Separate Opinion by Judge Waldock

Document Number
056-19740725-JUD-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
056-19740725-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE WALDOCK

1. Iam in general agreement with both the operative part and the
reasoning of theJudgment of the Court. Ihave one reservation, however,
regarding subparagraph 5 of the operative partand there are some aspects
of the case which 1consider should have received more prominence in

the Judgment, and which 1 feel it incumbent on me to mention in this
separate opinion.

2.The Judgment refers to the Exchange of Notes of 19July 1961 and

draws certain conclusions from it regarding the Federal Republic of
Germany's recognition of Iceland's exceptional dependence on coastal
fisheries and regarding Iceland's recognition of the Federal Republic's
traditional fisheries in the waters around Iceland. It does not, however,
give the 1961 Exchange of Notes the importance which, in my opinion,
that agreement necessarily has as a treaty establishing aarticular legal
régimegoverningthe relations between the Parties with respect to fishing

in those waters. The 1961 Exchange of Notes, which was negotiated and
concluded soon after the United Nations Conference on the Law of the
Sea had failed to solve the problem of fishery limits, had as its express
object the settlement of an existing fishery dispute between Iceland and
the Federal Republic. This it did upon terms which lay down specific
rules to cover the case of a subsequent claim by Iceland to extend her
jurisdiction beyond the 12-mile limit assented to by the Federal Republic

in that agreement. The result, in my view, is that the starting point for
determining the rights and obligations of the Parties in the present case
has to be the 1961Exchange of Notes which, by its Judgment of 2 Febru-
ary 1973, the Court has held to be valid, in force, and applicable to the
extension of Iceland's fishery jurisdiction now in question before the
Court.

3. A similar Exchange of Notes was concluded in 1961between Jceland
and the United Kingdom, and 1 have set out at length my observations
on the implications of that Exchange of Notes in my separate opinion
in the Fisheries Jurisdicti cose between those two countries. The
Exchange of Notes between Iceland and the Federal Republic, it is true,

was concluded some four months after the Exchange of Notes between
Iceland and the United Kingdom and in separate negotiations; and the
56Federal Republic did not have any detailed record of its negotiations
as was the case with the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, the Exchange
of Notes of II March 1961 between lceland and the United Kingdom
was used as the model for that between her and the Federal Republic;
and the object and provisions of the two Agreements are, in consequence,

virtually identical. Accordingly, 1 do not think that it would be useful
for me to repeat here the views which Lhave expressed on this matter in
paragraphs 2-32 of my opinion in the other case before the Court. It
will be enough for me to state that, tll~rtatisn~~rtanu's,consider them to
apply equally in the present case.

4. 1may, however, recall that the Federal Republic made quite clear its
understanding of the scope of the compromissory clause in the course of
the proceedings on jurisdiction. At the public sitting held on 8 January
1973its Agent said:

"1 would like to add some remarks il <--\.-r io show that the
subject-matter of the dispute submitte!! . , LheApplication of the
Federal Republic of Germany keeps strictly within the scope of the
jurisdiction of the Court, as defined in paragraph 5 of the Exchange
of Notes of 1961. 1should recall that according to the terms of that
provision the jurisdiction of the Court covers al1 disputes relating

to an extension by Iceland of its tisheriesjurisdiction over the adjacent
waters above its continental shelf beyond the 12-mile limit. Disputes
relating to such an extension of the fisheries jurisdiction are those
which arise from any measure by which the Government of lceland
purports to exercise jurisdictional rights or powers over fishing
activities in the waters beyond the 12-milelimit. Scope and intensity

of thisjurisdiction, which may give rise to disputes, are of secondary
importance; the jurisdictional claim may Varyas to the width of the
zone in which lceland attempts to exercise jurisdiction, as well as to
the scope of the rights and powers which Iceland attempts to exercise
therein. Iceland's jurisdictional claim may amount to a claim for
exclusive fishing rightsn the extended zone, or may be confined to a
claim for preferential fishing rights only. Itmay also consist in the

enactment and enforcement of discriminatory or non-discriminatory
conservation measures. Any such measure constitutes an extension of
jurisdiction in theense of paragraph 5 of the Exchange of Notes and,
whenever such extension or the modalities of such extension give rise
to a dispute between the Federal Republic of Germany and Ïceland,
the Court has jurisdiction to deal with this dispute on the application
of either Party."

That understanding appears to me fully consonant with the Court's

finding in its Judgment on jurisdiction of 2 February 1973 in the case229 FISHERIESJURISDICTION (SEP. OP. WALDOCK)

brought by the United Kingdom, as to the meaning of the compromissory

clause the terms of which are identical with those of the clause in the
present case. The Court there said:
". ..the real intention of the parties was to give the United Kingdom

Government an efîective assurance. ..: namely, the right to challenge
before the Court the validity of any furtlzer extension of Icelandic
fisheries jurisdiction in the waters above its continental shelf".
(I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 13, para. 23; emphasis added.)

5. In its first submission the Federal Republicasks the Court to declare
that Iceland's unilateral extension of her zone of exclusive fisheries
jurisdiction to 50 miles "has, as against the Federal Republicof Germany,

no basis in international law and cun therefore not be opposed to the
Federal Republicof Germany .. .". Whether this submission is intended
to be limited to the question of the "opposability" of Iceland's extension
vis-à-vis the Federal Republic or claims that the extension is invalid
erga omnes and, therefore, not opposable to the Federal Republic may
not perhaps be entirely clear. In any event, however, for the reasons
which 1 have given in paragraphs 33-36 of my separate opinion in the
case between the United Kingdom and Iceland, the true legal issue appears

to me to be whether the extension of Iceland's fisheryjurisdiction beyond
the 12-mile limit agreed to in 1961is opposable to a State which, like the
Federal Republic, has not accepted or acquiesced in that extension; and
not whether under general international law the extension is objectively
invalid erga omnes. On this point too, it therefore seems enough for me
to state that, mutatis mutandis, the views which L have expressed in my
separate opinion in the United Kingdom il.Iceland case apply also in

the present case.

