Dissenting Opinion by Judge Onyeama

Document Number
056-19740725-JUD-01-10-EN
Parent Document Number
056-19740725-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE ONYEAMA

As 1 stated in my dissenting opinion in the case between the United
Kingdom and Iceland, while 1 concur in the findings in subparagraphs

1 and 2 of the operative clause of the Court's Judgment, 1do not agree
with the reasons supporting them and so feel unable to vote in favour
of the Judgment.
In my view, the Court in subparagraphs 3 and 4 of the operative clause
of the Judgment concerned itself with matters about which there was no
dispute between the Parties and in which its jurisdiction is doubtful.
In subparagraph 5 it declined to accede to the request of the Federal

Republic of Germany contained in its final submission that the Court:
". ..adjudge and declare that the Republic of lceland is, in prin-
ciple, responsible for the damage inflicted upon German fishing

vessels by the illegal acts of the Icelandic coastal patrol boat...
and under an obligation to pay full compensation for al1the damage
which the Federal Republic and its nationals have actually suffered
thereby".

I think this claim should have been allowed and do not agree with the
Judgment on this head also.

There are, at present, four conventions which in the main contain the
positive rules of international law concerning the sea. They are the High
Seas Convention, the Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous
Zone, the Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Re-
sources of the High Seas, and the convention on the Continental Shelf.
Iceland is not a party to any of these conventions, nor does any of them
provide any basis in international law for the unilateral extension of

exclusivefishery jurisdiction over the high seas by any State. The Conven-
tion on the High Seas, whose provisions are recognized as generally
declaratory of established principles of international law, provides in its
Article 2 that the high seas are open to al1 nations, andno State may
validly purport to subject any part of them to its sovereignty.

In paragraph 44 of theJudgment the Court pointed out that following

upon the Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1958,the conceptof the fishery zone, an area in which a State may claim exclusive fishery
jurisdiction independently of its territorial sea, crystallized as a rule of
customary international law. The Court went on to Say: "the extension
of that fishery zone up to a 12-mile limit from the baselines appears now

to be generally accepted."

Attempts by some States to extend their fishery limits beyond 12miles
from baselines do not appear to have been generally accepted, and the
Court does not regard such State practice as having developed into
customary international law.

The Exchange of Notes of 1961 between the Federal Republic of
Germany and Iceland recognized Iceland's claim to an exclusive fishery
limit within a 12-mile zone from the baselines round her Coast, in return
for an assurance by Iceland that in the event of dispute, the validity of
any further extension of her fishery jurisdiction would be referred to this

Court for determination. Notwithstanding the agreement constituted
by the Exchange of Notes, lceland issued Regulations No. 18911972on
14July 1972, by which she purported unilaterally to extend her exclusive
fishery jurisdiction from 12 to 50 miles. In later statements and diplo-
matic exchanges, she repudiated the agreement constituted by the
Exchange of Notes.

The Exchange of Notes provided that in the event of a dispute in
relation to the extension by Iceland of her fishery jurisdiction beyond the
limit then agreed, either party could refer the dispute to the Court. It
was by virtue of this provision that Germany filed the Application in
this case, and from it (read with Art. 36, para. 1, of the Statute of the
Court), that the Court derived its jurisdiction.

By repudiating the agreement and refusing to recognize the Court's
jurisdiction, Iceland was in breach of the agreement; but since the dispute
has properly been referred to the Court by one of the parties to the
agreement and as provided in the agreement, it is the Judgment of the
Court on the question of the validity of the extension which will, in my

view, finally determine the opposability of the extension to the Federal
Republic of Germany, and not the breach by Iceland of the agreement
constituted by the Exchange of Notes. The effect of Iceland's wrongful
repudiation of the agreement would be that pending the judicial deter-
mination of the question of the validity of the extension of her fishery
jurisdiction, Iceland could not validly oppose the Regulations by which

she purported to make the extension to the Federal RepubKc, since
Iceland could not be allowed to profit from her own wrong, but such a
breach could not by itself, apart from a judgment of the Court deciding
the validity of the extension, settle the question of the opposability of
the extension.

The first submission in the Memorial on the merits filed by the Federal
Republic of Germany asks the Court to adjudge and declare: "That the unilateral extension by Iceland of its zone of exclusive
fisheries jurisdiction to 50 nautical miles from the present baselines,
put into effect by the Regulations No. 18911972issued by the Ice-
landic Minister for Fisheries on 14 July 1972, has, as against the
Federal Republic of Germany, no basis in international law and can
therefore not be opposed to the Federal Republic of Germany and

the fishing vessels registered in the Federal Republic of Germany."
As I understand this submission, it is that the Regulations have no basis

in international law and, for that reason, cannot be opposed to the
Federal Republic of Germany.
The Court is required, in my view, to decide, as a basic question,
whether the Regulations have any basis in international law and, if they
have not, to Say that they are, therefore, not opposable to the Federal
Republic of Germany. The Court, however, while declaring that the

Regulations are not opposable to the Federal Republic of Germany, and
while, in its reasoning, indicating theirconflict with the High Seas Con-
vention, refrained from deciding the controlling question whether they
have or have not a basis in international law. The operative part of the
Judgment avoids any pronouncement on the question.

The grounds on which the Court decided that the Regulations were
not opposable to the Federal Republic of Germany are to be found in
paragraph 59 of the Judgment, and appear to make the validity of the
Regulations depend on their recognition of and giving effect to the fishing
rights of the Federal Republic of Germany in the fishery zone, without
any reference to their compatibility with general international law. By

refraining from deciding what, in my view, was the real dispute between
the Parties, the Court has not correctly exercised its function which is,
according to Article 38, paragraph 1,of the Statute of the Court, .to
decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are sub-
mitted to it.
The Lcelandic Regulations challenged have, in my view, no basis in

international law since their provisions relating to the extension of Ice-
land's exclusive fishery jurisdiction are not authorized by any of the four
conventions to which hhave referred, particularly the Convention on the
High Seas, nor do they accord with the concept of the fishery zone as at
present accepted 1. Having regard to the attitude of Iceland as shown

inthe documentsshesubmitted to theCourt, and the first twosubmissions
of the F'ederal Republic of Germany in its Memorial on the merits, the
Parties appear to me to be entitled to know the Court's answer to the
question whether, as a matter of international law, Iceland could uni-
laterally extend her exclusive fishery jurisdiction beyond the limit agreed
in the Exchange of Notes of 1961.

