet and does not
have, nor needs, the support of the factor resultingfrom a comparison in
the length of coast of the parties.
35. Acorrection by 28'instead of the 18adopted by the Court, would in
Ourviewhavebeen moreequitable. The resultant line would have allowed
practically three-quarters effect to Malta and produced an area ratio of
around 1to 3.54,i.e.,approaching half the 1to8ratio of thecoast. Wefeel
that sucha relationship between the twoarea/coast ratios wouldhavebeen more reasonable. Furthermore, the expert cartographer appointed by the
Court had informed it that such a 28'correction would have resulted in a
line dividing into two equalparts thedisputed area, that is to Say,the area
claimedby both Parties, lyingbetween the Maltese strict equidistance line
to the south and the lineof strict proportionality advocated by Libya to the
north.
36. However, had the Court actually proceeded to an equal division of
that disputed area between the Parties, it might have appeared to have, so
to speak, split the difference between their claims. Even so, concern to

avoid givingthe falseimpression of having effected a compromise cannot
be an adequate reason for the Court to rule out such a solution if there are
strongargumentsfromequity for adopting it.Aswillbenoted, the Court in
1969,and the Chamber of the Courtin 1984,both recommended an equal
division of continental shelfareas because they found that al1the relevant
circumstances pointed toits adoption. The Arbitral Tribunal for the mari-
time delimitation between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau also allotted equal
areas because the two parties had coastlines of equal length.

37. It is admittedly beyond question that theCourt, expected as it is to
take law alone as the basis of its findings, has no power to effect com-
promises. But it isno lessevident that, wherespecialcircumstances dictate
equal division as a solution, the Court may not abnegate that solution, for
by so doing it would be abandoning that very basis of law. Two observa-
tions are called for here. First, it has to be faced that the law governing
maritime delimitations is still affected with a degree of indeterminacy, in

the sense that the reasonings put fonvard do not invariably and automa-
tically "produce" a delimitation line. Often, even, aregrettable but doubt-
lessinevitable gap can be observed between theargumentsexpounded in a
judicial decision and the concretefinding as regards the choice of delimi-
tation line adopted. Howeverwell-founded, the reasoning does not neces-
sarily, mathematically, "issue" in the conclusion adopted. This is, of
course, because the law of the sea is still quite rudimentary and comprises
few rules, and more especially because the entire process of maritime
delimitation law is dominated by a "fundamental norm", that of the
equitable result, whichis asuninstructive asit is all-embracing. That being
so, ajudge can but anxiously, humbly, gauge and compare his crushing
responsibility and the modest means at his disposa1for assuming it. He
undergoes what Verlaine called "l'extase et la terreur de celui qui a été
choisi". He cannot see how to escape from the frustrating tyranny of a
certain "praetorian subjectivism" when the very margin of indeterminacy

responsible forit originated in a lawstillyoung and permeated with equity
- which, though ahighlyrespectable legal concept, isinevitably measured
with a "human" yardstick. The finest legal dissertations on equity will
never succeed in completely eliminating what is perhaps an irreducible
core of the judicial subjectivism mentioned above. The utmost, in al1
honour, that ajudge can then do ismodest :to summon up al1hisresources
with a view t6 reducing its scope and effects to a minimum. At the same time, in asituation where one intends tojudge exclusivelyon a basis of law
but finds that equity is the fundamental norm of the law concerned, it is
impossible to ignore that while

"few terms are as pleasing to mind and heart [asequity, and] few so
deeply touch an ingrained expectancy of human nature, few, on the
other hand, remainso mysterious" (Paul Reuter, "Quelques réflexions
sur l'équitéen droit international", Revue belgede droit international,
1980, p. 169[translationby the Registry]).

38. Secondly, to divide the area claimed by both Parties into two equal
parts would in factbeneither acompromise - whichit isnot for the Court
to undertake - nor an option partaking of the philosophical wisdom of
King Solomon. In certain special circumstances, equal division appears to
be self-recommending as a means of fully satisfying the requirements of
equity. The Chamber of the Court declared as much in the Delimitationof
the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area case. As we read in its
Judgment :

"it is inevitable that the Chamber's basic choice should favour a
criterion long held to be as equitable as it is simple, namely that in
principle, whilehaving regard to the specialcircumstances of the case,
one should aim at an equal division of areas where the maritime
projections of thecoasts of theStates between whichdelimitation isto
be effected converge and overlap" (I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 327,
para. 195 ;see also para. 157).

The solution of dividing the area into two equal parts, which wefind more
equitable in the present instance, alsocorresponds to what was suggested
by the Court in 1969,namely :

"if, in the application of the preceding sub-paragraph, the delimita-
tion leaves to the Parties areas that overlap, these are to be divided
between them in agreed proportions or, failing agreement, equally"
(I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 53, para. 101(C) (2)).

IV. THEAPPLICATION OF THE PROPORTIONALIT TEYST

39. In applying the proportionality test different figures have been
quoted, depending on whether or not account is taken of the triangular
area adjudicated to Malta towards the east, from Delimara Point to the
15" 10'parallel, and from there towards the south, as far as the delimita-
tion line indicated by the Court. It seems to us difficult to deny that this
triangular area must be included in determining the extent of the areas
which are attributed to each Party. That triangle is part of the area where

the Court has found that it hasjurisdiction to decide, and consequently,it
has been adjudicated, and it has been adjudicated in favour of Malta. So,the real ratio of the areas adjudicated to each party is,intruth, of 1to 2.38,
which we think is insufficient from the point of view of equity.
40. The reason for taking this triangle into account is that, in applying
theproportionality test, thecomparison of areas must bemadeon thebasis
ofcounting the wholearea whichisadjudicated to eachParty. It istruethat
adjustments have been made, in other cases,in order todetermine whether

a given area, such as the Tunisian waters in the Gulf of Gabes, or the
Canadian waters of the Bayof Fundy, shouldbecomprised in applying the
proportionality test. In the above-referred cases, the areas of the Gulf of
Gabes and the Bay of Fundy were already territorial waters of one of the
Parties, and the issue considered by the Court was simply whether it was
equitable to take account of those areas in determining the larger area to
which the proportionality test had to be applied. But here the situation is
entirely different:the Court is establishingaline which willdetermine the
areas which "appertain" to each of the Parties. It seems obvious that, in
applying the proportionality test, one should compare the whole area
whicheach party isgaining asa result of theCourt's Judgment. Adifferent
solution, of including only part of the area gained by one of the Parties,
would lead to an inequitable result and thus run counter to the funda-
mental rule of maritime delimitation. It would also infringe the principle
proclaimed by the Court in 1982,when it stated that "the only absolute

requirement of equity is that one must compare like with like" (I.C.J.
Reports1982,p. 76,para. 104).Nothing ismore comparable than the areas
of continental shelf that each party obtains as a result of the Judgment of
the Court.

(Signed) J. M. RUDA.
(Signed) Mohammed BEDJAOUI.

(Signed) Eduardo JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF
JUDGES RUDA, BEDJAOUI AND JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA

1. We have voted in favour of the Court's Judgment because we agree
with many of itsfindings and conclusions. Among them wemay mention :
(i) the way the Court has conceived of the specificity of its task in the
present case,whichis toindicateadelimitation line,and not adelimitation
zone ;(ii) the Court's determination of the area relevant to the dispute,
which, under the terms of the SpecialAgreement, must be confined to that
area where there is direct opposition between the relevant coasts of Malta
and Libya ;(iii) the exposition theCourt makes of the principles and rules
of international law applicable to this continental shelf delimitation; (iv)
the rejection by the Court of the allegednatural boundary of the Rift Zone
invoked by Libya ;and, finally, (v) the reasoning leading to the establish-
ment of the delimitation line and the need to make a correction to the

median line in order to take account of the considerable disproportion in
the length of coasts of the Parties.
2. There are, however, certain aspects of the case, and of the Court's
decision, which compel us to make some observations in this separate
opinion. The first of them is inspired by the complete absence in the
Judgment of any reaction in respect of the most emphasized of Malta's
claims based on the principle of a radial projection of its coasts in al1
directions, which would have the shape of a trapezium extending towards
Benghazi on the Libyan Coastof Cyrenaica. The Court has avoided any
pronouncement on thisclaimon theground that itextends beyond the area
where the Court has found tohavejurisdiction. However,when confronted
with such an excessive claim, insistently advanced by Malta, the Court
should, in our view have found a way to state its opinion on that conten-
tion. Due to the wide differences between the Parties on this point, which
results in a substantial extension or reduction of the relevant area to be
delimited by the Court, it would have been of the utmost importance, not

only logicallyspeaking, but asapractical matter, to analysethispoint with
some care. This was,for us, one of the most important points which had to
be decided by the Court, because the area subject to delimitation would
have taken a completely different dimension accordingto whichof the two
viewpoints was adopted. The complete silence of the Judgment with res-
pect to this important issue could be interpreted as signifying that such a
claim, since it has been heard, but not rejected by the Court, might be
maintained in future negotiations concerning the area beyond the one
relevant in this case.Thus, the total silence of the Court with respect to
what seems to us to be an excessiveand unjustified claim might become a OPINION CONJOINTE DE MM. RUDA, BEDJAOUI
ET JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA

[Traduction]

1. Nous avons votéen faveur de l'arrêtde la Cour parce que nous
sommes d'accord avecnombre de sesconclusions. Parmi celles-ci,citons :
i)la manièredont la Cour conçoit la nature de sa tâche en l'espèce,qui est
d'indiquer une lignede délimitationet non unezone de délimitation ;ii)la

façon de déterminerlazone àconsidérer,enlarestreignant,conformément
aux termes du compromis, au secteur où les côtes pertinentes de Malte et
de la Libye sefont directementface ;iii)l'énoncédesprincipeset règlesde
droit international applicables àcette délimitation du plateau continen-
tal ;iv)lerejet de l'argument de lafrontièrenaturelle,invoquépar laLibye
au sujetde lazoned'effondrement ;enfin v)leraisonnement quiaboutit au
tracédelalignededélimitationet à lanécessitéde corriger lalignemédiane
de façon à tenir compte de la disproportion considérable entre les lon-
gueurs de côte des Parties.

2. Cependant, certains aspects de l'affaire et de la décisionde la Cour
nous obligent à présenterquelques remarques dansla présenteopinion.La
premièrede cesremarquesa trait àl'absence,dans l'arrêt,detoute réponse

à l'argument que Malte a avancéavecleplus d'insistance et qui, fondésur
leprincipe d'une projection radiale de sescôtes dans toutes les directions,
prenait laformed'un trapèzes'étendantversBenghazi,surlacôtelibyenne
de Cyrénaïque. La Cour, au motif qu'un chef de demande ainsi fondé
dépasserait lazonepour laquelle elles'est déclaréceompétente,évitede se
prononcer à cesujet. Cependant la Cour, en présenced'un argument aussi
excessif,et repris avecinsistance par Malte, aurait dû, selon nous, trouver
un moyen de faire connaître sa position. Vu l'importance du désaccord
entre les Parties sur ce point- et de l'extension ou, au contraire, de la
réductionde la zone pertinente qui en résulte - il eût étédu plus grand
intérêtd,'un point de vue non seulement logique mais pratique, d'analyser
laquestion de près.A notre avis,c'étaitlàun despoints lesplus importants
que la Cour avait à trancher, car la zone à délimiter pouvait avoir des

dimensions tout à fait différentesselon que l'onadoptait l'un ou l'autre de
cespoints de vue.Or lesilencetotalde l'arrêt surcetteimportante question
risque d'êtreinterprétécomme autorisant a faire valoir une telle demande
lors de négociations éventuellessur les étenduessituéesau-delà de la zone
viséeen l'espèce,vu quel'argument surlequel cettedemande serait fondée,
bien que soumis à la Cour, n'apas été rejetépar elle.Ce silencede la Cour
sur ce qui nous semble êtreun argument excessif et injustifiérisque donc
d'êtreune source de difficultéset de différendsà l'avenir. L'arrêt contient 77 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JOINT SEP. OP.)

source of future difficulties and disputes. There is even a phrase in the
Judgment that might beinterpreted as having the effect opposite to that of
rejection and asencouraging the insistence upon this claim. Werefer to the
passage where the Court states that itsJudgment does not signifythat "the
claims of either Party to expanses of continental shelf outside that area
have been found to be unjustified" (para. 21).