6. The Federal Republic, unlike the United Kingdom in the other
case before the Court, has maintained its claim, set out in its fourth
submission, to compensation for alleged acts of harassment of its vessels

by Icelandic coastal patrol vessels. 1concur in the Court's view, stated in
paragraph 72 of the Judgment, that this submission falls within its
competence in the present proceedings. Although the Court does not
develop its grounds for so holding and I myself entertain no doubt upon
the point, 1wish to indicate briefly the reasons which lead me to share the
Court's view.230 FlSHERlES JURlSDlCTION (SEP. OP. WALDOCK)

7. The claim to compensation raises two points as to the Court's
cornpetence to entertain it, the first of which is whether the claim falls
within the terms of the cornprornissory clause: "in case of a dispute in
relation to such extension, the matter shall, at the request of either Party,
be referred to the International Court of Justice." It seerns to me too

narrow an interpretation of those words to regard them as confining the
competence conferred on the Court to the question of the extension of
jurisdiction as such. In my view, incidents arising out of rceland's
extension of her fishery limit and claims in respect of such incidents
clearly form part of "a dispute in relation tu such extensionw-words of
a quite general character. Indeed, every act enforcing Iceland's juris-

diction outside the 12-milelimit is in a very real sense an extension of her
jurisdiction beyond the agreed limit. Furthermore, as the Court itself
emphasized in paragraphs 21-22 of its Judgment of 2 February 1973 on
its jurisdiction in the case of the United Kingdom P. Iceland, the very
object of the cornprornissory clause was to provide an assurance that

"if there was a dispute, no rneasure to apply an extension on fishery limits
would be taken pending reference to the international Court" (I.C.J.
Reports 1973, at p. 13; emphasis added). It therefore seems entirely
justifiable toconsider that the Federal Republic's claim to compensation
must, in principle, fall within the general competence conferred on the
Court in the case of a dispute in relation to an extension of fishery

jurisdiction.

8. Moreover, as Judge Jiménezde Aréchaga pointed out in the ICA0
Council case (I.C.J. Reports 1972, p. 147) both this Court and the Per-

manent Court of International Justice have held that, if a jurisdictional
clause provides for the reference to an international tribunal of dis-
agreements relating to the interpretation or application of a treaty, the
cornpetence given to the tribunal embraces questions arising out of the
performance or non-performance of the treaty. Thus, in the Advisory
Opinion on Interpretation of Peace Treaties the Court considered that

disputes relating to the question of the performance or non-performance
of the obligations provided for in treaties "are clearly disputes concerning
the interpretation or execution" of the treaties in question (I.C.J. Reports
1950, p. 75). Even more specific, for present purposes, is the dictum of
the Permanent Court in the Factory ut Cllorz6w case (P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 9, p. 21):

"lt is a principle of international law that the breach of an engage-
ment involves an obligation to make reparation in an adequate
form. Reparation therefore is the indispensable complement of a
failure to apply a convention and there is no necessity for this to be

stated in the convention itself. Djferences relating tu reparations,
whiclz may be due hy reason of faillrre tu apply a conilenrion, are FISHERIES JURlSDlCTlON (SEP. OP. WALDOCK)
23 1

consequently diferences relating to ifapplication." (Emphasis added.)

In my view, as 1 have indicated above, the present dispute in relation to

an extension of Iceland's fishery jurisdiction is at the same time a dispute
in relation to the application of the 1961 Exchange of Notes. But in any
event, by parity of reasoning, it seems to me clear that a jurisdictional
clause conferring competence on the Court to determine the validity

of an extension of fishery jurisdiction embraces differences relating to
reparations which may be due by reason of the invalidity of an extension.

9. The second point concerns the question whether the claim cornes
within the scope of the case referred to the Court by the Federal Re-
public's Application of 5 June 1972.The Application contained only two
submissions: one concerning the alleged unlawfulness of the unilateral
extension of the fishery limit, and the other concerning the need for

agreement, in regard to conservation measures. The Application did not
deal with acts of harassment or compensation in respect of them for the
very good reason that it was filed before the new lcelandic Regulations
came into force on 1September 1972and before any acts of harassment

had occurred. Indeed, soon after filing the Application, the Federal
Republic sought to obviate any risk of harassment by requesting and
obtaining an Order for provisional measures. True, the Federal Republic's
Memorial on jurisdiction, which was filed on 5October 1972after some
acts of harassment had occurred, also made no mention of them. But the

Court had ordered that the Federal Republic's first Mernorial should be
directed specifically to the question of its jurisdiction to entertain the
Application, and the question of harassment was not germane to that
issue. Conseauentlv. it was in the Memorial on the merits that acts of
2 ,
harassment were first made a cause of action and a claim to compensation
was first included among the submissions.

10. The auestion then is whether the Federal Re~ublic's claim to corn-
pensation, formulated in the Memorial on the merits and again in the

final submissions, is a permissible modification of the submissions
formulated in the Application. In other words, is the addition of the
claim to compensation such a modification of the submissions in the
Application as is permissible under Article 40 of the Statute and Article
32 (2) of the Rules? Under the ~ractice of the Permanent Court of
\ 2
International Justice the parties to proceedings begun by a unilateral
Application were allowed a certain freedom to amend their submissions
so long as the amendments did not have the effect of altering the subject
of the dispute. Thus, the Permanent Court said in the Sociétécommerciale
de Belgique case :

"It is to be observed that the liberty accorded to the parties to FlSHERlES JURISDICTION (SEP.OP. WALDOCK)
232

amend their submissions up to the end of the oral proceedings must
be construed reasonably and without infringing the terms of Article0

of the Statute and Article 32, paragraph 2, of the Rules which provide
that the Application must indicate the subject of the dispute. The
Court has not hitherto had occasion to determine the limits of this
liberty, but itis clear that the Court cannot, in principle, allow a
dispute brought before it by application to he rransformed by
am~ndmentsin the submissionsinto another dispute wl~iclzis d~fferent

in cl~aracter." (P.C.J.J., Series AIB, No. 78, at p. 173.) (Emphasis
added.)
As to this Court, Judge Read referred in the Certair~ Norwegial? Loans

case to the established practice "to permit the Parties to modify their
Submissions up to the end of the Oral Proceedings", but observed that
"when there is an appreciable change, the other Party must have a fair
opportunity to comment on the amended Submissions". He added: "The
second condition is that the amendment must be an amendment. Ltmust
not consist of an attempt by the Applicant Government to bring a new

and different dispute before the Court" (J.C.J. Reports 1957, pp. 80-81).
Jt is therefore significant that in the Templeof Preah Villear case the Court
accepted and upheld a claim to the restoration of objects removed from
the Temple by the Thailand authorities since 1954, which had been made
by Cambodia forthe first time in its final submissions at the oral hearings

(I.C.J. Reports 1962,p. 6).