1 Vide para. 44ofthe Judgrnent.

75 1 explained in my dissenting opinion in the case between the United
Kingdom and Iceland why 1 did not think that the dispute between the
Parties was about conservation of fish stock, catch-limitations and
preferential rights. The discussions between the United Kingdom and
Iceland preceded the exchanges between the Federal Republic of Ger-
many and Iceland, and, to mymind, provide a clear indication of Iceland's
attitude to the whole question of fishery rights in the waters around
Iceland. The Law concerning the Scientific Conservation of the Conti-
nental Shelf Fisheries enacted by the Parliament of Iceland (Althing) on
5April 1948,authorized the Ministry of Fisheries of the Government of
Iceland to issue "regulations establishingexplicitly bounded conservation

zones within thelimits of thecontinentalshelfof Iceland whereinalljsheries
shall be subject to Icelandic rules and control" (emphasis added). I pause
to note that in spite of the title of the Law of 1948, the clear aim of
Iceland as can be seen from the passage in the Law which 1have empha-
sized, was unilaterally to control and regulate al1fishing in the so-called
conservation zones; so that as far back as 1948 Iceland was already
intent on getting exclusive control of the fishery on her continental shelf.
The negotiations between the Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland
were preceded by Iceland handing to the Federal Republic of Germany a
copy of the Exchange of Notes of 11 March 1961 between the United
Kingdom and Iceland, and ended with an agreement constituted by an
Exchange of Notes between the two which took effect on 19July 1961.
The provision of the Exchange of Notes relevant to the question of the
dispute between the Parties in the present case is as follows:

"The Government of the Republic of Iceland shall continue to
work for the implementation of the Althing Resolution of 5 May
1959 regarding the extension of the fishery jurisdiction of Iceland.

However, it shall give the Government of the Federal Republic of
Germany six months' notice of any such extension; in case of a
dispute relating tosuch an extension, the matter shall, at the request
of eitherParty, be referred to the International Court of Justice."

The clear words of the Exchange of Notes, the diplomatic exchanges
between the Parties, and the discussions between the United Kingdom
and Iceland, which are relevant to the German case since they throw
some light on the attitude of thetcelandic Government, appear to me to
leave nodoubt that the dispute anticipated in the portion of thexchange
of Notes quoted, and which either Party could refer to this Court, was a
dispute as to whether a measure taken by Iceland unilaterally to extend
its area of fishery jurisdiction beyond the limit then agreed was or was
not valid under international law. By the very nature of the matter, the
Parties could not have intended that the Court was to settle questions of
preferential and historic rights, conservation and catch-limitation which
are not susceptible of unilateral physical delimitation or extension, but
only take effect in a special régime,and which, in my view, formed nopart of the dispute and negotiations leading up to the Exchange of Notes.
Discussions and diplomatic exchanges subsequent to the Application

of the Federal Republic of Germany which suggest certain conservation
measures were clearly aimed at arranging matters between the Parties
pending a phasing-out period 1,and in no way altered the nature of the
claim before the Court.

It isworth notingthat in answer to the aide-mémoireof 31 August 1971

by which Iceland gave notice to the Federal Republic of Germany of its
intention to extend the exclusive fisheries zone to include the areas of
sea over the continental shelf the new limits of which were to be more
precisely defined later, the Federal Republic of Germany, by an aide-
mémoireof 27 September 1971, expressed the view "that the unilateral
assumption of sovereign power by a coastal State over zones of the high
seas isinadmissible under international law".

This seems to me to indicate exactly how the Federal Republic of
Germany conceived the dispute for which provision for reference to the
Court was made in the Exchange of Notes, and with which the present
proceedings are concerned; and since Iceland had not itself requested
collaboration by other States in establishing measures of conservation
nor had it asserted any preferential rights which had been opposed by the

Federal Republic, it seems safe to assert that there was a dispute between
the Parties as to the validity of the proposed extension of Iceland's
exclusive fisheries jurisdiction and none about Iceland's preferential
rights as a coastal State in a special situation.
At the jurisdiction phase of the present proceedings, the Court, after
reviewing briefly the negotiations between the Parties "in order fully to
ascertain the scope and purpose of the 1961Exchange of Notes 2", said:

"This history of the negotiations reinforces the view that the

Court has jurisdiction in this case, and âdds emphasis to the point
that the real intention of the parties was to giile the Government
of the Federal Republic of Germany the same assurance as the United
Kingdom, including the right to challenge before the Court the validity
ofany further extension of lcelandic$sheries jurisdiction in the waters
above its continental shelf beyond the 12-mile limit 3" (Emphasis
added.)

The Court went on to Say 4:

1 See Annex E to the Memorial on the meritsof the FederalRepublic of Germany.
2 I.C.J. Reports 1973, 56.
3 Ibid., p58.
4 Ibid., p64.249 FISHERIESJURlSDlCTION (DISS. OP. ONYEAMA)

"Account must also be taken of the fact that the Applicant, in
its contentions before the Court, expressed the opinion that if Iceland,
as a coastal State specially dependent on coastal fisheries for its
livelihood or economic development, asserts a need to procure the
establishment of a special fisheries conservation régime (including
such a régimeunder which it enjoys preferential rights) in the waters

adjacent to its coast but beyond the exclusivefisheries zone provided
for by the 1961 Exchange of Notes, it can legitimately pursue that
objective by collaboration and agreement with the other countries
concerned, but not by unilateral assumption of exclusive rights
within those waters. Tlre exceptiorial dependence of Iceland on its
jîslreries and tlreprinciple of conseri~atiorlof jsh stocks Iraring been

recognized, tlze question remains as to wlietl~er[celandisoisnot corn-
petent unilaterally to assert an exclusive jislreries ,jurisdiction exten-
ding beyond the 12-mile limit. The issue before the Court in the
present phase of the proceedings concerns solely its jurisdiction to
determine the latter point." (Emphasis added.)

1understand this to mean that the special situation of Iceland and the
principle of conservation, both of which engage Iceland's preferential
rights, having been recognized by the Federal Republic of Germany, are
not in dispute in these proceedings, and the question which remains for
the Court is "whether Iceland is or is not competent unilaterally to assert
an exclusivefisheriesjurisdiction extending beyond the 12-milelimit". The
Court decided it had jurisdiction to determine that question, and, in my

view, the Court cannot now enlarge its jurisdiction by such an inter-
pretation of the dispute as would widen its scope. The Court's jurisdiction
derives from the consent of the Parties as expressed in the Exchange of
Notes which, in its turn, sets out the dispute the Parties agreed was to
be referred to the Court; the Court's jurisdiction ought always to be
strictly construed and where it is not clear that the Parties have consented

to it ought to be declined.
ln the present case there does not appear to be any dispute between
the Parties on the matters on which the Court pronounced in subpara-
graphs 3 and 4 of the operative clause of the Judgment, nor are these
matters covered in the compromissory clause of the Exchange of Notes
from which the Court derives its jurisdiction. The Federal Republic of

Germany, in the third submission in its Memorial on the merits, makes
a submission based on the hypothesis that Lceland, as a coastal State
specially dependent on fisheries, establishes a need for conservation
measures in respect offish stocks in the waters adjacent to its coast beyond
the limits of lcelandic jurisdiction agreed to by the Exchange of Notes of
19 July 1961 ; but Iceland has not asked the Court to adjudicate on con-
servation measures, and a request to the Court by one party to a dispute

that a different dispute be settled by the Court cannot take the place of
the consent of al1Parties which is a prerequisite of the Court's jurisdiction.
For the foregoing reasons, 1have come to the conclusion that the Court

78exceeded itsjurisdiction in passing judgment on the matters pronounced
upon in subparagraphs 3 and 4 of the operative part of the Judgment;
it ought to have confined itself to deciding the validity under international

law of Iceland's extension of her zone of fishery jurisdiction beyond the
12-mile limit agreed between the Parties in the Exchange of Notes of 1961
which was the only dispute before it and over which it had jurisdiction.