3. The second reason which has impelled us to file the present separate
opinion is the need to deal with an argument whichwasadvancedby Malta
towards the end of the oral proceedings. This argument made a strong
impression on several of Ourcolleagues, and it has been taken up by the
Court, thus influencing the somewhat limited effect assigned by the
Court's decision to the considerable disproportion in the length of coasts
of the Parties. The argument has been presented by the Agent of Malta in
the following terms :

"If Malta did not exist Libya could not reasonably claim a conti-
nental shelf extending beyond a line equidistant between its coasts
and those of Italy .. should the presence of Malta operate in such a
way as to give Libya the advantage of pushing its claim very sub-
stantially to the north of that line ?"

The same Agent added that

"if Malta wouldhave been givenhalf effect ...the lineof delimitation
would have been drawn practically at equal distance between the
Italy-Libya and the Malta-Libya equidistance lines" (sitting of
13February 1985).

It is an argument entirely based on two hypotheses or, to be more precise,
on twohazardous conjectures, namely, that Malta did not exist,and that in
such a case the delimitation line between Italy and Libya in the relevant
area would necessarily be a median line. It is then postulated that such a

line represents a nec plus ultrafor Libya, which it cannot reach if some
effect is to be recognized to Malta. This whole construction is based on a
premise which cannot be proved :to consider as rigorously unavoidable a
median line between Libya and Italy, in an area where there is no oppo-
sition nor adjacency between those two States and where Italy has offi-
cially communicated to the Court that it has no claims. According to this
reasoning, a notional median line is to be assumed without having heard
the interested Parties, namely, Italy and Libya ;without knowing if they
would invoke or accept equidistance, and, above al1ignoring the great
disproportion between the opposite coasts of Sicilyand Libya - the only
pertinent ones - which have a ratio in Libya's favour roughly of 3.5 to 1.
This compels us, in Part II, to deal with this argument, and in Part III, to

examine the criterion, partially accepted by the Court, which takes
account, as a relevant circumstance, of the considerable disproportion in
the length of coasts. Finally, in this connection, we will add, in Part IV,
someobservations as to thecorrect wayto apply theproportionality test inmêmeune formule qui pourrait êtreinterprétéedans un senscontraire au
rejet de cet argument, c'est-à-direcommeun encouragement à l'invoquer :
nous voulons parler du passage où, selon les termes de la Cour, l'arrêt
rendu ne signifie pas que (les prétentions formuléespar l'une ou l'autre

des Parties sur des étenduesde plateau continental extérieures à la zone
soient tenues pour injustifiées >>(par. 21).
3. La deuxièmeraison qui nous a incités à rédigerla présente opinion
tient àla nécessité derépondre àun argument que Malte a invoquévers la
fin de la procédure orale et qui, ayant fait une forte impression sur plu-
sieurs de nos collègues,a étéretenu par la Cour, non sans conséquence
dans l'effet assez limitéqu'elle attribue dans son arrêt à la différence
considérable entre les longueurs de côte des Parties. Cet argument se
présente comme suit :

<(SiMalte n'existait pas, la Libye ne pourrait pas raisonnablement
prétendre à un plateau continental qui s'étendeau-delà d'une ligne
équidistantede sescôtes et de cellesde l'Italie...La présencede Malte
doit-elle avantager la Libye en lui permettant de pousser ses préten-
tions nettement au nord de cette ligne ? ))

Et l'agent de Malte a ajouté que

((si Malte obtenait un demi-effet ...la ligne de délimitation serait
tracéepratiquement à une distance égaledes lignes d'équidistance
entre, d'une part, l'Italie et la Libye, et, d'autre part, Malte et la
Libye ))(audience du 13février1985).

Cet argument est tout entier fondésur deux hypothèses,ou, pour êtreplus
précis, sur deux conjectures hasardeuses : premièrement, que Malte
n'existe pas, et, deuxièmement, que dans ce cas la ligne de délimitation
entre l'Italieet la Libye dansla zone enquestion serait nécessairementune
ligne médiane. Aprèsquoi on postule que cette ligne représentepour la

Libye un necplusultra, auquel cet Etat ne peut prétendres'ilfaut attribuer
à Malte un effet quelconque. Tout l'édificerepose docc sur une pré-
misse indémontrable : à savoir, qu'il faille tenir pour absolument inéluc-
table une ligne médianeentre la Libye et l'Italie dans une zone où les
côtes de ces deux pays ne sont ni opposéesni adjacentes, et où l'Italie a
officiellement fait savoiràla Cour qu'elle n'émetaucune prétention.Selon
ce raisonnement, il conviendrait de présumer l'existence de cette ligne
hypothétique sansavoir entendu les Etats intéressés, c'est-à-dire l'Italie et
la Libye, sans savoir si ces Etats invoqueraient ou accepteraient l'équidis-

tance, et surtout sans tenir compte de la grande disproportion entre les
côtes opposéesde la Sicile et de la Libye - seules côtes pertinentes en
l'occurrence - qui présentent dans leur longueur un rapport d'à peu près
3,5contre 1enfaveur de la Libye. C'est pourquoi il nous paraît nécessaire
d'analyser cet argument dans la deuxièmepartie de la présente opinion,
puis, dans la troisième, d'examiner lecritère, partiellement acceptépar laorder to conform to the basic rule requiring the comparison of like with
like, so as to ensure an equitable result.

1. THEREASONIN OF THE TRAPEZIUM

4. Malta has argued that the maritime projections of a coastal State
stretch out radially in al1directions and that, in particular, al1thecoasts of
Malta can and should be projected seawards in al1directions, including
one towards Cyrenaica on the Libyan eastern coast.

5. Sucharadialprojection may,undoubtedly, existin the caseofislands
intheopen ocean not facingother States' coasts,butit does not correspond
tothepractice of Statesin enclosed or serni-enclosedseas,wheremore than
two States may advance conflicting claims in respect of a given maritime
area.
6. Furthermore, if radial projection is valid for one State, it must
obviously be valid for any other, given the principle of equality between
States. In the present instance, if it is to be applied for Malta's benefit, it
mustalsobeappliedfor that of Libya,not to mention thethird States of the
region (Italy and Greece). Malta is not entitled to assert its multi-direc-
tional maritime projection to the exclusion and detriment of that of any
other State equally concerned. In that connection the Agent of Malta
stated that his countryhad no delimitation problem with Greece, whereas,
manifestly, theapplication of radialprojection would be bound to giverise

to such a problem not only with Greece but also, surely, with Italy (Malta
having unilaterally giventhe median linebetween it and Sicilyan eastward
extension) and even Albania.
7. In the case of opposite coasts in closed or semi-enclosed seas,such as
the Caribbean, the Gulf or the North Sea (al1of which present a situation
comparable to that of the present case, of a series of States opposite one
State or several),there is aconsiderable State practice which demonstrates
that States, in their bilateral agreements, end their agreed lines of delimi-
tation exactly at the point in which the opposition ceases to exist between
the directly facing coasts of the parties, and a different opposition com-
mencesvis-à-visthecoasts ofathird State.And such arespect for therights
of other opposite States occurs regardless of the greater distance oroser
proximity of thecoasts of that third State.In geographcal situations of this
nature a lateral "cut-off" of the adjacent opposite coast by allowing an
equidistanceline to swingout laterally across another State's coastal front
is carefully avoided. Counsel for Malta has recognized that

"in areas where the claims of several States meet and converge, the PLATEAU CONTINENTAL (OP.CONJ.) 78

Cour, qui tientcompte de ladisproportion considérableentre leslongueurs
de côte à titre de circonstance pertinente. Enfin,à ce propos, nous ajou-
terons dans laquatrièmepartie quelquesobservationssurlafaçoncorrecte
d'appliquer le critèrede la proportionnalité, si l'on veutrespecter la règle
fondamentale qui veut que l'on compare ce qui est comparable pour
aboutir àun résultatfinal équitable.

4. Malte soutient que les projections maritimes de 1'Etatcôtier s'éten-
dent de façon radiale dans toutes les directions, et que, en particulier,
toutes lescôtes maltaises peuvent et doivent seprojeter en mer dans toutes
les directions, y compris vers la Cyrénaïque,sur la partie est de la côte
libyenne.
5. Il sepeut en effet que cette projection radialejoue dans lecas des îles
qui, situéesen plein océan,ne font faceaux côtesd'aucun autre Etat. Mais
elle ne correspond pas à la pratique étatique dans les mers fermées ou
semi-fermées où plusde deux Etats peuvent émettredes prétentions sur
une même zonemaritime.

6. Du reste, si la projection radiale est valable pour un Etat, elle doit
évidemment l'êtrp eour tout autre, au nom du principe de l'égalité entre
Etats. Si en l'espèceelle était retenueau profit de Malte, il faudrait donc
qu'ellelesoit aussi pour la Libye,ainsi d'ailleursque pour les Etats tiers de
la région(Italie et Grèce). Malte ne peut pas faire valoir sa projection
maritime multidirectionnelle à l'exclusion et au détriment de celle d'un
autre Etat également intéressé. A ce sujet, l'agent de Malte a affirméque
son pays n'a pas de problème de délimitationavec la Grèce alors même
que, manifestement, la mise en Œuvrede la projection radiale créerait un
tel problème, non seulement avec la Grèce, mais sans doute aussi avec
l'Italie (la ligne médianeentre la Sicileet Malte ayant été unilatéralement
prolongéepar Malte vers l'est) et même avec l'Albanie.
7. Dans lecasdescôtes qui sefont face à l'intérieurde mers ferméesou
semi-fermées, comme la merdes Caraïbes, le golfe Arabo-Persique ou la
mer du Nord (qui offrent autant de situations comparables à celle de la
présenteaffaire,avecune série d'Etats faisant facàun ou plusieurs autres

Etats), une abondante pratique montre que les Etats, dans leurs accords
bilatéraux, font finir la ligne de délimitation au point précis où cesse
l'opposition entre les côtes directement opposéesdes parties et où com-
mence une opposition différente par rapport aux côtes des Etats tiers. Ce
respect pour les droitsdesautresEtats opposéssemanifeste indépendam-
ment de la plus ou moins grande distance des côtes de 1'Etat tiers en
question. Dans les situations géographiquesde cette nature, on prend soin
d'éviter1'0amputation latéralede l'autre côte opposéequi se produirait
si on laissait la ligne d'équidistancepasser devant la façade maritime de
l'Etat tiers. Le conseil de Malte a d'ailleurs reconnu que:

dans les régionsoù les prétentions émisespar plusieurs Etats se79 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JOINTSEP.OP.)

legal approach is to reflect that convergence and toreject a method of
delimitation whichleads to an occlusionofcoastal fronts" (sitting of 8
February 1985).

8. To takeupfirst the examplesin theCaribbean, itisinstructive,first of
all, to examine the maps furnished by the Parties. According to them, the
delimitation line between Venezuela and the Netherlands (on account of
Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire) narrows and converges in order not to
"cut-off" the oppositeness between Venezuelaand the Dominican Repub-
lic. A radial projection from these islands, on the basis of proximity, as
claimed by Malta, would cut off entirely any oppositeness between Vene-
zuela and the Dominican Republic. Yet onefinds in this case,so similar to
the present one, something completely different from the Maltese trape-
zium exercise.The agreed lines, instead of spreadingtowards the Westand
the east, converge so as to make roorn for the oppositeness between
Venezuelaand theDominican Republic both towards theeast and the West
of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire.

9. Likewise, the line between Haiti and Colombia stops at the point
where the opposition begins between Colombia and the Dominican

Republic ; the line between the latter two States stops at the point where
opposition arises between the Dominican Republic and Venezuela ;the
line between these two States stops precisely at the point where the oppo-
sition exists between Curaçao,Aruba and Bonaire and Venezuela (Sector
A). This latter line stops at the point where opposition begins again
between the Dominican Republicand Venezuela(Sector B).This linestops
at the point where opposition arises between Venezuela and the United
States on account of Puerto Rico. And this line stops at the point where
there isa second delimitation line between Venezuelaand the Netherlands
on account of their islands in the area. Always in the Caribbean Sea, the
delimitation line between Cuba and the United States stops towards the
east at the point where opposition appears between the coasts of the
United States and Mexico and towards the Westat the point where the
opposition of coasts is established between the Bahamas Islands vis-à-vis
the United States and Cuba, respectively. Another rnap shows that the
delimitation line between Mexicoand the United States commences at the

point where the oppositeness between the United States and Cuba is
replaced by that of Mexicoand theUnited States.Also.it may be seenthat
the line of delimitation between Haiti and Cuba stops at the point where
the opposite coasts are those of Jamaica vis-à-vis the two contracting
States.
10. In theArab Persian Gulf, a geographical situation similar to that of
the Central Mediterranean is to be found. Counsel for Malta stated that ,
"the presence of other States on the southern side of the Gulf to sonle
extent mirrors the fact that Malta also has other States in her vicinity"
(sitting of 8February 1985).The maps showclearlythat in the delimitation PLATEAU CONTINENTAL (OP.CONJ.) 79

rencontrent et convergent, toute solutionjuridique veut qu'il soittenu
compte de cette convergence et que soient rejetées lesméthodesde
délimitation qui aboutiraient à l'occlusion d'une façade maritime ))
(audience du 8 février1985).