11. In the presentcase,Iceland had theopportunity, by filinga Counter-
Memorial, to reply to the Federal Republic's claim to compensation
and, if she considered it to be outside the scope of the Application, to
object to its admissibility. But she decided not to appear in the proceed-

ings. As to the claim itself, this seems to me related to the subject of the
Application more directly than was the restoration of the Temple objects
in the Temple of Preah Vihear case: the relief for which it asks is con-
sequential upon and implied in the Federal Republic's first submission.
True, the facts on which it is based occurred subsequently to the Applica-
tion and the claim therefore introduces a new element into the case. But

it does not seem to me to "transform the dispute" brought before the
Court in the Application into "another dispute which is different in
character". On the contrary, it arose directly out of the matter which is
the subject of the first submission in the Application and was the direct
result of Iceland's own actions with respect to that matter when it was
already before the Court. The very fact that the new claim concerns

matters explicitly dealt with in theCourt's Order for provisional measures
seems to me to make it dificult to treat that claim as an impermissible
modification of the submissions in the Application. Consequently, in
my view, the claim to compensation ought not to be ruled out on the
ground that it had no place in the Application. 12. My reservation regarding subparagraph 5 of the operative clause
arises from a doubt as to whether the Court should simply state that it is
unable to accede to the Federal Republic's fourth submission and thus,
in effect, to dismiss outright the claim to compensation. In so far as this
submission may be considered as asking the Court for a final decision

pronouncing upon Iceland's obligation to make compensation for
particular specified acts of interference,1 agree with the Court that, as
the case now stands, it is not in a position to give such a decision because
the evidence is scarcely sufficient. The Federal Republic appears, more-
over, to be asking for final judgment in the case without requesting
further proceedings to deal with its claim to compensation or requesting
the Court to reserve for the Federal Republic the liberty to apply to the
Court on the question of compensation in the event that no agreement is
arrived at between the Parties on this question. In consequence, it may
be doubtful whether it would be appropriate for the Court, proprio rnotu,
to reserve the question of compensation to be dealt with in further
proceedings.
13. In so far, however, as the fourth subrnission may be understood
as merely claiming a declaration of principle that Iceland is under an

obligation to make reparation for any acts of interference established as
unlawful under subparagraphs 1and 2 of the operative clause of the
Court's Judgrnent, 1do not myself seethe same difficulty in the Court's
acceding to the claim. The Court has held that Iceland's unilateral
extension of her exclusive fishing rights to 50 miles is not opposable to
the Federal Republic and that Iceland is not entitled unilaterally to
exclude the Federal Republic's fishingvesselsfrom the waters to seaward
of the fisherylimits agreed to in the 1961Exchange of Notes. It then really
follows automatically that acts enforcing that extension against fishing
vessels of the Federal Republic are unlawful and engage Iceland's inter-
national responsibility to the Federal Republic with respect to such acts.
Since it is a well-established principle of international law that every
violation of an international obligationentails a duty to make reparation,
the right to reparation alsofollowswithout evenbeingstated. Accordingly,
it may be said, as was indeed said in the Corfu Channel case (I.C.J.

Reporrs 1949, pp. 23-24), that to make the claim to reparation is super-
fluous: if the claim to a declaration of the unlawful character of acts is
upheld, the consequence is that as a matter of law, reparation is due.
Nevertheless, an Applicant may think it important to obtain from the
Court, as a forrn of satisfaction, an express declaration in the operative
part of the Judgment that reparation is due, and 1see no obstacle to the
Court's acceding to such a submission.

(Signed) H. WALDOCK.

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE WALDOCK

1. Iam in general agreement with both the operative part and the
reasoning of theJudgment of the Court. Ihave one reservation, however,
regarding subparagraph 5 of the operative partand there are some aspects
of the case which 1consider should have received more prominence in

the Judgment, and which 1 feel it incumbent on me to mention in this
separate opinion.

2.The Judgment refers to the Exchange of Notes of 19July 1961 and

draws certain conclusions from it regarding the Federal Republic of
Germany's recognition of Iceland's exceptional dependence on coastal
fisheries and regarding Iceland's recognition of the Federal Republic's
traditional fisheries in the waters around Iceland. It does not, however,
give the 1961 Exchange of Notes the importance which, in my opinion,
that agreement necessarily has as a treaty establishing aarticular legal
régimegoverningthe relations between the Parties with respect to fishing

in those waters. The 1961 Exchange of Notes, which was negotiated and
concluded soon after the United Nations Conference on the Law of the
Sea had failed to solve the problem of fishery limits, had as its express
object the settlement of an existing fishery dispute between Iceland and
the Federal Republic. This it did upon terms which lay down specific
rules to cover the case of a subsequent claim by Iceland to extend her
jurisdiction beyond the 12-mile limit assented to by the Federal Republic

in that agreement. The result, in my view, is that the starting point for
determining the rights and obligations of the Parties in the present case
has to be the 1961Exchange of Notes which, by its Judgment of 2 Febru-
ary 1973, the Court has held to be valid, in force, and applicable to the
extension of Iceland's fishery jurisdiction now in question before the
Court.

3. A similar Exchange of Notes was concluded in 1961between Jceland
and the United Kingdom, and 1 have set out at length my observations
on the implications of that Exchange of Notes in my separate opinion
in the Fisheries Jurisdicti cose between those two countries. The
Exchange of Notes between Iceland and the Federal Republic, it is true,

was concluded some four months after the Exchange of Notes between
Iceland and the United Kingdom and in separate negotiations; and the
56 OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE SIR HUMPHREY WALDOCK

[Traduction]

1. Je souscrisà l'ensemble du dispositif et des motifs sur lesquels se
fonde l'arrêt delaCour. Toutefois comme j'ai une réserve à formuler à
l'égard du sous-paragraphe 5 du dispositif et que certains aspects de
l'affaireauraient dû, mon avis, êtredavantage mis en relief dans l'arrêt,
je crois devoir en traiter dans une opinion individuelle.

2. L'arrêtse réfère à I'échangede notes du 19juillet 1961 et en tire
certaines conclusions concernant la reconnaissance par la République
fédérale d'Allemagnede la dépendance exceptionnelle de l'lslande à
l'égard de ses pêcheriescôtières et la reconnaissance par l'lslande de
l'activitétraditionnelle de pêchede la République fédéraldans les eaux
proches de l'Islande. L'arrêtne donne cependant pasà I'échangede notes
de 1961 I1importanc:eque me parait revêtir nécessairement ceatccord en
tant que traité instituant un régimejuridique particulier régissant les
relations entre les Parties en ce qui concerne la pêchedans les eaux en
question. L'échanged:e notes de 1961,qui avait été négociet conclu juste
après que la Conférence des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer eut
échouédans sa tentative pour résoudrele problème des limites de pêche,
avait expressément pour objet de régler un différendqui opposait 1'1s-