Regarding the fourth submission of the Federal Republic of Germany
that the acts of interference by Icelandic coastal patrol boats with fishing

vessels registered in the Federal Republic of Germany or with their
fishing operations by the threat or use of force are unlawful under inter-
national law, and that Lceland is under an obligation to make compen-
sation therefor to the Federal Republic of Germany, 1am of the opinion
that the Court is competent to entertain the claim grounded on the sub-

mission, since the acts of interferencecomplained of arose directly out of
Iceland's attempt to enforce its extension of its fisheries jurisdiction
before the validity of such extension had been decided by the Court as
agreed in the Exchange of Notes of 1961.In my view, claims for compen-
sation for acts done in breach of the agreement constituted by the Ex-

change of Notes must be deemed to be in the contemplation of the Par-
ties when they conferred jurisdiction on the Court, and the particular
acts in this case appear to me to form part of what the Exchange of Notes
referred to as "a dispute in relation to such extension".

If, as Lbelieve, the Court has jurisdiction to entertain the claim for
compensation, 1 consider its reasons for rejecting the claim wholly in-
adequate. In the first place, the Federal Republic of Germany was not
asking for quantified compensation but for a declaration of principle as
follows:

(a) that the acts of interference by lcelandic coastal patrol boats with
fishing vessels registered in the Federal Republic of Germany were

illegal;
(b) that Iceland is responsible forthe damage inflicted;
(c) that lceland is under an obligation to pay full compensation for al1
the damage which the Federal Republic and its nationals have actu-
ally suffered as a result of the acts of interference.

In the second place, even if a claim for a specific sum was made, the
Court is not without means of calling for further information on any

issue in the claim if it considers that course necessary in the interest of
justice 1.

-
1 See, for example, Art. 57, paras. 1 and thefRules of Court.

79 The decision that the Regulations whereby Iceland sought to extend
its fisheriesjurisdiction beyond the limit agreed in the Exchange of Notes
are not opposable to the Federal Republic of Germany, appears to me to
carry the necessary implication that actsne in enforcement of the Re-
gulations against German fishing vessels are contrary to law. Consis-
tently with its Judgment, the Court should have made a general declara-
tion of principle alongthe linesset out in the submission in the Memorial
on the merits of the Federal Republic of Germany.

(Signed Charles D. ONYEAMA.

Bilingual Content

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE ONYEAMA

As 1 stated in my dissenting opinion in the case between the United
Kingdom and Iceland, while 1 concur in the findings in subparagraphs

1 and 2 of the operative clause of the Court's Judgment, 1do not agree
with the reasons supporting them and so feel unable to vote in favour
of the Judgment.
In my view, the Court in subparagraphs 3 and 4 of the operative clause
of the Judgment concerned itself with matters about which there was no
dispute between the Parties and in which its jurisdiction is doubtful.
In subparagraph 5 it declined to accede to the request of the Federal

Republic of Germany contained in its final submission that the Court:
". ..adjudge and declare that the Republic of lceland is, in prin-
ciple, responsible for the damage inflicted upon German fishing

vessels by the illegal acts of the Icelandic coastal patrol boat...
and under an obligation to pay full compensation for al1the damage
which the Federal Republic and its nationals have actually suffered
thereby".

I think this claim should have been allowed and do not agree with the
Judgment on this head also.

There are, at present, four conventions which in the main contain the
positive rules of international law concerning the sea. They are the High
Seas Convention, the Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous
Zone, the Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Re-
sources of the High Seas, and the convention on the Continental Shelf.
Iceland is not a party to any of these conventions, nor does any of them
provide any basis in international law for the unilateral extension of

exclusivefishery jurisdiction over the high seas by any State. The Conven-
tion on the High Seas, whose provisions are recognized as generally
declaratory of established principles of international law, provides in its
Article 2 that the high seas are open to al1 nations, andno State may
validly purport to subject any part of them to its sovereignty.

In paragraph 44 of theJudgment the Court pointed out that following

upon the Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1958,the concept OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. ONYEAMA

[Traduction]

Ainsi que je l'ai déclarédans mon opinion dissidente en l'affaire oppo-
sant le Royaume-Uni et l'Islande, si j'accepte les décisions consignées
aux sous-paragraphes 1et 2 du dispositif de I'arrêtde la Cour, je ne puis
en revanche souscrire à leurs motifs ni, par conséquent, voter en faveur

de I'arrêt.
Selon moi, dans les sous-paragraphes 3 et 4 du dispositif, la Cour
s'est occupée de questions qui ne font l'objet d'aucun litige entre les
Parties et pour lesquelles sa compétence est 'douteuse. Au sous-para-
graphe 5,elle a refuséde donner suite à de la demande contenue dans la
conclusion finale de la République fédéraled'Allemagne qui la priait de:

((dire et juger que la République d'Islande est en principe respon-
sable du tort causéaux navires de pêcheallemands par les actes illi-
cites des garde-côtes islandai...et a l'obligation de réparer entière-
ment le préjudice que la République fédérale d'Allemagne et ses

ressortissants ont effectivement subi de ce faD.

Je pense que la Cour aurait dû faire droit à cette demande et ne peux

donc pas rion plus me rallier à I'arrêtsur ce point.

II existe actuellement quatre conventions qui renferment l'essentiel des

règles positives de droit international concernant la mer. Ce sont la
Convention sur la haute mer, la Convention sur la mer territoriale et la
zone contiguë, la Convention sur la pêcheet la conservation des res-
sources biologiques de la haute mer et la Convention sur le plateau conti-
nental. L'Islande n'est partie àaucune de ces conventions, où l'on cherche-
rait vainement le fondement, en droit international, de l'élargissement uni-
latéral, par un Etat quelconque, de sa compétence exclusive en matière

de pêchesur des rCgions de la haute mer. La Convention sur la haute
mer, dont les dispositions sont reconnues comme étant pour l'essentiel
déclaratoires de principes établis du droit international, dispose, en son
article2, que la haute mer est ouverte à toutes les nations et qu'aucun
Etat ne peut légitiniement prétendre en soumettre une partie quelconque
à sa souveraineté.
Au paragraphe 4.4 de I'arrêt,la Cour souligne qu'après la Conférence

sur le droit de la mer qui s'est tenue à Genève en 1958 la notion de zoneof the fishery zone, an area in which a State may claim exclusive fishery
jurisdiction independently of its territorial sea, crystallized as a rule of
customary international law. The Court went on to Say: "the extension
of that fishery zone up to a 12-mile limit from the baselines appears now

to be generally accepted."