8. Pour commencer par les exemples de la mer des Caraïbes, il est
instructif d'étudiertout d'abord lescartes fournies par les Parties. Comme
le montrent ces cartes, la délimitationentre le Venezuela et les Pays-Bas
(agissant pour Aruba, Curaçao et Bonaire) serétrécit etconverge afin de ne
pas ((amputer la relation d'opposition entre le Venezuela et la Répu-
blique Dominicaine. Or une projection radiale à partir de ces îles fondée
surla proximité,comme dans l'argument maltais,feraitcomplètement dis-
paraître toute relation d'opposition entre le Venezuela et la République

Dominicaine. Ce qu'on trouve dans ce cas, proche de la présente affaire,
est donc quelque chosedetout différentde l'argument maltais du trapèze :
les lignes convenues, au lieu de s'écarter vers l'ouestet l'est, convergent
de façon à faire place à la relation d'opposition entre le Venezuela et la
République Dominicaine à l'est età l'ouest d'Aruba, de Curaçao et de
Bonaire.
9. De même,la ligne entre Haïti et la Colombie s'arrêteau point où
commence l'opposition entre la Colombie et la RépubliqueDominicaine ;
la ligne entre ces deux Etats s'arrêteau point où commence l'opposition
entre la République Dominicaine et le Venezuela ; et la ligne entre ces

deux derniers Etats s'arrêteau point précis où apparaît une relation
d'opposition entre Curaçao, Aruba et Bonaire, d'une part, etle Venezuela,
d'autre part (secteur A). Cette dernière ligne s'arrêteau point où recom-
mence l'opposition entre la République Dominicaine et le Venezuela
(secteur B). Cette dernièreligne s'arrête à son tour là où apparaît l'oppo-
sition entre le Venezuela et les Etats-Unis (agissant pour Porto Rico). Et
cette dernière ligne s'arrête elle aussà la deuxième lignede délimitation
entre leVenezuelaet les Pays-Bas(agissant pour leurs îles).Toujours dans
la mer des Caraïbes, la ligne de délimitationentre Cuba et les Etats-Unis

s'arrêtevers l'est aupoint où se manifeste une relation d'opposition entre
les côtes des Etats-Unis et du Mexique et, vers l'ouest, là où les côtes des
Bahamas commencent à faire face à celles des Etats-Unis et de Cuba
respectivement. Une autre cartemontre que la ligne de délimitationentre
le Mexique et les Etats-Unis commence au point où l'opposition entre ces
deux Etats remplace l'opposition entre les Etats-Unis et Cuba. On peut
voir aussi que la lignede délimitationentre Haïti et Cuba s'arrêteau point
où les côtes opposées à cellesdes deux Etats contractants sont cellesde la
Jamaïque.

10. On trouve dans le golfe Arabo-Persique une situation semblable à
celle de la Méditerranée centrale. Commel'a dit le conseil de Malte, <(la
présenced'autres Etats du côtésud du Golfe correspond dans une certaine
mesure au fait que Malte avoisine elle aussi d'autre Etats ))(audience du
8 février1985).Or les cartes montrent clairement que, dans les accords de agreements between Iran, on one side, and Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar
and Abu-Dhabi on theother side,thelinesofdelimitation in eachcasestop
at the point where opposition is established between Iran and the Coastof
each one of the other parties. Thereis no lateral projection nor "cut-off"
effect. Thus, the line of delimitation between Iran and Qatar stops at the
point where opposition is established between the coasts of Iran and those
of the United Arab Emirates.
11. In the North Sea,thedelimitationline between the United Kingdom

and Nonvay stops at the precise point where opposition begins between
the coasts of the United Kingdom and Denmark ; then with the Federal
Republic of Germanyand theNetherlands successively.Likewise,the line
between Norway and Denmark (on account of the Faroes) begins at the
point where the opposition between Nonvay and the United Kingdom
ceases to exist, and there is no question of a radial projection from the
Faroes.
12. And this same self-restraint shown by States in their bilateral
agreements, and occasionally in fixing tripoints, may be seen in other
delimitation treaties in different parts of the world where more than two
States are involved. For instance, the line between India (Nicobar) and
Indonesia (Sumatra) stops at the point where opposition of coasts is
established between Nicobar and Thailand on one side, and on the other
between Indonesiaand Thailand. The delimitation line between Australia
and Indonesia shows a significant gap at the points where opposition is
established,not between the coasts of the contracting parties but between
those of Timor and Australia.
13. In the light of this State practice, it seemspossible to conclude that
States, in their bilateral agreements, have shown amarked self-restraint in
order not to invade the opposition which existsbetween other States. It is
remarkable that this general attitude has been adopted regardless of the
proxirnity or remoteness of the third State opposite coasts or islands and
despite the fact that bilateral agreements can never prejudice the rights of

third States.In viewof this widespread State practice, it would have been
appropriate for the Court to declare unacceptable the Maltese trapezium
claim, since it manifestly invades the opposition which exists in this case
between the coasts of Libya and those of third States, such as Italy and
Greece. If that claim is accepted a most serious "cut-off effect" would be
produced with respect to the geographical natural prolongation of the
extensive Italian coastline.
14. In other terms, theopposition between thecoasts of twoStates isnot
defined by a visual test nor by a geometrical one, expressed in angle
degrees. It depends on the presence or not of an intermediate third State.
The oppositeness between the coasts of States A and B disappears when
that oppositeness isreplaced by that of a third StateC, adjacent to A :then
and there the oppositeness between the coasts of C and B begins. This is
what happens in this case between Libya and Sicily and the Italian
boot.
15. In Ourview,the limitation of the relevant area where the Court hasdélimitationentre l'Iran d'unepart et l'Arabie Saoudite, Bahreïn, le Qatar
etAbu-Dhabide l'autre,leslignesde délimitation s'arrêtenc thaque fois au
point oùs'établitunerelationd'opposition entre l'Iran etla côte d'un autre
des Etats en question. Il n'ya ni projection latéraleni effet d'amputation.
La ligne de délimitationentre l'Iran et le Qatar, par exemple, s'arrêteau
point où commence l'opposition entre les côtes de l'Iran et celles des
Emirats arabes unis.
11. Dans lamer du Nord, lalignede délimitationentre leRoyaume-Uni
et la Norvèges'arrêteau point précisoù commence l'opposition entre le
Royaume-Uni etle Danemark, puis la République fédérald e'Allemagneet
les Pays-Bas. De même,la ligne entre la Norvègeet le Danemark (agissant
pour les îles Féroé) commenceau point où disparaît l'opposition entre la
Norvègeet leRoyaume-Uni, et iln'estpas question de projection radiale à
partir des îles Féroé.

12. Cette retenue dont témoignentles Etats dans leurs accords bilaté-

raux, et parfois dans la définition despoints triples, se constate également
dans les traitésde délimitation qui,dans diverses parties du monde, font
intervenir plus de deux Etats. Par exemple, la ligne entre l'Inde (Nicobar)
et l'Indonésie(Sumatra) s'arrêteau point où s'établitune relation d'op-
position entre Nicobar et la Thaïlanded'une part, et entre l'Indonésie etla
Thaïlanded'autre part. De mêmel,a lignede délimitationentre l'Australie
et l'Indonésie présenteune coupure significative au point où il y a oppo-
sition, non pas entre les parties contractantes, mais entreTimor et 1'Aus-
tralie.
13. Vu cette pratique étatique, il semble permis de conclure que les
Etats, dans leurs accords bilatéraux, font montre de toute la modération
nécessairepour ne pas empiétersur les relations d'opposition qui existent
entre d'autres Etats. On remarquera quecetteattitude généraleestadoptée
indépendammentdela distancedescôtesou îlesopposéesde 1'Etattiers,et
nonobstant le fait que les accords bilatéraux ne peuvent en aucun cas
préjuger desdroits des Etats tiers. Devant cette pratique généralei,leût été

souhaitable que la Cour déclarât inacceptables les demandes maltaises
fondées surle trapèze,qui empiètent manifestement sur la relation d'op-
position existant entre la Libye et certains Etats tiers, tels que l'Italie et la
Grèce.Ces demandes, s'illeur étaitdonnésuite, auraient un <<effet d'am-
putation >extrêmementgrave sur le prolongement géographique naturel
du long rivage italien.
14. En d'autres termes, l'opposition entre les côtes de deux Etats ne se
définitpas par des critères visuelsou géométriques,expriméspar une
relation angulaire : elle dépend de la présence ou non d'un Etat tiers.
L'opposition entre les Etats A et Bdisparaît lorsqu'elleest remplacéepar
l'opposition avec un Etat C, adjacent à l'Etat A : alors commence l'op-
position entre lesEtats C et B.C'est cequi seproduit iciavecla Libye,face
à la Sicile et a la botte italienne.

15. Selonnous,limiter au méridien 15' 10'la zonepour laquelle laCour jurisdiction, as far as the meridian 15" IO',results, notjust from the fact
thatin such an area there are no claimsof third States, but chieflyfrom the
fact that at this point the oppositeness between Malta and Libya has
ceased to exist and has been replaced, in accordance with the extensive
practice of States in enclosed or semi-enclosed seas, by the oppositeness
between the coasts of Sicily and Libya, and those between Calabria and
Apulia and Libya. The disappearance of that opposition is final, and
cannot be artificially resurrected, by an alleged opposition between the

coast of Benghazi in Cyrenaica and Malta's eastern coast. That alleged
opposition cannot cut off the one which had already been established
between Italy and Libya. As the Court of Arbitration between the United
Kingdom and France stated :

"It cannot be open to two States, by ignoring the existence of the
continental shelf claims of an intermediate third State, to divide up
areas appertaining to the thrd State." (Para. 92.)

II. THE FICTITIOUS LINE BETWEEN ITALY AND LIBYA
16. The argument whichderivescertain consequences fromthe drawing

of an imaginary line between Italy and Libya is not based on a correct
premise. It ishazardous to assert that the claimsof Libya shouldnot extend
northwards beyond a notional median line between Italy and Libya, but
rather, should be limited below that imaginary line, in order to recognize
some effect to the existence of Malta.

17. This premise fails to take into account that the only coast of Italy
whichisreallyopposite to that of Libya in therelevant area(and supposing
Malta did not exist)is a short segment of the Siciliancoast.This is the one
going from Gela to Cape Passero, or more appropriately a limited stretch
between Marina di Ragusa and Cape Passero. The Sicilian coast Westof
these points is opposite to Tunisia, as it results not only from the Italian-
Tunisian delimitation agreement, but also from the 1982Judgment of the
Court which established the delimitation line between Tunisia and Libya.
To prolong the arrow indicated by the Court in this case shows conclu-

sivelythat the Sicilian coast Westof Gela or even of Marina di Ragusa is
opposite to Tunisia and consequently cannot be opposite to Libya ;this is
what results fromthe practice of States in enclosed and semi-enclosedseas,
which we have described in Part 1of this opinion.
18. The stretch of Sicilian coast between Marina di Ragusa and Cape
Passero has an extent which is roughly in the ratio 1to 3.5to the length of
coast between Ras Ajdir and Ras Zarruq. If one takes Gela instead of
Marina di Ragusa the ratio is 1to 1.55.Thus a strict median line between
the two relevant coasts of Libya and Sicily,ignoring entirely the disparity
in their length, would not have been equitable. While the rest of the Italianest compétentene sejustifie pas simplement parce que cette zone ne fait
l'objet d'aucune prétention d'Etats tiers, mais surtout par le fait qu'en ce
point l'opposition entre Malte et la Libye disparaît et est remplacée,
conformément àla pratique généraledes Etats dans les mers ferméesou
semi-fermées,par l'opposition entre lescôtesdela Sicileetde la Libye,puis
entre les côtes de la Calabre et des Pouilles et celles de la Libye. La
disparition de cette opposition est définitive,et celle-ci ne peut pas être

artificiellement ressuscitée souslaforme d'uneprétendueopposition entre
Benghazi, en Cyrénaïque, etla côte orientale de Malte. Cette prétendue
opposition ne saurait en effet s'interposer dans la relation d'opposition qui
s'estdéjàétablieentre l'Italie et la Libye. Comme le dit la décisionrendue
dans l'arbitrage franco-britannique :

(Deux Etats ne peuvent pas êtrelaisséslibres de se répartir des
espaces relevant d'un Etat tiers en ignorant l'existencede revendica-
tions de cet Etat surunezone du plateau continental situéeentre leurs
propres territoires. (Par. 92.)