lande et la République fédéralau sujet des pêcheries.A cette fin, l'accord
contenait des dispositions qui énonçaient des règles précisespour tenir
compte de l'éventualitéoù l'Islande prétendrait plus tard élargirsa zone
de pêcheau-delà de la limite des 12milles que la Républiquefédéralelui
reconnaissait dans cet accord.A mon avis, il s'ensuit qu'il faut prendre
comme point de départ pour déterminer les droits et obligations des
Parties en la présente espèce l'échangede notes de 1961 que la Cour,
dans son arrêt du2 février1973,a considérécomme valable, en vigueur et
applicable àla question de l'élargissementpar l'Islande de sa compétence
sur les pêcheriesqui est maintenant soumiseà la Cour.
3. Un échangeclenotes analogue a étéconclu en 1961entre l'Islande
et le Royaume-Urii et j'ai exposélonguement mes observations sur ses
conséquencesdans mon opinion individuelle en l'affairede laCompétence

en matiGredepêcheries qui oppose ces deux pays. Il est vrai que I'échange
de notes entre I'lslande et la République fédérale aété conclu environ
quatre mois aprèsl'échangede notes entre I'lslande et le Royaume-Uni et
dans le cadre de négociations distinctes et qu'à la différenRoyaume-Federal Republic did not have any detailed record of its negotiations
as was the case with the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, the Exchange
of Notes of II March 1961 between lceland and the United Kingdom
was used as the model for that between her and the Federal Republic;
and the object and provisions of the two Agreements are, in consequence,

virtually identical. Accordingly, 1 do not think that it would be useful
for me to repeat here the views which Lhave expressed on this matter in
paragraphs 2-32 of my opinion in the other case before the Court. It
will be enough for me to state that, tll~rtatisn~~rtanu's,consider them to
apply equally in the present case.

4. 1may, however, recall that the Federal Republic made quite clear its
understanding of the scope of the compromissory clause in the course of
the proceedings on jurisdiction. At the public sitting held on 8 January
1973its Agent said:

"1 would like to add some remarks il <--\.-r io show that the
subject-matter of the dispute submitte!! . , LheApplication of the
Federal Republic of Germany keeps strictly within the scope of the
jurisdiction of the Court, as defined in paragraph 5 of the Exchange
of Notes of 1961. 1should recall that according to the terms of that
provision the jurisdiction of the Court covers al1 disputes relating

to an extension by Iceland of its tisheriesjurisdiction over the adjacent
waters above its continental shelf beyond the 12-mile limit. Disputes
relating to such an extension of the fisheries jurisdiction are those
which arise from any measure by which the Government of lceland
purports to exercise jurisdictional rights or powers over fishing
activities in the waters beyond the 12-milelimit. Scope and intensity

of thisjurisdiction, which may give rise to disputes, are of secondary
importance; the jurisdictional claim may Varyas to the width of the
zone in which lceland attempts to exercise jurisdiction, as well as to
the scope of the rights and powers which Iceland attempts to exercise
therein. Iceland's jurisdictional claim may amount to a claim for
exclusive fishing rightsn the extended zone, or may be confined to a
claim for preferential fishing rights only. Itmay also consist in the

enactment and enforcement of discriminatory or non-discriminatory
conservation measures. Any such measure constitutes an extension of
jurisdiction in theense of paragraph 5 of the Exchange of Notes and,
whenever such extension or the modalities of such extension give rise
to a dispute between the Federal Republic of Germany and Ïceland,
the Court has jurisdiction to deal with this dispute on the application
of either Party."

That understanding appears to me fully consonant with the Court's

finding in its Judgment on jurisdiction of 2 February 1973 in the caseUni la République fédéralene possède aucun compte rendu détaillésur
ces négociations. II reste que l'échangede notes du Il mars 1961 entre
l'Islande et le Royaume-Uni a servi de modèle à celui que l'Islande et la
République fédéraleont conclu et que l'objet et les dispositions des deux
accords sont, en coriséquence, presque identiques. Je ne crois donc pas

utile de répéterici les vues que j'ai expriméessur cette question aux para-
graphes 2 à 32 de l'opinion que j'ai déposéedans l'autre affaire soumise à
la Cour. 11me suffira de dire que j'estime qu'elles s'appliquent mutatis
mutandis à la présenteespèce.

4. Je rappellerai cependant qu'au stade de la compétencela République
fédéralea nettement préciséla portée qu'elle attribuait à la clause
compromissoire. A l'audience du 8 janvier 1973, son agent s'est exprimé
en ces termes:

((Jevoudrais encore ajouter quelques remarques pour montrer que
l'objet du différendsoumis àla Cour dans la requêtede la République
fédéraled'Allemagne s'inscrit rigoureusement dans les limites de la
compétence de la Cour telle qu'elle est définieau paragraphe 5 de
l'échangede notes de 1961. Je voudrais rappeler que, aux termes de

cette disposition, la compétence de la Cour s'étend à tous les
différendsayani.trait à un élargissementpar l'Islande de sajuridiction
en matière de pêcheries sur les eaux surjacentes de son plateau
continental au-delà de la limite de 12 milles. Constituent des
différends ayant trait à l'élargissement de la juridiction sur les
pêcheriesdes différendsqui naissent de toute mesure par laquelle le

Gouvernement islandais entend exercer ses droits ou pouvoirs
juridictionnels sur les activitésde pêchedans les eaux situéesau-delà
de la limite de 12millesLe champ et la portéede cettejuridiction qui
peut donner lieluà un différendn'ont qu'une importance secondaire;
la juridiction revendiquée peut varier quant à la largeur de la zone
dans laquelle I'lslande veut exercer sa juridiction et aussi bien quant

à la portée des droits et pouvoirs que l'Islande veut y exercer. La
revendication islandaise peut aller jusqu'à réclamer I'exclusivitédes
droits de pêchedans la zone élargieou peut êtrelimitéeà des droits
prioritaires de pêche.Elle peut consister aussi dans la publication et
l'application de mesures de conservation discriminatoires ou non
discriminatoires. Toute mesure de ce type constitue un élargissement
de la juridiction au sens du paragraphe 5 de I'échangede notes et

toutes les fois qu'une telle extension ou les modalités d'une telle
extension donnent lieu à un différend entre la République fédérale
d'Allemagne et l'Islande, la Cour est compétente pour connaître de
ce difterend à la requêtede l'une ou l'autre Partie.))

Cette interprétation me paraît en parfaite harmonie avec la conclusion
de la Cour, figurant dans son arrêt sur la compétence du 2 février 1973

57229 FISHERIESJURISDICTION (SEP. OP. WALDOCK)

brought by the United Kingdom, as to the meaning of the compromissory

clause the terms of which are identical with those of the clause in the
present case. The Court there said:
". ..the real intention of the parties was to give the United Kingdom

Government an efîective assurance. ..: namely, the right to challenge
before the Court the validity of any furtlzer extension of Icelandic
fisheries jurisdiction in the waters above its continental shelf".
(I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 13, para. 23; emphasis added.)