Attempts by some States to extend their fishery limits beyond 12miles
from baselines do not appear to have been generally accepted, and the
Court does not regard such State practice as having developed into
customary international law.

The Exchange of Notes of 1961 between the Federal Republic of
Germany and Iceland recognized Iceland's claim to an exclusive fishery
limit within a 12-mile zone from the baselines round her Coast, in return
for an assurance by Iceland that in the event of dispute, the validity of
any further extension of her fishery jurisdiction would be referred to this

Court for determination. Notwithstanding the agreement constituted
by the Exchange of Notes, lceland issued Regulations No. 18911972on
14July 1972, by which she purported unilaterally to extend her exclusive
fishery jurisdiction from 12 to 50 miles. In later statements and diplo-
matic exchanges, she repudiated the agreement constituted by the
Exchange of Notes.

The Exchange of Notes provided that in the event of a dispute in
relation to the extension by Iceland of her fishery jurisdiction beyond the
limit then agreed, either party could refer the dispute to the Court. It
was by virtue of this provision that Germany filed the Application in
this case, and from it (read with Art. 36, para. 1, of the Statute of the
Court), that the Court derived its jurisdiction.

By repudiating the agreement and refusing to recognize the Court's
jurisdiction, Iceland was in breach of the agreement; but since the dispute
has properly been referred to the Court by one of the parties to the
agreement and as provided in the agreement, it is the Judgment of the
Court on the question of the validity of the extension which will, in my

view, finally determine the opposability of the extension to the Federal
Republic of Germany, and not the breach by Iceland of the agreement
constituted by the Exchange of Notes. The effect of Iceland's wrongful
repudiation of the agreement would be that pending the judicial deter-
mination of the question of the validity of the extension of her fishery
jurisdiction, Iceland could not validly oppose the Regulations by which

she purported to make the extension to the Federal RepubKc, since
Iceland could not be allowed to profit from her own wrong, but such a
breach could not by itself, apart from a judgment of the Court deciding
the validity of the extension, settle the question of the opposability of
the extension.

The first submission in the Memorial on the merits filed by the Federal
Republic of Germany asks the Court to adjudge and declare:de pêcheà l'intérieurde laquelle un Etat peut prétendre à unecompétence

exclusive en matière de pêcheriesindépendamment de sa mer territoriale
s'est cristallisée en tant que règle de droit international coutumier. La
Cour poursuit en ces termes: ((l'extension de cette zone de pêchejusqu'à
une limite de 12 inilles à partir des lignes de base semble désormais
généralement acceptée ».
Les tentatives de certains Etats pour repousser leurs limites de pêcheà

plus de 12 milles des lignes de base ne semblent pas avoir été générale-
ment acceptées,et la Cour ne considère pas que la pratique de ces Etats
soit consacrée par le droit international coutumier.
L'échangede notes de 1961 entre la République fédéraled'Allemagne
et I'lslande reconnaissait à I'Islande le droit à une zone de pêchejusqu'à
12 milles des lignes de base entourant ses côtes, en contrepartie d'une

assurarice suivant laquelle, en cas de différend,la validitéde tout nouvel
élargissement de la compétence de l'Islande en matière de pêcheserait
soumise à la décisicinde la Cour. MalgréI'accord représentépar l'échange
de notes, I'lslande n adopté le 14juillet 1972 le règlement no 189;1972par
lequel elle prétendait porter unilatéralement de 12 à 50 milles sa compé-
tence exclusive en matière de pêche.Dans des déclarations et des échanges
diplomatiques ultérieurs, elle a répudiéI'accord consacré par I'échange

de notes.
L'échange de notes prévoyait qu'en cas de différend relatif à I'élar-
gissement par I'lslande de sa compétei7ceen matière de pêcheau-delà des
limites alors convenues chaque partie pourrait saisir la Cour. C'est en
vertu de cette disposition que l'Allemagne a déposésa requête etc'est
de cette clause (couplée avec l'article 36, paragraphe 1, du Statut de la

Cour) que la Cour tire sa juridiction.
En répudiant son engagement et en refusant de reconnaître la compé-
tence de la Cour, I'lslande a violéles termes de I'accord; mais, la Cour
ayant étérégulièreinent saisie par l'une des parties à I'accord et de la
manière qui y était.prévue, c'est l'arrêtde la Cour sur la question de la
validité de l'élargissementqui, selon moi, entraînera pour finir'inopposa-

bilité de l'élargissement à la République fédéraled'Allemagne, et non
pas la violation par l'Islande de I'accord constitué par I'échangede notes.
La répudiation injustifiéede I'accord par l'Islande a pour résultat que,
tant que lejuge ne s'est pas prononcéau sujet de la validitéde I'élargisse-
nient, I'lslande ne peut valablement opposer à la République fédérale
le règlenient qui le prévoit car elle ne saurait être autorisée à bénéficier

de ses propres manquements; cependant,en dehors d'un arrêtde la Cour
sur la validité de l'extension, cette violation ne saurait en soi suffire à
résoudre la question de l'opposabilité

En vertu de la première conclusion figurant dans le mémoiresur le fond

de la République fidérale d'Allemagne, la Cour est priéede dire et juger: "That the unilateral extension by Iceland of its zone of exclusive
fisheries jurisdiction to 50 nautical miles from the present baselines,
put into effect by the Regulations No. 18911972issued by the Ice-
landic Minister for Fisheries on 14 July 1972, has, as against the
Federal Republic of Germany, no basis in international law and can
therefore not be opposed to the Federal Republic of Germany and

the fishing vessels registered in the Federal Republic of Germany."
As I understand this submission, it is that the Regulations have no basis

in international law and, for that reason, cannot be opposed to the
Federal Republic of Germany.
The Court is required, in my view, to decide, as a basic question,
whether the Regulations have any basis in international law and, if they
have not, to Say that they are, therefore, not opposable to the Federal
Republic of Germany. The Court, however, while declaring that the

Regulations are not opposable to the Federal Republic of Germany, and
while, in its reasoning, indicating theirconflict with the High Seas Con-
vention, refrained from deciding the controlling question whether they
have or have not a basis in international law. The operative part of the
Judgment avoids any pronouncement on the question.