II. LALIGNE FICTIVE ENTRE L'ITALIE ET LA LIBYE

16. L'argument qui tire certaines conséquencesdu tracé d'uneligne
imaginaire entre l'Italieetla Libye nereposepas surune prémissecorrecte.
Il est en effet hasardeux d'affirmer que les prétentions de la Libye ne
doivent pas s'étendrevers le nord au-delà d'une ligne médiane hypothé-
tique tracéeentre cepays et l'Italie, mais au contraire s'arrêter au-dessous
decette ligne imaginaire, de façon àce qu'il soitattribuéun certain effeà
l'existence de l'îlede Malte.

17. Cette prémisse netient pascompte du fait que la seulecôteitalienne
opposée à celle de la Libye dans la zone pertinente (en supposant que
Malte n'existepas) est uncourt segment de lacôte de Sicile:celuiqui vade
Gela au cap Passero, ou, plus exactement, de Marina di Ragusi au cap
Passero. Plus à l'ouest, la côte sicilienne fait fàcla Tunisie, ainsi qu'il
ressort non seulement de l'accordde délimitationItalie-Tunisie, maisaussi
del'arrêtde 1982de laCour surladélimitationentre la Tunisieet la Libye.
Il suffit en effet de prolonger la flèchemarquée surla cartejointeàl'arrêt
de la Courpour constater que lacôte sicilienne àl'ouestdeGela, ou même
de Marina di Ragusi, fait face àla Tunisie, et par conséquentne peut pas
faire faceà la Libye ;c'est cequi résultede la pratique des Etats dans les

mers ferméeset semi-fermées,telleque résumée dans la premièrepartie de
cette opinion.
18. La portion de côte siciliennesituéeentre Marina di Ragusi et lecap
Passero présenteunrapport de 1 à 3,5avecla côtelibyenne entre Ras Ajdir
et RasZarrouk. Sil'onprend Gela au lieu de Marina di Ragusi, lerapport
est de 1à 1,55.Dans ces conditions, une ligne strictement médiane tracée
entre les côtes pertinentes de la Libye et de la Sicileet faisant complète-
ment abstraction de cette différencede longueur ne serait pas équitable. coast is a long one, the coast of the Italian boot to the east of meridian
15" 10'is not opposite to the Libyan coast between Ras Ajdir and Ras
Zarruq and besides it has a marked northeast inclination, so that the
notional equidistant line would have to go northwards, unless it were
entirelycontrolled by the salient coastal point of the promontory at Cape

Passero. Since this method would also be inequitable, it is clear that the
fictitious median line between Sicilyand Libya on whch this argument is
based would have in turn tobe corrected on several grounds, particularly
to takeproperly into account the disparity in the breadth of contact of the
relevant segments of coast with the sea, which is, after all, the source of
continental shelf rights.

19. Thedifficultproblem the Court had to solvewas todetermine howa
median line between Malta and Libya could be corrected for the purposes
of achieving an equitable result. To that end, the Court has thought fit to
imagine a hypothetical median line (between Italy and Libya) which itself
necessarily requirescorrection on account of thedisparityin thelengths of
the relevant coastlines. As will be apparent, this line of reasoning implies
that, in tackling the problem or correctingthe median linebetween Malta
and Libya, one is inevitablyfaced with exactly the same type of problem
where the correction of the imaginary line between Italy and Libya is
concerned. But to solve one unknown with another unknown is, mathe-

maticallyspeaking, a formidable, not to Sayimpossible, exercise.A prob-
lem cannot be solved by creating another one of a wholly identical char-
acter.

III. THECOMPARISON IN THE LENGTH OF COASTS

20. Counsel for Malta have contended that "proportionality" should
not be applied as an equitable criterion, because it is only a test to be
applied aposteriori. It is true that proportionality is a test to be applied a
posterioriin order to appreciate the equity of the final result. But the
comparison in the length of the pertinent coasts of the Parties has always
been apart of the intellectual process leadingto an equitable delimitation,
and not something which comes into play after a line is established. When
that comparison shows, as in this case, a considerable difference in the
extent of coasts of the Parties (and also between the relevant Sicilian

stretch of coast and that of Libya), then such a disparity constitutes, by
itself,amost relevantgeographicalcircumstance, whichmust be taken into
account,amongtheother relevantcircumstances,in effectingan equitable
delimitation. To assert, as Malta has done, that the equidistance method
should be applied, even if it produces a delirnitation which is grossly
disproportionate to the length of the relevant coasts, is an attempt to
subordinate the equitable resu3t to+e achieved, to the method adopted.
This is precisely the opposite of the fundamental rule of delimitation,
namely, that themethod to be adopted should bejustified by the equity of Quant au reste du littoral italien, il est d'une grande longueur,mais la côte
de la botte italiennà l'est du méridien15" 10'ne fait pas faceà la côte
libyenne entre Ras Ajdir et Ras Zarrouk, et, de plus, elle est nettement
inclinée verslenord-est, de sorteque la ligned'équidistance hypothétique
devrait s'infléchirverslenordàmoins qu'ellene soit entièrement comman-
déepar lesaillant du cap Passero.Commeune telleméthode seraitelleaussi
inéquitable,il est manifeste que la ligne médiane fictiveentre la Sicileet la
Libye,surlaquelleresposeleraisonnement delaCour, devrait àsontour être
corrigéepour plusieurs raisons, et en particulier pour tenir suffisamment

comptedeladisparitéentrelessegmentsdecôtepertinents, dont l'amplitude
de contact avec la mer est, après tout, la source des droits sur le plateau
continental.
19. Le difficile problème que la Cour avait àrésoudreétaitde savoir
comment corriger, aux fins d'un résultat équitable, laligne médianeentre
Malte etla Libye.Or, pour cefaire,la Cour ajugébon d'imaginerune ligne
médiane hypothétique(entre l'Italie et la Libye) qui elle-mêmeappelle
nécessairementunecorrection du fait deladisparitéentre leslongueursdes
côtespertinentes. Dans une telledémarcheintellectuelle, on s'aperçoitque,
pour résoudreunproblèmedecorrection delignemédianeentre Malteet la
Libye, on retombe inévitablement sur un problème exactement de même

nature : la correction de la ligne imaginaire entre l'Italie et la Libye. Or,
résoudreune inconnue par une autre inconnue est mathématiquement un
exercice redoutable, pour ne pas dire impossible. On ne résout pas un
problème en en créantun autre, tout à fait identique.

III. LA COMPARAISON ENTRE LES LONGUEURS DE CÔTE

20. Les conseils de Malte ont plaidé que la << proportionnalité )>ne
devaitpas êtreutiliséecommecritèreéquitable,parceque c'étaitseulement
un testà appliquer à posteriori. 11est exact que la proportionnalité est un

testà appliquerà posteriori,afin d'apprécier l'équiéu résultat final.Mais
la comparaison entre les longueurs de côte des parties a toujours étéun
élémentde l'opérationintellectuelle conduisant àune délimitation équi-
table, et non pas un facteur intervenant après qu'une certaine ligne a été
définie.Lorsque cette comparaison fait apparaître, comme c'estlecas ici,
une différencede longueur considérableentre lescôtes des Parties (et aussi
entre le segment de côte sicilien pertinent et la côte de la Libye), cette
différenceconstitue en elle-mêmeune circonstance géographique de la
plus haute pertinence, qu'ilimportedeprendre enconsidération,au même
titre que les autres circonstances pertinentes, pour effectuer une délimi-
tation équitable. Prétendre, comme l'a fait Malte, que la méthode de

l'équidistancedoit êtreappliquéemêmesi ellea pour résultat unedélimi-
tation complètement disproportionnée à la longueur descôtespertinentes
revientà vouloir subordonner le résultat équitablerecherchéà la méthode
adoptée.C'est là précisémentle contraire de la règlefondamentale de la the result. We do not think that in the present case, one should take the
method ofequidistance to bethemajor, decisiveand absolute element, and
proportionality to be a secondary test, no more than a means of checking
the result obtained by the equidistance method. To Ourway of thinking,
both elements are equally important in the present case, and both should
have been fully applied ; thefirst,equidistance, to giveaprecise indication

of the contours and characteristics of the delimitation line ; the second,
proportionality, in order tocorrect theline by shiftingit northwards to the
requisite latitude, so as to achieve a reasonable relationship between the
areas with a view to an equitable result.

21. To provide an additional vindication of the need to take account of
the length of coast, one should begin with the straightforward idea - not
contested by eitherParty - that aseach coastal Statehas equalentitlement
to continental shelf,its coasts are presumed to possess an equal capacityto
generate an area of maritimejurisdiction. It isin this sense(and onlyin this
sgse) that one can effectivelyspeak of equality of States. But thecapacity
of generating continental shelf, which every State possesses to an equal

degreeof "intensity", depends inconcret0upon physical factors with which
Statesare not equally endowed. As the Courthas said, it is the coast which
"is the decisive factor for title to submarine areas adjacent to it" (I.C.J.
Reports 1982, p. 61, para. 73). It is certainly not the physical fact of
adjacency which givesrise to the legal entitlement to the continental shelf
(GulfofMaine case, 1.C.J. Reports1984,p. 296, para. 103).It is rather the
existenceof arule oflaw,establishinga link between territorial sovereignty
and continental shelf rights, which givesrise to the legal entitlement. It is
therefore correct that, as Malta's counsel have said, thecontinental shelfis
not the extension of a physical coast, but of territorial sovereignty - or in
other words, thatit isan emanation of statehood. However,one shouldnot
spend too much timejuggling with abstractions, merely so asto be able to
refuse to recognize the part played by length of coast. Territorial sover-

eigntyenables continental shelfrights tobegenerated,but it can in no way
suffice to "give concrete expression" to these rights, to quantify the areas
affected or to arrive at a delimitation. It merely confers "eligibility" to
possess continental shelf. The extent and limits of that shelf are given
concrete form by the coastal front, and as a function of its geography,
which comprises al1its physical characteristics,length included. The sea-
board is a parameter which enables use to be made of the sea ; it is a more
or less important, more or less extensive, means of access to the sea. For
that purpose it is expressed in units of measurement. Territorial sover-
eignty generates continental shelf rights by way of the coastal front (as is
proved by the fact that it cannot engender them in the case of landlocked
States). This coastal front generates a certain area of continental shelf,
because of its length, among other things ;this seems a statement of the

obvious.Given that sovereignty creates the legal entitlement but can only
give it effect by way of the coast as "medium", it is this medium which délimitation,quiveut quelaméthode à adopter soitjustifiéepar l'équitédu
résultat.Nous ne pensons pas qu'en l'espèce ilfaille voir dans la méthode
de l'équidistance l'élémen ptrincipal, décisifet absolu, et dans la propor-
tionnalité un test d'importance secondaire, simple moyen de vérifierle
résultatobtenu par l'équidistance. Selon nous, l'unet l'autre élémentsont
d'importance égaledans le cas présent, et l'unet l'autre auraient dû être
pleinement appliqués :le premier - l'équidistance - pour donner une

indication précise descontours et des caractéristiques dela ligne de déli-
mitation ; le second - la proportionnalité - pour corriger la ligne en la
déplaçantvers le nord jusqu'à lalatitude voulue, de façon à parvenir à un
rapport raisonnable entre leszones relevant de chaque Partie et à obtenir
un résultat équitable.
21. On trouve une raison supplémentairede tenir comptedes longueurs
de côte si l'on part de l'idéesimple - et incontestéepar les Parties à la
présenteinstance - que, tout Etat côtier ayant un titre égalsur leplateau
continental, les côtes de chaque Etat sont présumées avoirla mêmeapti-
tude àengendrer une zone dejuridiction maritime. C'est encesens(et dans
cesensseulement) quel'onpeut vraiment parler del'égalité deE stats. Mais

l'aptitudeà engendrer un plateau continental, que chaque Etat possède
avec la même force D,dépendconcrètement d'éléments physiques dont
tous les Etats ne sont pas égalementpourvus.Comme la Cour l'a déjàdit,
c'est la côte qui est <<déterminante pour créerle titre sur les étendues
sous-marines bordant cette côte (C.I.J. Recueil 1982,p. 61, par. 73). Ce
n'est pas le fait physique de I'adjacence qui donne naissance au titre
juridique surleplateaucontinental(affaire dela Délimitation de lafrontière
maritime dans la régiondu golfe du Maine, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 296,
par. 103) : c'estl'existenced'une règlede droit établissantun lien entre la
souveraineté territoriale etles droits surleplateau continental. Il est donc
juste de dire, comme l'ont fait les conseils de Malte, quele plateau conti-
nental n'estpas la prolongation de la côteau sensphysique du terme, mais

dela souverainetéterritoriale - ou, sil'on préfère,ue c'estuneémanation
de la nature de 1'Etat.Il ne faut pas cependant passer trop de temps à
jongler avec des abstractions dans le seul but de pouvoir nier le rôle que
joue la longueur des côtes. Si en effet c'estla souverainetéterritoriale qui
permet de donner naissance aux droits surleplateau continental, la même
souveraineténe saurait à elle seule donner une expression concrète à ces
droits, c'est-à-direpermettre de calculer les zones relevant de chaque Etat
ou de procéder àune délimitation. Ellenefait que rendre l'Etat capable de
posséderun plateau continental. Mais l'étendueet leslimites de ceplateau
tiennent leur forme concrètede lafaçade côtièreetsont fonction de celle-ci
sous son aspect géographique, c'est-à-dire de toutes ses caractéristiques

physiques, longueur comprise. Le littoral est un paramètre qui permet
d'utiliser la mer;c'estun moyen d'accès à la mer plus ou moins important,
plus ou moins étendu.A cette fin,ilest expriméenunités mesurables.Et la
souverainetétemtoriale donne naissance à des droits sur le plateau conti-
nental par l'intermédiairedela façade maritime (comme leprouve le fait
qu'elle nepeut donner naissance à aucundroit de cegenrelorsque 1'Etatest becomes decisiveforthe concretization of the area of shelfattributed. The
medium is defined by al1its component elements, including length.