5. In its first submission the Federal Republicasks the Court to declare
that Iceland's unilateral extension of her zone of exclusive fisheries
jurisdiction to 50 miles "has, as against the Federal Republicof Germany,

no basis in international law and cun therefore not be opposed to the
Federal Republicof Germany .. .". Whether this submission is intended
to be limited to the question of the "opposability" of Iceland's extension
vis-à-vis the Federal Republic or claims that the extension is invalid
erga omnes and, therefore, not opposable to the Federal Republic may
not perhaps be entirely clear. In any event, however, for the reasons
which 1 have given in paragraphs 33-36 of my separate opinion in the
case between the United Kingdom and Iceland, the true legal issue appears

to me to be whether the extension of Iceland's fisheryjurisdiction beyond
the 12-mile limit agreed to in 1961is opposable to a State which, like the
Federal Republic, has not accepted or acquiesced in that extension; and
not whether under general international law the extension is objectively
invalid erga omnes. On this point too, it therefore seems enough for me
to state that, mutatis mutandis, the views which L have expressed in my
separate opinion in the United Kingdom il.Iceland case apply also in

the present case.

6. The Federal Republic, unlike the United Kingdom in the other
case before the Court, has maintained its claim, set out in its fourth
submission, to compensation for alleged acts of harassment of its vessels

by Icelandic coastal patrol vessels. 1concur in the Court's view, stated in
paragraph 72 of the Judgment, that this submission falls within its
competence in the present proceedings. Although the Court does not
develop its grounds for so holding and I myself entertain no doubt upon
the point, 1wish to indicate briefly the reasons which lead me to share the
Court's view.en I'affaire introdui.te par le Royaume-Uni, au sujet du sens de la clause
compromissoire, qui est identique à celle qui s'applique en la présente

espèce. La Cour a dit :
((l'intention véritable des parties était de donner au Gouvernement
du Royaume-Uni des assurances réelles ... le droit de contester
devant la Cour la validité de tout nouvel élargissementde la compé-

tence de I'lslande en matière de pêcheriesdans les eaux recouvrant
son plateau continental ..» (C.I.J. Recueil 1973, p. 13-14, par. 23;
les italiques sont de nous).

5. Dans sa première conclusion, la République fédéraledemande à la
Cour de dire que l'élargissement unilatéral par l'Islande de sa zone de
compétence exclusive sur les pêcheriesjusqu'à 50 milles ((n'a aucun
fondement en droit international à l'encontre de la République fédérale

d'Allemagne et n'est donc pas opposable à la Républiquefédéraled'Alle-
magne... 1).Le point de savoir si cette conclusion est censéese limiter à
la question de l'ctopposabilité)) à la République fédéralede l'élargisse-
ment décidépar l'Islande ou si elle tend à faire reconnaître que I'élargis-
sement est dépourvu de validitéerga omneset n'est donc pas opposable à
la République fédkrale n'apparaît peut-être pas très clairement. Quoi
qu'il en soit, pour les motifs que j'ai exposésaux paragraphes 33 à 36 de

mon opinion individuelle en I'affaire Roj~aume-Uni c. Islande, il me
semble que le véritable problème juridique qui se pose est de déter-
miner si l'élargissement par l'Islande de sa juridiction sur les pêcheries
au-delà de la limite:des 12 milles convenue en 1961 est opposable à un
Etat qui, comme la1République fédérale,n'a ni consenti ni acquiescé à
cet élargissement et qu'il n'est pas de savoir si, en droit international
général, cet élargissementest objectivement dépourvu de validité erga

omnes. Sur ce poii~t également, il me paraît suffisant d'indiquer que,
mutatis mutandis, 11:svues que j'ai exprimées dans mon opinion indivi-
duelle en I'affaire b!oyaume-Uni c. Islande s'appliquent aussi àlaprésente
espèce.
*
* *

6. Contrairement à ce qu'a fait le Royaume-Uni dans l'autre instance
soumise à la Cour, la République fédérale d'Allemagnea maintenu la
demande, énoncéedans sa quatrième conclusion, tendant à obtenir

réparation pour les actes de harcèlement que les garde-côtes islandais
auraient commis contre ses navires de pêche.Je souscris à I'avis formulé
par la Cour au paragraphe 72 de l'arrêt, d'aprèslequel cette conclusion
relèvede la compétence de la Cour dans la présente instance. Bien que la
Cour n'ait pas exposéles motifs decetteattitude et que je n'aie moi-même
aucun doute à cet kgard, je voudrais indiquer brièvement les raisons qui
me poussent à partager l'avisde la Cour.230 FlSHERlES JURlSDlCTION (SEP. OP. WALDOCK)

7. The claim to compensation raises two points as to the Court's
cornpetence to entertain it, the first of which is whether the claim falls
within the terms of the cornprornissory clause: "in case of a dispute in
relation to such extension, the matter shall, at the request of either Party,
be referred to the International Court of Justice." It seerns to me too

narrow an interpretation of those words to regard them as confining the
competence conferred on the Court to the question of the extension of
jurisdiction as such. In my view, incidents arising out of rceland's
extension of her fishery limit and claims in respect of such incidents
clearly form part of "a dispute in relation tu such extensionw-words of
a quite general character. Indeed, every act enforcing Iceland's juris-

diction outside the 12-milelimit is in a very real sense an extension of her
jurisdiction beyond the agreed limit. Furthermore, as the Court itself
emphasized in paragraphs 21-22 of its Judgment of 2 February 1973 on
its jurisdiction in the case of the United Kingdom P. Iceland, the very
object of the cornprornissory clause was to provide an assurance that

"if there was a dispute, no rneasure to apply an extension on fishery limits
would be taken pending reference to the international Court" (I.C.J.
Reports 1973, at p. 13; emphasis added). It therefore seems entirely
justifiable toconsider that the Federal Republic's claim to compensation
must, in principle, fall within the general competence conferred on the
Court in the case of a dispute in relation to an extension of fishery

jurisdiction.