The grounds on which the Court decided that the Regulations were
not opposable to the Federal Republic of Germany are to be found in
paragraph 59 of the Judgment, and appear to make the validity of the
Regulations depend on their recognition of and giving effect to the fishing
rights of the Federal Republic of Germany in the fishery zone, without
any reference to their compatibility with general international law. By

refraining from deciding what, in my view, was the real dispute between
the Parties, the Court has not correctly exercised its function which is,
according to Article 38, paragraph 1,of the Statute of the Court, .to
decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are sub-
mitted to it.
The Lcelandic Regulations challenged have, in my view, no basis in

international law since their provisions relating to the extension of Ice-
land's exclusive fishery jurisdiction are not authorized by any of the four
conventions to which hhave referred, particularly the Convention on the
High Seas, nor do they accord with the concept of the fishery zone as at
present accepted 1. Having regard to the attitude of Iceland as shown

inthe documentsshesubmitted to theCourt, and the first twosubmissions
of the F'ederal Republic of Germany in its Memorial on the merits, the
Parties appear to me to be entitled to know the Court's answer to the
question whether, as a matter of international law, Iceland could uni-
laterally extend her exclusive fishery jurisdiction beyond the limit agreed
in the Exchange of Notes of 1961.

1 Vide para. 44ofthe Judgrnent.

75 ((Que 1'élarl:issementunilatéral par l'Islande de sa zone de com-

pétence exclusivesur les pêcheriesjusqu'à 50 milles marins à partir
des lignes de base actuelles, mis en vigueur par le règlement no 1891
1972 pris par Ileministre islandais des pêcheriesle 14juillet 1972,n'a
aucun fondement en droit international à l'encontre de la République
fédéraled'Alle:magne et n'est donc pas opposable à la République
fédéraled'Alle.magneni aux navires de pêchequi ysont immatriculés.))

Comme je la comprends, cette conclusion signifie que le règlement n'a
aucun fondement en droit international et que, pour cette raison, il ne

saurait être opposéà la République fédérale d'Allemagne.
A mon avis, la Cour a l'obligation de trancher la question essentielle
de savoir si lerèglement a un fondementquelconqueen droit international
et de dire, si ce n'est.pas lecas, qu'en conséquence il n'est pas opposable
la République fédéraled'Allemagne. Mais la Cour, tout en déclarant le
règlement inopposable à la République fédérale d'Allemagneet en indi-

quant, dans ses moitifs,que ce règlement est contraire à la Convention sur
la haute mer, s'abstient de se prononcer sur la question primordiale:
est-il fondé ou nori en droit international? Le dispositif de I'arrêt évite
toute prise de position à ce sujet.
Les motifs sur lesquels la Cour s'est fondée pour conclure que le
règlement n'est pas opposable à la République fédérale d'Allemagne
sont exposésau paragraphe 59 de l'arrêt,et paraissent faire dépendre la

validitédu règlemeilt de la question de savoir s'il reconnaît et respecte les
droits de pêchede la République fédérale d'Allemagnedans la zone de
pêche,sans faire aucune référenceà sa compatibilité avec le droit inter-
national général.En s'abstenant de trancher ce qui, d'après moi, consti-
tuait le véritable litige entre les Parties, la Cour ne s'est pas convenable-
ment acquittéedesa mission qui est, en vertu de l'article 38, paragraphe 1,

de son Statut, de réglerconformément au droit international les différends
qui lui sont soumis.
J'estime que le règlement islandais attaqué n'a aucun fondement en
droit international %vquue ses dispositions relatives à l'élargissementde la
compétence exclusive de l'Islande en matière de pêche nepeuvent s'ap-
puyer sur aucune des quatre conventions que j'ai mentionnées, notam-

ment la Convention sur la haute mer, et qu'elles ne concordent pas non
plus avec la notion de zone de pêcheacceptéeaujourd'hui 1. Etant donné
l'attitude de l'Islande dont témoignent les documents qu'elle a adressésà
la Cour, et les deux premières conclusions présentéespar la République
fédérale d'Allemagnedans son mémoiresur le fond, il me semble que les
Parties sont en droit d'attendre de la Cour une réponse indiquant si, en

droit international l'Islande pouvait unilatérdlement étendre sa compé-
tence exclusive en .matièrede pêcheau-delà des limites convenues dans
l'échangede notes d.e196 1.
*
* *

1 Voir le paragraphe44 de l'arrêt. 1 explained in my dissenting opinion in the case between the United
Kingdom and Iceland why 1 did not think that the dispute between the
Parties was about conservation of fish stock, catch-limitations and
preferential rights. The discussions between the United Kingdom and
Iceland preceded the exchanges between the Federal Republic of Ger-
many and Iceland, and, to mymind, provide a clear indication of Iceland's
attitude to the whole question of fishery rights in the waters around
Iceland. The Law concerning the Scientific Conservation of the Conti-
nental Shelf Fisheries enacted by the Parliament of Iceland (Althing) on
5April 1948,authorized the Ministry of Fisheries of the Government of
Iceland to issue "regulations establishingexplicitly bounded conservation

zones within thelimits of thecontinentalshelfof Iceland whereinalljsheries
shall be subject to Icelandic rules and control" (emphasis added). I pause
to note that in spite of the title of the Law of 1948, the clear aim of
Iceland as can be seen from the passage in the Law which 1have empha-
sized, was unilaterally to control and regulate al1fishing in the so-called
conservation zones; so that as far back as 1948 Iceland was already
intent on getting exclusive control of the fishery on her continental shelf.
The negotiations between the Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland
were preceded by Iceland handing to the Federal Republic of Germany a
copy of the Exchange of Notes of 11 March 1961 between the United
Kingdom and Iceland, and ended with an agreement constituted by an
Exchange of Notes between the two which took effect on 19July 1961.
The provision of the Exchange of Notes relevant to the question of the
dispute between the Parties in the present case is as follows:

"The Government of the Republic of Iceland shall continue to
work for the implementation of the Althing Resolution of 5 May
1959 regarding the extension of the fishery jurisdiction of Iceland.

However, it shall give the Government of the Federal Republic of
Germany six months' notice of any such extension; in case of a
dispute relating tosuch an extension, the matter shall, at the request
of eitherParty, be referred to the International Court of Justice."