22. No delimitation process between twoopposite States can be carried
out without taking account of the "coastal geography" and the "coastal
relationship". Every coast has an individual appearance derived from its
specific characteristics, and every "coastal relationship" between the
coasts of two opposite States has its own individual character. In order to
establish the "coastal geography" and the "coastal relationship" applying
in a given case, account must be taken of al1the factors which may lend
their particular stamp to these coasts. In practice, what we look at is their
configuration, their curvature, their general direction, their projection
(whether radial or frontal) any change in direction in particular sections.
their indentations, projections and irregularities,their "ordinary" or "spe-
cial" or "unusual" features, their "non-essential" characteristics, and the
"coastal relationship" which they create, depending on whether adjacent
or opposite States are involved.Thus al1the physical data relating to these
coasts must be taken into consideration. Consequently, it would appear
striking and unusual, unjustifiable and unwarranted, not to deal likewise
with the length of the coasts. It is incomprehensible that a characteristic

which might prove essential should be ignored, while al1the other char-
acteristics are treated as identification marks of a particular coast.

23. It is out of the question to dissimulate the concept of proportion-
ality, and publicists have taken care not to do so. Thus Professor Paul
Reuter has correctly stated :
"from ancient times it has been consistently taught by philosophers,
moralists and, subsequently, theologians that justice does not mean
arithmetical equality but equality in ratios and proportions, and the
distinction between commutative and distributivejustice has accen-
tuated that aspect" ("Quelques réflexionssur l'équité en droit inter-

national", Revue belgede droit international,1980,p. 173[trunslution
by the Registry]).
In the writer's eyes,there can be no equity without proportionality. The
principle of proportionality, with that of equivalence and finality, isone of
the three principles on which equity isbuilt. Professor D. P. O'Connel1has
likewise written :

"Although there isno referenceinArticle 6totheproportions of the
continental shelf to be attributed respectively to neighbours, the
notion ofproportionulity is inherent inthut of equitubledelimitution."
(The International Luw of the Seu, Vol. II, Oxford, 1984, p. 724 ;
emphasis added.)privédelittoral). Cettefaçade maritimeengendreune certaine étendue de
plateau continental, grâce - entre autres choses - à sa longueur : il n'ya
rien là que d'évident.Etant donnécependant que la souverainetécréele
titrejuridique, mais ne peut lui donner effet que par l'intermédiaire de la
côte, c'est cet intermédiaire qui devient déterminant pour concrétiser

l'étenduede plateau reconnue à tel ou tel Etat. Et cet intermédiaireest dé-
fini par tous les élémentsqui le composent, parmi lesquels la longueur.
22. Il est impossible de procéder à une opération de délimitationentre
deux Etats dont les côtesse font facesans tenir compte de la << géographie
côtière et de la (<relation côtière ))Chaque côte a en effet sa silhouette
propre, due aux caractéristiquesqui sont les siennes, et chaque (<relation

côtière entre deux Etats se faisant face a son caractère singulier. Il faut
donc, pour établir la ((géographiecôtière >)et la ((relation côtière ))appli-
cables dans un cas donné, tenir compte de tous les facteurs qui peuvent
donner aux côtes en question leur aspect particulier. Pratiquement, cela
veut dire qu'on considèrela configuration de ces côtes,leur courbure,leur

orientation générale, leur projection (radiale ou frontale), leurs change-
ments de direction en certains points, leurs échancrures, avancées ou
irrégularités,leurséléments (<ordinaires )),(<spéciaux )ou ((inhabituels )),
leurscaractéristiques ((non essentielles ))et la ((relation côtière )>qu'elles
font apparaître selon qu'il s'agit de côtes adjacentes ou opposées.Ainsi

toutes les donnéesphysiques relatives à ces côtes doivent êtreprises en
considération. Dans ces conditions, il semblerait étonnant et inhabituel,
injustifiable et injustifié,de n'en pas faire autant pour les longueurs de
côte. Il seraitincompréhensiblequ'une caractéristiquepeut-êtreessentielle
puisse êtrenégligéea ,lors que les autres sont reconnues comme autant de
marques distinctives de la côte.

23. Iln'estpas concevable d'occulter lanotion de proportionnalité, etla
doctrine s'en garde bien. Le professeur Reuter écrit trèsjustement :

(<C'est depuis l'antiquitél'enseignement le plus constant des phi-
losophes et moralistes, puis des théologiens,que la justice est une
égalité non pas arithmétique, mais une égalité dans les rapports et
dans les proportions, et la distinction de lajustice commutativeet de
la justice distributive est venue souligner cet aspect. ((< Quelques
réflexionssur l'équitéen droit international )),Revue belge de droit

international, 1980,p. 173.)
Pour cet auteur, l'équité ne peut pas aller sans proportionnalité : le prin-
cipedeproportionnalité est,avecceluid'équivalenceetde finalité,l'un des

trois principes sur lesquels est bâtie l'équité.De son côté,le professeur
O'Connel1écrit :
(<Bien que l'article6ne dise rien desproportions du plateau conti-

nental à attribuer àchaque Etat voisin,la notiondeproportionnalitéest
inhérente à lanotiondedélimitationéquitable .(TheInternational Law
of the Sea, Oxford, 1984, vol. II, p. 724 ; les italiques sont de
nous.) Writers on law have not found the Court's 1982 Judgment in the Con-
tinentalSheif (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) case very satisfying. One

of the grounds for their dissatisfaction lay, precisely, in the way the Court
had handled the proportionality question (cf. Monique Chernillier-Gen-
dreau, "Le droit de la mer, mythes et réalités",Hérodote,1984/1,NO.32,
p. 51,and Elisabeth Zoller, "Recherche sur les méthodesde délimitation
du plateau continental : àpropos de l'affaire Tunisie/Libye (arrêt du24
février1982)",Revuegénérale de droit internationalpublic, 1982,pp. 645-
678,passim). In the present case it was al1the more desirable that special
care be devoted to this question, the importance of which was greatly
enhanced by the wholly unusual disparity in the lengths of the Parties'
coastlines.
24. At the Third Conference on the Law of the Sea, the Moroccan
delegation had proposed making an actual rule out of proportionality :

" (c)The reasonable relationship which, after consideration of the
criteria indicated under sub-paragraph (a), should result from a
delimitation effected in accordance with principles of equitable pro-
portionality between the extent of the zones to be delirnited and the
respective length of the coastlines measured following the general
direction thereof." (Doc. NG 7/3, 21 April 1978.)

The fact that theThird Conferenceneither adopted nor evendiscussed this
proposa1 does not mean that it was against taking the proportionality
factor into consideration. At thatjuncture, however,its preoccupation was
simply to devisea general formula likelyto achievea broad consensus and
bridgethe gap between thepartisans ofequidistance and those ofequitable
principles. In confining itself to enunciating the "fundamental rule" of
maritime delimitation law, namely that of striving towards an "equitable

result", theThird Conference, for the sake of the general consensus, had to
abandon the idea of spellingout the "means" of achievingthat result, since
no agreement upon them could have been reached. Thus no equitable
principle was specifically mentioned, any more than equidistance, so it is
not surprising that proportionality was not mentioned either.

25. In this case, the considerable difference in the length of the respec-
tive coasts represents a striking physical fact which is a particularly
"relevant circumstance". The Court has been given some noteworthy
comparative figures regarding the respective lengths of the coasts of the
twoStates. The disparity between the respectivelengths of thecoasts of the
two States, in the ratio 1 to 8, is particularly striking : it is completely

"unusual" and unique in delimitation processes. This is surely a particu-
larly relevant factor in this case.
26. Acomparison in the length ofcoasts of theparties, of their "breadth
of contact with the sea" has invariably been made in the process of
reaching judicial decisions concerning maritime delimitation and such a
comparison has always determined the final result. In the 1969JudgmentLa doctrine n'a pas trouvé très satisfaisantl'arrêtrendu par la Cour en

1982 dans l'affaire du Plateau continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe
libyenne),et l'unde sessujetsd'insatisfaction était précisémenlta manière
dont la Cour avait traité la question de la proportionnalité (voir M. Che-
millier-Gendreau, ((Le droit de la mer, mythes et réalités )),Hérodote,
premier trimestre 1984, no 32, p. 51 ; et E. Zoller, (Recherche sur les
méthodesde délimitationdu plateau continental : àpropos de l'affaire
TunisielLibye (arrêtdu 24 février1982) ))Revuegénérale de droitinter-

nationalpublic, 1982,p. 645-678,passim).A fortiori convient-il d'apporter,
enlaprésenteaffaire,un sointout particulier à l'examende cettequestion,
qui revêt iciune importance accrue en raison de la disparité tout à fait
inhabituelle entre les longueurs de côte des deux Parties.
24. La délégationmarocaineavaitproposé àla troisièmeconférencedes
Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer de faire de la proportionnalité une
véritablerègle :

((c) Le rapport raisonnable que,compte tenu descritèresindiqués
à l'alinéa a), une délimitation opérée conformémen àtdes principes

équitables devrait faire apparaître entre l'étendue deszones à déli-
miter et la longueur respective deslittoraux mesuréesuivant la direc-
tion générale deceux-ci. ))(Doc. NG 7/3, du 21 avril 1978.)

Lefait que cetteproposition n'ait pas étéretenue, nimêmediscutéepar la
conférence,nesignifiepas que celle-ciétaiten quoi que cefût hostile à la
prise en considération du facteur de proportionnalité. Mais les temps
étaientplutôt à larecherched'une formulegénérale,susceptibledecréerun
large consensus et de faire disparaître le clivage entre les tenants de
l'équidistanceetceuxdesprincipes équitables.En sebornant à énoncerla

((norme fondamentale du droit de la délimitation maritime, qui est la
recherche du ((résultat équitable ))la conférencea dû, pour réaliser un
consensus général, renoncer à édicterles <(moyens de parvenir à ce
résultat, surlesquelsl'accord n'avait pu sefaire.Aucun principe équitable
n'adonc été expressémentmentionné,pas plusque l'équidistance,desorte
qu'il n'estpas surprenant que le principe de proportionnalité ne l'ait pas
été non plus.