8. Moreover, as Judge Jiménezde Aréchaga pointed out in the ICA0
Council case (I.C.J. Reports 1972, p. 147) both this Court and the Per-

manent Court of International Justice have held that, if a jurisdictional
clause provides for the reference to an international tribunal of dis-
agreements relating to the interpretation or application of a treaty, the
cornpetence given to the tribunal embraces questions arising out of the
performance or non-performance of the treaty. Thus, in the Advisory
Opinion on Interpretation of Peace Treaties the Court considered that

disputes relating to the question of the performance or non-performance
of the obligations provided for in treaties "are clearly disputes concerning
the interpretation or execution" of the treaties in question (I.C.J. Reports
1950, p. 75). Even more specific, for present purposes, is the dictum of
the Permanent Court in the Factory ut Cllorz6w case (P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 9, p. 21):

"lt is a principle of international law that the breach of an engage-
ment involves an obligation to make reparation in an adequate
form. Reparation therefore is the indispensable complement of a
failure to apply a convention and there is no necessity for this to be

stated in the convention itself. Djferences relating tu reparations,
whiclz may be due hy reason of faillrre tu apply a conilenrion, are COMPETENCE PÊCHERIES (OP. IND. WALDOCK) 230

7. La demande en réparation pose, relativement à la compétence de la
Cour pour en connaître, deux problèmes dont le premier est de savoir si

cette demande est viséepar les termes de la clause compromissoire: ((au
cas où surgirait un différenden la matière, [l'élargissementde la juridic-
tion sur les pêcheries]la question sera portée, à la demande de l'une ou
l'autre partie, devant la Cour internationale de Justice. Il me semble que
ce serait donner une interprétation trop étroitede ces termes que de con-
sidérerqu'ils limitent la compétence de la Cour à la question de I'élargis-

sement de la juridiction en tant que telle. A mon avis, les incidents qui se
produisent parce que I'lslande a étendu les limites de sa compétence en
matière de pêcheet les réclamations relatives a de tels incidents se rat-
tachent manifestement à (tun différend en la matière )),expression de
portée très générale:.De fait, tout acte visant à imposer la juridiction de

l'Islande au-delà de la limite des 12 milles constitue réellement à tous
égards un élargissement de sa juridiction au-delà de la limite convenue.
En outre, comme la Cour l'a souligne aux paragraphes 21-22 de son arrêt
sur la compétence rendu le 2 février 1973 en l'affaire Roj9aume-Uni c.
Islande, l'objet mêmede la clause compromissoire était d'assurer ((qu'en

cas de diKirend aucune mesure tendant à 6largir les limites de pêche ne
serait prise sans que la Cour internationale en soit saisie))(C.I.J.
Recueil 1973, p. 13; les italiques sont de nous). II me semble donc
tout à fait justifiable de considérer que la demande en réparation de
la République fédé.ralerelève en principe de la compétence généraleat-

tribuée à la Cour pour tout différend relatif à un élargissement de lajuri-
diction sur les pêcheries.
8. Au surplus, comme M. Jiménez de Aréchaga l'a fait observer dans
l'affaire de l'Appel concernant lu compétencedu Conseil de I'OACI (C.I.J.
Recueil 1972, p. 14'7),la Cour actuelle et la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale ont décidétoutes deux que, si une clause juridictionnelle

prévoit que tout dksaccord survenu à propos de l'interprétation ou de
I'application d'un traité sera porté devant un tribunal international, la
compétence attribuée à ce tribunal s'étend aux questions relatives à
l'exécutionou à l'iriexécutiondu traité. Ainsi, dans l'avis consultatif sur
l'lnterpr&tationdes traitésdepaix, la Cour ajugé que les différends relatifs

à l'exécutionou à la,non-exécution des obligations prévuesdans un traité
((sont nettement de ceux qui portent sur l'interprétation ou sur l'exécu-
tion)) des traités dont il s'agit (C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 75). Plus précise
encore aux fins q~~inous intéressent est l'observation suivante de la
Cour permanente dlans l'affaire de l'Usine de Clzorzoiv (C.P.J.I. série A

no 9, p. 21):

((C'est un principe de droit international que la violation d'un
engagement entraîne l'obligation de réparer dans une forme adé-
quate. La réparation est donc lecomplémentindispensable d'un man-
quement à I'application d'une convention, sans qu'il soit nécessaire

que cela soit iniscrit dans la convention même.Les di19ergencesrela-
tives à des répararions,&venfuellementduespour manquement à l'appli- FISHERIES JURlSDlCTlON (SEP. OP. WALDOCK)
23 1

consequently diferences relating to ifapplication." (Emphasis added.)

In my view, as 1 have indicated above, the present dispute in relation to

an extension of Iceland's fishery jurisdiction is at the same time a dispute
in relation to the application of the 1961 Exchange of Notes. But in any
event, by parity of reasoning, it seems to me clear that a jurisdictional
clause conferring competence on the Court to determine the validity

of an extension of fishery jurisdiction embraces differences relating to
reparations which may be due by reason of the invalidity of an extension.

9. The second point concerns the question whether the claim cornes
within the scope of the case referred to the Court by the Federal Re-
public's Application of 5 June 1972.The Application contained only two
submissions: one concerning the alleged unlawfulness of the unilateral
extension of the fishery limit, and the other concerning the need for

agreement, in regard to conservation measures. The Application did not
deal with acts of harassment or compensation in respect of them for the
very good reason that it was filed before the new lcelandic Regulations
came into force on 1September 1972and before any acts of harassment

had occurred. Indeed, soon after filing the Application, the Federal
Republic sought to obviate any risk of harassment by requesting and
obtaining an Order for provisional measures. True, the Federal Republic's
Memorial on jurisdiction, which was filed on 5October 1972after some
acts of harassment had occurred, also made no mention of them. But the

Court had ordered that the Federal Republic's first Mernorial should be
directed specifically to the question of its jurisdiction to entertain the
Application, and the question of harassment was not germane to that
issue. Conseauentlv. it was in the Memorial on the merits that acts of
2 ,
harassment were first made a cause of action and a claim to compensation
was first included among the submissions.

10. The auestion then is whether the Federal Re~ublic's claim to corn-
pensation, formulated in the Memorial on the merits and again in the

final submissions, is a permissible modification of the submissions
formulated in the Application. In other words, is the addition of the
claim to compensation such a modification of the submissions in the
Application as is permissible under Article 40 of the Statute and Article
32 (2) of the Rules? Under the ~ractice of the Permanent Court of
\ 2
International Justice the parties to proceedings begun by a unilateral
Application were allowed a certain freedom to amend their submissions
so long as the amendments did not have the effect of altering the subject
of the dispute. Thus, the Permanent Court said in the Sociétécommerciale
de Belgique case :

"It is to be observed that the liberty accorded to the parties to cation d'une convention,sont, partant, des divergences relativeà I'ap-

plication))(Les italiques sont de nous.)
A mon avis, comme je l'ai indiquéplus haut, le présent différend,relatif à
un élargissement par l'Islande de sa juridiction sur les pêcheries, esten

mêmetemps un différend relatif à l'application de l'échangede notes de
196 1. En tout cas, raisonnant par analogie, il me parait évident qu'une
clause juridictionnelleattribuant compétence à la Cour pour statuer sur
la validité d'un élargissement de la juridiction en matière de pêcheries
s'applique aussi ailx divergences relatives à des réparations éventuelle-
ment dues en raisoindu défaut devaliditéde cet élargissement.