The clear words of the Exchange of Notes, the diplomatic exchanges
between the Parties, and the discussions between the United Kingdom
and Iceland, which are relevant to the German case since they throw
some light on the attitude of thetcelandic Government, appear to me to
leave nodoubt that the dispute anticipated in the portion of thexchange
of Notes quoted, and which either Party could refer to this Court, was a
dispute as to whether a measure taken by Iceland unilaterally to extend
its area of fishery jurisdiction beyond the limit then agreed was or was
not valid under international law. By the very nature of the matter, the
Parties could not have intended that the Court was to settle questions of
preferential and historic rights, conservation and catch-limitation which
are not susceptible of unilateral physical delimitation or extension, but
only take effect in a special régime,and which, in my view, formed no Dans mon opinion dissidente en l'affaire concernant le Royaume-Uni
et l'Islande,j'ai expliquépourquoi à mon avis le différendentre les Parties
ne portait pas sur la conservation des stocks de poisson, les limitations des
prises et les droits préférentiels.Les entretiens entre le Royaume-Uni
et l'Islande ont précédé les conversations entre la République fédérale

d'Allemagne et l'Islande et, àmon sens, ils donnent une idéetrèsclaire de
l'attitude de l'Islandeà l'égardde toute la question des droits de pêche
dans les eaux entourant son territoire. La loi concernant la conservation
scientifiquedes pêcheriesdu plateau continental,adoptée par leParlement
islandais (Althing) Ile5avril 1948,habilitait le ministère des Pêcheriesdu
Gouvernement islandais à établir«par voie de règlement,dans les limites
du plateau continental islandais, des zones de conservation déjînies dans
lesquelles les pêcheries seront intégralement réglementé etescontrôléespar
I'Islande» (les italiques sont de nous). Je note en passant que, malgréle
titre de cette loi,le but évident de l'Islande, témoin le passage que j'ai
souligné,étaitde contôler et de réglementerunilatéralement toute pêche
dans les zones dites de conservation; ainsi, dès 1948,l'Islande étaitdéjà

résolue à s'assurer lecontrôle exclusifde la pêcheau-dessusde son plateau
continental. Les négociationsentre la Républiquefédérale d'Allemagne et
l'Islande ont été précédép esr la remise à la République fédérale d'une
copie de I'échangede notes du 11 mars 1961 entre le Royaume-Uni et
l'Islande, et se sont conclues par un accord en forme d'échangede notes,
prenant effet le 19jiuille1961. La disposition de cet échangede notes qui
concerne la question du différendopposant les Parties en l'espèce est la
suivante :

((Le Gouvernement islandais continuera de s'employer à mettre
en Œuvre la résolution de 1'Althingen date du 5 mai 1959 relative

à l'élargissementde lajuridiction sur lespêcheriesautour de l'Islande
mais notifiera sixmois à l'avanceau Gouvernement de la République
fédéraled'Allemagne toute mesure en ce sens; au cas où surgirait
un différend en1la matière, la question sera portée,à la demande de
I'une ou l'autre partie, devant la Cour internationale de Justice. ))

A mon avis, les termes clairs de l'échangede notes, les échanges diplo-
matiques entre les Parties et les entretiens entre le Royaume-Uni et
l'Islande- qui préisententde l'intérêptour l'affaire concernant la Répu-
blique fédéraleen ce qu'ils éclairentun peu l'attitude du Gouvernement
islandais - ne permettent pas de douter que le différend envisagédans

le passage cité,dont I'une ou l'autre Partie pouvait saisir la Cour, était
un différendsur le point de savoir si une mesure prise unilatéralement par
l'Islande pour étendre sa compétenceen matière de pêcheau-delà de la
limite convenue à l'époque étaitou n'était pas valableen droit interna-
tional. Etant donné la nature mêmedu problème, lesParties n'avaient pas
pu avoir l'intention1de faire réglerpar la Cour des questions de droits
préférentielset historiques, de conservation et de limitation des prises,
qui ne se prêtent pas à une délimitation ou à une extension unilatéralepart of the dispute and negotiations leading up to the Exchange of Notes.
Discussions and diplomatic exchanges subsequent to the Application

of the Federal Republic of Germany which suggest certain conservation
measures were clearly aimed at arranging matters between the Parties
pending a phasing-out period 1,and in no way altered the nature of the
claim before the Court.

It isworth notingthat in answer to the aide-mémoireof 31 August 1971

by which Iceland gave notice to the Federal Republic of Germany of its
intention to extend the exclusive fisheries zone to include the areas of
sea over the continental shelf the new limits of which were to be more
precisely defined later, the Federal Republic of Germany, by an aide-
mémoireof 27 September 1971, expressed the view "that the unilateral
assumption of sovereign power by a coastal State over zones of the high
seas isinadmissible under international law".

This seems to me to indicate exactly how the Federal Republic of
Germany conceived the dispute for which provision for reference to the
Court was made in the Exchange of Notes, and with which the present
proceedings are concerned; and since Iceland had not itself requested
collaboration by other States in establishing measures of conservation
nor had it asserted any preferential rights which had been opposed by the

Federal Republic, it seems safe to assert that there was a dispute between
the Parties as to the validity of the proposed extension of Iceland's
exclusive fisheries jurisdiction and none about Iceland's preferential
rights as a coastal State in a special situation.
At the jurisdiction phase of the present proceedings, the Court, after
reviewing briefly the negotiations between the Parties "in order fully to
ascertain the scope and purpose of the 1961Exchange of Notes 2", said:

"This history of the negotiations reinforces the view that the

Court has jurisdiction in this case, and âdds emphasis to the point
that the real intention of the parties was to giile the Government
of the Federal Republic of Germany the same assurance as the United
Kingdom, including the right to challenge before the Court the validity
ofany further extension of lcelandic$sheries jurisdiction in the waters
above its continental shelf beyond the 12-mile limit 3" (Emphasis
added.)

The Court went on to Say 4:

1 See Annex E to the Memorial on the meritsof the FederalRepublic of Germany.
2 I.C.J. Reports 1973, 56.
3 Ibid., p58.
4 Ibid., p64.sur le terrain et ne peuvent que faire l'objet d'un régime spécial,et qui,
d'après moi, sortent du cadre du différend et des négociations qui
devaient aboutir à I'échangede notes. Les pourparlers et les échanges
diplomatiques postérieurs au dépôt de la requêtede la République fédé-

rale d'Allemagne, où certainesmesures de conservationétaient envisagées,
visaient manifestement àétablirun modus vivendi entre les Parties pendant
une période d'ada.ptation 1, et ne modifiaient en rien la nature de la

demande soumise ;ila Cour.
II convient de relever qu'en réponseà l'aide-mémoire du 31 août 1971
par lcquel l'Islande notifiait à la République fédérale d'Allemagneson
intention d'étendresa zone de compétence exclusive de manière à inclure

les espaces marins situés au-dessus du plateau continental, la tracéexact
de la zone devant êtrepréciséà une date ultérieure, la République fédérale
d'Allemagne, par un aide-mémoire du 27 septembre 1971, a réaffirmé
l'opinion (cselon laquelle le droit international n'admet pas qu'un Etat

riverain s-arroge u.nilatéralementun pouvoir souverain sur des zones de
la haute mer )).
Ce membre de phrase me paraît indiquer exactement comment la