25. Dans la présente affaire, la considérable différencede longueur
entre lescôtespertinentes est un fait physique frappant, où ilfaut voirune
((circonstancepertinente au plus haut point. La Cour a reçu communi-
cation de chiffrespermettant de fort bien comparer ceslongueurs de côte.
Cette disparité, correspondant à un rapport de 1 à 8, est particulièrement
éloquente : elle est quelque chose d'absolument ((inhabituel et unique

dans les opérations de délimitation. C'est, enl'espèce,un facteur particu-
lièrement pertinent.
26. Comparer la longueur des côtes des parties, leur ((amplitude de
contact avecla mer )),est une étapedu raisonnement quel'on trouve dans
toutes les décisionsjudiciaires enmatièrededélimitationmaritime,etcette
comparaison est toujours déterminante pour le résultat final. Dans son the Court made such acomparison ;it foundthat the extent of coast of the

three Parties was similar and, in consequence, declared that equidistance
would not be equitable in that case.In the 1977award between France and
the United Kingdom the comparison in the length of coast of the parties
was made by the Court of Arbitration in the process of reaching its
decision, and not expost facto. The Court ofArbitration's mainconclusion
was that there was no appreciable differencein the extent of the coasts of
both parties. This was the only, the decisive,and the explicit ground upon
which the Court based its correction of the median line by disregarding
the Channel Islands and by assigning half effect to the Isles of Scilly
(paras. 181, 195, 199,202, 234, 244,of the decision).
27. A reading of the above-referred paragraphs of the award demon-
strates that the Court of Arbitration began the process of reaching its
decisionsby acomparison in thelength of thecoasts of theparties. It found
that they were comparable in their extent and therefore it concluded that

equityrequired to recognizebroadlycomparable areas to eachParty. It did ,
not have to apply the test of proportionality aposteriori.Afterfinding that
the ratio of coasts was 1to 1,it decided to avoid disproportion by adju-
dicatingbroadly comparable areas, and this was achieved by appropriate
corrections of the median line. Soit isunjustified to invoke the authority of
this tribunalin order torninirnizethefactor consisting in thecomparison of
thelength ofcoasts of theparties. On thecontrary, it wastheleitmotiv ofits
reasoning and itsconclusions.If,in order to achievean equitableresult,the
Court ofArbitration correctedthestrict median linefor thereasonthat the
length of coasts of the parties was 1 to 1, it is difficult to avoid the
conclusionthat a median line should afortiori be corrected when the ratio
is 1 to 8, as in this case, or 1 to 3.5, as between the Sicilian and Libyan
relevant coasts.

28; In the TunisialLibya case the Court, in paragraph 131of the Judg-
ment, made a detailed study of the proportion of the relevant adjacent
coasts, which had a ratio of 1for Libya and 1.63for Tunisia, and reached
theconclusionthat the result "taking into account al1the relevant circum-
stances, seems to the Court to meet the requirements of the test of pro-
portionality as an aspect of equity" (I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 91). And
paragraph 133B. (5) mentioned among the relevant circumstances to be
taken into account to achieve an equitable result :

"the element of a reasonable degree of proportionality, which a
delimitationcarried out in accordance with equitableprinciplesought
to bring about between the extent of the continental shelf areas
appertaining to the coastal Stateand the length of the relevant part of

its coast, measured in the generaldirection of the coastlines,account
being taken for this purpose of the effects, actual or prospective, of
any other continental shelf delimitation between States in the same
region" (ibid., p. 93).arrêtde 1969,la Cour, après avoir fait une comparaison de ce genre, a
conclu que la longueur des côtes des trois Parties étaitsemblable, et que
dans ce cas l'équidistancene serait donc pas équitable.Dans l'arbitrage
franco-britannique de 1977,la comparaison de la longueur des côtes est
intervenue pendant l'élaboration de la décision rendue, et non pas à
posteriori,laprincipale conclusion du tribunalarbitralétant qu'iln'yavait
pas de différenceappréciableentre leslongueurs de côteencause. Telestle
motif unique, décisifet explicite sur lequel repose la correction que ce

tribunal a apportée à la ligne médiane en faisant abstraction des îles
Anglo-Normandeset enattribuant un demi-effet aux Sorlingues(sentence,
par. 181, 195, 199,202, 234 et 244).
27. La lecture des passages susindiquésde la sentence montre que le
tribunal arbitral estparvenu asadécision encommençant par comparer les
longueurs des côtesdesparties, et que, ayantconstatéque cescôtesétaient
de longueurcomparable,il en a concluque l'équité exigeaqiu te chaque par-
tie se voie attribuer desétendues approximativement comparables. Le tri-
bunal n'apas eu à appliquer le test deproportionnalité àposteriori. Après
avoir constatéen effet que lerapport entre leslongueurs de côte étaitégal,
il a décidéd'évitertoute disproportion en attribuant aux parties des sur-

facesapproximativement comparables, cequ'ila fait en corrigeant la ligne
médianede façon appropriée.On ne saurait donc invoquer ce précédent
pour minimiser l'importance du facteur qu'est la comparaison entre les
longueurs de côte des parties. Au contraire, cette comparaison est le
leitmotiv qui apparaît dans tout le raisonnement du tribunal et dans ses
conclusions. Si,pour arriver à un résultat équitable,le tribunal arbitral a
corrigé la lignemédiane stricte de façon à tenir compte du rapport égal
èntrelescôtes, il est difficilede ne pas conclure que la ligne médianedoià
fortiori êtrecorrigéelorsque le rapport est de 1a 8,comme en la présente
espèce, ou de 1 à 3,5, comme entre les côtes siciliennes et libyennes
pertinentes.

28. Dans l'affaire Tunisie/Libye, la Cour, aprèsavoirprocédé aupara-
graphe 131de son arrêt àune analyse détailléede la proportionnalitéentre
lescôtes adjacentes pertinentes, dont le rapport étaitde 1,63a 1en faveur
de la Tunisie, a conclu que ce résultat, <(qui tient compte de toutes les
circonstances pertinentes, paraît satisfaire au critère de proportionna-
litéen tant qu'aspect de l'équité))(C.I.J. Recueil 1982,p. 91). Et le para-
graphe 133 B5de l'arrêt mentionnait, parmiles circonstancespertinentes
à retenir pour aboutir à une délimitation équitable :

<le rapport raisonnable qu'une délimitation opérée conforméme nt
des principes équitables devrait faire apparaître entre l'étendue des

zones de plateau continental relevant de 1'Etatriverain et la longueur
de la partie pertinente de son littoral mesuréesuivant la direction
généralede celui-ci, compte tenu à cette fin des effets actuels ou
éventuelsde toute autre délimitationdeplateau continental effectuée
entre Etats de la mêmerégion ))(ibid, p. 93).In that case a more limited area was adjudicated to Libya. It would have
been obviously unfair not to makehere a similar comparison in the length
of coasts, when it operates to the advantage of Libya in the ratio of 1
to 8.
29. In the recent caseof the DelimitationoftheMaritime Boundaryin the
Gulf of Maine Area, the Chamber was faced with the problem of coasts
having different lengths, and it said in various passages of its Judg-
ment :

"This difference in length is a special circumstance of someweight,
which,in theChamber's view,justifies acorrection of theequidistance
line,or ofanyother line.In severalspecificcasesthe respectivelengths
of the coasts of the two Parties in the delimitation area have been
taken into consideration as a ground for correcting a line basically
derived from the application of a given method. Somecases involved
settlement by agreement (e.g., that of the shelf boundary between
France and Spain in the Bayof Biscay)whileothers weresubmitted to
judicial decision (e.g.,that of the delimitation of the continental shelf
between Tunisia and Libya). Yet, in comparison with these various

cases, in the present case the difference in the length of the coasts of
the two States within the delimitation area is particularly notable."
(I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 322-323, para. 184.)

It is to be remarked that in this case the rather modest ratio of 1to 1.34was
deemed "particularly notable". Then the Judgment added :

"a fair measure of weight should be given to a by no means negli-
gible difference within the delimitation area between the lengths
of the respective coastlines of the countries concerned(ibi d..,28,
para. 196).

And later the Chamber stated

"it is in the Chamber's viewimpossible to disregard thecircumstance,
which is of undeniable importance in the present case, that there is a
difference in length between the respective coastlines of the two
neighbouring States which border on the delimitation area. Not to
recognize this fact would be a denial of the obvious. The Chamber
therefore reaffirms the necessity of applying to the median line as
initially drawn a correction which, though limited, will pay due heed
totheactual situation. In SectionVI,paragraph 157.the Chamber has
recognized in principle the equitable character of the criterionre-
by appropriate consequences may be deduced from any inequalities
in the lengths of the two States respective coastlines abutting on the
delimitation area. As the Chamber has expressly emphasized it in no
way intends to make an autonomous criterion or method of delimi-
tation out of the concept of 'proportionality'. even if it be lirnited toDans ce cas, la zone attribuée à la Libye a étéréduite. Et il eût été
manifestement inéquitable de ne pas faire dans la présente espèceune
comparaison semblable entre les longueurs de côte, alors que cette com-
paraisonjoue à l'avantage de la Libye selon un rapport de 8 à 1.
29. Dans la récenteaffaire de la Délimitationde la frontièremaritime

dans larégiondugolfeduMaine, la Chambre, face à des côtes de longueur
différente, s'est prononcée à ce sujet dans plusieurs passages de son
arrêt :

<Il y a dans cette différencede longueur une circonstance spéciale
quipèsed'un certainpoids et qui, de l'avisde la Chambre,appelle une
correction de la ligne d'équidistance oude toute autre ligne. Dans
plusieurs cas concrets, la longueur respective des côtes des deux
Parties dans la zone à délimitera étéprise en considération comme
raison de corriger une ligne résultant fondamentalement de l'appli-
cation d'une méthodedonnée.Tantôt il s'agissaitd'un cas réglé par
voie d'accord (par exemple celui de la limite du plateau franco-
espagnoldans legolfedeGascogne), tantôt d'uncassoumis à décision
judiciaire (par exemple-celuidela délimitationdu plateau continental

tuniso-libyen). Or, par comparaison avec ces différentscas, dans la
présente espèce la différence de longueur des côtes des deux Etats
comprises dans I'aire de la délimitation est particulièrement no-
table.))(C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 322-323, par. 184.)

On remarquera que le rapport - dans ce cas - assez modeste de 1 à 1,34
étaitjugé<< particulièrement notable )par la Chambre. Celle-cia souligné
aussi la nécessitéde :

((donner du poids, dans dejustes proportions, à une différencenon
négligeable, à l'intérieurde I'aire de la délimitation, entre les lon-
gueurs des côtes respectives des pays intéressés r)(ibid., p. 328,
par. 196).

Et la Chambre a déclaré encore :

<(del'avisdelaChambre, on nesaurait négligerlacirconstance, d'une
importance indéniabledans lecas présent, qu'il existeune différence
delongueurentre lescôtesdesdeux Etats voisinsdonnant sur I'airede
la délimitation.Ne pas reconnaître cetteréalitéserait nier l'évidence.
La Chambre réaffirmedonc lanécessité d'apporter unecorrection à la
ligne médiane initialement tracée, correction limitée, mais tenant
dûment compte dela situation réelle. Ala section VI,paragraphe 157,
la Chambre a reconnu en principe le caractère équitabledu critère
permettant de tirer lesconséquencesappropriéesd'éventuelles inéga-
litésdans l'extension des côtesrespectivesdes deuxEtatsdonnant sur

I'airede la délimitation. Comme laChambre l'a expressément souli-
gnéil n'est nullement dans son intention de faire de l'idéede la
proportionnalité,même limitée à l'aspectde la longueur des côtes, un
critèreou une méthode autonome de délimitation.Mais cette préci- 88 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JOINT SEP. OP.)

the aspect of lengths of coastline. However,this does not preclude the
justified use of an auxiliary criterion servingonly to meet the need to
correct appropriately, on the basis of the inequalities noted, the
untoward consequences of applying a different main criterion."

(I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 334-335, para. 218.)

Thus the Chamber did not applythe comparison in the length ofcoasts asa
testaposteriori but as an auxiliary criterion, a special circumstance which
led to a correction of equidistance. The description of this factor as an
"auxiliary" criterion should be interpreted, in Ourview,as signifying that
the comparison of the length of coastsis a criterion like any other,but it is
notan autonomous one,in the sensethat thedelimitationoperation should
not be guided by it as a criterion independent of any other, whereas it
should in fact be combined with other criteria.
30. The arbitral award delivered on 14 February 1985 by a tribunal
composed of three Members of the Court also compared the length of the
coasts of the Parties, and foundthat they had the same length and on that
ground concluded that none of the Parties could claim a supplementary
advantage. The arbitral tribunal stated that proportionality "between the
length of coast and the extent of areas attributedto each State" (para. 120)
is "another circumstance which the Tribunal has to consider" (para. 118).