9. Le second problème concerne la question de savoir si la demande
entre dans le cadre de l'affaire portée devant la Cour par la République
fédéraledans sa requêtedu 5juin 1972. Cette requêtene contenait que
deux conclusions, l'une touchant le caractère illicite de l'extension unila-

térale de la zone de pêche,et l'autre relative à la nécessitéd'un accord sur
des mesures de conservation. La requête n'envisageait ni les actes de
harcèlement ni la riparation due de ce chef, pour la simple raison qu'elle
avait étédéposéeavant que le nouveau règlement islandais entre en vi-
gueur, le let septembre 1972, et avant qu'aucun acte de harcèlement ait
été commis. De fait, peu de temps après le dépôt de la requête,la Répu-

blique fédéralea essayéde parer a tout risque de ce genre en sollicitant
une ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires que la Cour lui a
accordée. Certes, le mémoire de la République fédéralesur la compétence,
déposéle 5 octobre 1972après que certains actes de harcèlement se furent
produits, ne les mentionnait pas davantage. Mais la Cour avait prescrit
que le premier mémoire de la République fédéraleporte expressément sur

la question de sa compétence pour connaître de la requête,et la question
du harcèlement ne s'y rapportait pas. Aussi est-ce dans le mémoire sur le
fond que pour la piremièrefois les actes de harcèlement ont étéinvoqués
comme base d'une action judiciaire et que, pour la première fois, une
demande en ré~aration a fieuréau nombre des conclusions.
10. 11s'agit donc de savoir si la demande en réparation présentéepar la

Ré~ubliaue fédéraledans son mémoire sur le fond et de nouveau dans ses
conclusions finales constitue une modification acceptable des conclusions
énoncéesdans la requête.En d'autres termes, la demande de réparation
apporte-t-elle aux conclusions formulées dans la requêteune modification
que permettent l'article 40 du Statut et l'article 32, paragraphe 2, du

Règlement? Dans la.pratique de la Cour permanente les parties à une ins-
tance introduite par une requête unilatérale avaient une certaine latitude
pour amender leurs conclusions, tant que leurs amendements ne trans-
formaient pas l'objet du différend. LaCour permanente a dit par exemple
en l'affaire de lSociétécommerciale de Belgique:

a 11ya lieu d'observer que la faculté laisséeaux parties de modifier FlSHERlES JURISDICTION (SEP.OP. WALDOCK)
232

amend their submissions up to the end of the oral proceedings must
be construed reasonably and without infringing the terms of Article0

of the Statute and Article 32, paragraph 2, of the Rules which provide
that the Application must indicate the subject of the dispute. The
Court has not hitherto had occasion to determine the limits of this
liberty, but itis clear that the Court cannot, in principle, allow a
dispute brought before it by application to he rransformed by
am~ndmentsin the submissionsinto another dispute wl~iclzis d~fferent

in cl~aracter." (P.C.J.J., Series AIB, No. 78, at p. 173.) (Emphasis
added.)
As to this Court, Judge Read referred in the Certair~ Norwegial? Loans

case to the established practice "to permit the Parties to modify their
Submissions up to the end of the Oral Proceedings", but observed that
"when there is an appreciable change, the other Party must have a fair
opportunity to comment on the amended Submissions". He added: "The
second condition is that the amendment must be an amendment. Ltmust
not consist of an attempt by the Applicant Government to bring a new

and different dispute before the Court" (J.C.J. Reports 1957, pp. 80-81).
Jt is therefore significant that in the Templeof Preah Villear case the Court
accepted and upheld a claim to the restoration of objects removed from
the Temple by the Thailand authorities since 1954, which had been made
by Cambodia forthe first time in its final submissions at the oral hearings

(I.C.J. Reports 1962,p. 6).

11. In the presentcase,Iceland had theopportunity, by filinga Counter-
Memorial, to reply to the Federal Republic's claim to compensation
and, if she considered it to be outside the scope of the Application, to
object to its admissibility. But she decided not to appear in the proceed-

ings. As to the claim itself, this seems to me related to the subject of the
Application more directly than was the restoration of the Temple objects
in the Temple of Preah Vihear case: the relief for which it asks is con-
sequential upon and implied in the Federal Republic's first submission.
True, the facts on which it is based occurred subsequently to the Applica-
tion and the claim therefore introduces a new element into the case. But

it does not seem to me to "transform the dispute" brought before the
Court in the Application into "another dispute which is different in
character". On the contrary, it arose directly out of the matter which is
the subject of the first submission in the Application and was the direct
result of Iceland's own actions with respect to that matter when it was
already before the Court. The very fact that the new claim concerns

matters explicitly dealt with in theCourt's Order for provisional measures
seems to me to make it dificult to treat that claim as an impermissible
modification of the submissions in the Application. Consequently, in
my view, the claim to compensation ought not to be ruled out on the
ground that it had no place in the Application. leurs conclusions jusqu'à la fin de la procédure orale doit être com-

prise d'une manière raisonnable et sans porter atteinte à l'article 40
du Statut et à l'article 32, alinéa 2, du Règlement, qui disposent que
la requête doit indiquer l'objet du différend. La Cour n'a pas eu,
jusqu'à présent, l'occasion de déterminer les limites de ladite faculté,

mais ilest évidentque la Cour ne saurait admettre, en principe, qu'un
différendporte devant elle par requêtepirisseêtretransfortné,par voie
de mt>dificatio~lsapportéesaux conclusions, en un autre d~flérenddont
le caractère ne serait pas le même. 1)(C.P.J.I. sérieAIB no 78, p. 173;

les italiques sont de nous.)
Pour ce qui est de la Cour actuelle, dans l'affaire relative à Certains

emprunts nori,égiesrs,M. Read a évoquéla pratique qui ccpermet aux
Parties de modifier leursconclusions jusqu'à la fin de la procédure orale )),
mais il a fait observer que (clorsque la modification est importante,
l'autre Partie doit avoir une occasion éauitable de rése enterses commen-

taires sur les concl~~sionsamendées 1)IIa ajouté: (La deuxième condition
est que l'amenderrient doit êtreun amendement. 11ne faut pas que le
demandeur essaie, par ce moyen, de soumettre un nouveau litige différent
à la Cour )) (C.I.J. Recueil 1957, p. 80-81). 11est donc intéressant de

relever que, dans l'affaire du Trn~pledePréah Villéar, la Cour a fait droit
à une demande de restitution desobjets enlevésdu temple par lesautorités
thaïlandaises depuis 1954, que le Cambodge avait présentée pour la
première fois dans ses conclusions finales lors de la procédure orale
(C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 6).