République fédérale d'Allemagne concevait le différend que I'échange
de notes prévoyait de porter devant la Cour et que concerne la présente
instance; et puisque l'Islande n'a pas, pour sa part, sollicitéle concours
d'autres Etats pour mettre en vigueur des mesures de conservation et

n'a revendiqué aucun droit préférentielauquel la République fédérale
se serait opposée, ionpeut, je crois, affirmer sans hésitation qu'il exi'stait
un différend entre les Parties au sujet de la validité de l'élargissement
envisagé par l'Islande de sa compétence exclusive en matière de pêche

et qu'il n'y en avait aucun au sujet de ses droits préférentiels entant
aulEtat riverain da.ns une situation s~éciale.
A l'issue de la phase juridictionnelle de la présente instance, la Cour,

avant examiné brièvement le déroulement des négociations en"re les
Parties ((afin de bien préciserla portéeet le but de I'échangede notes de
1961 2», s'est expriméeen ces termes :

((Cet historique des négociations renforce la thèse selon laquelle
la Cour est compétente en l'espèce et fait ressortir que l'intention

i~;ritable des Parties était de donner au Goui.ernernent de la Répu-
bliyue fZdérale d'All~magne les mên~esassurances yue celles qui
al7aient (;téfournies au Royaume-Uni, notamment le droit de contester
deixarit la Cour la raliditb de tour noui~c'lélargissement de la compétence

de I'lslundc. en mafière de pgchcries dans les eaux recouvrant son
pla~etzucontincwtal au-delà de la limite de 12 n~illes3.))(Les italiques
sont de nous.)

Et la Cour ajoutait plus loin 4:

1 Voir l'annexe E au mémoire de la République fédéraled'Allemagne sur le fond.
2 C.I.J. Recueil 197'3,p56.
3 Ibid.,p.58.
4 Ibid.,p.64.249 FISHERIESJURlSDlCTION (DISS. OP. ONYEAMA)

"Account must also be taken of the fact that the Applicant, in
its contentions before the Court, expressed the opinion that if Iceland,
as a coastal State specially dependent on coastal fisheries for its
livelihood or economic development, asserts a need to procure the
establishment of a special fisheries conservation régime (including
such a régimeunder which it enjoys preferential rights) in the waters

adjacent to its coast but beyond the exclusivefisheries zone provided
for by the 1961 Exchange of Notes, it can legitimately pursue that
objective by collaboration and agreement with the other countries
concerned, but not by unilateral assumption of exclusive rights
within those waters. Tlre exceptiorial dependence of Iceland on its
jîslreries and tlreprinciple of conseri~atiorlof jsh stocks Iraring been

recognized, tlze question remains as to wlietl~er[celandisoisnot corn-
petent unilaterally to assert an exclusive jislreries ,jurisdiction exten-
ding beyond the 12-mile limit. The issue before the Court in the
present phase of the proceedings concerns solely its jurisdiction to
determine the latter point." (Emphasis added.)

1understand this to mean that the special situation of Iceland and the
principle of conservation, both of which engage Iceland's preferential
rights, having been recognized by the Federal Republic of Germany, are
not in dispute in these proceedings, and the question which remains for
the Court is "whether Iceland is or is not competent unilaterally to assert
an exclusivefisheriesjurisdiction extending beyond the 12-milelimit". The
Court decided it had jurisdiction to determine that question, and, in my

view, the Court cannot now enlarge its jurisdiction by such an inter-
pretation of the dispute as would widen its scope. The Court's jurisdiction
derives from the consent of the Parties as expressed in the Exchange of
Notes which, in its turn, sets out the dispute the Parties agreed was to
be referred to the Court; the Court's jurisdiction ought always to be
strictly construed and where it is not clear that the Parties have consented

to it ought to be declined.
ln the present case there does not appear to be any dispute between
the Parties on the matters on which the Court pronounced in subpara-
graphs 3 and 4 of the operative clause of the Judgment, nor are these
matters covered in the compromissory clause of the Exchange of Notes
from which the Court derives its jurisdiction. The Federal Republic of

Germany, in the third submission in its Memorial on the merits, makes
a submission based on the hypothesis that Lceland, as a coastal State
specially dependent on fisheries, establishes a need for conservation
measures in respect offish stocks in the waters adjacent to its coast beyond
the limits of lcelandic jurisdiction agreed to by the Exchange of Notes of
19 July 1961 ; but Iceland has not asked the Court to adjudicate on con-
servation measures, and a request to the Court by one party to a dispute

that a different dispute be settled by the Court cannot take the place of
the consent of al1Parties which is a prerequisite of the Court's jurisdiction.
For the foregoing reasons, 1have come to the conclusion that the Court

78 ((IIfaut également tenir compte de ce que le demandeur a indiqué,
dans ses thèses présentéesà la Cour, que si I'lslande en tant qu'Etat
riverain essentiellen~enttributaire des pêcheries côtièrespour sa sub-

sistance ou son développement économique, fait valoir la nécessité
d'un régime spécialde conservation des pêcheries(notamment un
régimelui conférant des droits prioritaires) dans les eaux adjacentes
à ses côtes mais situéesau-delà de la zone exclusive de pêche prévue
dans l'échangede notes de 1961, elle peut légitimement poursuivre
cet objectif p;sr voie de collaboration et d'entente avec les autres

pays intéresséset non pas en s'attribuant unilatéralement des droits
exclusifs dans lesdites eaux. Le fait que l'lslande est exceptionnelle-
ment tributaire de ses pêcherieset le principe de la conseri3ation des
stocks ayant ité reconnu, il reste le point de savoir si ~'Islande a la
compétence voulue pour s'attribuer unilatéralenzent une juridiction

exclusi~.een ni'atièrde pPclzeriesau-dela de 12 milles.En la présente
phase de l'instance, la Cour n'a à se prononcer que sur sa compé-
tence pour trancher ce point. )(Les italiques sont de nous.)

J'interprète ce passage comme suit: ayant été reconnuspar la Répu-

blique fédérale d'Allemagne, la situation spécialede l'Islande et le prin-
cipe de la conservation, sources des droits préférentielsde l'Islande, ne
sont pas en cause. dans la présente instance; et la question qui reste
soumise à la Cour est «de savoir si l'Islande a la compétence voulue
pour s'attribuer unilatéralement une juridiction exclusive en matière
de pêcheriesau-delà de 12 milles)). La Cour s'est déclaréecompétente

pour trancher ce point et, à mon avis, elle ne peut pas maintenant
élargirsa juridiction en interprétant le différendd'une manière extensive.
La compétence de. la Cour repose sur le consentement des Parties, tel
qu'il s'est exprime:dans I'échangede notes qui, à son tour, spécifie le
différend que les Parties étaient convenues de soumettre à la Cour;

la compétence de la Cour doit toujours être interprétée strictement et elle
doit êtredéclinéequand il n'est pas certain que les Parties y ont consenti.
En la présenteesipéce,il ne semble exister aucun litige entre les Parties à
propos des questions sur lesquelles la Cour s'est prononcée dans les sous-
paragraphes 3 et 4 du dispositif de l'arrêt, etqui ne sont pas viséespar la

clause compromisisoire contenue dans I'échangede notes, dont la Cour
tire sa compétence. Dans la troisième conclusion qu'elle a présentéedans
son mémoire sur le fond, la République fédérale d'Allemagneest partie
de l'hypothèse que I'lslande, en tant qu'Etat riverain spécialement tribu-
taire de la pêche,établirait la nécessitéde mesures de conservation des
stocks de poisson dans les eaux adjacentes à ses côtes, au-delà des limites

de la juridiction islandaise acceptée dans I'échangede notes du 19juillet
1961 ; or l'Islande n'a pas invitéla Cour à se prononcer sur des mesures de
conservation, et si une partie à un différenddemande à la Cour de régler
un autre différend que celui dont elle est saisie, cela ne saurait remplacer
le consentement de toutes les parties, qui est la condition préalable de la
juridiction de la Cour. Pour les raisons qui viennent d'être exposée,je