It added that : "Proportionality must intervene in the evaluation of factors
which are to be taken into account in order to reach an equitable result"
(ibid.).The equallength of the coastlines was suchadeterminativefactor in
that case (along with the general direction of those coastlines) that the
Tribunal introduced the notions of the "short coast" (confined to the
coastal fronts of the two States) and the "longcoast"(alsoincluding part of
the coastal fronts of the neighbouring States, Senegal to the north and
Sierra Leone to the south, the delimitation with which remained to be
effected and could thus be facilitated).
31. What is deduced from thejurisprudence is that the proportionality
of the lengths of coasts is a factor most relevant in testing the equity of a
givenlineof delimitation ;but the proportionality of thecoasts should not
be considered as a strict mathematical exercise ;what has to be taken into
account isjust a general comparison of the length of coast. These are two
related but different concepts, which also play a different role in estab-
lishingthe line.One isamathematicalcomparison, the other isan auxiliary
criterion or a specialcircumstance to be balanced with othercriteria. If the

difference in the length of coasts is to be encapsulated in an "equitable
principle", care must be taken not to express it blindly as a mechanical
arithmeticalratio. Theattempttofind an equitable result requires account
to be taken of the difference in lengths within a flexible,readily applicable
formula, which expresses a reasonable degree of correspondence between
the ratio of these lengths and that of the areas adjudicated to each
Party. sion n'empêchepoint de justifier le recours àun critère complémen-
taire qui ne répondqu'à la nécessitéde corriger d'une manière adé-
quate, sur la base des inégalitésconstatées,les conséquences inap-
propriées de l'application d'un critère principal différent. )(C.I.J.
Recueil 1984,p. 334-335,par. 218.)

La Chambre n'a donc pas appliquéla comparaison entre les longueurs de
côte commeune vérification à posteriori, mais àtitre de critèreauxiliaire,
de circonstance spécialeaboutissant à une correction de l'équidistance.
Selonnous, définircefacteurcomme un critère<< auxiliaire signifiequela
comparaison entre les longueurs de côte est un critère comme tous les
autres,et non pas un critèreautonome - autrementdit,que l'opérationde
délimitationnedoit pas êtreguidéepar cecritèredefaçon indépendante,et
qu'au contraire il convient de le combiner avec d'autres critères.

30. La sentence arbitrale prononcéele 14février1985par un tribunal
composéde trois membres de la Cour compare également leslongueurs
des côtes des parties, et, après avoir constatéqu'elles sont analogues, en
conclut qu'aucune des parties ne peut revendiquer un avantage supplé-
mentaire. Comme l'adit le tribunal arbitral, la proportionnalité <<entre la
longueur du littoral et la superficie des zones à attribuer àchaque Etat ))
(par. 120) est <<une autre circonstance que le tribunal doit examiner 1)
(par. 118).A quoi la sentence ajoute :<<la proportionnalitédoit intervenir
dans l'évaluationdesfacteurs qui entrent en lignede comptepour arriver à
un résultat équitable ))(par. 118). La longueur égaledes côtes étaitun

élément tellementdéterminant dans cette affaire (en mêmetemps que la
direction généralede ces côtes) que le tribunal a introduit les notions de
«littoralcourt»(limité aux façades des deux Etats) et de «littorallong ))
(comprenant une partie desfaçades desEtats voisins,le Sénégaa lunord et
la Sierra Leone au sud, avec lesquels la délimitation restait à faire et
pouvait ainsi êtrefacilitée).
31. La leçon de cettejurisprudence est que la proportionnalitéentre les
longueurs de côte est un facteur de laplus grandepertinence pour s'assurer
de l'équitéd'uneligne de délimitation. Maiscetteproportionnaliténedoit

pas êtreconçue comme une opérationmathématiquerigoureuse :il s'agit
seulement de procéder à une comparaison généraleentre les longueurs de
côte. Il ya là deux notions proches,maisdistinctes, qui àce titrejouent un
rôle différentdans ladéterminationde la ligne.L'une estune comparaison
mathématique ;l'autre, un critèreauxiliaire ou une circonstance spéciale,
dont le poids est à déterminerpar rapport à celui des autres critères.Sila
comparaison entre les longueurs de côte est qualifiéede <<principe équi-
table ))il faut prendre garde àne pas donner àceprincipe une expression
aveugle,sousla forme d'un rapport arithmétiqueautomatiquement appli-

qué.La recherche d'un résultat équitableveut que l'on tienne compte de
ces différencesde longueur selon une formule souple et pratique, permet-
tant defaire correspondre raisonnablement le rapport entre les longueurs
de côte et le rapport entre les étenduesde plateau attribuées à chaque
partie. 32. In thepresent case,it isundeniable that there is anotable difference
between the relevant coasts of the Parties. It is clear that the equidistance
lineproposed by Malta iscompletely out ofproportionto thelengths of the
respectivecoasts ;it really disregardsthedifference of thelengths of coasts
as a factor to be taken into account.This does not mean that the Court has
to apply the strict proportionality proposed by Libya as a line of delimi-
tation in 1973 ;this approach is alsounreasonable in the circumstances of
the case. This rigorousmathematical calculation would lead to an inequi-
table result since it would have caused an undue encroachment on the
Maltese coast. In conclusion,the differencein the coasts of the two States

is a factor, a most important circumstance that had to be taken into
account in this case, not just in the decision of the case, but also in
postulating that fictional line between Sicily and Libya.

33. An attempt has been made to distinguish the above-referred juris-
prudence on the ground that it did not refer to delimitations between
opposite coasts. But this is not exact. The Court of Arbitration between
France and the United Kingdom compared the length of coasts of the
parties, in theChannelarea, where theyare clearlyopposite,and alsoin the
Atlantic region where,in thefinal analysis,the Court found that thecoasts
were also opposite (para. 242). In the light of these findings, it is not
entirely correct to assert that the present is the first case where a delirni-
tation is to be made betweeen exclusivelyoppositecoasts. Also in 1982the
Court extended the comparison to a sector which was "very close to a
directly opposite relationship". The Bay of Biscay agreement between
France and Spain,wherethe ratio was 1to 1.541infavour of France, isalso
an example of applying the correlation based on the extent of coasts
preciselyin the outer area of the Bay,where opposition between the coasts
begins. Finally,the Chamber in the Delimitationof theMaritime Boundary
inthe Gulfof MaineArea case appliedthiscriterioninrelation to the sector
where the coastlines of Massachusetts and Nova Scotia presented an
opposite relationship.

34. It has also been stated that the comparison of length of coast has
only been taken into account as a means to counteract or avoid a cut-off
effect. This may have been the case in the 1969Judgment, although the
Court compared then the extent of coasts of Denmark and the Nether-
lands, in respect of whch no such cut-off effect existed. And no such
cut-off effect was present, also in the Bay of Biscay agreement, or in the
Atlantic region in the 1977award. The avoidance of the cut-off effect is an
independent equitablecriterion which standsonits own feet and does not
have, nor needs, the support of the factor resultingfrom a comparison in
the length of coast of the parties.
35. Acorrection by 28'instead of the 18adopted by the Court, would in
Ourviewhavebeen moreequitable. The resultant line would have allowed
practically three-quarters effect to Malta and produced an area ratio of
around 1to 3.54,i.e.,approaching half the 1to8ratio of thecoast. Wefeel
that sucha relationship between the twoarea/coast ratios wouldhavebeen PLATEAU CONTINENTAL (OP.CONJ.) 89

32. Dans lecasprésent,ilne fait aucun doute qu'ilexisteune différence
notable entre les côtes pertinentes des Parties. est certain aussi que la
ligne d'équidistance proposéepar Malte était absolument sans rapport
avec les longueurs de côte respectives:en fait, elle négligeait complète-
ment la différenceentre les longueurs de côte en tant que facteurà con-
sidérer. Celane signifie pas que la Cour aurait dû appliquer le critère de
stricteproportionnalité que la Libye avait proposé en 1973pour tracer la
ligneJe délimitation:cettepropositionétait tout aussidéraisonnabledans
les circonstances de l'espèce.Un tel calcul mathématique aurait en effet
aboutià un résultat inéquitable, puisqu'ilentraînait un empiétementabu-
sif sur la côte maltaise. En conclusion, la différence entreleslongueurs de
côte desdeux Etats étaitun facteur, une circonstance trèsimportantedont

ilfallait tenir compte, non seulement dans ladécisioàprendre, mais aussi
pour postuler la ligne fictive entre la Sicile et la Libye.
33. On a voulu contester l'intérêtde la jurisprudence à laquelle nous
faisions allusion plus haut, en affirmant qu'elle ne portait pas sur des
délimitationsentre côtes opposées. Celan'est tout simplement pas exact.
Le tribunal de l'arbitrage franco-britannique a comparé la longueur des
côtes des parties dans la Manche, où ces côtes sont manifestement oppo-
sées,comme dans la régionatlantique, ou, en dernièreanalyse, il a conclu
que les côtes sefaisaient également face(par. 242). Dans ces conditions, il
n'estpas toutà fait correct d'affirmer que laprésenteaffaireestlapremière
où la délimitation s'effectue exclusivemententre côtes opposées.De son
côté, la Cour,en 1982,a étendusa comparaison à un secteur qui était très
proche d'une relation d'opposition directe. De même encore, l'accord

franco-espagnol sur legolfede Gascogne, où le rapport est de 1,541à 1en
faveur de la France, fournit un exemple d'application de la corrélation
entre leslongueurs de côte, précisémentdanslapartie extérieuredu golfe,
ou commence la relation d'opposition entre les côtes. Enfin, dans l'affaire
de la Délimitation delafrontièremaritime danslarégiondugolfeduMaine,
laChambre aappliquécecritèreausecteur oùlesrivagesdu Massachusetts
et de la Nouvelle-Ecosse se font face.
34.On a dit égalementque la comparaison entre les longueurs de côte
n'intervient quepour compenser ou éviterles effets d'amputation. C'etait
peut-êtrele cas dans l'arrêtde 1969,bien que la Cour eût alors comparé
l'étendue des côtes du Danemark et des Pays-Bas, pour lesquelles il
n'existait pas de risque d'amputation. Mais il n'y avait aucun effet d'am-
putation possible dans lecas de l'accord sur legolfede Gascogne, ni, en ce
qui concerne la sentence arbitrale de 1977,dans le cas de la régionatlan-

tique. L'éliminationde l'effet d'amputation est donc un critère équitable
indépendantetsuigeneris,quin'estpas fondé,etn'apas à êtrefondé,sulre
facteur résultant de la comparaison entre les longueurs de côte.
35. Une correction de 28',au lieu de la correction de 18'adoptéepar la
Cour, eût été à notre avis plus équitable. La ligne ainsi obtenue aurait
accordé à Malte pratiquement trois quarts d'effet et aurait donné un
rapportde superficiedel'ordre de 1 à3,54,soitprèsdelamoitiédurapport
entre les côtes qui, lui, est deà18. Une telle relation entre les rapports more reasonable. Furthermore, the expert cartographer appointed by the
Court had informed it that such a 28'correction would have resulted in a
line dividing into two equalparts thedisputed area, that is to Say,the area
claimedby both Parties, lyingbetween the Maltese strict equidistance line
to the south and the lineof strict proportionality advocated by Libya to the
north.
36. However, had the Court actually proceeded to an equal division of
that disputed area between the Parties, it might have appeared to have, so
to speak, split the difference between their claims. Even so, concern to

avoid givingthe falseimpression of having effected a compromise cannot
be an adequate reason for the Court to rule out such a solution if there are
strongargumentsfromequity for adopting it.Aswillbenoted, the Court in
1969,and the Chamber of the Courtin 1984,both recommended an equal
division of continental shelfareas because they found that al1the relevant
circumstances pointed toits adoption. The Arbitral Tribunal for the mari-
time delimitation between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau also allotted equal
areas because the two parties had coastlines of equal length.

37. It is admittedly beyond question that theCourt, expected as it is to
take law alone as the basis of its findings, has no power to effect com-
promises. But it isno lessevident that, wherespecialcircumstances dictate
equal division as a solution, the Court may not abnegate that solution, for
by so doing it would be abandoning that very basis of law. Two observa-
tions are called for here. First, it has to be faced that the law governing
maritime delimitations is still affected with a degree of indeterminacy, in

the sense that the reasonings put fonvard do not invariably and automa-
tically "produce" a delimitation line. Often, even, aregrettable but doubt-
lessinevitable gap can be observed between theargumentsexpounded in a
judicial decision and the concretefinding as regards the choice of delimi-
tation line adopted. Howeverwell-founded, the reasoning does not neces-
sarily, mathematically, "issue" in the conclusion adopted. This is, of
course, because the law of the sea is still quite rudimentary and comprises
few rules, and more especially because the entire process of maritime
delimitation law is dominated by a "fundamental norm", that of the
equitable result, whichis asuninstructive asit is all-embracing. That being
so, ajudge can but anxiously, humbly, gauge and compare his crushing
responsibility and the modest means at his disposa1for assuming it. He
undergoes what Verlaine called "l'extase et la terreur de celui qui a été
choisi". He cannot see how to escape from the frustrating tyranny of a
certain "praetorian subjectivism" when the very margin of indeterminacy

responsible forit originated in a lawstillyoung and permeated with equity
- which, though ahighlyrespectable legal concept, isinevitably measured
with a "human" yardstick. The finest legal dissertations on equity will
never succeed in completely eliminating what is perhaps an irreducible
core of the judicial subjectivism mentioned above. The utmost, in al1
honour, that ajudge can then do ismodest :to summon up al1hisresources
with a view t6 reducing its scope and effects to a minimum. At the samesuperficies/côtes nous aurait paru plus raisonnable. Au surplus, l'expert
géographe désigné par la Cour a indiqué àcelle-ciqu'une correction de 28'
aurait donné une ligne divisant en parts égalesla zone contestée, c'est-
à-direlazone revendiquéepar l'une etl'autre Partie et situéeentre la ligne
maltaise de stricte équidistance, au sud, et la ligne de proportionnalité
rigoureuse avancéepar la Libye, au nord.