11. Dans la présente espèce,l'lslande aurait pu, en déposant un contre-
mémoire, répondreà la demande en réparation de la République fédérale
et, si elle avait estimé que cette demande n'entrait pas dans le cadre de la
requête,éleverune exception d'irrecevabilité. Mais elle a décidéde ne pas

participer à I'instarice. Quant à la demande elle-même,elle me parait se
rattacher à l'objet clela requêteplus directement que la demande de res-
titution des objets enlevésdans l'affaire du Ter~iplede Préah Vihéar: elle
découlede la première conclusion de la République fédérale, quila con-

tient implicitement. IIest vrai qu'elle se fonde sur des faits postérieurs à la
requêteet qu'elle introduit par conséquent un nouvel élémentdans I'af-
faire. Maiscela ne rne parait pas ((transformer le différend )>porté devant
la Cour par la requgte en (un autre différendne présentant pas les mêmes
caractères D.Au contraire, la demande se rattache directement à la ma-

tière dont traite la première conclusion de la requêteet résulte directe-
ment des actes accomplis par l'Islande elle-mêmedans ce domaine alors
que la Cour étaitdéjàsaisie. Du fait mêmeque la nouvelle demande porte
SLI~ des sujets expressément visés dans l'ordonnance en indication de

mesures conservatoires de la Cour, il me paraît difficiled'y voir une modi-
fication inadmissible des conclusions figurant dans la requête. II en
découle selon moi que la demande en réparation ne devrait pas être
écartéeau motif qu''ellen'étaitpas énoncéedans la requête. 12. My reservation regarding subparagraph 5 of the operative clause
arises from a doubt as to whether the Court should simply state that it is
unable to accede to the Federal Republic's fourth submission and thus,
in effect, to dismiss outright the claim to compensation. In so far as this
submission may be considered as asking the Court for a final decision

pronouncing upon Iceland's obligation to make compensation for
particular specified acts of interference,1 agree with the Court that, as
the case now stands, it is not in a position to give such a decision because
the evidence is scarcely sufficient. The Federal Republic appears, more-
over, to be asking for final judgment in the case without requesting
further proceedings to deal with its claim to compensation or requesting
the Court to reserve for the Federal Republic the liberty to apply to the
Court on the question of compensation in the event that no agreement is
arrived at between the Parties on this question. In consequence, it may
be doubtful whether it would be appropriate for the Court, proprio rnotu,
to reserve the question of compensation to be dealt with in further
proceedings.
13. In so far, however, as the fourth subrnission may be understood
as merely claiming a declaration of principle that Iceland is under an

obligation to make reparation for any acts of interference established as
unlawful under subparagraphs 1and 2 of the operative clause of the
Court's Judgrnent, 1do not myself seethe same difficulty in the Court's
acceding to the claim. The Court has held that Iceland's unilateral
extension of her exclusive fishing rights to 50 miles is not opposable to
the Federal Republic and that Iceland is not entitled unilaterally to
exclude the Federal Republic's fishingvesselsfrom the waters to seaward
of the fisherylimits agreed to in the 1961Exchange of Notes. It then really
follows automatically that acts enforcing that extension against fishing
vessels of the Federal Republic are unlawful and engage Iceland's inter-
national responsibility to the Federal Republic with respect to such acts.
Since it is a well-established principle of international law that every
violation of an international obligationentails a duty to make reparation,
the right to reparation alsofollowswithout evenbeingstated. Accordingly,
it may be said, as was indeed said in the Corfu Channel case (I.C.J.

Reporrs 1949, pp. 23-24), that to make the claim to reparation is super-
fluous: if the claim to a declaration of the unlawful character of acts is
upheld, the consequence is that as a matter of law, reparation is due.
Nevertheless, an Applicant may think it important to obtain from the
Court, as a forrn of satisfaction, an express declaration in the operative
part of the Judgment that reparation is due, and 1see no obstacle to the
Court's acceding to such a submission.

(Signed) H. WALDOCK. 12. Ma réserveiil'égarddu sous-paragraphe 5du dispositiftient à ceci:
je doute que la Cour doive se borner àdire qu'elle ne peut pas donner suite
à la quatrième conclusion de la République fédérale, rejetant ainsien fait
entièrement la demande enréparation. Dans la mesure où l'on peut consi-

dérer que cette conclusion tend à ce que la Cour dise de façon définitive
que l'Islande est tenue d'accorder réparation en raison de certains actes
d'ingérence précisj,e pense, comme la Cour, qu'en l'étatactuel du dossier
elle n'est pas à mêmede se prononcer faute de preuves suffisantes. De
plus, il apparaît que la République fédérale prie laCour de statuer défini-
tivement en l'espèceet qu'elle ne l'invite, ni à examiner sa demande en

réparation dans une phase ultérieure de l'instance, ni à lui réserver la
facultéde saisir la Cour d'une telle demande si les Parties n'aboutissaient
pas à un accord suirce point. En conséquence, il ne serait peut-être pas
opportun que la Cour réservede sa propre initiative l'examen de la ques-
tion de la réparation pour une phase ultérieurede la procédure.

13. Toutefois, dans la mesure où l'on peut interpréter la quatrième
conclusion comme demandant une simple déclaration de principe selon
laquelle l'Islande SI-raittenue de réparer les actes d'ingérencedont I'illi-
céité résultedessous-paragraphes 1 et2 du dispositif de l'arrêtde la Cour,
je ne vois pas laêmedifficultéa ce que la Cour donne suite à la demande.
La Cour a dit que l'élargissement unilatéral par l'Islande de sa zone de

pêche exclusivejusqu'à 50 milles n'est pas opposable à la République
fédéraleet que I'lslande n'est pas en droit d'exclure unilatéralement les
navires de pêchede la République fédéraledes régions situéesau large
des limites convenues dans l'échangede notes de 1961. 11s'ensuit donc
automatiquement que les actes visant à faire observer cet élargissement
par les navires depi3chede la République fédéralesont illicites et engagent

la responsabilité internationale de I'lslande envers la République fédérale.
Comme c'est un principe bien établi de droit international que toute
violation d'une obligation internationaleentraîne l'obligation de réparer,
le droit à réparation existe sansmêmequ'il soit mentionné. On peut donc
dire, comme on l'a fait d'ailleurs dans l'affaire du Détroit de Corfou
(C.I.J. Recueil1949, p. 23-24),qu'il est superflu de présenterune demande
en réparation; si la Cour accueille une demande tendant à ce que des

actes soient déclarésillicites, il s'ensuit qu'en droit la réparation est due.
Un demandeur peut néanmoins attacher de l'importance à obtenir la
satisfaction con~ist~antà ce que la Cour déclare, dans le dispositif de
l'arrêt,qu'une réparation est due et je ne vois aucun abstacle empêchant
la Cour de faire droit à une telle demande.

(Signé) H. WALDOCK.

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Document Long Title

Separate Opinion by Judge Waldock

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