78exceeded itsjurisdiction in passing judgment on the matters pronounced
upon in subparagraphs 3 and 4 of the operative part of the Judgment;
it ought to have confined itself to deciding the validity under international

law of Iceland's extension of her zone of fishery jurisdiction beyond the
12-mile limit agreed between the Parties in the Exchange of Notes of 1961
which was the only dispute before it and over which it had jurisdiction.

Regarding the fourth submission of the Federal Republic of Germany
that the acts of interference by Icelandic coastal patrol boats with fishing

vessels registered in the Federal Republic of Germany or with their
fishing operations by the threat or use of force are unlawful under inter-
national law, and that Lceland is under an obligation to make compen-
sation therefor to the Federal Republic of Germany, 1am of the opinion
that the Court is competent to entertain the claim grounded on the sub-

mission, since the acts of interferencecomplained of arose directly out of
Iceland's attempt to enforce its extension of its fisheries jurisdiction
before the validity of such extension had been decided by the Court as
agreed in the Exchange of Notes of 1961.In my view, claims for compen-
sation for acts done in breach of the agreement constituted by the Ex-

change of Notes must be deemed to be in the contemplation of the Par-
ties when they conferred jurisdiction on the Court, and the particular
acts in this case appear to me to form part of what the Exchange of Notes
referred to as "a dispute in relation to such extension".

If, as Lbelieve, the Court has jurisdiction to entertain the claim for
compensation, 1 consider its reasons for rejecting the claim wholly in-
adequate. In the first place, the Federal Republic of Germany was not
asking for quantified compensation but for a declaration of principle as
follows:

(a) that the acts of interference by lcelandic coastal patrol boats with
fishing vessels registered in the Federal Republic of Germany were

illegal;
(b) that Iceland is responsible forthe damage inflicted;
(c) that lceland is under an obligation to pay full compensation for al1
the damage which the Federal Republic and its nationals have actu-
ally suffered as a result of the acts of interference.

In the second place, even if a claim for a specific sum was made, the
Court is not without means of calling for further information on any

issue in the claim if it considers that course necessary in the interest of
justice 1.

-
1 See, for example, Art. 57, paras. 1 and thefRules of Court.

79suis parvenu à la conclusion que la Cour a excédésa compétence en
statuant sur les sujets traitésdans les sous-paragraphes 3 et 4 du dispositif
de l'arrêt;elle aurait dû se borner à décidersi l'élargissementpar l'Islande
de sa zone de compétence exclusive au-delà de la limite de 12 milles con-

venues entre les Parties dans I'échangede notes de 1961 était valable en
droit international. C'était là le seul différend qui lui étaitsoumis et pour
lequel elle avait cornpétence.

J'en viens à la quatrième conclusion de la République fédéraled'Alle-
magne suivant laquelle les actes des garde-côtes islandais visant à gêner,
par la menace ou l'emploi de la force, les navires de pêcheimmatriculés
dans la Républiqut: fédéraled'Allemagne ou à entraver leurs opérations

de pêchesont contraires au droit international et l'Islande doit à ce titre
réparation à la République fédéraled'Allemagne. J'estime que la Cour est
compétente pour connaître de la demande ainsi présentée,les actes in-
criminéstenant directement au fait que l'Islande s'est efforcéed'appliquer
l'extension de sa compétence en matière de pêcheavant que la Cour ait
pu se prononcer sur sa validitécomme le prévoyait I'échangede notes de

1961. A mon avis, quand les Parties ont conféré compétenceà la Cour,
elles avaient certainement envisagé la possibilitéde demandes en répara-
tion en cas de manquement à l'accord consacré par I'échangede notes,
et les actes précis dont il s'agit en l'espèce mesemblent rentrer dans le
cadre de ce que I'échangede notes appelle un différend relatif à I'élargis-

sement.
Si, comme je lecrois, la Cour est compétentepour examiner la demande
en réparation, les nnotifs invoqués pour rejeter cette demande me parais-
sent totalement inadéquats. En premier 'lieu, la République fédérale
d'Allemagne ne demandait pas une réparation chiffréemais une déclara-
tion de principe précisant:

a) que les entraveiç apportées par les garde-côtes islandais aux narires
de pêcheimmatriculés dans la République fédérale d'Allemagnesont
illicites

b) que l'Islande esitresponsable du préjudicecausé;
c) que l'Islande a l'obligation de réparer entièrement le préjudiceeffecti-
vement subi de ce fait par la République fédéraleet par ses ressortis-
sants.

En second lieu, et quand bien mêmeon aurait demandé le versement
d'une somme déterminée, la Cour n'est pas dépourvue de moyens pour
obtenir des renseignements complémentaires sur n'importe quel aspect
d'une demande, si elle lejuge nécessaire dans l'intérêd t e la justic1.

1 Voir, par exemple, l'article 57, paragraphes 1et 2, du Règlement de la Cour. The decision that the Regulations whereby Iceland sought to extend
its fisheriesjurisdiction beyond the limit agreed in the Exchange of Notes
are not opposable to the Federal Republic of Germany, appears to me to
carry the necessary implication that actsne in enforcement of the Re-
gulations against German fishing vessels are contrary to law. Consis-
tently with its Judgment, the Court should have made a general declara-
tion of principle alongthe linesset out in the submission in the Memorial
on the merits of the Federal Republic of Germany.

(Signed Charles D. ONYEAMA. Statuer que le règlementpar lequel l'Islande a prétendu élargir sa com-
pétenceen matière de pêcheau-delà de la limite convenue dans l'échange
de notes est inopposableà la République fédérale d'Allemagneme paraît
avoir pour conséquence nécessaireque lesactes accomplis pour l'appliquer
aux navires de pêcheallemands sont contraires au droit. Pour rester dans
la logiquede son arrêt,la Cour aurait dû faire une déclarationde principe
généralecomme celle qui lui était demandée dans la conclusion du
mémoirede la République fédérale d'Allemagnesur le fond.

(SignéC )harles D. ONYEAMA.

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Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion by Judge Onyeama

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