36. Peut-être laCour, en divisant en parts égalesla zone en litige,
aurai,-elle donnél'impression d'avoir en quelque sorte transigéentre les
revendicationsdes deux Parties. Maisle soucidenepasdonner cette fausse
impression ne saurait êtreune raison suffisante pour écarter une solution
de cette nature, si elleest fortement recommandéepar l'équitéC . omme on
le verra, la Cour en 1969et la Chambre de la Cour en 1984ont l'une et
l'autre recommandé unpartage égaldes surfaces de plateau continental,
parce qu'une tellesolutionleurparaissait devoir s'imposercompte tenu de
toutes les circonstances pertinentes. Et le tribunal arbitral chargéde la

délimitation maritime entre la Guinée et la Guinée-Bissau a lui aussi
attribué des superficies égales,parce que les longueurs de côte des deux
Etats étaientégales.
37. Il ne fait certes pas de doute que la Cour n'a pas le pouvoir de
transiger, alors qu'on attend d'elle qu'elle s'entienàdire ledroit. Mais il
est non moins évident qu'ellene saurait renoncer àune solution de partage
égal qu'imposent des circonstances spéciales,car alors elle renoncerait
précisément à dire le droit. Au surplus, deux remarques s'imposent. Tout
d'abord, il ne faut pas se cacher que le droit de la délimitation maritime

reste encore marqué d'une certaine indétermination, en ce sens que les
raisonnements avancésne <<produisent )pas toujours automatiquement
une lignede délimitation.Onobserve même souventun hiatus, regrettable
mais sans doute inévitable,entre, d'une part, l'argumentation développée
dans une décisionjudiciaire et, d'autre part, laconclusionconcrète pour le
choix de la ligne de délimitationqu'elleretient. Pour aussi fondéequ'elle
soit, l'argumentation développéene <<débouche pas nécessairement,
mathématiquement, sur la conclusion adoptée.Cela tient sans doute àce
queledroit de lamer est encore assezrudimentaire et necomporteque peu

de règles,et surtout au fait que le processus entier du droit de la délimi-
tation maritime est dominépar une (<norme fondamentale ))celle du
résultat équitable, quidit tout et rieà la fois. Dèslors, lejuge mesure et
compare en toute humilitéet angoisse son écrasanteresponsabilité,et ses
modestes moyenspour l'assumer.Il éprouve,comme Verlaine, <<l'extaseet
la terreur de celui qui a étéchoisi )).Il ne sait comment échapper à la
frustrante tyrannie d'un certain <(subjectivisme prétorien )>,alors même
que lamarged'indétermination quicausecelui-citrouvesasource dans un
droit encoreneuf, pétri d'équitéc,'est-à-dire d'une notion certesjuridique

etéminente,maisinévitablementmesurable à (l'aunehumaine >)Lesplus
belles dissertationsjuridiques sur l'équiténe parviendront pas à éliminer
une part peut-être irréductiblede ce subjectivisme prétorien.Tout l'hon-
neur du juge se ramènera modestement à une mobilisation de toutes ses
ressources pour en réduireau maximum la portéeet leseffets. Mais iln'en time, in asituation where one intends tojudge exclusivelyon a basis of law
but finds that equity is the fundamental norm of the law concerned, it is
impossible to ignore that while

"few terms are as pleasing to mind and heart [asequity, and] few so
deeply touch an ingrained expectancy of human nature, few, on the
other hand, remainso mysterious" (Paul Reuter, "Quelques réflexions
sur l'équitéen droit international", Revue belgede droit international,
1980, p. 169[translationby the Registry]).

38. Secondly, to divide the area claimed by both Parties into two equal
parts would in factbeneither acompromise - whichit isnot for the Court
to undertake - nor an option partaking of the philosophical wisdom of
King Solomon. In certain special circumstances, equal division appears to
be self-recommending as a means of fully satisfying the requirements of
equity. The Chamber of the Court declared as much in the Delimitationof
the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area case. As we read in its
Judgment :

"it is inevitable that the Chamber's basic choice should favour a
criterion long held to be as equitable as it is simple, namely that in
principle, whilehaving regard to the specialcircumstances of the case,
one should aim at an equal division of areas where the maritime
projections of thecoasts of theStates between whichdelimitation isto
be effected converge and overlap" (I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 327,
para. 195 ;see also para. 157).

The solution of dividing the area into two equal parts, which wefind more
equitable in the present instance, alsocorresponds to what was suggested
by the Court in 1969,namely :

"if, in the application of the preceding sub-paragraph, the delimita-
tion leaves to the Parties areas that overlap, these are to be divided
between them in agreed proportions or, failing agreement, equally"
(I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 53, para. 101(C) (2)).

IV. THEAPPLICATION OF THE PROPORTIONALIT TEYST

39. In applying the proportionality test different figures have been
quoted, depending on whether or not account is taken of the triangular
area adjudicated to Malta towards the east, from Delimara Point to the
15" 10'parallel, and from there towards the south, as far as the delimita-
tion line indicated by the Court. It seems to us difficult to deny that this
triangular area must be included in determining the extent of the areas
which are attributed to each Party. That triangle is part of the area where

the Court has found that it hasjurisdiction to decide, and consequently,it
has been adjudicated, and it has been adjudicated in favour of Malta. So,reste pas moins que, quand on veut dire le droit et s'entenir au droit, alors
mêmeque la norme fondamentale de celui-ci est l'équitéo , n ne peut se
dissimuler, à propos de celle-ci, que :

(<peu de termes sont aussiplaisants àl'espritet au cŒur,peu touchent
aussi profondément une attente inscrite au tréfonds de la nature
humaine, mais en revanche peu restent aussi mystérieux ))(P. Reuter,
«Quelques réflexions sur l'équité en droitinternational D,Revuebelge

de droit international, 1980,p. 169).
38. Par ailleurs,la division en parts égalesde lazone revendiquéepar les
deux Parties n'estni une transaction, que la Cour n'apas à entreprendre, ni

un choix qui s'apparenterait àla sagesse philosophique du roi Salomon.
Une telle division incarne parfois l'équité (à l'étatpur D. C'est le partage
égalqui, dans certaines circonstances spéciales,paraît se recommander
fortement de lui-mêmepour satisfaire pleinement l'équitéC . 'est bien ce
que la Chambre de la Cour, dans l'affaire de la Délimitationde lafrontière
maritime dans la région du golfedu Maine, a déclaré. Le choixde la
Chambre, lit-on dans son arrêt :

((ne peut que se porter sur le critère à propos duquel l'équité esd te
longuedate considérée comme un caractèrerejoignantla simplicité : à
savoirlecritèrequiconsiste à viserenprincipe - en tenant comptedes

circonstances spécialesde l'espèce - à une division par parts égales
des zones de convergence et de chevauchement des projections ma-
rines des côtes des Etats entre lesquels la délimitation est recher-
chée ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 327, par. 195 ;voir aussi par. 157).

La solution de la division de la zone en deux parties égales,qui nous
aurait paru plus équitable en l'espèce,correspond aussi à ce qu'a dit la
Cour en 1969, à savoir que, si:

(<la délimitation attribue aux Parties des zones qui se chevauchent,
celles-cidoivent êtrediviséesentre les Parties par voie d'accord ou, à
défaut,par parts égales ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1969, p. 53, par. 101C 2).

IV. L'APPLICATIO DU CRITÈRE DE PROPORTIONNALITÉ

39. On a cité divers chiffrespour appliquer le critère de proportionna-

lité, selonque l'on tenait compte ou non de la zone triangulaire qui a été
attribuée à Malte du côté est,entre la pointe Delimara et le parallèle de
15" IO',puis vers le sud jusqu'à la ligne de délimitation indiquéepar la
Cour. Ilnousparaît incontestable que cette zone triangulairedoit êtreprise
en ligne de compte pour calculer l'étenduedes zones attibuée à chaque
Partie. En effet ce triangle fait partie de la zone où la Cour s'est dite
compétentepour statuer : il a donc été attribué,et il l'a été enfaveur de

Malte. Cela étant,cependant, le rapport réelentre les zones accordées àthe real ratio of the areas adjudicated to each party is,intruth, of 1to 2.38,
which we think is insufficient from the point of view of equity.
40. The reason for taking this triangle into account is that, in applying
theproportionality test, thecomparison of areas must bemadeon thebasis
ofcounting the wholearea whichisadjudicated to eachParty. It istruethat
adjustments have been made, in other cases,in order todetermine whether

a given area, such as the Tunisian waters in the Gulf of Gabes, or the
Canadian waters of the Bayof Fundy, shouldbecomprised in applying the
proportionality test. In the above-referred cases, the areas of the Gulf of
Gabes and the Bay of Fundy were already territorial waters of one of the
Parties, and the issue considered by the Court was simply whether it was
equitable to take account of those areas in determining the larger area to
which the proportionality test had to be applied. But here the situation is
entirely different:the Court is establishingaline which willdetermine the
areas which "appertain" to each of the Parties. It seems obvious that, in
applying the proportionality test, one should compare the whole area
whicheach party isgaining asa result of theCourt's Judgment. Adifferent
solution, of including only part of the area gained by one of the Parties,
would lead to an inequitable result and thus run counter to the funda-
mental rule of maritime delimitation. It would also infringe the principle
proclaimed by the Court in 1982,when it stated that "the only absolute

requirement of equity is that one must compare like with like" (I.C.J.
Reports1982,p. 76,para. 104).Nothing ismore comparable than the areas
of continental shelf that each party obtains as a result of the Judgment of
the Court.

(Signed) J. M. RUDA.
(Signed) Mohammed BEDJAOUI.

(Signed) Eduardo JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA. PLATEAU CONTINENTAL (OP. CONJ.) 92

chaque Partie est en fait de,38 à 1,cequi nous paraît insuffisant du point
de vue de l'équité.
40. La raison pour laquelle il convient de tenir comptede ce triangle est
que si l'on applique le critère de proportionnalité la comparaison des

superficiesdoitporter surl'airetotale attribuéeachacunedesParties. Ilest
vrai que des ajustements ont étéeffectuésdans d'autres circonstances en
vue de déterminersi une superficie donnée,telle que celle des eaux tuni-
siennes dans le golfe de Gabès ou des eaux canadiennes de la baie de
Fundy, devait êtreprise en considération pour l'application du critèrede
proportionnalité. Dans lescasprécitésl,eszones du golfede Gabèset de la
baie de Fundy appartenaient déjà à l'une desParties, et la question que
devait trancher la Cour revenait simplement à dire s'ilétaitéquitablede

tenir compte de ces zones pour déterminer les superficies plus considé-
rables auxquelles il convenait d'appliquer le critère de proportionnalité.
Mais en laprésenteespècela situation est totalement différente : la Cour a
défini une lignedéterminantles zones <relevant ))de chacune des Parties.
Il semble évident qu'enappliquant le critère de proportionnalité il faut
comparer l'ensemble de la superficie qui reviendra à chacune des Parties
par suite de l'arrêt prononcpar la Cour. Touteautre solution,consistant à
tenir compte d'unepartie seulement de la superficie dont bénéficiera l'une

des Parties, aboutirait un résultat inéquitable et seratonc contraire à la
règlefondamentale régissant lesdélimitationsmaritimes. Elleenfreindrait
aussi le principe proclamé par la Cour en 1982, selon lequel << l'équité
impose seulement de comparer ce qui est comparable ))(C.I.J. Recueil
1982,p. 76,par. 104).Or, il n'estrien de plus comparable que leszones de
plateau continental attribuées à chacune des Parties en application de
l'arrêtde la Cour.

(Signé) J. M. RUDA.
(Signé) Mohammed BEDJAOUI.

(Signé)Eduardo JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judges Ruda, Bedjaoui and Jiménez de Aréchaga

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